Embedded system is composed of hardware and software, which can operate independently.Its software content only includesSoftware operating environmentAnd its operating system.Hardware content includesSignal processor、storage, communication module, etc.Compared with generalComputer processing systemAs far as embedded systems are concerned, there are great differences. They cannot realize the storage function of large capacity, because there is no matching large capacity media. Most of them usestorage medium Yes E-PROM、EEPROMThe software partAPIProgramming interfaceAsDevelopment platformThe core of.[1]
Chinese name
Embedded system
Foreign name
Embedded system
Classification
Computer Science
Definition
A special computer system centered on application and based on modern computer technology, which can flexibly tailor software and hardware modules according to user needs (function, reliability, cost, volume, power consumption, environment, etc.)
Embedded system is application centered and moderncomputer technologyBased on theuser demand (function, reliability, cost, volume, power consumption, environment, etc.) Flexible tailoring of software and hardware modulesDedicated computerSystem.[2]
Summary of key points:
Application oriented: it emphasizes that the goal of embedded system is to meet the specific needs of users.As far as most complete embedded systems are concerned, users can enjoy their functions directly by turning on the power supply, without the need toSecondary developmentOr only a few configuration operations are required.[2]
Specificity: embedded system applications mostly focus on reliabilityReal timeThere are higher requirements, which determines theDedicated systemIt is the mainstream mode of embedded system, which does not emphasize the universality and scalability of the system.This specificity usually leads to the embedded system being a final system with tight integration of software and hardware, because it can effectively improve the reliability of the whole system andcost reductionAnd make it betterUser experience。[2]
With modern computer technology as the core: the most basic supporting technology of embedded system, roughly includingIntegrated circuitDesign technology, system structure technology, sensing and detection technology, embedded operating system andreal-time operating system Technology, highly reliable software development technology for resource constrained systems, system formal specification and verification technology, communication technologyLow power technology, application specificData analysis、signal processing And controloptimization techniqueThey are integrated into specificspecial equipmentAn embedded system is formed.[2]
Software and hardware can be tailored: embedded systems target so many application scenarios and bring great differencesDesign indexRequirements (functional performance, reliability, cost, power consumption), so that it is difficult to have a solution to meet all the requirementssystem requirements Therefore, according to different needs, flexible tailoring of software and hardware, and the final system that meets the requirements is embeddedtechnological development The inevitability oftechnology roadmap 。[2]
characteristic
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The hardware and software of the embedded system must be selected according to the specific application tasks, with power consumption, cost, volume, reliability, processing capacity, etc. as indicators.The core of embedded system is system software and application softwarestorage space Limited, so the software code is required to be compact, reliable, and has strict requirements for real-time.[3]
From the perspective of composition, the embedded system is a computer system that integrates software and hardware and can work independently;From the appearance, the embedded system is like a "programmable" electronic "device";Functionally, it is a controller that controls the target system (host object) and makes it intelligent.From different perspectives of users and developers, compared with ordinary computers, embedded systems have the following characteristics.[3]
(1) Strong specificity.Because the embedded system is usually oriented to a specific application, the hardware and software of the embedded system, especially the software, are all specificUser groupDesigned, usually with a certain specificity.[3]
(2) Small size.embedded computerIntegrating many tasks completed by the board in the general computer system into the chip is conducive to realizing miniaturization and embedding the embedded system into the target system.[3]
(3) Good real-time performance.Embedded systems are widely used inProduction process control、data acquisition, transmission communication and other occasions, mainly used to control the host object, so there are more or less real-time requirements for embedded systems.For example, for embedded systems in weapons, some industriescontrol device The real-time requirements of the control system in are extremely high.Some systems do not require high real-time performance, for example, in recent yearsDevelopment speedFasterPocket PCEtc.But generally speaking, real-time is a general requirement for embedded systems, and is an important indicator that designers and users should focus on.[3]
(4) Good tailorability.From the perspective of embedded system specificity, embedded system suppliers should provide a variety of hardware and software for selection, and strive to achieve higher performance on the same silicon chip area, so as to be more competitive in specific applications.[3]
(5) High reliability.Because some embedded systems undertake computing tasks involving theKey quality, personal equipment safety, and evenState secretsAnd some host objects of embedded systems work in unattended situations, such as monitoring devices in high-risk industrial environments and harsh outdoor environments.Therefore, compared with ordinary systems, embedded systems require high reliability.[3]
(6) Low power consumption.There are many embedded systems whose host objects are smallapplication system, such as mobile phone, MP3Digital cameraThese devices cannot be configuredAC power supplyOr large capacity power supply, so low power consumption has always been the goal of embedded systems.[3]
(7) The embedded system itself does not have its own development capability, and must rely on the generalComputer platformTo develop.Embeddedsystem designAfter completion, ordinary users usually have no way to modify the program or hardware structure, and must have a set of development tools and environment to do so.[3]
(8) Embedded system usually adopts "software and hardware"Collaborative design”Method.Early embedded system design methods often adopt the principle of "hardware first", that is, when only a rough estimate of software task requirements is made, hardware design and implementation are first carried out, and then carried out on this hardware platformsoftware design 。If the traditional design method is adopted, once the problem is found in the test and the design needs to be modifiedDesign processWill be redone for cost anddesign cycle Has a great impact.The design of the system largely depends on the experience of the designer.Since the 1990s, with the development of electronics and chipsRelated technologiesThe design and implementation of embedded systems have emergedHardware/software co designMethods, that is to use unified methods and tools to describe, synthesize and verify software and hardware.staySystem objectivesUnder the guidance of requirements, through comprehensive analysis of system hardware and software functions and existing resources, the software and hardware are designed cooperativelyArchitectureIn order to maximize the ability of system software and hardware, avoid various disadvantages caused by independent design of software and hardware architecture, and obtain high-performance and low-cost optimizationdesign scheme。[3]
developing process
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embedded computerThe real development ofmicroprocessorAfter its appearance.In November 1971, the arithmetic solver and controller circuit were successfully integrated together, and the first microprocessor was launched. Later, various manufacturers successively launched 8-bit and 16 bit microprocessors.The system based on these microprocessors is widely used in instrumentsMedical equipment, robots, household appliances and other fields.The wide application of microprocessors has formed a broad embedded application market. Computer manufacturers have begun to provide a large number of OEM products to users in the form of plug-ins, and then users can choose a set of suitable CPU boards, memory boards and various I/O plug-in boards according to their own needs to form a dedicatedEmbedded computer systemAnd embed it in its own system equipment.[3]
In the 1980s, with the improvement of microelectronic technology, integrated circuit manufacturers began to implement embedded technologyComputer applicationMicroprocessorsI/O interface、A/D converterD/A converter, serial interface, andRAM、ROMAnd other components are all integrated into oneVLSITherefore, a micro controller designed to face I/O, commonly known as MCU, is produced.Microcontroller has become a rising star in embedded computers.In the 1990s, distributed controlflexible manufacturing , digital communication, information appliances and other huge demands, embedded systems have further developed rapidly.Real time signal processing algorithm orientedDSPThe products are developing in the direction of high speed, high precision and low power consumption.The 21st century is an era of network prevalence, and the application of embedded systems to various networks is an important direction of its development.[3]
The development of embedded systems has roughly gone through the following three stages:
The first stage: the early stage of embedding technology.Embedded system has simple functionsDedicated computerOr single chip microcomputer as the coreProgrammable controllerIt has the functions of monitoring, servo, equipment indication, etc.This kind of system is mostly used in various industrial control, aircraft, missiles and other weapons and equipment.[3]
Phase II: High end embedded CPU andEmbedded operating systemIs a flag.The main feature of the system at this stage is that the computer hardware is embedded with high reliability and low power consumptionCPU, such asARM、PowerPCIt also supports the operating system and the development and operation of complex applications.[3]
The third stage:chip technologyAnd Internet technology.microelectronicsTechnology has developed rapidly,SOC(System on chip) makes embedded systems smaller and smaller, but their functions are stronger and stronger.Most embedded systems are still isolated from the Internet, but with the development of Internet and Internet technology, information appliances and industrycontrol technology With the increasingly close integration, embedded technology is entering a period of rapid development and wide application.[3]
type
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Embedded microprocessor
Embedded microprocessor(Embedded Microprocessor Unit, EMPU)CPUIt is a microprocessor, which is assembled on a specially designed circuit board, and only retains motherboard functions related to embedded applications to form an embedded system.Compared with general-purpose computers, its system size and power consumption are greatly reduced, andworking temperature Range, anti electromagnetic interference capabilitySystem reliabilityAll aspects have improved.
Embedded microcontrollerMicrocontroller Unit (MCU) is also called single chip microcomputer.It takes a microprocessor as the core, and a certain amount of memory is integrated into the chip（ROM/EPROM、RAM）, I/O interface (serial interfaceParallel interface）, Timer/Counter、watchdog、PWMOutputA/D converter、D/A converter, bus, bus logic, etc.Compared with embedded microprocessor, the biggest characteristics of microcontroller are monolithic, small size, low power consumption and high reliability.Microcontroller is the mainstream of embedded system industry.
Embedded processor
EmbeddedDigital Signal Processor (Embedded Digital Signal Processor, EDSP) pairSystem structureAnd instructions are specially designed to be suitable for executing DSP algorithm, with high compilation efficiency and fast instruction execution speeddigital filtering 、FFT、Spectral analysisDSP algorithms have been widely used in the embedded field, and DSP applications are starting fromsinglechipThe DSP function is realized by ordinary instructions in, and the transition to EDSP is adopted.
Embedded System on Chip
EmbeddedSystem on chip（System onChip, SoC) is a system on chip that integrates system performance on one chip.It usually contains one or more microprocessorsIP core(CPU), one or more DSP IP cores can be added as required, and the corresponding peripheral is specialfunctional module , as well as a certain capacity of memory (RAM, ROM), and integrate its design on the chip for the performance required by the application to become a system operation chip.Its main feature is that the embedded system can run on various types of microprocessors,compatibilityGood, the kernel of the operating system is small, and the effect is good。[7]
system composition
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In terms of external characteristics, an embedded system is usually a software and hardware integrated system with complete functions that can run independently without relying on other external devices.If such a system is dissected, it can be found that it may roughly include such several levels, as shown in Figure 1.[2]
Figure 1 Embedded System Hierarchy[2]
The core level of embedded system isCentral processing unitSection, which containsArithmetic unitAnd controller module, which is further equipped on the basis of CPUstorageModulePower module, reset module, etcMinimum system。Due to technological progress, integrated circuit manufacturers usually integrate many peripherals into oneIntegrated circuitIn this way, it is more convenient to use. Such a chip is usually calledmicro controller。Further expand power supply sensing and detectionActuatorModules and supporting software constitute a complete unit with specific functions, which is called an embedded system or embedded application.[2]
hardware structure
Although various specific embeddedFunctions of the system, appearance, interface, operation, etc. are different, even different, but the basic hardware structure is similar toGeneral purpose computerThe hardware system ofSimilarity。The hardware part of the embedded system looks likeGeneral computer systemThere is no difference betweenprocessor, memoryperipheral、I/O interface, graphic controller, etc.howeverEmbedded system applicationAs a result, the embedded system is quite different from the general computer system in the composition and implementation form of software and hardware.In order to meet the requirements of embedded systems in terms of speed, volume and power consumption, the operating system, application software, special data and other data that need to be saved for a long time usually do not use disks with large capacity and slow speedstorage medium , but most of them useEPROM、E2PROMorFlash Memory(Flash Memory)。In embedded systems,A/DOr D/A module is mainly used for measurement and control, which is rarely used in general purpose computers.Some embedded systems need to adoptExternal bus。With embedded systemapplication area With the rapid expansion of, embedded systems are becoming more and more personalized, and more and more types of buses are adopted according to their own characteristics.In addition, in order to test the internal circuits of embedded processors, processor chips generally useBoundary scan test technology(JTAG)。[3]
Hardware structure of embedded system[3]
Software system
The software system of the embedded system is designed for the specific hardware system and user requirements of the embedded system. It is an important part of the embedded system and the key to realize the functions of the embedded system.The characteristics of embedded system software include: (1) the software requires solid-state storage;（2）Software codeHigh quality and reliability;(3) Operating system softwareReal timeStrong.
The embedded system software system is similar to the general computer software system, which is divided into driver layer, operating system layermiddleware Layer and application layer have their own characteristics.[3]
Software Architecture of Embedded System[3]
Driver layer
The driver layer is a layer that deals directly with hardware. It provides hardware drivers or underlying core support for operating systems and applications.In embedded systems,DriverSometimes calledBoard level support package(BSP)。BSP has the basic function of initializing the embedded system after it is powered onhardware environment The basic hardware includesmicroprocessor, memoryInterrupt Controller、DMA、timerEtc.The driver layer can generally have three types of programs, namely board level initialization program, standard driver, and application driver.[3]
Operating system layer
The operating system in the embedded system has the core functions of the general operating system, and is responsible for the allocation of all software and hardware resources of the embedded systemDispatching workControl and coordinate concurrent activities.It still has the characteristics of embedded, belonging toEmbedded operating system(Embedded Operating System,EOS)。The mainstream embedded operating systems areWindows CE、Palm：OS、Linux、VxWorks.pSOS.QNX.LynxOSEtc.With embedded operating system, writeapplication programIt will be faster, more efficient and more stable.[3]
Embedded application softwareIt refers to the software used to achieve the expected goals of users in specific application fields.There are some differences between embedded application software and ordinary application softwareaccuracy, security and stability can meet the needs of practical applications, and should be optimized as far as possible to reducesystem resourceTo reduce hardware cost.The application software in the embedded system is the most active force, and each application software has a specific application background.Although the scale is small, the specialty is strong, so the embedded application software is different from the operating system andSupporting softwareIt is our country that is subject to foreign productsembedded software Areas of advantage.[3]
Embedding mode
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The embedded system is designed by embedding the CPU into the target system orControlled systemWhich plays a role in.But in different embedded systems, the form and degree of embedding are different.According to the closeness of the connection between the embedded system and the general computer, the embedded forms can be divided into full embedded mode and semi embedded mode.[3]
Full embedding mode
If the fully embedded mode is adopted, the embedded system (or its core functions) can work independently without relying on the general computer system. Typical examples are mobile phones, MP4Vehicle GPS navigation systemEtc.The embedded system with full embedded mode has the following characteristics.[3]
(1) It has an independent processor system and a complete input/output system, which can independently complete the functions of the system.[3]
(2) High end CPUs support embedded operating systems and can develop applications with complex functions.[3]
(3) It is generally a portable handheld device, and its working environment is generallyUnattended, moving space, high altitude or other harsh environment.[3]
(4)Power supply modeBattery power supply is generally used, and in some cases, it can also be directly usedMains electricity220V power supply, which is designed and converted by the system itselfVoltage stabilizing circuit。Higher end equipment often combines the two power supply modes to make users more flexible.[3]
(5) The fully embedded mode is suitable for any occasions where general-purpose computers are not suitable, such asConsumer ElectronicsHousehold appliances, communication network equipment, industrial control, intelligent instruments, battlefieldelectronic countermeasure , AerospaceAviation weaponEtc., whichScope of applicationVery extensive.[3]
Semi embedded mode
If the semi embedded mode is adopted, the embedded system (or its core functions) needs to be combined with the general computer system to work normally. Typical examples are medicalB-mode ultrasonographySystem, PCI card baseddata acquisition system Etc.The embedded system with semi embedded mode has the following characteristics.[3]
(1) Generally, there is no independent processor, but the CPU of the general computer system is used to complete the calculation and/or control functions;Sometimes even if it has its own independent processor, the processor only completes some limited specific functions, and does not have the function of controlling the whole system.[3]
(2) The embedded system is only a part of the whole system, which can only complete some functions of the whole system, while other functions need to be completed on a general computer.General purpose computers use their rich software and hardware resources to provide friendly human-computer interface and powerful data processing capabilities.
(3) The function body of the embedded system collects the front-end data and controls the controlled object. The data analysis, processing and storage functions are completed by the general computer system.[3]
(4) Embedded systems are generally connected to general-purpose computers in various standard bus forms.Typical examples arePCI bus, USB bus, etc. Simple embedded systems can also use serial portsTo connect。[3]
(5) The embedded system is connected to the general computer as a peripheral, so the standard driver of the embedded system is generally required in the general computer.[3]
Related introduction
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Embedded operating system
Embedded operating systemEOSEmbedded Operating System is a widely used system software. In the past, it was mainly used forIndustrial controlandDefense SystemsDomain.EOS is responsible for the allocation, scheduling, control and coordination of all software and hardware resources of the embedded system;It must reflect the characteristics of its system and be able to achieve the functions required by the system by loading and unloading some modules.Some successful EOS applications have been launchedProduct line。With the development of Internet technologyInformation appliancesWith the popularization and application of EOS and the miniaturization and specialization of EOS, EOS began to develop from a single weak function to a highly specialized strong function.Real time efficiency of embedded operating system in the system and hardware correlationdependence、Software solidificationAnd application specificity.[4]
application
Embedded systems are widely used, involvingindustrial production , daily life, industrial controlAerospaceAnd many other fields, and with the development of electronic technology and computer software technology, not only the application in these fields is more and more in-depth, but also in other traditional non information equipment is gradually showing its place of use.[3]
Industrial control
Embedded chip basedIndustrial automation equipmentIt will achieve considerable development, with a large number of 8-bit, 16 bit and 32-bitEmbedded microcontrollerIn application.Networking is to improveproduction efficiencyandproduct qualityMain ways to reduce human resources, such as industrial process control, digital machine toolsPower systemPower grid security, power grid equipment monitoringpetrochemical industrySystem.As far as the traditional industrial control products are concerned, low-end products often use 8-bit MCU.With the development of computer technology, 32-bit and 64 bit processors have gradually become industrialcontrol equipment The core of.[3]
Home appliances will become the largest application field of embedded systems. The networking and intellectualization of refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. will make people's lives a new space.Even if you are not at home, you can also use the telephone and network toRemote control。In these devices, embedded systems will be of great use.[3]
Home intelligence system
Water meter, electricity meterGas meterRemote forAutomatic meter readingSystem, safe fire preventionAnti theft system, embedded with a special control chip, which will replace the traditionalmanual operation, complete the inspection function, and achieve higher, more accurate and safer performance.In the field of services, such as remote ordering devices, the advantages of embedded systems have been reflected.[3]
Network and e-commerce
Public transportationContactless Smart Card (CSC) distribution system, publicphonecardDistribution systemvending machineEqual intelligenceATMThe terminal has entered people's life in an all-round way. In the near future, you can walk around the world with a card.[3]
Environmental Engineering and Nature
In many areas with harsh environment and complex terrain conditionsHydrological dataReal time monitoring, flood control system, water and soil quality monitoring, dam safety andearthquake monitoring, real-timemeteorological information And air pollution monitoring, the embedded system will realize unmanned monitoring.[3]
robot
The development of embedded chips will make robots have more obvious advantages in miniaturization and high intelligence. At the same time, it will significantly reduce the price of robots and make them more widely used in industrial and service fields.[3]
Development process
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withLinuxTaking the operating system as an example, this paper discusses the development process of embedded system.
Installing the operating system andCross compiler, the operating system generally uses RedhatLinux, select custom installation or full installation, and download the correspondingGCCCross compiler installation (for example, armn-1linux-gcc、arm-uclibc-Gcc), or install the relevant cross compiler provided by the product manufacturer.[4]
Configure the parameters of the development host
Configure MNICOM parameters. MNICOM software is used for debuggingEmbedded development boardOf information outputmonitorandkeyboard entryTools.Generally, the parameters areBaud rate115200 Baud/s，Data bits8 bits, stop bit is 1, noneParity, software and hardware flow control is set to none.Under Windowshyper terminalThe same is true for the configuration of.Configuring the network is mainly to configure NFSNetwork File System, you need to turn off the firewall to simplify the process of setting the embedded network debugging environment.[4]
Establish bootloader BOOTLOADER
Download some public files from the networksource codeBOOTL0ADER, such as U-BOOT, BLOB, VIVILILO, ARM Boot, RED Boot, etc., and transplant and modify according to specific chips.Some chips do not have built-in boot loader, so you need to writeDevelopment boardYou can also download the corresponding flash program from the Internet.If you cannot burn your own development board, you need to modify the source code according to your specific circuit.This is the first step to make the system work properly.[4]
Download the migrated Linux operating system kernel
For example, MCLiunx, ARM_LinuxPPC-Linux, etc. If there is a Linux operating system that has been ported specifically for the CPU used, it is best. After downloading, add specific hardware drivers, and then debug and modify themMMUThe CPU of can use module mode to debug the driver, while the system like MCLiunx can only compile the kernel for debugging.[4]
Download and use the BUSYBOX software to cut functions to produce a basic rootfile system, and then add other programs according to your application needs.Since the default startup script generally does not meet the needs of the application, it is necessary to modify the startup script in the root file system. Its storage location is located in the/etc directory, including:/etc/init.drcS. /etc/profile,/etc/. profile and auto mount file systemconfiguration file/Etc/fstab. The specific situation will vary from system to system.The root file system is generally set as read-only in the embedded system, and tools such as mkcramfs genromfs need to be used to generate burnsImage file。[4]
Generally, JFFS2 or YAFFS file systems are used. This requires providing drivers for these file systems in the kernel.Some systems use a linear FLASHNOR (512KB~32MB), and some systems useNonlinearFor FLASHNAND (8MB~512MB), some systems can use both at the same time, so it is necessary to plan the partition scheme of FLASH according to the application.[4]
Develop applications
Develop applications as needed. The successfully developed applications can be placed in the root file system, or in the YAFFS and JFFS2 file systems. Some applications do not use the root file system and directly design the application and kernel together, which is somewhat similar touC/OS-IIThe way.[4]
Burn the kernel, root file system and applications, and release the product
Hardware/software collaboration
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System description
The description of embedded system is mainly from two aspects, one is performance, the other is function.In the process of system description, not only one language but also multiple languages can be used.At the same time, this description process is also the establishment process of software model and system hardware model.When describing the embedded system, in order to reduce the occurrence of problems in the initial stage of hardware/software co design, it is necessary to do a good job in the behavior of the systemTest work。On the one hand, you can find the unreasonable place in the design at the first time;The other party issystem safety Reliable operation provides guarantee.The system description needs to besystem model For support and correct description, the model should include four elements.The first is the functional characteristics, that is, the functions of the embedded system. At the same time, the relationship between the functions and the input and output of the system should be emphasized.The second is performance description, which can comprehensively reflect the system'sOverall structureAnd the relationship between system input and output needs to be explained.The third isconstraint condition, this element is not only important for embeddedsystem performance The defects are explained, and the requirements in the working environment of the system are reasonably specified.The fourth isTechnical indicators, which can explain the problems and quality of the system, and lay a good foundation for the design work.[5]
Comprehensive technology of software and hardware
In embedded systemHardware/software co designMedium, soft and hardComprehensive technologyIs one of the important technologieshardware system It plays an important role in the general design of.On the basis of systematic inspection and evaluation of its design results, we can carry out targeted and detailedSystem productionWork, and design software and hardware to ensure their consistency, which can improve the scientificity of the designoperating efficiency Improvement is of great significance.[5]
Software and hardware function division
In the work of software and hardware function division, it is mainly scientific and reasonable division of software and hardware and embeddedsystem functionAnd clarify the relationship between them.Among them,cost function It is one of the main bases for software and hardware function division.Many factors need to be considered when using the cost function.For example, between modulesConcurrency、Software executionTime, etc.[5]
Collaborative verification
In coordinating simulation andSystem testIn terms of verificationhardware description language Describe the embedded system hardware system.In order to effectively complete the design work and meet the design requirements, it is necessary to reasonably apply the method of software matching hardware, so as to create a good environment for the next design work, which can not only improve the overalldesign efficiency And quality, but also reduceDesign costTo ensure goodeconomic performance。[5]
Development prospect
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Nowadays, the development of embedded system tends to provide more vivid human-computer interface;More small electronic products have better portability, so as to realize their automation,low power consumption, intelligent.[6]
stayindustrial designThe simplicity of software and hardware has high requirements for servers, while the traditionalNetwork serverDoes not haveSimplicityAnd supports remote control of computers in heterogeneous networks.However, the adoption ofnetwork equipment Embedded in embedded devices will greatly reduce the user's access time, and can accurately control external I/O.The embedded WEB server does not use the traditionalTCP/IP protocolConnect to the Internet, but choose UIP simplified by TCP/IPProtocol stackImplement embedded WEB server.Such embedded WEB server not only has simplicity, but also makesMCUMore space to control external I/O.[6]
Internet of ThingsSince Premier Wen Jiabao proposed to establish China in 2009SensingSince the beginning, the information center has gradually become the focus of many scholars and enterprises, and sensor technology, as an important part of the Internet of Things, is naturally essential.As a sensor that undertakes the role of information collection, it must be organically combined with the embedded system.Intelligent sensor technology has excellentinformation transferAbility,intelligent sensorBetween thingsinformation switchingThe ability of information transmission between objects and computers will be widely used in computer, communication, etcInformation exchangeandData transfer。Embedded intelligent sensors play an important role in the field of Internet of Things.[6]
