synonymoutdoor activities(Sports mode) generally refers to outdoor sports (a group of collective events held in natural venues)
Outdoor sports are a group ofnatural environmentSports held with or to experience adventureProject group。These includeon foot，Mountaineering、Rock Climbing, cliff dropcanoeing, diving, sailingDirectional movementMost of the outdoor sports are adventurous, belonging to extreme and sub extreme sports. They are very challenging and exciting. They embrace nature and challenge themselves.
The history of outdoor sports can be traced back to Europe in the 18th century.
Mont Blanc
According to historical records, in order to explore alpine plant resources, the famous French scientist de Soseur longed for someone to help him overcome the seemingly insurmountable obstacles at that time - to climbThe AlpsPeak (in FranceMont Blanc, 4810m above sea level, yesWestern EuropeThe first peak of).In May 1760, heThe AlpsThe town of Chamonix at the foot posted a notice: "Anyone who can climb or provide a route to the top of Mont Blanc will pay a lot of moneyreward。”It was not until June 1786, 26 years later, that a doctor named Baccaro in Shamuni Town unveiled the notice. After more than two months of preparationcrystalStone minerPalmaTogether, we climbed Mont Blanc for the first time on August 6.
On August 3, 1787, a team of more than 20 people led by De Soseur himself and guided by Palma climbed the mountain again, revealing the modern timesMountaineeringThe prologue of.During the whole mountaineering process, they carried out activities related to human physiologynatural environmentMany valuable data of alpine science have been obtained through various investigations.Later, people called the mountaineering movement "Alpine Movement", took 1786 as the birth year of the mountaineering movement, and Chamonix Town at the foot of the Alps as the birthplace of the mountaineering movementPalmaThey became the founders of the world mountaineering movement and were recognized by the international mountaineering community.
In the 18th century, some missionaries had to cross mountains to preach;Scientists began to walk into the mountains and do someNatural ecologyIn addition to these people, there are also some inbaiindustrial revolutionFormed byindustrialistAnd entrepreneursNew social stratumWith a certain amount of money, these people began to take mountaineering as another way of leisure in pursuit of another stimulus.At that time, the first ascent (the first ascent of a mountain by human beings) became the goal of all climbers. When those relatively gentle and easy to reach mountains in the Alps were first climbed, the remaining mountains were very difficult.The climbers at that time, in order to overcome theseYear-round snowAnd then developed a whole set of technologies.But at this time, both technology and equipment are still quite simple.Untilthe Second World WarBefore and after, in order to meet the needs of special terrain operations, the military began to develop these technologies, including rock climbing andcampHas gradually taken shape, and has really formed a classificationSportsIt was still after the 1970s.Although these projects have a short history, they have become variousdeveloped countryIt's a popular sport inField campingwhat is moreEurope and AmericaFrom the elderly to the countryboy scoutsAre very fond of activities.
early stage
Earlyoutdoor sportIn fact, it is a means of survival. Herb picking, hunting, war and other activities are all forced by human beings for survival or development.World War IIperiod,British Special ForcesStart to use natural barriers and rope nets for obstacle training, which aims to improve the fieldCombat capabilityAnd teamCooperation ability, this is the firstPrimary systemHandlebaroutdoor activitiesPurposeful application in practice.There were many shipwrecks in World War II. Later, statistics showed that the age group of people who could escape from shipwrecks was the most in the range of 28-38. Experts found that most people in this age group werePsychological maturityThey have all kinds of life experiences and good team spirit, and it is precisely these factors that can help them escape.
After World War II
After World War II, with the war far away and the economic development, outdoor activities began to go out of the military and survival category and become human entertainment, leisure and promotionQuality of lifeA new way of life 1989New ZealandAfter the first cross-country adventure challenge, various forms of outdoor activities and competitions have been carried out all over the world.There are many large-scale challenges held in Europe every year.In the United States, the number of participants and output value of outdoor sports rank third among all sports.The concept of outdoor sports: outdoor activities refer to those taking the natural environment as the site and having the nature of exploration or experiencing explorationSports activitiesProject group。
Outdoor sports is a group of collective events held in natural venues.It includes mountaineering: a kind of sports.Athletes climb mountains or ridges in different terrain with bare hands or with special equipment.Crossing: It mainly depends on walking to complete the crossing mileage from the starting point to the end point.It is an outdoor activity that may cross mountains, jungles, deserts, snowfields, streams, canyons and other landforms.Hiking: i.e“HIKING”Is the basic component of outdoor sports.It can be simply understood as a long walk.
Outdoor sports in Britain
Britain, known as the "Hometown", is also a modern countryCompetitive sportsThe important birthplace of.The Industrial Revolution began in the 1860s in Britainsteam engineandTextile machineWidely used in production, promotingindustrial production The rapid development of.Although the military was the goal of the war at that timeArtistic GymnasticsThe movement is sweeping across Europe, but Britain's emergingbourgeois classIn order to solve the problems of large machinery production, accelerated production pace andurban populationA series of sharp increasessocial problemAnd actively promote the development of outdoor sports and games throughout the country, such as hunting, fishing, archery, travel, mountaineering, rowing, sailing, swimmingWater Polo、Skating, Sprintlong jump, high jumpPole vault, rock pitchingdiscus throw, badmintonCricket、grounder、Golf、Hockey、rugby, football, etc.Outdoor sports as an idealSports and leisureThe means, in a more free and casual way of movement, is highly favored by the British public.With the external development of Britain, the influence of outdoor sports and games soon spread to the United States, France and other countries in the world.
British outdoor sportsAnd the development of the game, which is deeply loved by the British public and widely popularized;each and every itemSports technologyWith the improvement of the level, the rules are formulated and gradually unified;National single itemSports AssociationThe establishment and spread of various sports to all countries in the world.
Main types
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Rock Climbing
It is divided into natural field rock climbing and artificial fieldRock Climbing, is an exciting and challenging activity.
Ice climbing
Ice climbingfromRock ClimbingIt is a compulsory course for climbing mountains and snow mountains, and also a mountaineering sportbasic skill one of.Ice climbing is mainly divided into natural iceIcefallandIce hangingTwo.Ice climbing is a sport carried out by means of equipment and apparatusEquipment qualityHigh and durable.
Speed droop
With the guidance and protection of the coach, we use various professional mountaineering equipmentOn site guidanceThe use of equipment and technical movements, flying on the natural steep wall, use ropes to descend from the top of the rock wall to the ground.
camp
Camping and picnicking in the wild.Learn various outdoor life skills.In the natural environment, the relationship between people becomes close and harmonious.Camping is a kind ofleisure activitiesCampers usually take tents and leave the city to camp in the wild for one or more nights.Camping is usually associated with other activities, such as hiking, fishing or swimming.
Field orientation
also calledOrienteering, is a way to use maps and compasses in the wild to complete a journey in different forms, andCheckpointThe activity of marking the control card (record card).1918 bySwedenScoutsMajor Evnst Killander, the leader, invented a "treasure hunt" to train scouts inIdentify directions in the fieldAnd physical strength, through continuous development, become field orientation.
Roller-skating
Roller-skating(Roller skating), as a new outdoor sport, roller skating is suitable for men, women and young people, and is increasingly becoming a popular outdoor sportleisure sportsbe the first choice.also calledRollerSkating and roller skating are worn with rollersLixing roller skatesThe sport of gliding on a hard surface.Today, most roller skaters mainly use inline skating, also known as brushing and skatingthe skating shoesIt is called "brush" and skating on the road is called“Brush the street”66 is homonymous with Yo Yo, which is more interesting and easy to say, and is often used as the mutual name of lovers).
directional
Directional movementIt is also one of the competitive sports. It is similar to the well-known treasure hunt.The general process is: hide several points in advance in the beautiful natural environment such as wilderness, mountain jungle or suburban park, and the participants hold the map and compass to find the direction of the points.By walking and running, we can quickly and accurately find out one by one, organically integrating personal leisure and entertainment with team melting and collaboration.
City orientation
The most obvious difference from orienteering is that it is held in major cities, and its complexity and difficulty are less than orienteering.usuallyCity orientationIt appears in the form of competition, generally emphasizing culture and entertainment, and requires similar "treasure hunt" games.
Tracing the stream
It is an adventure sport to climb the mountain between the upstream and downstream of canyons and streams, overcome various obstacles on the terrain and run out of water.Its characteristics and fun lie in constantly overcoming one after another rapids, waterfallsWater fallVortex, march bravely against the current.Of course, special equipment and techniques are indispensable, and it is more important to rely on the cooperation of teammates.As we travel through the water from beginning to end, sometimes we flow and sometimes we swim, and often a short section of the valley has to go through hardships to cross.
explore
Most of the outdoor leisure sports are adventurous and belong to extreme and sub extreme sports, which are very challenging and exciting.Embrace nature, challenge yourself, cultivate individual perseverance, teamwork spirit, and improveField survivalAbility.
on foot
Also known as hiking, hiking orHikingIt is not a walk in the ordinary sense, nor a race walk in sports competitions, but a purposeful walk in the suburbs of the city without climbing the mountain top, but climbing and crossing are closely related, and the two activities are often combined.
It generally refers to all underwater activities.Include UsecompressorDiving supplied from the surface;Carried by diversrespiratory systemOfScuba diving；And those without respiratory system and only with light equipmentFree diving。
surfing
It's a way for surfers to useSurf boardWater movement over rising waves.The main equipment is a surfboard and aSafety rope。
go fishing
It is a way to catch fish.The main tools for fishing are fishing rod and bait.
The fishing rod is generally composed ofbambooThe fishing rod and bait are connected by silk thread.Common bait can beearthworm, rice, vegetable leavesfly, maggots, etc. There are specially made bait for sale in modern times.The bait can be directly hung on the silk thread, but there is afish hookIt will be better. There are special autocratic hooks for different fish.The other one is more helpful.Scatter some bean bran on the surrounding water surface to attract more fish.
Cycling BMX
bmx
Cycling BMX(BMX) originated in the United States in the 1960sCalifornia, young people from motorcyclesCross-country raceInspired by this, we raced bicycles on the self built track and soon got the first batch of fans.In 1978, small wheelbarrow was introduced to Europe;In 1982, the first BMX World Championship was held;1993, InternationalBicycle exerciseThe Alliance has accepted small wheelbarrow as a new member;In 2003,international olympic committeeThe resolution was passed to list BMVs as BeijingOlympic GamesOfficial events.Young people's thrilling game, just like thisSports WorldThe highest hall of.
1. Camping and camping, hunting and picnicking, collecting flowers and plants, simulating field operations,Outward bound training, desert island survival.
5. Communication: flag communication, light communication, call communication, motorcycle communication.
6. Shooting: air rifle, hunting, archery, dart crossbow, paintball field operations.
Outdoor equipment
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Conventional equipment
Tent
Tent (not necessary for everyone):
The frog tent with three aluminum poles (Holiday is the most popular one in the green field, but it can't be bought), about 800-1000, has the advantage of good wind resistance and rain resistance, and can withstand 6-7 strong winds, which is enough for ordinary outdoor activities, and can accommodate 2-3 people, but this tent issoft soleIn order to prevent abrasion and scratch, it is better to equip a mat under the tent.
Submachine suit (necessary for mountain climbing):
pizexIt is divided into warm shell, single jacket, two-piece suitThree in one jacketHowever, regardless of the type, the process and fabric of the submachine suit should be emphasized. A good submachine suit should have a waterproof pressure of at least 5000mm per hour, and the process is mainly laserlaser cutting andWaterproof zipper，Total pressureWaterproof technology such as glue.
Stove (not necessary for everyone):
There is a golden aluminum alcohol covered pot with a pot that can burn liquid andSolid alcoholAnd has certain wind resistance performance.
Sleeping bag: available in many outdoor product storesFour hole cottonThe sleeping bag is suitable for spring, summer and autumn.There is also a down sleeping bag, suitable for winter use.
Backpack (45-55 liters for women and more than 55 liters for men):
BigPack series backpacks are used most in outdoor sports. They are expensive, but their strength, structure and carrying system are excellent. They are probably the best backpacks available in China. The only disadvantage is that there are too few small bags for sundries.There is also a large military camouflage backpack that can be bought for more than 100 people. It is large enough (the maximum is about 70-80 liters) and strong enough, but the carrying system is not very good, it is tiring to carry, and the external items are not convenient enough.
Climbing shoes
Climbing shoes:
wellClimbing shoesIt is not only easy to walk, but also the most important thing is to protect your feet.The general requirements for hiking shoes in outdoor sports are high top (to protect ankles and avoid entering sand), hard soles, rough and wear-resistant soles, and waterproof and breathable shoes.
Brushed clothing:
first-classInsulation layerIt's also good to wear directly outside, without pursuing famous brands.
Gloves:
Special for glass cutterPalmGloves made of cotton cloth with glue can prevent sharp puncture. You can wear them backwards when wading in the stream. If you slip in the stream, you can also use your hands to supportfriction。[1]
kettle
There is a 1.3 liter combination kettle (with a green canvas cover and a bowl that can be put on the kettle). If outdoor sports are carried out in winter, it is usually necessary to buy morestainless steelVacuum insulationIn addition, a large Coke bottle is also a good choice. It is very light, and you can see how much water is left at any time, but you can't fill it with boiling water.
Need to choose solid
Rain gear
Funny equipment
Eight interesting equipment necessary for outdoor sports:
1. Large plastic tablecloth:It can be used as a tablecloth for picnic or as a table cloth when it is spread on the lawn in sunny daystake a short nap's sheets;In rainy days, people can take a bag to cover it, so special ponchos can be omitted.
2. Wash bag:Not to mention the usefulness, it can make yourwash suppliesbe arranged in good order.
3. Sealing bag:Every time you go out, you can take 10, including wet clothes and snacks.Unsealing of plastic bagsRegular meetingsMistakes.
fourpokerPlaying cards on the journey can relieve boredom.However, this is not the most useful use of playing cards.At the critical moment, playing cards can serve as road signs, 54 cards, one for 100 meters, and 5400 meters.The board can also leave messages for later people.
5. Walking stick:The retractable type is easy to carry. When necessary, it can drive away small animals in the wild, or it can grass and open roads.
6. UFO:It can be used as a fruit tray on a long-distance bus, a backing plate for cutting vegetables and writing, dishesWashbasinOr a water container, an amphibious entertainment product, which has multiple functions and does not occupy the volume when placed in the bag.
7. Slingshot:It can't be used in cities. It is an environmental weapon to train in the wild, increase fun when hiking, and fight wild fruits.
8. Personal business card:There are no scary titles and admirable companies, only telephones, addressesE-mail。The so-called friendship between gentlemen is as light as water.
Outdoor first aid
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Outdoor first aid means that when encountering an accident outdoors, one should be calm and bold, careful and responsible, distinguish priorities, and resolutely implement first aid methods;First deal with critical patients,ReprocessingFor patients with mild illness, in the same patient, first treat the life, then treat the local part;Observe the site environment to ensure the safety of yourself and the injured;Make full use of available manpower and material resources on site to assist in first aid.
1、 Observation before treatment
Before specific treatment, observe the whole body of the patient and grasp the surrounding conditions.Determine the cause of injury, pain location and degree, or put your ear close to listen to the breath sound.Pay special attention to the color of face, mouth skin and skin, or confirm whether there is trauma, bleeding, consciousness and breathing, and observe carefullyfracture, trauma and vomiting.
Later, more specificprocessing method。Especially forApneaIn case of coma, massive hemorrhage and poisoning, the discoverer should make emergency treatment quickly no matter whether he or she is conscious or not, otherwise the patient's life will be endangered.When observing the change of symptoms, the first aid method shall be applied in case of worsening symptomsEmergency Management。On site rescue work for the injured and sick shall be organized as well as possible,Rescue personnelThere should be division of labor and cooperation.
There are many kinds of trauma or sudden illness in activities, so it is also necessary to apply various appropriate first aid methods to deal with it.
maintainrespiratory tractSmooth operationFirst aid treatmentMove the body in the most comfortable way for the patient.If the patientConsciousness coma, pay attention to ensure that the respiratory tract is unblocked, and avoid suffocation caused by vomitus.To ensure smooth breathing, let the patient lie flat.If the head is hit, lie down horizontally. If the face is blue, raise the feet. If the face is red, raise the head slightly. If the person feels vomiting, let him lie on his side or on his stomach.
3、 After processing
Before the patient is handed over to the doctor after emergency treatment, it is necessary to keep the patient warm to avoid his physical exertion, so as to worsen the symptoms.Then contact doctors, ambulances and patients' families.In principle, patients should be transported quietly after adequate treatment.The handling method depends on the condition of the injured and the surrounding conditions.During the transportation, the patient is very tired, so he should have a moderate and regular rest, and pay attention to the patient's condition at any time.
On site rescueTime is pressing. For the treatment of critically ill patients, first, we must abide by the principle of first aid, second, we must focus on the key points, and quickly check the patients according to the correct steps.
3. Severe heatstroke: circulatory failure type:vertigoFainting and low blood pressure in cold sweat are the main causes.Spastic type: limbsskeletal musclePainful spasmAccompanied by obviouswater loss。Sunstroke: Severe headache, dizziness, vomiting or even comaconvulsions。High feverType A: Mainly high fever, mental state, vagueness and vision.The above four types can be mixed.
Rescue measures
1. Move to a cool and ventilated place immediately.Untie your clothes and have a rest[2]。
2. Those who have only aura or mild symptoms can be given cool and salty drinks by mouthRendan、Ten drops of waterEtc.If circulatory failure is suspected, give it as appropriateglucosenormal salineIntravenous drip.
4、Circulatory failureReplenish fluid and expand volume as soon as possible to correct circulatory failure.
5. Hyperthermic type: cool down quickly: wipe the body with fan, cold water, ice water or alcohol until the skin turns red, and place ice bags at the head, neck, tuck in and groin.You can also immerse the patient's head in 4 degrees of water, and constantly massage the skin of the limbs. If there is a twitch, pay attention to keeping the respiratory tract unobstructed.
Febrile syncope
Weak climbers are prone to occur in summer mountaineering activities due to intense activities and excessive physical consumption, especially when they fail to timely supplement the water and salt lost in their bodiesFebrile syncope。
The main symptoms of heat syncope are: feeling exhausted but restless,headache, dizziness or nausea.Pale,Skin sensationWet and cold.Breathe fast and shallow, pulse fast and weak.May be accompanied by lower limb and abdominal muscle twitching.Body temperature remains normal or drops.
In order to avoid thermal syncope, some climbers with weak systems should pay special attention to avoiding activities that consume too much physical strength, pay attention to the rest rhythm and maintain physical strength when participating in summer mountaineering activities.Drink more water or drinks containing salt, even ifelectrolyteThe loss shall be supplemented.
In case of heat fainting, the patient should be moved toshadelie down.If the patientConsciousness, let them drink some cold boiled water slowly.If the patient sweats heavily, orCramp, diarrhea, vomiting, should be drinking in water with salt (one teaspoon per liter).If the patient has lost consciousness, let him lie down in a lying position, rest fully until his symptoms subside, and send him to the hospital for further treatment.
Emergency treatment
When treating an injury, we should pay attention to whether it is a "new injury" or an "old injury". The treatment methods are different.First, determine the degree of injury (whether the appearance of the affected part is normal, such as skin fracture, bone exposure or abnormal protrusion), and then according to the treatment principles of RICE:
Rest: Stop movement.
Ice（Ice compress）: It can inhibit the expansion of pores and reduce the degree of bleeding.
Compression: including fixation and hemostasis.
Elevation: Lift the affected part.Then decide whether to call a doctor or send a doctor for treatment according to their needs.Ice is the most important because it can reduce the degree of pain of the injured.
First of all, ice should be applied immediately when sprain, which can reduce the pain and swelling.It is best to avoid soaking in hot water within three days to avoid accelerating inflammation. Of course, try to rest after sprain.
In case of muscle strain or inflammation of tendon or periosteum, most people will rest, but for professional athletes, they will stop training for a long timeMuscular atrophy, Nerve responseSlowerAnd further deform the sports technology,Athletic performanceA significant decline.Therefore, athletes do not need to completely stop training after injury, but the actions that cause injury should be stopped or reduced (especially the competition should be completely prohibited).
◎ Fracture:
If it is a fracture, you must wait until it is fully recovered before continuing to exercise. However, it should be noted that there are many fractures, which cannot be seen from the appearance,
Equipment: (ice bag,coolantOr wrap the ice cubes with plastic bags and wrap them with towels).
Time: (10~15 minutes at a time, 3~4 times repeatedly, with an interval of 3~5 minutes).
As for whether to pasteointmentIt is recommended that the injured should not be pasted "within four days", because the ointment on the market has the same effect as hot compress.Similarly, it is better not to apply hot compress within four days of injury. The correct way is to go to the hospital for X-ray and let the doctor check whether there is a fracture or other injury if the injury does not improve (the pain does not ease or becomes more and more painful) four days after injury.
Frankly, as long as it helpsblood circulationAny kind of ointment is useful (for external use).But if you want to recover from the injury, you have to restMuscle strengthOr physical condition, we must gradually strengthen theWeight trainingAnd flexibility training.
First aid treatment for outdoor sports
Especially for the training of softness, because the softness of tendons and ligaments near the affected part will be significantly reduced after injury, and the softness is poorSports injuryCommon causes, and then repeatedly injured the same part.It is recommended to do more stretching exercises before exerciseTime bandPut on protective equipment and apply hot compress when you are free after exercise.
After injury, the softness of tendons and ligaments will be greatly reduced, and the muscle strength will also be weakened (or even disappear). If you continue to exercise before recovery, the uninjured muscles nearby will contract (this is a kind of physiologynatural phenomena）, but if there is more than muscleconnective tissue(As if to say so) When the muscle can bear the limit, it will instinctively not contract to protect it from injury.
This phenomenon will be improved only after your muscle strength and softness are restored.This is why it takes a long time for many famous players to recover their previous achievements after being injured.
Chilblain prevention
When traveling in winter, pay attention to keeping your feet, hands, ears and other parts warm to avoid beingfrostbite。The hand can wear corresponding gloves.In addition to wearing shoes and socks suitable for feet and keeping warm, the feet can also be stuffed with a little pepper at the toe, which is said to play a role in promoting blood circulation.Ears can be wrapped with a full hood or a scarf, or a hood to keep warm.In fact, more exercise, faster blood circulation, it is not easy to frostbite.
Cocoon blister
If you walk for a long time, the soles of your feet will often blister, and you can't pierce the water. Especially during travel, you can properly relax your shoes and stick to it. If it is too big or you have arrived at the camp, you can use clean needles to pierce the water, and then you can use a bandage to stick on the care.CallusesIt is the "capital" of long distance travel. The thicker the calluses, the less blisters will appear. This is the reward of long travel. Therefore, we usually pay attention not to deliberately remove the calluses when bathing and washing feet.Fatigue and soreness After a long walk, his calf muscles are especially tired and sore. When he arrives at the camp, he should actively massage to promote muscle recovery. Massage can be repeated with towels and hot water, orFirewineMassage, the method is to ignite the white wine, quickly dip your hand in the fire wine to massage the tired parts, and master the method to avoid being burned by the fire wine.Special massage can also be usedSoaking wine, recovery fluid, etc.
First-aid measures
Due to the low temperature in winterreaction capacityFalling, especially when the road is wet and slippery in rainy and snowy weather, it is easy to fall.Therefore, when going out for activities in winter, first, make full preparations;Second, the activity should be moderate;Third, we should do as few activities as possible that are too dangerous.If you are injured, don't panic too much.
First, judge whether the injury is open wound (with a break) or closed wound.Whether there is subcutaneousCongestion，Joint functionWhether it is affected or deformed.The second step is to take effective first aid measures in time.If it is an open wound, regardless of the size of the wound, it must be sent to the hospital for treatment.Before the arrival of medical staff, stop bleeding in time. If conditions permit, bandage with sterilized gauze;If there is no condition, clean cloth can be used to bind up, and then quickly sent to the hospital for treatment, without delay.If a foreign body penetrates at the same time as a fall injury, remember not to pull it out by yourself. Keep the foreign body relatively fixed with the body and send it to the hospital for treatment.If there is no open wound, do not rub, pinch, break or pull it by yourself or by non medical personnel, and let medical personnel handle it after the emergency doctor arrives or arrives at the hospital.If swelling occurs at the initial stage of injury, ice or cold water can be used for cold compress.For all accidental injuries, do not apply colored disinfectant (such as iodine, etc.) on the wound, or it will affect the doctor's judgment of the injury.
matters needing attention
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1. Always haveRisk awareness。Those who are new to outdoor sports must take it seriously, start from learning to "fear" and respect life.
2. Reserve your physical strength.Once encountering harsh environment outdoors, potential diseases in the body may be aroused, with unimaginable consequences.
3. Have basic and necessary life-saving and self-help skills, have certain relevant knowledge, and learn to use maps and compasses for positioning.Outdoor sports must not be based on enthusiasm alone.yeshypoglycemiaYou must take it with youChocolatesOr candy, which can be used in an emergency.
4. Select safe and professionalOutdoor equipment。Outdoor sports is a sport with professional requirements for equipment, which requires a certain amount of investment in the early stage.At the same time, you should choose a suitable venue. If you are not a professional traveler, you should not easily try professional sports venues such as mountains and cliffs.
5. It is recommended that novices try to choose formal outdoor groups.majorOutdoor ClubGenerally, there will be activity plans, which are completelogistic serviceAnd liaison system.In contrast, spontaneousgroup activityBlindness and randomness are great, and the probability of problems will increase greatly.
Find and handle
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When you are on the top of mountains and shuttling through vast forests all day long, and you are thirsty after drinking water, how can you get the water you need?
The content of water in human body accounts for nearly 70%.All in the bodyPhysiological responseWater is indispensable. Water participates in the metabolism of the human body, heats up heat and expels toxins. It is used to maintain the bodyLife activitiesIt is indispensable to maintain health.According to statistics, the limit time for people to leave the water is about 150 hours (subject toambient temperatureShape sound).Therefore, the most important thing for outdoor athletes in desperate situations is to find water first.
Hunger can stop you, but thirst can't stop you.Now, I have consulted many experiencedOld donkeyLet's introduce someField survivalThe way to get water.
Look for water source
Listen: With sensitiveorgan of hearingPay more attention to the sound of running water from mountain streams or waterfalls, the sound of frogs and the sound of water birds at the foot of mountains, streams, basins, valley bottoms, etc.
Smell: Use your nose to smell as damp as possible, or the smell of soil and water plants brought by the wind.Then follow the direction of smell.
Cha: With rich experience and knowledge.To observe animals, plants, weather, climate andgeographical environmentWater source can also be found.
1. Find water source according to weather change
Where rainbows appear in the sky, there must be rain;In the dark, with lightningCumulonimbus cloudThere must be rain orhail;There are alwaysdense fogThere must be water in the valley;Collecting dew can also alleviate some urgent needs.
GrowingTypha、Salix psammophilaThe water level is relatively high and the water quality is good in the places of Marion, Golden Needle (also known as Huanghua) and Wooden Mustard;Growingfat hen, Penny pole and Shaliwang also have underground water, but the water quality is poor, with bitter taste orAstringent taste, or with rust;In early spring, othersbranchIt has not yet sprouted, and only one branch has sprouted, where there is groundwater;In autumn, other places in the same placeleafIt has withered and yellowed, and there is only one place where the leaves are not yellow, and there is groundwater here;In additionPopulus deltoides、Chinese parasol, willow, saltCedarThese plants only grow in places with water, and underground water can be dug out under them.
3. Find water source according to the terrain and geology
“People walk high, water flows low”。This proverb tells us that we cangentle slopeGo to the slope to find water.Sand shaleIt is widely distributed in China, and it is distributed in tectonic valleys, basins orSandstoneThe contact surface with shale often has spring water gushing out.In addition, deep in the karst cavesedimentary rock、lavaandMetamorphic rockThe mineral bearing spring water can be found directly in most of the fracture zones of.
summermosquitoThere must be water where they gather and fly into a cylindrical shape;There are frogs, big antssnailThere is also water where people live;In addition, there are water sources andgroundwater levelHigher places.Again,quailFly towards the water in the evening, and carry the water in the morning;turtledoveThe group flies to the water source sooner or later, which is also the basis for judging the water source.
Improve water quality
When we find water sources, how to draw water is also a problem.
stayField water intakeSometimes it is quite difficult, especially with the development of industrialization, many high-quality water sources in the past have been more or less polluted, especially in the lower reaches of the river, so it is necessary to understand the industrial production of the upper reaches, and observe the turbid lakes and pondsIn the water sourceWhether there are living things and the growth of surrounding vegetation (whether flowers and plants wither and fade), and the bad water that must be drunk should be purified and filtered.If you don't have purification pills, no medical treatmentIodine liquor、bleaching agentsEating vinegar... Let's take a look at the following methods.
After you collect the water you find, you can put a small amount ofalumOr mashedKapokBranches and leavescactus、Walnut kernel, stir wellPostprecipitation30 Minutes.In this way, you can get cleaner water.
When the water source you find is muddy, with foreign matters floating and microorganisms orwormandLeechlarvaWhen the environment around the water source is not suitable for digging, you can find a plastic bag (of good quality, not easy to break), pierce the bottom with small holes, or use cotton to make glovesHandkerchief、Sleeves、Trouser legEtc;Coke bottles can also be used. First remove the bottom of the bottle, and then use a knife to pierce several holes in the bottle cap. Then fill 5 to 7 layers of clean fine sand with a thickness of 2-4cm from bottom to top, press it tightly, and slowly pour the unclean water into the self-made simple filter. When there is water overflowing on the lower side of the filter, collect the filtered clean water with a basin or kettle.
3. Improve saline alkali water
stayNorthwest ChinaMost of the water that can be found in the desert Gobi is saline alkali water, which can not be drunk.What should I do?Old Zhou's advice: When there is wet sand orBrackish waterDig a sand pit with a diameter of 1.5 meters and a depth of 1 meter, cover it with a layer of transparent plastic film, fix it with stones around, and place a small stone in the middle to make the plastic film fall downconeBody.Remember to put a container of water on the cone in advance.The sun shines through the plastic film to evaporate the water in the sand pit,Water vaporWhen encountering the plastic film, it condenses into water drops and drops into the container along the top of the cone.
4. Seawater desalination
At the seaside, you can collect seawater by boiling it in a potdistilled waterThe method of desalination.When boiling sea water, lay a towel on the inside of the pot cover, absorb the droplets of distilled water on the towel, and then screw them into a large shell or other container.In this way, the potable fresh water needed can be obtained by repeated production.In winter, sea water can be frozen in a container, and the frozen ice can also serve as fresh water for drinking.
6．Snow cover(It works well on snow or muddy roads)
3、 Hat
The key to popularity is the combination of contrasting colors. When the color difference between hats and clothes is large, they may appear short.The hat and clothes are in the same color, which can give a slender impression.The color of the hat depends on the correction of the face color. The face color is yellow, which is not suitable for the yellow green tone. You can choose the color of gray powder.A person with a dark or white complexionColor selectionThere is a lot of room.
People with ruddy skin, chooseSun hatIts color range is wide and can coordinate with many colors.For people with gray skin, it is suitable to use intermediate colors with low purity, such as jade white, stone green, light blue, brown, lavender, etc. Do not choose too gorgeous colors.
For people with white skin, hats are also suitable for many colors, but because white skin tends to give people a sense of softness, white or near white colors should be avoided when choosing hats.When choosing bright colored hats, people with dark skin should pay attention to the overall effect of clothing.
People with yellow skin should not wear yellow or green hatsPurple lotus, crab green, rice grey and other colors of hats and clothing can also achieve better results.
In most people's impression, pure cotton is a comfortable material, but it is rarely used in outdoor hats.
Pure cotton has a good moisture absorption capacity, and it is not easy to dry after wet water. In addition, it has a great heat absorption performance, which makes the wearerscorchingIn summer, when it is more sultry and wet, it becomes a pain to be outdoors.Improper selection often backfires.
There are egg shaped, fat shaped, square shaped and national shaped faces.If a person with a fat face wears a dome hat, his face will be large and his hat will be small. If he chooses a wide hatpeaked capIt's quite appropriate.People with egg shaped faces wear caps, which make their faces bigger and smaller, and more emaciated.It is more appropriate to choose a dome cap.
Round face: The face looks not so plump, which can be suitable for a long hat crown plus asymmetrybrim of a hat, which can increase the length of the face and make it three-dimensional.
triangleFace: because the chin is sharp, the hat is tall or short and asymmetricalbrim of a hat, which is very suitable for people to ignore the sharp chin.
Square face andChinese charactersIt is relatively easy for people with face shapes to choose sun hats.Square face: The conspicuous cap and irregular edge can make the square face appear soft.Long face: Due to the narrow radian of the face, a moderate cap is particularly important, and the brim should not be too narrow.
4、 Gloves
Thin gloves (mainly for convenient activities, such as taking photos);Thick gloves (mainly for warmth).
5、 Glasses
For beaches, skiing, mountain climbing, etcsunlightFor more intense outdoor sports,SunglassesIt should have resistanceultraviolet raysFunction of.
Many sports have special sunglasses.For those who love golf and tennis, 25% of the lighttransmissivityIt is specially designed for low reflection of lawn.Amber lenses can be addedcontrast ratioIt also absorbs blue light, which contributes to the visual comfort in sports.
dosun bathOr skiing, you can choose red lenses.People who swim outdoors should wear the weather protectionUV treatmentOur swimming goggles.And professionalSki gogglesThe mirror surface is made of colored materials coated with anti fog and anti ultraviolet coating, which will only deform without breaking when twisted, so as to avoid injury to human face.
Equipment supplies
1、 Backpack
1. Large backpack (necessary for short camping or long distance travel, preferably comfortable and load-bearing, ranging from 45-80L);
2. Small backpack (for short distance travel or long distance standby, with a certain amount of backpack, ranging from 15-30L);
3. Bodypack orSatchel(Keep it with you on long tripsSmall thingsUse, preferably the one that can hold the kettle);
1. Sleeping bags (small down sleeping bags are recommended for long-distance travel to save space, and also according to seasonal needs);
2. Sleeping bag liner (if you don't go camping on a long trip, just take a stain proof oneFleeceOr a cotton sleeping bag liner will do);
3. Tents (for ordinary camping, ordinary waterproof and wind resistant tents are OK, and small and light tents are recommended for long-distance travel);
4. Tent mat (protect the bottom of your tent from abrasion);
5．Moisture-proof pad(The ordinary ones can let you sit down and lie down anytime and anywhere, and the air cushion can make you more comfortable);
6. Aluminum film floor mat (lightweight and convenient to carry, can be used for photography if necessaryreflector panel)
4. Heat preservation kettle (going out in winter, drinking a mouthful of hot water is a kind of enjoyment);
5. Water purifier (relatively professional, for those who have requirements for quality of life);
6. Water purification tablets (easy to carry, average water purification effect, but can meet the requirements)
6、 Newsletter
1. Mobile phone (most commonly usedcontact informationThe signal is the most critical and often useless in the field);
2．walkie-talkie(group activitiesIt is a very useful equipment, echoing back and forth, and it is also very practical to go shopping within a certain range);
3．GPS(Global Positioning System, professional toys that can help locate, route, and prevent getting lost);
4．Survival Sentry(Convenient to carry, and can also be used as one of the team contact methods)
7、 Other articles
1．Alpenstocks(Well used, it can save about 20% of physical strength, and can also be used asMonopod)；
2．Wash bag(I don't need to say anything about its use, it's just in order);
