Du Fu (February 12, 712[1]- 770),wordZimei, who was called the Wild Old Man of Shaoling,Tang dynastyThe great realistic poet, whose ancestral home is Xiangyang (now Hubei), moved to Gongxian County (now southwest of Gongyi, Henan) since his great ancestor.[67]AndLi BaiCollectively“Li Du”。In order to communicate with the other two poetsLi ShangyinAndDu MuI.e“Xiao Li Du”Distinguish, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called together“Big Li Du”Du Fu is also often called“Old Du”。Later generations called him Du Shiyi, Du Industry Department, Du Shaoling and Du Thatched Cottage.
Du Fu visited successively in his youthWu YueAnd Qi Zhao, who went toLuoyangShould not be first.After 35 years oldChang'anTake the exam and fail;Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and to distinguished people.Official failure witnessed the extravagance and social crisis of the upper class of the Tang Dynasty.TrimbleFourteen years (755 years),An Shi RebellionBurst,TongguanWhen he lost, Du Fu moved around successively.beginning of creationIn the second year (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and entered Sichuan. Although he avoided the war and lived a relatively stable life, he was still concerned about the people and the state affairs.Du Fu created《Climb high》《Spring Outlook》《Northern Expedition》And“Three officials”、“Three Farewells”And other masterpieces.Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also hasUnrestrainedFrom his masterpiece《Drinking the Eight Immortals Song》It's not hard to see Du Fu'sHeroic dry cloud。DaliFive years (770 years) of winter,Illness and deathAt the age of 59.
Du Fu's remote ancestor wasMartial EmperorFamous cruel officials in the periodDu Zhou, Grandfatherdu shenyan。[2]Du Fu and "Xiao Li Du", another great poet in the Tang DynastyDu MuHe was also a famous scholar and general in the Jin DynastyDu YuLater, however, the two tribes were far away.His ancestral home is Xiangyang (now Hubei), and his great grandfatherDu YiyiHe was the magistrate of Gongxian County, so he lived in Gongxian County (now Henan).Du Fu came fromDu Yusecond sonDu DuDu Mu comes from Du Yu's young sonDu Yin。Du FuyuTang RuizongTai ChiHe was born in Gongxian County on the first day of the first month of the first year (February 12, 712).[1][62]His mother, Cui Shi, died when Du Fu was young.Cui Family is also a famous family. He has met his uncles and cousins many times in his life.
Become famous when young
Du Fu[66]
Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life when he was a teenager because of his superior family environment.He has been eager to learn since childhood, and can write poems at the age of seven. "At the age of seven, thinking is strong, and singing phoenix"[4], aspire to "send to youYao and ShunLet's make the customs pure "[5]。He was also very naughty when he was young. "He has a heart of being a child and is as healthy as a yellow calf when he comes back. In front of the court, pear and jujube are ripe in August, and he can climb the tree thousands of times a day.".
Du Fu had the opportunity to be influenced by various cultures and arts in his youth, which had a great impact on his poetry creation in the future.For example, he was in Henan when he was five or six years oldYanchengHave seen dancersAunt Gongsun's sword weaponHuntuo dance；King Qi later in Luoyang ShangshanfangLi FanIn the house, the favorite minister of Xuanzong in ZunhuaCui DiIn front of the hall, I heardLi GuinianSinging;In LuoyangBeimang MountainEmperor Ding Xuanyuan has enjoyed painting saints in the templeWu DaoziThe five saints and thousands of officials in the painting are reflected in his later poetry creation.At that time, celebrities Cui Shang and Wei Qixin saw his poems and praised him for havingBan Gu、Yang XiongThe wind.alsoLi Yong、Wang HanSuch an elder also deigned to visit him.[6]
Early travel
KaiyuanIn the 19th year (731), Du Fu, 19, went on a tripSizing(Today's ShanxiLinyi）[7]。At the age of 20, Du Fu roamedWu Yue, lasting for several years.KaiyuanIn the 23rd year (735), Du Fu returned to his hometown to participate“Xianggong”。In the 24th year of the New Year (736), Du Fu participated in theJinshiI failed in the exam.
Du Fu's father was then YanzhouSimaDu Fu went to Yanzhou to save relatives, andSu YuanmingWait together, go to the Qi Zhao Plain for the second time.He spent four or five years in the Qi Zhao area“lead a fast life”The "happy" life also left some of the earliest existing poems:《Climb Yanzhou Tower》, is the work of the provincial father in Yanzhou;And《Painted eagle》《Fang Bing Cao Huma》Two songs sing praises of eagles and horses with the enthusiasm of young people;There's another one《Wangyue》It is also a masterpiece, and the two sentences at the end are the famous ones handed down through the ages:“Will be Ling Jueming，A view of mountains”, revealing the extraordinary ambition of the poet in his youth.
Meet Li Bai twice
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu was in Luoyang withtang xunzongReturned with a gift of moneyLi BaiWhen they met, they made an appointment to visit the Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu in Henan Province).Meet the poetGao Shi, this is the third roaming.Later, Du Fu went to Qizhou (now ShandongJinan）。
In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), heQiluMeet Li Bai again. In addition to drinking and writing poems, they discuss how to refine pills and seek immortals, and they also visit the hermit Fan Yeren in the north of Yanzhou.The two also donated poems to each other.Du Zili's poem said: "Yu Yidong receives visitors and feels pity for the king like a brother. He sleeps in autumn and is covered by the quilt together, and walks hand in hand with the sun." Li Zili's poem said: "The autumn waves fall over the Surabaya, and the sea is clear. The flying tents are far away from each other, and the cup is in your hand!" The two never met again.
Difficult Chang'an
Du Fu
TrimbleFor six years (747 years), Emperor Xuanzong ordered the world to take the exam in Chang'an, and Du Fu also took the exam.Because of the right phaseLi LinfuAnd directed a“appoint people on their merit”The farce of, the taxi that takes an exam all loses the election.Since the path of the imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn away from the door of power and give gifts in order to realize his political idealDry callAnd so on, but there was no result.He has lived in Chang'an for ten years. He has been running around and giving gifts. He is depressed and frustrated in his official career. He lives in poverty[8]。
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao (751), Emperor Xuanzong will holdsacrificeThe three grand ceremonies of Taiqing Palace, Taimiao Temple and heaven and earth, Du Fu made a pre offer in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao《Three Rites》, appreciated by Xuanzongstaff officerstayJixian AcademyHowever, they are only qualified to participate in the selection of order, waiting for assignment, because the main subjects are stillLi Linfu, so I didn't get the official position.
In the 14th year of Tianbao's reign (755 years), Du Fu was awarded a small official such as Hexi Captain, but Du Fu was unwilling to take the position of "not being a Hexi Captain, but being miserable was a stoop", so the court changed him to the right guard leader's officeSoldier Cao Joins the Army。(It is said that Ren Youwei led Cao, a government servant, to join the army, but Du Fu《Official post drama gift》The original note under the title said, "He Xi Wei was exempted from the army at that time, and Cao led the army of the right guard." And the Tang Dynasty litterateurszhen And《New Tang Dynasty Book》However, it is mentioned that Du Fu joined the army for "Zhou Cao", so his official position is still controversial)[63]
Du Fu, who was forty - four years old and had been in Chang'an for more than ten years, accepted the useless position of learning for a living.In November, Du Fu went to the provincial home of Fengxian (now Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province). As soon as Du Fu entered the house, he heard a cry. His youngest son had died of hunger.The famous《Five hundred words of Yonghuai from Beijing to Fengxian County》。[9]
War and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755),An Shi RebellionIn June of the next year, Tongguan was lost and Xuanzong fled west in panic.July, PrinceLi HengIs located inLingwu(today Lingwu City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) is for Suzong.
At that time, Du Fu had moved his family to Carnival (todayShaanxiFuxian County）Qiang Village took refuge. When he heard that Suzong had ascended the throne, he went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang'an.With captiveWang WeiDufu was kept under strict supervision and was not imprisoned because he was a small official.Despite his personal misfortunes, Du Fu was always worried about the country and the people.
highest virtueIn April of the second year (757),Guo ZiyiWhen the army came to the north of Chang'an, Du Fu ventured from the west of the cityGolden GateEscape from Chang'an through the two opposing armies toFengxiang(Today's ShaanxiBaoji）Go to Suzong.On May 16, he was awarded the title ofLeft handednessHe was called "Du Shi Yi".
The matter of relieving Fang Guan, Du FujingPrime MinisterZhang HaoHe tried to save and was released.However, "the emperor was not very careful to record". Since then, Suzong no longer put Du Fu in an important position.In September this year, Chang'an recovered.In November, Du Fu returned to Chang'an and was still left to collect the remains. Although he was loyal to his duty, he was finally implicated in the Fang Guan casebeginning of creationIn June of the first year (758), he was demoted to HuazhouSi Gong Joins the Army。
Three official and three farewell
At the end of the first year of the Qianyuan era (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou toLuoyang、Yanshi(Both in today's Henan Province).In March of the next year, Tang Jun and An Shi's rebelsBattle of YechengThe Tang army was defeated.
Du Fu, on his way back from Luoyang to Huazhou, saw the endless disasters brought to the people by the war and the patriotic behavior of the people who had endured humiliation and participated in the war. He was filled with emotion and wrote an immortal epic“Three officials”（《Xin'an officials》《Stone trench official》《Tongguan officials》）And "Three Farewells"（《Wedding farewell》《Farewell to old age》《No family》）, and after returning to Huazhou, the revision will be undrafted."All eyes are full of sorrow for making troubles, and people travel far away."
Living in Qinzhou as a guest
In the summer of the second year of the Qianyuan era (759), when there was a severe drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong, Du Fu wrote《Summer sigh》And《Sigh in summer night》Worry about the times, hurt the chaos, and sing praises of the country's difficulties and the people's suffering.
After the beginning of the autumn of this year, Du Fu, because of his grief over the filthy current politics, gave up his post as a military officer in Huazhou and went west to Qinzhou (today'sTianshui, Gansu ProvinceOne Belt).Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his service in Huazhou.
GuangdeIn the spring of the second year (764), when Yan Wu returned to Shu, Du Fu returned to the Thatched Cottage. He had been wandering for nearly two years.Yan Wu recommended Du Fu asCalibrationMinistry of WorkYuanwailangHe served as a strict staff officer, and later generations also called Du Fu as Du Gong Bu.Soon Du Fu resigned again.
During the past five or six years, Du Fu still lived a hard life under the influence of others（《Madman》）"Idiots don't know the father son ceremony, so they are called Nusuoefan to crow at the east gate."
He used some details of his life to show the hardship of his life. He said that children who were not sensible did not know how to respect their father, and did not know the father son etiquette. When they were hungry, whether they were fathers or not, whether they should follow the father son etiquette or not, when they were hungry, they clamoured for food and cried in the East Gate.
Due to the care of Bai Maolin, the governor of Kui Prefecture, Du Fu was able to stay here temporarily and take charge of Dongtun for the publicTakataOne hundred hectares, I rented some public land, bought forty acres of orchards, hired some hired workers, and I and my family also participated in some labor.
During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works.《Climb high》"Endless falling trees and endless rolling Yangtze River" has become a masterpiece for thousands of years.[13]
Homesick journey home
DaliIn three years (768), Du Fu was homesick, and went out of the gorge by boatJiangling, and turnPublic Security, drifted to Hunan in the winter at the end of the yearYueyang, BerthingYueyang TowerNext.
Because of the difficulties in life, not only could not go north, but also was forced to travel south.In the first month of the fourth year of the Dali calendar, from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), and from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang)Tanzhou。
To die in a boat
In the fifth year of Dali (770), Zang JieTanzhouAfter the chaos, Du Fu fled to Hengzhou and planned to go there againChenzhouHe took refuge with his uncle Cui Wei, but was successfulLeiyang, when the river surges, we have to berthFang TianyiI haven't eaten anything for five days. Fortunately, the county magistrate Nie sent people to deliver meat and wine and was saved.
Later, Du Fu went from Leiyang to Chenzhou and had to travel 200 miles upstream. The flood had not yet receded, and Du Fu was determined to return to the north. At this time, he changed his plan and went downstream to turn back to Tanzhou.
In the winter of the fifth year of Dali (770), Du Fu went from Tanzhou toYueyangDied in a small boat.He was 59 years old.[15]
Yang LunSaid, "SinceSix DynastiesSince then, many Yuefu questions have imitated plagiarism, which is the most disgusting because of the old age.Zimei came out alone, just as she felt at that time. She felt sorry for the country's difficulties, felt sorry for the people's poverty, and set up a topic at will, completely getting rid of the stereotypes of previous generations. "[17]。
Du Fu in the Thirty six Poems of the Qing Dynasty
In Du Fu's middle age, his poems were called "the history of poetry" because of his depressed poetic style and his concern for the country and the people.His poetry is good at ancient style and regular poetry, and has various styles. The four words "depressed" accurately summarize his own work style, which is mainly depressed.
Du Fu lived in the historical period when the Tang Dynasty went from prosperity to decline. His poems were mostly about social unrest, political darkness, and people's suffering. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's suffering at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian benevolence spirit and strong sense of hardship, which was known as the "history of poetry".
Du Fu was concerned about the country and the people, and his personality was noble,Poetic artexquisite.Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous poems that have been handed down through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells";The "three officials" are《Stone trench official》《Xin'an officials》And《Tongguan officials》, "three separations" are《Wedding farewell》《No family》And《Farewell to old age》。The poems handed down by Du Fu areTang poetryHe is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty and has a profound influence on later generations.Du Fu's works are called the world's destruction and the sages in poetry;Folk suffering, the bottom of the pen waves.It is a representative work of realistic poetry.
Achievements in metrical poetry
Rhythmic poems play an important role in Du Fu's poems.The achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems lies first in expanding the scope of expression of metrical poems.He not only wrote entertainment, chanting, travel, banquet and tourism, as well as mountains and rivers, but also wrote current events in his poems.
It is more difficult to write current affairs in regular poems because the number of words and the rhyme are limited, but Du Fu can use them freely.Du Fu wrote his poems in an unbridled way, making full use of his ability to change. They were in harmony with the law but without the bondage of sound and law, and the antithesis was neat but without the trace of antithesis.
For example, Yang Lun called it "Du Ji's seven character rule first"《Climb high》It is a poem like this: "When the wind blows hard, the apes howl and the birds fly back from the clear sand on the banks. Boundless trees fall down, and the Yangtze River rolls in. People often visit for thousands of miles in sad autumn, and they have been on the stage alone for more than a hundred years. They hate the growth of frosty temples with hardship, and they have to stop drinking dirty wine."[18]The whole poem is very precise and exquisite in its rhythm and sentence pattern.All eight sentences are right, and the first sentence is also right.The rigorous antithesis is concealed by the sense of flow of the image, and the strictness becomes smooth.
The highest achievement of Du Fu's regular poetry can be said to be that he writes this style in a smooth way, without trace. If he writes it carelessly, people will forget it as regular poetry.Such as《It rains on a spring night》: "Good rain knows the season, and it happens in spring. It sneaks into the night with the wind,Moisturize things silently。The wild path is dark with clouds, the river boat is bright with fire, at dawn, you can see the red and wet places, and the flowers are heavy in the Jinguan City. "The last four sentences use flowing water to write down the charm of spring rain, which comes silently and unexpectedly. The last couplet writes a surprise that suddenly looks back, which is rigorous and full of vitality.
Poetic influence
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and developing them creatively.Du Fu's thought of caring for the sufferings of people's livelihood and his achievements in poetry have a direct impact onMiddle Tang Dynastyzhen 、Bai JuyiAnthropogenicNew Yuefua literary creation.
He isNew YuefuThe pioneer of poetic style.HisYuefu PoemsAnd contributed to the development of the New Yuefu Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty.His May 7th ancient novels, which are both poetry and history, spread out the narrative and focus on the roundabout of the whole article, marking the high achievement of Chinese poetry art.Social contradictionsSong dynastyIt is also to learn from Du Fu's most prosperous eraJiangxi Poetic School。Late Ming and early QingGu YanwuThey also had a clear tendency to learn from Du Fu, and, like Du Fu, they used poems to reflect the anti Qing struggle at that time, and were impassioned.
Later generations also annotated Du's collections in more than 100 ways, and the more popular ones are Qian Yi's Notes on Du Gongbu's CollectionsQiu Zhao'ao《Detailed notes on Du Fu's poems》、Yang Lun《Du Shijing Quan》、Puqilong《Read Du Xinjie》。New and old《Tang script》All have Du Fu's biography.After the Song Dynasty, there were many words commenting and explaining Du Fu's poems in the notes of poetic notes.
In 1964, Zhonghua Book Company compiled the first edition of the Collection of Classical Literature Research Materials - Du Fu Volume, The Ministry of Tang and Song Dynasties.end of the Ming dynastyWang SiYes《Du Yi》, QingShi HongbaoYes《Reading Du Fu's Poems》。In addition, Zhonghua Book Company will alsothe May 4th MovementSince then, the more important papers have been compiled into the Collection of Research Papers on Du Fu.
Rubbings of Du Fu's calligraphy "Nine Days' Nanshan Poems by Duke Yan"
Du Fu is very mature and deep in his concept of calligraphy creation.According to the records, his book style isRegular scriptstyle between the running hand and the cursive handPart time work, act with the intention as a whole, appreciate the ancient and magnificent, pay attention to the speed, rhythm, brushworkInk methodIn Tang Dynasty, he was also a profound calligrapher.
At the same time, he praised the scribes of the Tang DynastyCao Ba、Zhang XuHis comments are enough to make him famous in the history of calligraphy, and his "book is expensive, thin and hard" theory is even moreestablishDu Fu's important position in the history of calligraphy theory.[19-20]
Literary characteristics
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Poetic expression
language
Dufu'sPoetryIn terms of language, it is generally believed that it has the characteristics of "depression". The language and text structure are also rich in changes, and it stresses on refining words and sentences.The term "gloomy" was first used in the Southern Dynasty, which means "pondering over the gloomy body and beautiful scenery"[21]Later, Du Fu wrote that he accurately summarized the language of his own works with the words "depressed and frustrated"Yang Xiong、MeigaoThe common people can be as good as the common people. "[22]。
A further study of Du Fu's poems shows that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism.At the same time, Du Fu was at the end of the heyday, and he was ambitious when he was young[23], laterAn Shi RebellionThe outbreak, the decline of national fortunes, and the poor official career, the huge gap between ideal and reality also made Du Shipoetic styleGreat changes and approachesRealism。[23]
imagery
The individualization of image selection in Du Fu's poems is the basis of Du Fu's language.Images often appear in Du Fu's poems, such as natural landscapes such as ancient fortresses, autumn clouds, ape roaring, burning torches, steep gorges, dangerous cities, solitary boats, falling flowers, and sunsets, as well as ordinary people such as Zhinu, old women, old farmers, Youfu, as well as powerful forces such as officials, generals, villains, and young people,All these show Du Fu's eagerness to help the world, his denunciation of confusing the world, his indignation of tyranny, his grief for wandering and wandering, his sympathy for the ruined lives, his regret for the exhaustion of material resources, and his praise for charity and the people[24]It is the expression of these heavy emotions that makes the language of Du Fu's poems tend to be "depressed".
Wu Hang《Huanxi Poetry》Commenting on Du Fu's late poem "wantonly changing, yang opening and yin combining" also said: "only its meaning is far, if you take the above sentence, you can't know the next sentence".Wu Kang also said, "When ordinary people write poems, they can only say one thing in one sentence, and two things more. Du's poem can say three, four, and five things in one sentence; ordinary people write poems, but it is not far away from tens of miles. Du's poem can say hundreds of miles in one sentence, can say two military states, and can say all over the world, which is wonderful."[25]。
style
Du Fu's poetry has many styles,zhen In this way, Du Fu was evaluated: "As far as Zimei was concerned, it was the so-called" thin coquettish on the top "; as far as Shen and Song were concerned, it was better to win Su and Li; as far as Cao and Liu were concerned, it was better to cover up their faces and thank them for their aloofness; as well as the beauty of miscellaneous Xu and Yu, it was both ancient and modern, and it was also unique for everyone."[26]
Qin GuanThere is also a similar view: "Du Zimei is poor and noble, extremely proud and carefree, with watery fun, handsome and clean appearance, and elegant appearance, which is better than others. However, Du cannot be alone without gathering the advantages of other families."[27]For example, Du Fu is also wild and uninhibited《Drinking the Eight Immortals Song》We can see Du Fu's heroism.
According to the mainstream view, Du Fu's poetry is characterized by a depressed style, refined language, rigorous rhyme, poor craftsmanship, sincere feelings, plain and elegant, profound description, exquisite and touching, and vivid images."For the sake of humanity,Language startle ”[28]It's his creative style.As far as the unique narrative style and argumentative style of Du Fu's poems are concerned, some scholars believe that it is influenced by《The Book of Songs · Xiaoya》And its tragic and generous style《LiSao》Similar.
Some scholars also believe that Du's poems have the traditional spirit of benevolent politics,Sima QianThe spirit of record.There are also views that Du Fu's poems have a "humanitarian spirit".A great scholar of the Tang DynastyHan YuDu Fu andLi BaiAnd he said: "Li and Du's articles are here, and they are brilliant"[29]。Wang AnshiCommend Du Shi for his achievement of "being ugly and beautiful in thousands of dimensions, but not able to see how to carve"[30]。Chen ShanVolume VII of "New Words on Catching lice": "Old Du Fu's poems should be among poems《Six Meridians》The poetry of others is a stream of scholars.Jiang ShiquanVolume I of Anthology of Zhongyatang, Preface to the Collection of Detailed Notes on Du Fu's Poems, also known as "Du Fu's Poems《Four books》Also. "
Metrical pattern
Du Fu's poems are refined in rhyme,AntithesisThe neat and tidy features are in line with the "architectural beauty" of Chinese poetry.In addition, Du Fu has many innovations in genre, for example, his creativity in the Five Seven Rhymes is also unique in his literary creation.[31]
content
In terms of the content of Du Fu's poetry, most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of subjects and profound implications. In particular, they describe the sufferings of the people, and express his compassionate feelings for the people and the country. Du Fu's poetry is known as the history of poetry, which was first seen inlate Tang dynasty"Du Fenglu Mountain was a difficult place. He lived in Longshu and Yonglong, and wrote poems after Chen. It was concluded that there was almost no legacy, so he was called the history of poetry"[32]。By the time of Song Dynasty, the conclusion had been reached, but the meaning of the history of poetry was different.Some people annotate Du Fu's poems with historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement history and prove history, so they are called poetry history.This statement only emphasizes the truth and falsehood of historical events, and despises the emotional characteristics of poetry.
Some people think that Du Fu has historical knowledge and insight, and his strict handwriting can be comparable to Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty.And those who have commented on others and things in poetry can "not be false beauty, not hidden evil"[33]Therefore, it is called history of poetry.This is advisable.
On the other hand, the reason why Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry is that they are compassionate and feel the pain of time and events. To a certain extent, this statement is also desirable.[34]But there are also those who dislike Du Fu's poems,Yang YiI don't like Du Fu,Liu Xuan《Zhongshan Poetry》As the saying goes, "Yang Danian doesn't like Du Gongbu's poems. He is called a village master."
Main ideas
In Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, and "willing to kill himself when giving alms" is his consistent spirit.He used these to ask himself and encourage his friends.He praisedMetanodeHe said, "Daozhou worries about Li Shu, and the words are powerful."Strict martial lawHe also said to Pei Qiu, "You should not love yourself when you are on the stage." He said to Pei Qiu, "To the king, Yao Shun, to pay you and so on, you should have asked Ruth to die." It is these progressive ideas that have formed Du Fu's unfailing political enthusiasm, perseverance and indomitable personality, and open minded optimism, making him the greatest political poet in our history.Of course, this is inseparable from his practice of living close to the people.
"Farewell to the Chaimen"[35]
Du Fu was born in a bureaucratic family with a long tradition of "serving Confucianism and keeping officials" for generations. His family gave Du Fu orthodox Confucian cultural education and ambition to make a difference in his official career.Therefore, Du Fu said that being an official is their family's "simple career" - a career inherited from generation to generation. His various cultural upbringing and subsequent behaviors are all related to the pursuit of official career and official conduct.If he is《Presented to Wei Zuocheng and Zhang 22Yun》It was written in the article that "the self declaration is quite outstanding, and we should set foot on the road. To the king, Yao and Shun, and then to make customs pure" This is a kind of aspiration to become an official, and to realize our ideal ambition of "to the king, Yao and Shun, and then to make customs pure" in the great cause of official career, that is, we are eager to make contributions in the practical work of society and help the common people.
Before the age of 35, Du Fu was studying and traveling in his prime.In the heyday of the New Year, Du Fu's economic situation was also better, which was the happiest period of his life.From the age of 20, he ended his study life and began his "grand tour" for more than ten years.In this long journey, Du Fu came into contact with the extremely rich cultural heritage and magnificent rivers and mountains of our motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also expanded his vision and mind, bringing a strong romantic color to his early poetry.《Wangyue》Poetry can be representative."When you will be at the top of the mountain, you will see many small mountains", which shows the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation).But because of this way of life, it is impossible to approach the people and go deep into reality.Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparatory period for his creation.
Du Fu's DirectionRealismIt started from the second phase (35 to 44 years old) of ten years of Chang'an's dilemma.This isAn Shi RebellionDuring the gestation period of the "", the traitor was in powerLi LinfuandYang GuozhongDu Fu not only failed to realize his political ambition of "sending the emperor Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure", but also began to live a humiliating life of "locking the rich door in the morning, and following the fat horse dust in the evening", and often suffered from hunger and cold: "Hunger moves towards ten days, and clothes are wornWhat a differenceA hundred knots hang. "Under the torture of hunger and cold, Du Fu once thought of retiring, and made a "smart send the sun and the moon"Nest father、Xu YouDu Fu did not avoid hardships, but resolutely embarked on the path of active WTO entry.Life tortured Du Fu and helped him, making him gradually go deep into the people's life, seeing the people's pain and the evil of the ruling class, so he wrote《Soldier car shop》《Twingo 》"Chant to Fengxian" and other realistic masterpieces.Du Fu once wrote such a poem: "When a man is born, he will become a marquis.";"The husband swore to make a promise to the country, but what's the point of indignation and regret? Fame is like a unicorn, and the battle bone is fast decaying." Another example is "The husband has four ambitions, and can quit to fix poverty". These verses all reflect Du Fu's ambition to help the world and become famous, and to make achievements. However, Du Fu's ideal and ambition are based on a strong sense of social responsibility and a sense of hardship.As a result of the ten-year siege, Du Fu became a poet concerned about the country and the people.This was the direction of Du Fu's life and creation.
From the age of 45 to 48, Du Fu was in the third phase of his life.This was the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion, when the country was in danger, the people were in great disaster, and the poet also experienced hardships and dangers.The An Shi Rebellion was characterized by national contradictions, and the war that was being waged at that time was a self-defence war for the survival of the country concerned.Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards war was different from that of the past, not against it, but actively calling for it.He mourned the "40000 Rebels" who died for the country. He told civil and military officials to "sweep and arm the guns with all their strength". On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people;On the one hand, we should encourage the people to join the war.As he went deep into the people's lives and devoted himself to practical struggle, he wrote《Sad Chen Tao》《a song of sobbing by the river》《Spring Outlook》《Qiang Village》《Northern Expedition》《Military washing horse》And“Three officials”、“Three Farewells”And a series of poems with a high sense of people and patriotism, and reached the peak of realism.
Like his poetry《Climb Yueyang Tower》"When I heard the water of Dongting in the past, I went to Yueyang Tower today. In the southeast of Wu and Chu, the universe was floating day and night. There was no word for my relatives and friends, and there was a lonely boat for my old age. In this poem, the poet stood on Yueyang Tower and looked into the distance, thinking of the social situation of war, chaos and war, so that he could not help but cry and exchange tears with his heart and home by relying on the window pavilion.
Another example:《Wen Guanjun Receives Henan and Hebei》"Outside the sword, it was suddenly said that Ji was coming to the north. At the first time, I heard that my clothes were full of tears and tears. But I saw where my wife was worried and filled with poetry and books. I had to indulge in wine to sing in the daytime and return home with good company in my youth. That is to say, I crossed the Wu Gorge from the Ba Gorge and then went down to Xiangyang to Luoyang." In this poem, I was thrilled to hear that the imperial court had recovered the lost land.
These two poems were written by Du Fu when he was in exile.Due to the An Shi Rebellion, the society was in a mess, so Du Fu always hoped to quell the rebellion and stabilize the society.Therefore, when he thought of the disaster of the country, the flames of war and the destruction of life, he shed tears. When he heard that the army had recovered Jibei, he cried with joy and could not restrain himself.It can be seen that Du Fu's worry comes from the country, and his joy also comes from the country. This is the social responsibility and sense of anxiety of the Confucian intellectuals who take the world as their own responsibility.
"All eyes are filled with sorrow for making troubles, and people travel far away." In July of the second year of the Qianyuan reign (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. He built a cottage in the western suburbs of Chengdu, starting his last period of "wandering in the southwest".During the eleven years of wandering, he often lived a life of "life like everyone else".He loved working people and hated bureaucrats, so he said, "I don't like to go to the state capital. I'm afraid people hate me. It's easy to go back to Mao Yu, but I never get angry." Du Fu still had a hard life. In the year of his death, he suffered five days of hunger because he avoided Zang Jie's turmoil.What is valuable is that no matter how hard his life is, and no matter where he drifts, he always cares about the safety of the country and the sufferings of the people.At the same time, he never forgot or relaxed his creation. During the 11 years of wandering, he wrote more than 1000 poems.《The cottage is broken by the autumn wind》《Wen Guanjun Receives Henan and Hebei》《Presented to Wu Lang again》"Encountering Tian Fu's Mud Drink"《Generals》《Qiuxing》《Sui Yan Xing》And so on are the best works of this period.Different from the earlier stage, it has more lyrical nature and more diversified forms.What is particularly noteworthy is that the seven character poems are creatively endowed with significant political and social content.
Du Fu spent eight or nine years wandering in Sichuan, two or three years wandering in Hubei and Hunan, and died on a broken ship from Changsha to Yueyang in the winter of 770, the fifth year of Dali."The blood of war is still flowing, and the voice of the army has been moving up to now", which is his last memory of the country and people.[36]
（Reference materials are from Du Xiaoqin's Review of Literary Studies in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties in the 20th Century. Section III）
Character evaluation
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Tang dynastyHan Yu: ① The unique Ministry of Work was called the United States, and there was no comment on the poet on that day.(Title Du Gongbu's Tomb)[37]② Li Du's articles are in full bloom.（《Adjust Zhang Ji》）[38]
Tang dynastyBai Juyi: (Du Shi) Through the present and the past, we have done our best.（《Yu Yuanjiu Shu》）[37]
Tang dynastyzhen : ① Du Fu's poems are vast and reach everywhere.（《Narrating poems and sending music to heaven》）[37]② Du Fu's genius is peerless. Every time he looks for a poem, he seems to be in love.Lian Qu goes straight to the language of the time, and does not care about the ancients.（《Reward Li Fu》）[39]
Northern Song Dynastyauthor of the history Zizhi Tongjian: The ancients wrote poetry, which was more valuable than words. It made people think and get it. Therefore, those who said it were innocent, and those who heard it were cautioned.Du Zimei is the most famous poet in modern times.（《Continued poetic remarks》）[40]
Northern Song DynastySu Shi: There are so many poets in ancient and modern times, but Du Zimei is the leader. Isn't it because he has been exiled, hungry and cold, and has never forgotten his majesty?(Narration of Wang Dingguo's Poems)[41]
Song dynastyYe Mengde: Poets work with one word, and the world knows it well. Only the old Du has changed and opened and closed, and he is full of wonders. He can hardly be caught.（《Shi Lin's Poetry》）[42]
Song dynastyXu Yi: Old Du Fu's poems should not be discussed or praised. If there is any gain, it should not be forgotten.（《Yan Zhou's Poetry》）[43]
the Qing dynastyPeng DingqiuEtc.: In Tianbao, Fu and Li Bai were as famous as each other. At that time, they were called Li Du.However, Yuan Zhen said, "Li Bai is strong and unrestrained, and his sincerity is not as good as his shoulder. If he is consistent with the rhyme, which is large or thousands of words, and then hundreds of words, his words are heroic, and his style is clear and deep, which belongs to the law. But if he abandons the common people, then Li can't go through his vassals. Is he still dignified?" Bai Juyi also said, "Du's poems run through the ancient and modern times, and do their best, which is almost too good for Li." YuanSo is the theory of Bai.The source of this poem is lost. It is joyful, sad and indignant. It likes virtue and evil.It also aims to be loyal to the monarch, worried about the country, and worried about the chaos.Reading his poems can tell his world, so it was called "the history of poetry" at that time.（《Complete Poetry of the Tang》）[44]
modernLu Xun: ① I always think Tao Qian stands a little farther and Li Bai stands a little higher, which is also the result of the times.It seems that Du Fu is not an ancient man, as if he still lives in our pile today.(Lu Xun on Classical Literature by Liu Dajie)[45]② Du Fu is the backbone of the Chinese nation!(Du Fu, a Celebrity in Junior Chinese Textbook)[37]
Huang Jinxiang: "Only Li and Du are the masters of Tang poetry!"[46]
Modern poetKenneth RexrothMy poetry is undoubtedly mainly influenced by Du Fu.I think he is the greatest poet in the field other than epic and drama. In some aspects, he even surpasses Shakespeare and Homer, at least he is more natural and kind.(Commentary on Five Thousand Year Chinese Writers)[47]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Blame the emperor
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the Tang Dynasty was a big country in the world at that time.But in this seemingly powerful country, there are already signs of collapse due to various reasons, such as up and down.At last, the Tang Dynasty quickly moved towards the turning point of collapse -“An Shi Rebellion”Occurrence of.
When Du Fu learned of this situation, he felt that the practice of those in power who ignored the people's livelihood and cared only for their own enjoyment would surely lead to the defeat of the country;So he angrily wrote down that he was later selected into the famous anthology《Three hundred Tang Poems》The poem entitled《Twingo 》Seven character long ancient poem.The poem became a veritable "epic" because it boldly satirized and profoundly exposed the hot luxury life of the Yang family;And people also summarized an idiom from it“the supreme arrogance of a person with great power”, which is used to show that the product is very powerful.[48]
Du Fu's grandfather was a poet in the early Tang Dynastydu shenyan。Du Shenyan is very talented, but he is proud of his talent.Less andLi Qiao、Cui Rong、Su flavorThey are collectively called "four friends of the article".In the first year of Xianheng (670), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty was promoted to the rank of Jinshi and became a Xicheng Wei.Later, he turned to Luoyang Cheng.
Empress WuHoly CalendarIn the first year (698), he was demoted to Jizhou Sihu and joined the army.At this time, however, he offended his colleague Guo Ruonen and the officer Zhou Jizhong. They conspired to frame Du Shenyan and sentenced him to death.Du Fu's uncleDu andIn the 13th year of the year, Zhou Jizhong was assassinated.Therefore, Du Shenyan survived and was summoned to the capital by Empress Wu.And because of appreciating his poemsWorks by Zoran, an official to the catering department, Wailang.Consequent collusionZhang YizhiBrother, be sent toFengzhou。But soon he was called back
Her biological mother was from Wucheng, east of Qinghe River, but she died soon after her birth.His father remarried Lu.Du Fu was brought up by his aunt.Du Fu seldom mentioned his stepmother
brothers and sisters
Du Fu had an elder brother who died early, three half brothers and half sisters. Du Fu often mentioned them in his poems
wife
When Du Fu was 30 years old, he temporarily stoppedQiluRoaming between Yan and Zhao, back to Luoyang, in the northwest of Yanshi CountyShouyang MountainLower constitutionLuhun Mountain VillaAnd then marriedHongnong County(Lingbao County was changed during Tianbao Period)Si Nong ShaoqingYang Yi's daughter is his wife.
As the deputy minister in charge of agriculture and finance, Si Nong Shaoqing was in line with Du Fu's family, who had been officials for generations.His wife is ten years younger than him.Unfortunately, Du Fu did not write a biography for his wife, and the name of Mrs. Yang was unknown, but she was mentioned in many of Du's poems.
children
The eldest son Du Zongwen (nicknamed Xionger), the second sonDu Zongwu(alias Jizi)[49]
Another young son, Tianbao, starved to death after 14 years.
At least two daughters[65]There is a female Fenger.[50]
Du Fu inherited the spirit of "feeling sad and happy, and making things happen" of the Yuefu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes, and created many new themes of "instant famous articles, no longer attached", such as the famous "three officials", "three farewell", etc.Fan HuangHan YuYuan ZhenBai JuyiAnd others.Du ShiYuan Bai"New Yuefu Movement"Li ShangyinThe close body allegorical poems of current events in the poems of.However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty.Wang Yucheng、Wang Anshi、Su Shi、Huang Tingjian,, and others highly praised Du Fu,known as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereignsAnd stick to Du Fu's poemsNational integrityThe spiritual power of.The influence of Du Fu's poems has gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times.
Du Fu did not receive much praise and attention in his lifetime and in the years after his death, which is partly due to his innovation in style and style. Some critics believe that some of his works are still bold and eccentric.There is little information about him when he was alive, only 6 poets have 11 poems in total.In addition, these poems do not mention that he is a model of poetry and ethics in terms of his influence.
His works became famous in the ninth century AD, and the early positive comments came fromBai JuyiHe popularized the ethical views of some of Du Fu's works, although he only found them in some of Du Fu's works.In addition to Bai Juyi, Han Yu wrote articles to refute the oppositionLi DuTheir aesthetic status.At the same time, the poems of these two poets have the shadow of Du Fu's poems.As Kong Qingxiang said, Du Fu is "the only poet in China whose influence has been growing over time".
At the beginning of the 10th century, the poets of Shu before the Five DynastiesWeizhuangFound the site of the Thatched Cottage and rebuilt the hut to preserve it[51]。During this period, China witnessed the "New Yuefu Movement", and Du Fu was highly praised as the inspiration of this realistic poetry movement.Du Fu's realistic creative spirit, since Bai Juyi, has influencedFurlough、Cao Ye、Nie Yizhong、du xunheThe creation of, thus forming a realistic school of poetry, in the late Tang Dynasty's poetry world.
In the Song Dynasty, Du Fu's reputation reached its peak,Huang Tingjian、Chen ShidaoHe specially explored the strange side of Du's poems and formed the "Jiangxi Poetry School"Wang Anshi、Lu You、known as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereignsTo some extent, they were also influenced by Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang wrote 200 episodes of Du Fu's five character poems in prison. In his preface, he said, "Zimei is the first person who speaks what I want to say."[52]The more extensive influence of Du Fu is that Du Fu's works have turned regular poetry from a game of words into a carrier to express political aspirations, laying the foundation for later poets' writing on political themes.
Song dynastyNeo ConfucianismDu Fu's development has ensured his supremacy as a model of poetry,Su ShiHe explained the reason: "The poets of ancient and modern times are all Wu, and Zi Meidu is the leader, not because he is exiled, hungry and cold, and never forgets the king!" His ability to think has cast his influence. Out of his desire to establish a good social order, he is highly praised by politicians, and reformers also learn from his compassion for the poor,A litterateur learns from his innovation in artistic techniques.
Du Fu's influence on later generations is also moral.In the 20th century, Rexroth, a modern American poet, believed that Du Fu was concerned with love, tolerance and sympathy between people: "My poetry is undoubtedly mainly influenced by Du Fu. I think he is the greatest poet in the history in the fields other than epic poetry and drama, and in some aspects he even surpassedShakespeareandHomerAt least he is more natural and kind.
Du Fu is famous not only in China, but also overseas.In 1481, South Korea translated Du Shi into Korean, called《Interpretation of proverbs in Du Fu's poems》。His influence on Japanese literature was relatively late, until the 17th century when he had the same reputation in Japan as in China.Du Fu YesMatsuo Basho The impact is particularly profound.Du Fu is also the favorite writer of American writer Kenneth Rexroth.
The mystery of the cause of death
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There are five views on Du Fu's death in literature and history:
1、 Disease death theory
On the death of Du Fu,Mo Lifeng、Tong QiangIn the book "Biography of Du Fu", he wrote: "When winter came, the poet fell ill. He fell ill in the boat going to Hengyang... A giant star fell in this infinite loneliness."[53]
2、 To bestow death on
This saying originated from the Tang DynastyLi GuanAddendum to Du Shi Shi.After this statement was put forward, scholars of all dynasties later criticized it and clearly pointed out the biggest problem in this paragraph, that is, it mentioned that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave death to Du Fu in 770, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died in 770BaoyingThe first year (762).
3、 Self sinking in water
This theory originates from the proposition of "Title to Du Zimei's Tomb" written by Han Yu in the name of Tang Dynasty under false entrustment“Three sages(referring to Qu Yuan, Li Bai and Du Fu).The self sinking of the three Huaisha is obviously a groundless imagination.
4、 Food poisoning
It is a famous modern scholar who put forward this theoryGuo MoruoThis statement of Guo Moruo is also speculative, and there is almost no literature as a basis for purely personal literary creation.
5、 Indigestion
Du Fu's death was closely related to starvation. After leaving Sichuan, Du Fu lived in Hunan. He was besieged by sudden floods and starved for nine consecutive days (five consecutive days, in a word).
The local magistrate saved Du Fu with a boat and served him with beef (broiled: grilled meat) liquorfeastfulDu Fu had not eaten for a long time, so his stomach could not bear itindigestionAnd die.[15][20][54-55]
Commemoration for future generations
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Tomb of Du Fu
Tomb of Du Fu
Du Fu was poor in his old age. In the third year of Dai Zong's Dali (768), his family entered Hunan via Hubei Province, went up the Xiangjiang River and climbed Hengshan Mountain via Yuanxiang.In the fifth year of Dali, he went to Chenzhou to visit his relatives, but was hindered by the surge of Leiyang water. He lived in Leiyang, where Nie Lingli was the guest of honor.That year, Du Fu died of poverty and illness in a boat on the Xiangjiang River from Leiyang to Hengyang.Nie Lingzhi was buried and built a tomb, with its back facing south and stone railings built around the tomb. On the front, there was a stone inscription of the Southern Song Dynasty, "Tomb of Duke Du of the Ministry of Industry of the Tang Dynasty".
Tang DynastyGod blessIn the fourth year (907), Du Gongci was built around the tomb, with its back to the north and south. It is a quadrangle building with a mountain sealed structure, and is of civil structure.The main hall in the middle is equipped with a sandalwood statue of Du Fu. There are ten corridors in the east and west for offering sacrifices and guarding the tomb.Duling Academy was built next to Dugong Temple in the Song Dynasty.
Du Fu's Last Wish to Be BuriedShouyang MountainHowever, his second son Zongwu had to be buried in Leiyang temporarily because he was too poor to do so.Forty three years after the poet's death, his grandsonDu SiyeThe coffin was buried at the foot of Shouyang Mountain, Yanshi, Luoyang, Henan.Now there is also Du Fu's tomb at the foot of Shouyang Mountain.
There are several extraordinary places, including four ancestral temples outside Chengdu, Leiyang and Kuizhou.The four temples refer to the temples in Jiangyuan, Carnival State, Tonggu and Jianmen.Today, Leiyang has the sites of Dufu Tomb, Dugong Temple, Duling Bridge, Duling Academy and other key cultural relics under protection in Hunan Province, and Dufu Park is built on the basis of Dufu Site.Today, there is "Du Gong Bu Temple" in the Shaoling Plateau of Chang'an, south of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. It was founded in the Ming Dynasty and comprehensively renovated after liberation. It was turned into "Du Fu Memorial Hall".
Du Fu's Hometown
Du Fu's Hometown Scenic Spot
Located in Zhengzhou, HenanGongyi Zhanjie TownNanyaowan Village[56]。Covering an area of 34 mu, the main building is composed of a gate building, a large statue of Du Fu, a double-layer pavilion, a forest of steles for poets, a tomb of Du Fu, a poetry chanting pavilion, a home looking pavilion, a grass pavilion, and a hall for offering poems.More than 3000 flowers and trees are planted in the whole scenic area, which are decorated with exotic flowers and plants, trees, pines and cypresses, majestic and solemn. Various facilities have garden architectural style, and have become a shining pearl on Mangling Mountain.
There is a memorial hall in Du Fu's hometown, which displays the versions of Du Fu's poems and the papers on Du Fu's poems, Du Fu's genealogy, and the poetic paintings of "three officials" and "three separations".
Du Fu Jiang Pavilion
Located in the second section of Xiangjiang Middle Road, Tianxin District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, it is an antique garden building built in memory of Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu.AndJuzizhou、Yuelu MountainAcross the riverTianxin PavilionLess than one kilometer.
Jiangge Garden Area covers an area of more than 6000 square meters, with a building area of more than 3800 square meters. The main pavilion is divided into four floors, 18 meters high.In 2002, the Changsha Municipal Government decided to officially build the building. On September 19, 2005, the whole building was fully completed and passed the expert acceptance, and then it was opened to the public for trial.
SichuanChengdu Dufu Thatched Cottage, originally built by Du Fu, laterFive DynastiesQianshuShi PoetWeizhuangFind the site of the Thatched Cottage, and rebuild the thatched cottage to preserve it. Du Fu Thatched Cottage was repaired many times in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, of which the largest two were rebuilt in the Ming DynastyHongzhiThirteen years (1500 years) and the Qing DynastyJiaqingIn the 16th year (1811), the scale and layout of Du Fu's Thatched Cottage were basically established, and it evolved into a museum integrating the pattern of memorial temples and the style and features of the poet's former residence.Only Du Fu's Tomb and Du Gong's Ancestral Temple had more than 60 chants.[57]
