April 9, 2024 Beijing Timebefore dawnThe only total solar eclipse in the world in 2024North AmericaThe total eclipse lasted for a maximum of 4 minutes and 28 seconds in Mexico.Niagara FallsAnd nearby areas are located on the path of the total eclipse, which is considered as one of the best places to watch the solar eclipse in the world.[13-15]
The total solar eclipse is a kind of solar eclipse, which occurs within 18 ° of the new moon near the intersection of the ecliptic and the ecliptic.When a total solar eclipse occurs, as the moon blocks the solar radiation, the ionosphere above the atmosphere will also have some corresponding changes.This will temporarily cause some interference to the radio medium wave and short wave communications whose signals need to be reflected by the ionosphere, while FM broadcasting, mobile phones, wireless Internet access, etc. using ultrashort waves will not be affected.However, for the whole earth's magnetic field, this effect is still small.In addition, the temperature drop caused by the solar eclipse will not be great.
The last total solar eclipse in China occurred on July 22, 2009, and the next one will occur on March 20, 2034 in the mountainous area of northern Tibet, but it is basically a no man's land.In addition, on September 2, 2035, there was a total solar eclipse in northern China, lasting 1 minute and 29 seconds.
The process of a total solar eclipse can be divided into the following five periods:Initial loss、Eating both、Food gluttony、Light generation、Compound circle。
Initial loss
Total solar eclipse
Since the moon orbits the earth from west to east, the solar eclipse always begins at the western edge of the sun's circle.When the eastern edge of the moon just touches the circular surface of the sun (that is, the eastern edge of the moon is circumscribed with the western edge of the sun), it is calledInitial loss。The first loss is the beginning of the solar eclipse process.
Eating both
From the beginning of the loss, British astronomer Baili first described this phenomenon, so it is also called Baili Pearl.This is because there are many rugged mountains on the surface of the moon. When the sun shines on the edge of the moon, it formsBailey beadPhenomenon.
Food gluttony
After eating, the sun wheel continues to move eastward, and when the center of the moon wheel is closest to the center of the sun surface, food will be consumed.Food is the moment when the sun is most obscured by the moon.
Light generation
moonMoving eastward, when the western edge of the moon and the western edge of the sun intersect, it is called Shengguang, and it is the end of the total solar eclipse.Before the birth of light, the phenomenon of diamond rings and beads will appear on the western edge of the sun again, but it will also disappear soon.Then a dazzling ray of light shot from the western edge of the sun, which was originally visible during the total solar eclipseChromosphere 、Prominence, corona and other phenomena quickly disappeared in the sun, the stars disappeared, and the sun shone again on the earth.
Compound circle
Process chart of total solar eclipse
After the birth of light, the lunar surface continues to move away from the solar surface, and the shaded part of the sun gradually decreases. When the western edge of the lunar surface is tangent to the eastern edge of the solar surface, it is called the reunion.At this time, the sun took on the shape of a disk, and the whole solar eclipse process ended.
Encyclopedia x Hunzhi: Illustrated Total Solar Eclipse
The reason why a total solar eclipse occurs is that there is a magical symmetry.The diameter of the sun is 400 times that of the moon, and its distance from the earth is exactly 400 times that of the moon.As a result, when the moon is completely between the earth and the sun, the sun's surface is completely blocked for those who are completely in the shadow of the moon.The sun became black, leaving only a golden halo, and the sky became indigo.The bird will lose its direction or fly back to its nest,batAnd other nocturnal animals may come out drowsily.[2]
Phenomenological observation
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Important total solar eclipse in history
Total solar eclipse
In 1948 BC, someone observed a solar eclipse.legendXia DynastyAn astronomer was beheaded to warn derelicts of duty for indulging in wine and sex and failing to report the solar eclipse.OracleThere were more than 1000 solar eclipses recorded.First《Shangshu》It is recorded that there was a solar eclipse in 1948 BC.
In 585 BC, Mitis fought with the two ethnic groups in Libya. In the middle of the war, the sun suddenly disappeared. The two ethnic groups were afraid of the coming of disasters, and finally reached a beautiful result - the marriage of peace between the two ethnic groups.
On June 30, 1973,BrazilGuyanaDutch Guiana , PortugueseCape Verde、Mauritania、MaliAlgeriaNiger、Chad、Central African、Sudan(Most of the areas covered by the total eclipse zone in the country belong to the presentSouth Sudan）、Uganda, KenyaSomaliaAnd BritishSeychellesTotal solar eclipse occurs in some areas,AtlanticCross Strait tothe indian oceanA partial solar eclipse occurred in the vast area between.Scientists from the United States, Britain, France and other countries useConcordeObservation over Mauritania, Mali, Niger and Chad has extended the total eclipse time to more than 10 times of the ground, reaching 74 minutes, which is the longest observation time of a single total solar eclipse in human history.[4]
On March 9, 1997, KazakhstanChina、MongoliaandRussiaTotal solar eclipse occurs in some areas,AsiaEast andNorth AmericaThere is a partial solar eclipse in the northwest.Discovered in 1995Comet Hale BoppIt appeared in the sky during the total solar eclipse, and the previous record of total solar eclipse and bright comet appearing at the same time was only three times.[5]Chinese scientistsMohe CountyWhen defect removal and recovery are found during observationGravitational accelerationThe "gravity double valley" with abnormal reduction has not been reasonably explained.[6]
There will be a total solar eclipse in Indonesia on March 9, 2016.A total solar eclipse lasting 2-3 minutes can be seen in many areas of Indonesia, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku.Indonesia will have to wait 350 years to see the total solar eclipse again.[7]
At 4:40 p.m. on July 2, 2019 (Beijing time 4:40 p.m. on July 3, 2019), a total solar eclipse was ushered in some places in the central and northern regions of Chile, including the Cojinbo region and Atacama region.[8]
On December 1, 2020, astronomical experts said that the total solar eclipse will appear on December 14, in the southern hemisphere.[1]
On December 4, 2021, Beijing time ushered in the only total solar eclipse in 2021.The total solar eclipse started at 13:29 on December 4 and ended at 17:37 Beijing time, which was invisible in China.The total eclipse zone starts from the south of the Atlantic Ocean and passes through Antarctica, ending in the southern Pacific.[10-11]
In the early morning of April 9, 2024 (Beijing Time), the world's only total solar eclipse in 2024In many parts of North AmericaOn stage, the total eclipse belt sweeps across North America, and many cities in Mexico, the United States and Canada can see this total solar eclipse. The time of occurrence is from noon to afternoon on April 8 local time, which is more ornamental.The total eclipse zone starts from the east of Oceania, passes through the eastern Pacific Ocean, Mexico, the United States, and the extreme southeast of Canada, and ends in the northwest of the Atlantic Ocean.The total eclipse bandwidth is about 200 kilometers, and the maximum duration of the total eclipse phase is 4 minutes and 28 seconds in Mexico.Niagara Falls and its surrounding areas are located on the path of the total eclipse, which is considered as one of the best places to watch the solar eclipse in the world.[13-15]
On July 22, 2009,TibetSoutheastYunnanNorthwestSichuanCenter by southChongqingMostHubeiCentral SouthHunanNorth endHenanSoutheast cornerAnhuiSouth halfJiangxiNorthernmostJiangsuSouthZhejiangNorthShanghaiMost (exceptChongming IslandThe total eclipse can be seen in the northwest), and partial solar eclipse can be seen in other regions.North Iwo JimaSoutheastthe pacific oceanOn June 13, 2132, the total eclipse lasted for the longest time of 6 minutes 39.5 seconds, the longest time in the 21st century.The longest duration on land is 6 minutes and 35 seconds at Iwo Jima.But in fact, the island is not easy to reach, and the duration seen by most people is shorter than that time.In the 21st century, most people can easily observe that the longest total solar eclipse will occur on August 2, 2027Egypt。
It is also predicted that a total solar eclipse will occur in China on March 20, 2034, September 2, 2035, April 30, 2060, August 24, 2063, April 11, 2070, April 21, 2088, and October 4, 2089.
Observation conditions
1. It must be in the center of the total solar eclipse.
2. The total solar eclipse lasts for more than 3 minutes.
3. The weather condition is good.
Observation method
Total solar eclipse
Ink observation method
You can take a basin of water, add ink, and see the sun through the reflection of the water.This method is not recommended because of its low light attenuation rate and easy to cause eye injury.
Pinhole projection
Use two boards, dig a small hole in one board, and let the sunlight pass through the small hole and project onto the other board.
Telescope projection method
Don't shake your hands, or the shadow of the sun will shake.And never look directly at the sun with a telescope. If you look directly at the sun with a telescope, you must use a filter.
matters needing attention
When photographing a total solar eclipse, it usually takes only a few minutes due to extreme food intake.Therefore, the following points need to be done well:
1. Plan carefully in advance.
2. Conduct actual drills in advance.
3. During actual observation, during total eclipse orannular eclipseAt this stage, we will find a person to report the time.When someone reports the time specially, other observers can know the time well and better arrange their own observations.
Total solar eclipse process
4. Observation of the corona.The corona is the outer atmosphere of the sun. The temperature is as high as several million degrees Celsius, and the density is even more empty than the vacuum created by human beings, which can be said to be a visible vacuum. The corona is only observed during a total solar eclipse.The shape, size and structure of the corona seen during each total solar eclipse are different.staySunspotDuring the active period, the corona is disc shaped;During the sunspot activity decline period, the shape of the corona is irregular, and the light is visible along the equatorial region of the sun, showing a fan-shaped structure near the poles.The observation can be recorded by drawing method.
5. Meteorological change observation.During the total solar eclipse, the sun suddenly disappears, the temperature drops rapidly, and the pressure and wind direction change.Instruments can be used to record these changes.
6. During the total solar eclipse, you can use the precious tens of seconds to conduct cometInner planet(Venus and Mercury).
In addition, in the face of the most spectacular total solar eclipse, the filter should be removed when eating.Do not look directly at the sun with the naked eye or any optical equipment in the rest of the time. Do not shoot directly with the camera to prevent damage and burning of the camera.
Phenomenon influence
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When a total solar eclipse occurs, the light passes through the gaps in the leaves and casts the shadow of the new moon.When a total solar eclipse occurs, animals often prepare to sleep or behave abnormally.When a total solar eclipse occurs, the local temperature usually drops by at least 20 degrees.When 99% of the sun's surface is coveredShadows at dawn and duskPhenomenon.During a total solar eclipse, there will be a narrow light band around the horizon, because the observer is not directly standing under the shadow of the moon, and the earth and the moon are at a certain distance.Before the advent of modern atomic clocks, astronomers studied the ancient records of solar eclipses and found that the cycle of the earth's rotation slowed by 0.001 seconds every century.
Principle of total solar eclipse[2]
Total solar eclipse is an excellent opportunity for people to know the sun.The sun we see at ordinary times is just the part of its photosphere outside the photosphereSolar atmosphereTwo important levels ofChromosphereLayer and corona are submerged in the bright light of the photosphere.The chromosphere is the middle layer of the solar atmosphere, which is about 2000 kilometers thick above the photosphere;Outside the sun, it is surrounded by extremely high temperature (million degrees Celsius) but very thinPlasmaIt extends several times larger than the sun itself, which is called the corona.The luminosity of the corona is only one millionth of that of the sun itself, which is usually completely hiddenEarth's atmosphereScattered light creates a blue sky.During the total solar eclipse, the moon blocks the round surface of the sun's photosphereSky backgroundThe red chromosphere and the silver and white corona appear one after another. Scientists can observe the chromosphere and corona, take pictures of the chromosphere and corona, andSpectrogramTo study the physical state and chemical composition of the sun.For example, in the observation of the total solar eclipse on August 18, 1868, French astronomersJanssen A new element "helium" was discovered after taking the spectrum of the solar bait. This element was found on the earth by the British chemist Remus after more than 20 years.
A solar eclipse can provide a good opportunity to study the relationship between the sun and the earth.The sun and the earth have a very close relationship.When there is strong activity on the sun, the far ultraviolet rayX-ray, particulate radiation, etc. will increasemagnetic fieldThe ionosphere is disturbed, and a series of geophysical effects are produced, such as magnetic storm, auroral disturbance, short wave communication interruption, etc.During a total solar eclipse, the moon gradually obscures various radiation sources on the solar surface, causing various geophysical phenomena to change. Therefore, it is of practical significance to observe and study various geophysical effects during a total solar eclipse, and has become one of the important contents in the observation and research of a total solar eclipse.
Total solar eclipse
Observing and studying the total solar eclipse will also help to study many topics related to astronomy and physics. By taking advantage of the total solar eclipse, you can find planets within the orbit of Mercury;It can measure the bending of starlight when passing near the sun, so as to test general relativity, and study the properties of gravity, etc.
In addition, the solar eclipse has certain significance in studying the meteorological changes and biological reactions when the solar eclipse occurs.
In the history of science, many important astronomical and physical discoveries were made by taking advantage of the total solar eclipse, and only through this opportunity.The most famous example is a total solar eclipse in 1919, which confirmed thatEinsteinThe correctness of general relativity.In 1915, Einstein published the General Theory of Relativity, which seemed extremely difficult and incredible at that time. This theory predicted that light would turn in a huge gravitational field.The strongest gravitational field that humans can reach is the sun, but the sun itself emits very strong light. The faint starlight in the distance turns when passing near the sun, which can't be seen at all.But if a total solar eclipse occurs and blocks the sunlight, you can measure whether the light has turned or not and how big it has turned.The opportunity appeared in 1919, but the total eclipse belt in the South Atlantic is very remote and difficult.Eddington, the British astronomer, set out with an observation team full of enthusiasm and curiosity.The observation results are in good agreement with Einstein's previous calculation results. Since thenrelativityBe recognized by the world.
Principle of total solar eclipse
The calculation of total solar eclipse involves the accuracy of the movement of the sun and the moon, so many ancient astronomers used it to verify their calendars.In 1969, someone used 25 solar eclipse records before AD 2 to calculate the long-term change of the Earth's rotation rate.
In the archaeological dating, the records of total solar eclipse in history can help to accurately determine the specific time of historical events, which is a very reliable means.
