Neil Alden Armstrong

American astronaut, the first person on earth to set foot on the moon

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synonym Neil Armstrong (Neil Armstrong) Generally refers to Neil Alden Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong （Neil Alden Armstrong^[3] , August 5, 1930 - August 25, 2012) ， U.S.A Astronauts Test pilot 、 Navy pilot And university professors.

In the United States Aerospace Armstrong became the first to step onto the Moon 's astronauts^[4] Is also the first human member to leave footprints on the earth's alien body, and its partner Buzz Aldrin He became the second person to return safely after landing on the moon. The two stayed on the surface of the moon for two and a half hours. Armstrong's first Space missions yes Gemini 8 In this mission, he and David Scott For the first time in history Track docking 。

In July 1969, Armstrong was carrying out his second and last space mission Apollo 11 At that time, "a big step for mankind" was taken.

On August 25, 2012, he died of complications after heart bypass surgery at the age of 82.

Chinese name: Neil Alden Armstrong
Foreign name: Neil Alden Armstrong
Nationality: U.S.A
date of birth: August 5, 1930
Date of death: August 25, 2012

University one is graduated from: purdue university 、 University of Southern California
Occupation: Pilot, astronaut
Key achievements: The first astronaut to set foot on the moon
one's native heath: Wapakeneta, Ohio, USA
Honors: Sylvanus Thayer Award , Medal of Freedom

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▪ Business activities
six Character evaluation
seven Commemoration for future generations

Character's Life

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On the moon

In 1955, Neil Armstrong joined the National Aeronautical Technical Advisory Committee (later NASA ）Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory worked in the committee later California Served as test pilot at Edwards High Speed Flight Station. Manned at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Houston from 1962 to 1970 spacecraft The center is an astronaut. In March 1966, he was a super pilot of the "Gemini 8" spaceship.

On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin ride Apollo 11 The spaceship landed on the moon for the first time.

July 16, 1969, the same as Aldrin and Michael Collins (by him Command length ）Take the Apollo 11 spacecraft to Moon 。 On July 20, Armstrong steered the Eagle Lunar module Landing on the lunar surface, and US Time He and Aldrin Step out of the lunar module and onto the moon. Armstrong took the lead in setting foot on the desolate and silent land of the moon, becoming the first person to land on the moon and walk on it. At that time, he said the famous saying that has been quoted on numerous occasions since then: "This is a small step for individuals, but it is a big step for humans." They spent 21 hours on the moon, took off from the moon on the 21st, and returned to the earth on the 24th. Issued by the President in the same year Presidential Medal of Freedom 。

Before landing on the moon

From 1970 to 1971, he served as Deputy Director of the Senior Research and Technology Office at the headquarters of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Washington. After retiring from NASA in 1971 University of Cincinnati Professor of Aeronautical Engineering until 1979. In March 1985, he was a member of the National Committee on Space Issues. Investigation in February 1986 space shuttle Vice chairman of the Presidential Commission on the accident. Since the 1980s, he has also served as a director or chairman of many companies.

On July 20, 1999, the United States held a ceremony at the Washington Aerospace Museum to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the first human moon landing. Gore vice president At the ceremony, "Langley Gold medal ”American astronaut Neil Armstrong and his companions who landed on the moon for the first time Edwin Aldrin And driving Command module Of Michael Collins ^[3]^[8] 。

On August 25, 2012, due to Heart bypass Surgery He died of complications at the age of 82^[1] 。

Neil Armstrong

Previous position

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In the early 1970s, he served as the deputy director of NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. In this position, he is responsible for coordinating and managing NASA's overall research and technical work related to aviation^[5] 。

Member of the Aerospace and International Astronautical Federation, member of the National Academy of Engineering;

Peace Corps Committee, Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Council of the Kingdom of Morocco (1971-1973);

Former member of the National Space Commission of the United States (1985-1986);

Member of the Presidential Committee on the Challenger Space Shuttle Accident (1986)^[3] 。

After resigning from NASA in 1971, he became professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979;

During 1982-1992, Armstrong served as the chairman of Aviation Computing Technologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia. Later, he became chairman of the board of directors of AIL Systems, Inc., an electronic systems company based in Deer Park, New York^[5] 。

Aerospace Life

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University

Armstrong

In 1947, Armstrong entered purdue university Two years later, he served in the Navy for three years, then continued to study and graduated in 1955, and later University of Southern California Obtained aviation engineering Master's degree, he is the second college student in his family. Although Armstrong was Massachusetts Institute of Technology He was admitted, but an engineer he knew (a graduate of MIT) suggested that he should not go there. He thought it was better not to be too far away from home.

Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, a student of home economics when he was reading aloud in university. Armstrong served as Test pilot I was engaged to her at that time. On January 28, 1956 Illinois Married in Wilmett congregation church. Assigned to Edwards Air Force Base Later, Armstrong lived in the bachelor dormitory of the base, and Janet lived in Los Angeles The nearby Ximu District. One semester later, they moved to Antelope Valley. Janet has always regretted that she has not been able to complete her degree^[3]^[8] 。

Korean War

On January 26, 1949, Armstrong was drafted into the army, trained at the Naval Air Station Pensacola for one and a half years, and graduated on August 12, 1950. Armstrong was initially assigned to the flight base in San Diego Bay, and was assigned to the VF-51 Falcon Squadron two months later. On January 5, 1951, Armstrong flew the F9F Panther jet in his first flight mission. On June 7, Armstrong USS Essex (CV-9). In the same week, he was promoted to second lieutenant. At the end of this month, the Essex could take off and land the fighter planes of VF-51 squadron after being overhauled, and was sent to North Korea for ground attack missions.

On August 29, 1951, Armstrong was sent to Jin Ce Conduct investigation tasks. Five days later, his plane was hit, but he finally flew back to his area. because Aircraft wing The injury was so heavy that Armstrong had to eject to escape and land on Pohang Later, he was taken back to the base by his comrades in arms. His plane, No. 125122, F9F-2, is missing. Armstrong has carried out 78 missions in North Korea, flight time 121 hours, more than 1/3 of which was in January 1952. Because of his performance in North Korea, he won the flight medal gold star And the North Korean Service Medal. Armstrong left the Navy on August 23, 1952 Naval Reserve Served as captain and left on October 20, 1960 Reserve team^[3]^[8] 。

Test pilot

After Armstrong's test flight

After graduating from Purdue University, Armstrong decided to become a test pilot. He asked edwards air force base (Edwards Air Force Base) Dryden Flight Research Center (Dryden Flight Research Center) submitted the application, but there was no vacancy at that time. He was arranged to Cleveland Of Glenn Research Center (Glenn Research Center), officially started the test flight in February 1955. Five months later, Armstrong went to Edwards Air Force Base. On the first day at Edwards Air Force Base, Armstrong was assigned a flight mission. His previous missions were driven and refitted bomber Release the tracking machine.

On August 15, 1957, Armstrong drove for the first time Supersonic aircraft : X-1B type, flight altitude 18300 meters. When landing Landing gear It is damaged, and similar damage has occurred many times before due to design problems. On December 30, 1960, Armstrong flew for the first time X-5 And then flew six more times. On his first flight, he reached an altitude of 14900 meters, 1.75 Mach 。 In November 1960, he was elected X-20 Pilots of "power multiplier" aircraft panel of consultants The X-20 is designed to be a fighter that can be used in space. On March 15, 1962, he was selected as the sixth person in the plan Flight Engineer one of.

Armstrong flew back and forth seven times X-15 , driving the X-15-3 to a height of about 63000 meters, and driving the X-15-1 to a speed of Mach 5.74 (6615 km/h). By the time he left the Flight Research Center, he had flown more than 200 aircraft types, and the flight time had reached 2450 hours^[3]^[8] 。

Selected experience

Armstrong became an astronaut not because of a decisive moment. Four to five months after NASA began to select the second batch of astronauts, he Apollo program I am more and more excited about the prospect of the new challenges.

Photos in 2012

It was discovered many years later that Armstrong's application form arrived a week later than the deadline of June 1, 1962. Armstrong's colleague Dick Day at Edwards Base had already worked in the manned aviation center at that time, found a late application, and slipped the document into other application forms when no one noticed. In June, Armstrong was in Brooks air base (Brooks Air Force Base) accepted once health examination Many astronauts think this test is painful and useless.

On September 13, 1962, director of flight mission member office Deke Slayton I called Armstrong and asked him if he was interested in becoming one of the new nine astronauts. Armstrong agreed without hesitation. The astronaut candidate was announced three days later, although the newspaper reported that he would be selected as the "first civilian astronaut" several months ago^[3]^[8] 。

Project Gemini

Armstrong's first assignment was to Gemini 5 The pilot was instructed to partner with Eliot Xi. The mission lasted eight days, which set a record at that time. The main astronauts of the mission were Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad 。 stay Cape Canaveral After watching the launch, Armstrong and Xi drove T-38 The Bird Claw plane returned to Houston, and even Earth orbit Cooper and Conrad talked in.

On September 20, 1965, Gemini 8 Of the astronauts chose to announce: Armstrong served as the command pilot, and David Scott Partner. Scott was the first in the same group of astronauts to get the mission. Gemini 8 was launched on March 16, 1966. It is planned to cooperate with Akina Docking chamber Complete orbit integration, docking and the second time in the history of American aerospace Extravehicular activities (Armstrong himself doesn't like it“ space walk ”This is called). In the plan, the whole mission will last 75 hours, and Armstrong and Scott will circle the earth 55 times. After the launch of the Ajina docking module at 10:00 a.m. local time, the Titan II rocket was launched at 11:41:02 a.m., sending two astronauts into space.

Enter orbit Six and a half hours later, Armstrong and Scott completed the first Track docking 。 Communication with astronauts was interrupted due to the lack of communication stations in many places on the ground. Now docked spacecraft Suddenly began to rotate, Armstrong tried Track height With the Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS), but failed to stop rotation. They accepted the advice of the command center and separated from Akina, but the rotation suddenly accelerated to one cycle per second. Armstrong decided to use the re-entry control system, RCS ）And close the orbital altitude and maneuvering system. The mission rules clearly stipulate that once the return control system is started, the spacecraft must be as soon as possible Re-entry into the atmosphere 。

Some people in the astronaut office thought Armstrong had made a big mistake, and even mentioned that he was not a soldier. astronaut Walter Cunningham In his autobiography The All American Boys, it is mentioned that Armstrong and Scott completely ignored the response plan under this situation. In fact, this is not true. There are no rules in this regard. Connihan also mistakenly believed that Armstrong could only open some parts of the return control system. In fact, he had no choice but to open them all. Connihan was one of the few people who seriously criticized Armstrong and Scott's behavior at that time. Kim Kranz, director of the command center（ Gene Kranz ）In his autobiography Failure Is Not An Option, he said: "The two astronauts did it according to the training steps. We made mistakes in our training, which made them make mistakes." The mission decision-maker was unaware of the two Spacecraft docking It must be treated as a whole.

Armstrong himself felt very sad about the mission. Scott had to give up his extravehicular activities Task plan I didn't finish it. He did not have. I heard other people's comments, but I guess if I had calmed down at that time, I might not have to turn on the return control system, or use the altitude control system of the Akina docking module to stop rotating without having to separate from it.

Two days after the return of Gemini 8, Armstrong received Project Gemini Last task in: Gemini 11 The replacement of the command pilot. After training for two missions, he is already quite familiar with the various systems of spacecraft, and more often helps newcomers during the mission William Anders Be familiar with spacecraft operation. Gemini 11 was launched on September 12, 1966. Peter Conrad and Richard Golden carried out this mission. The mission was very successful, Armstrong served as the command module aerospace communicator (CapCom).

After Gemini 11, the President of the United States Lyndon Johnson Armstrong, Gordon, George Low, director of the Apollo Spacecraft Office, their wives and some other government officials were arranged to pay a charity visit to South America. They went to 14 cities in 11 countries. Armstrong said hello in the other language when meeting with local celebrities. stay Brazil Armstrong talked about famous Brazilian pilots Alberto Santos Dumont (Alberto Santos Dumont), who believes that his aircraft is more than Wright Brothers 's first aircraft^[3]^[8] 。

Apollo program

Program Introduction

The Apollo program took a total of 11 years, invested 23.3 billion dollars, sent astronauts to space six times, and launched aircraft seven times^[3]^[8] 。

Plan content

On January 27, 1967, Armstrong, Gordon Cooper, Richard Gordon Jim Lovell and Scott Carpenter Together, they attended the signing ceremony of the Outer Space Treaty in Washington. At 6:45 p.m., Carpenter went to the airport, and the other four returned to the hotel. In the hotel's phone message, they learned that Apollo 1 The fire and Gus Grissom 、 Edward Higgins White and Roger Chaffey Message of sacrifice. The four stayed in the hotel and spent the night talking about the accident to drown their sorrows in alcohol.

April 5, 1967, Apollo 1 investigation report On the day of announcement, Armstrong and 17 other astronauts held a meeting with Dick Slayton. Slayton first announced: "The astronaut candidates for the first moon landing will be selected from this room." Eugene Cernan Later, I recalled that Armstrong did not respond to this sentence. For Armstrong, this sentence was not surprising - all the astronauts present at that time participated in the Gemini Program, and the candidates for the first moon landing could only be selected from them. Slayton talked about the tasks in the plan and arranged Armstrong to Apollo 9 A replacement team for. Apollo 9 was a mission to test the lunar module in the far Earth orbit. As the manufacturing progress of the lunar module was far later than expected, Apollo 8 And No. 9 were exchanged. According to the astronaut rotation system, Armstrong will serve as the commander of Apollo 11.

In order to familiarize astronauts with the operation of the lunar module, Bell Aerosystems produced two lunar landings testing machine (Lunar Landing Research Vehicles), which was later converted into Lunar Landing Training Vehicles. These two machines can simulate the gravity of the lunar surface equal to one sixth of the earth's gravity, so that astronauts can adapt to the operation of the lunar module in advance. On May 6, 1968, when Armstrong was training, the moon landing training plane suddenly failed at a height of about 30 meters. He found that the training plane was about to crash and then used it Ejection seat Escape by parachuting. Later research showed that if Armstrong escaped 0.5 seconds later parachute There is not enough time to fully open. Armstrong was not seriously injured, but bit his tongue. Although almost killed, Armstrong still believed that the moon landing training machine played a certain role in simulating the moon landing.

Apollo 8 After circling the moon, on December 23, 1968, Dick Slayton arranged Armstrong (the alternate commander of Apollo 8) to serve as the commander of Apollo 11. The pilot of the lunar module was Buzz Aldrin, and the pilot of the command module was Michael Collins（ Michael Collins ）。 In a meeting that was not made public until Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton asked Armstrong whether he needed to replace Aldrin with Jim Lowell, who was more experienced. After thinking about it for a whole day, Armstrong felt that the original arrangement should be kept, not only because Aldrin was completely competent, but also because Lowell was worthy of his own task. Among the three astronauts who landed on the moon, the lunar module pilot was unofficially Floor platoon In the third place, Armstrong felt that Gemini 12 It's hard to explain that Lowell, the pilot, was the third in his team.

A small dispute surrounding Apollo 11 is who was the first to step out of the lunar module and step on the moon after the moon landing. At first, Aldrin thought that he should be first; The spacewalk in the Gemini plan is carried out by the pilot, who is instructed to stay in the spacecraft. Instruct pilots to have many responsibilities in spacecraft, and additional extra vehicular activities training will affect other work.

In Apollo - Expeditions To The Moon, the author Robert Sherrod wrote the chapter "Men For The Moon", introduced Aldrin's concerns and mentioned simulation training Aldrin simulated leaving the lunar module first and had to climb Armstrong to reach Hatch (The door of the lunar module opens to the inside right, and it is very difficult for the pilot of the lunar module on the right to go out first.) The lunar module model was also damaged. It is also mentioned in the book that Slayton once said: "... Second, even at the scheme level, I think the commander should go out first... I found their original arrangement and immediately changed it. Bob Gilrus also agreed."

It is likely that in March 1969, Chris Kraft, director of Slayton, Gilrus, Lohe Mission Center, decided in a meeting that Armstrong would be the first to leave the lunar module and step on the moon. On April 14, 1969 press conference The reason why Armstrong first landed on the moon was the design of the lunar module. The four decision-makers did not know about the design of the cabin door at first. This meeting was not known until the publication of Kraft's autobiography in 2001.

On July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 was about to At launch Armstrong received a copy from Launching pad Gift from the responsible person Guenter Wendt - a polystyrene The crescent moon. Venter said it was the key to the moon. In return, Armstrong gave Venter a "valid space taxi ticket between two planets"^[3]^[8] 。

Apollo 11 launch

Apollo 11 launched

Apollo 11 orbital module

Lunar landing

Fly to the moon

During the launch of Apollo 11, Armstrong's heart rate reached 109 beats per minute. For him, the first stage of the launch was particularly noisy - more than Gemini The launch of No. 8 was much more noisy. Compared with the Gemini spacecraft, Apollo Space capsule Slightly larger; But luckily, none of the three suffered from what other astronauts had encountered Space adaptation syndrome 。 Armstrong was very happy. He had carsickness , dizziness may occur after a large number of turning movements.

Armstrong's goal is only to land safely, without a special landing point. Due to relatively loose landing requirements, Armstrong did not care about the specific location of the moon landing. Three minutes after landing and ignition, he found that the lunar module flew over the designated Crater Means that the moon landing site will be several miles away from the planned location. After the landing radar of the lunar module Eagle found the target, several errors occurred. The first time was error 1202; Although a lot of training was carried out before the mission, Armstrong and Aldrin still did not remember the error represented by the code. Making loud alarm sounds to Armstrong is more a kind of interference and does not make him particularly worried; His previous career as a test pilot made him understand that as long as the instrument was still working normally and the detector was still getting data, there was no need to give up the task. Alarm 1202 (and later alarm 1201) is calculated by the lunar module computer Overflow 。

One episode of Apollo 11's lunar landing was that there was only a few seconds of fuel left when it landed. In fact, Armstrong was not particularly worried about fuel; He used the moon landing training machine several times during training to land safely with less than 15 seconds of fuel left. He believes that even if the lunar module is 15 Meter hour There is no problem of running out of fuel. Post mission research showed that the lunar module had about 50 seconds of fuel left.

After the successful landing at 20:17:39 (UTC) on July 20, 1969, Armstrong said the first sentence to the command center and the whole world was "Houston, here is Jinghai Base 。‘ Eagle landed successfully. " As a celebration, Aldrin and Armstrong just shook hands, patted each other on the shoulder and quickly started the mission steps after landing on the moon. Because of the possible Emergencies Uncertain. In the mission plan, the two astronauts need to be ready to take off in an emergency immediately after landing^[3]^[8] 。

Set foot on the moon

1969 The cover of Time: Armstrong Landing on the Moon

The official mission plan of NASA arranges for the two astronauts to have a rest before leaving the lunar module. Neither of them was very tired, so Armstrong asked whether it was possible to advance the monthly walk to the evening (Houston time). When the preparations were made, the lunar module was decompressed, the door was opened, and Armstrong slowly held the ladder down the lunar module. At 2:56 a.m. (UTC) on July 21, 1969, Armstrong put his left foot on the moon and said:

This is a small step for a man, but a big step for mankind.

（That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind.）

Armstrong left out a letter "a" (one small step for a man) in this sentence, which makes the sentence difficult: a single "man" often refers to "human" rather than "individual". Armstrong later admitted that he sometimes missed individual syllables, but he also "hoped that history would allow me to make this small mistake and realize that I didn't intentionally miss it at that time - although I may just have a slight pronunciation."

Apollo moon landing (3 sheets)

There is evidence that Armstrong did say "a". Australia Programmer Peter Shann Ford passed Digital analysis Later, it was found that Armstrong did say "a man", but the limitation of communication equipment at that time made the "a" not heard. Ford did not publish the discovery in a serious scientific journal, but put it in his Personal website Medium. However, as Auburn University (Auburn University) authorized biographers of Ford and Armstrong James Hansen (James R. Hansen) reported this discovery to NASA, which has also studied this problem. The debate about whether there is "a" is linguist David Beaver and Mark Liberman published on the Language Log blog. Armstrong himself wanted to include "a" in the sentence, but in parentheses.

The simple and meaningful phrase "one big step" was just one of Armstrong's thoughts after landing, not a thought in advance. Armstrong clearly knew what to say after taking the first step, so it seemed a good start to mention "one step". There is a hypothesis that he consciously borrowed a sentence from J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Adventures of the Hobbit" ("not his big step, but a step in the dark."), or a memo from an official of NASA. Armstrong denied both claims.

Armstrong's words on the moon were actually "I'm going to leave the lunar module soon". Then he turned around and stepped on the surface of the moon. At this point, VOA Broadcasting bbc (BBC). At that time, about 450 million people around the world were watching this moment.

Fifteen minutes after Armstrong took his first step, Aldrin also set foot on the moon, becoming the second human member to set foot on the moon. They began to test the feasibility of human walking on the moon. At first, they also lifted the ladder of the lunar module Lunar plaque And inserted one side on the ground Flag of the United States 。 There is an iron wire at the top of the flag, which makes flag It can still be deployed in the absence of wind. Since the wire has not been straightened and the national flag has been folded before, it seems that there is wind blowing. There was a debate on the ground about whether the national flag should be displayed. Armstrong thought that it was not a big problem. Dick Slayton once told Armstrong that they would receive special communications, but did not say that the President would be on the other side of the signal Richard Nixon 。

Group photo of Apollo 11 members, Armstrong on the left

As for the fact that there were only five photos of Apollo 11 on the moon, including Armstrong, Aldrin explained that this was due to Nixon's phone call after planting the national flag. The President talked with Armstrong for five minutes, which is exactly the time planned to take pictures of Armstrong. The task schedule is accurate to minutes. Once missed, it will not have a chance to Remedies.

After the installation of the early Apollo scientific experiment package, Armstrong walked 60 meters away from the lunar module, which was later named East Crater. This is the farthest distance between two people on the moon surface. Armstrong's last task is to place a commemorative plaque on the surface of the moon to commemorate the sacrifice for the aerospace industry Soviet Union astronaut Yuri Gagarin , Vladimir Komarov, and three Apollo 1 astronauts Chaffy, Gleason, and White. Armstrong and Aldrin spent about two and a half hours outside the lunar module, the shortest of the six lunar missions. Later, the walking time on the moon surface gradually lengthened to Apollo 17 21 hours^[3]^[8] 。

Armstrong's Footprint

Return to Earth

Life Magazine Cover - Return of Heroes

After returning to the lunar module, the door was closed and the module was re pressurized. When preparing to take off again, two astronauts found that they accidentally broke one Circuit breaker Switch. If it cannot be repaired, the lunar module cannot be ignited. Aldrin uses one ball pen The connection was made and the lunar module was ignited. Aldrin still kept the ballpoint pen that saved their lives. The take-off part of the lunar module takes two astronauts into the Lunar orbit , dock with the command module again and return to the earth.

At 12:51 p.m. EDT on July 24, 1969, the re-entry capsule splashed down in the Pacific Ocean^[7] 。

In order to ensure that the astronauts were not infected with an unknown disease on the moon, the three returned and were isolated for 18 days. Then they were sent to all parts of the world for a 45 day "Giant Leap" visit. After Armstrong Bob Hope Bob Hope appeared at the United Service Organizations (USO) activity to answer some questions of soldiers and dispel their anti war sentiment. Some tabloids have made up stories about Armstrong's feelings with Connie Stevens, an actress who joined the United Labor and Army Organization.

In May 1970, Armstrong participated in the 13th International Conference in the Soviet Union Committee on Space Research (International Committee on Space Research). from poland After arriving at Leningrad, he came to Moscow , visited Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosikin. Armstrong is western world He was the first to see the Tu-144 supersonic airliner and went to the Yuri Gagarin Spaceman Training Center. The training center is a little bit for him“ Victorian style ”。 At the end of the day's tour, Armstrong was surprised to see the picture sent back by Alliance 9. Armstrong had no knowledge of the mission, although the wife of astronaut Adrian Nikolayev Dzereshkova, Valentina Responsible for entertaining Armstrong^[3]^[8] 。

Subsequent experience

Shortly after the Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong announced that he would not enter space again. After 13 months as deputy director of the Office of Advanced Research and Technology, he resigned from NASA in August 1971 University of Cincinnati (University of Cincinnati) Professor of Engineering Department.

After Apollo 11, Armstrong used many flight experiences in the mission to replace hypersonic Flight simulation I graduated from the University of Southern California with a master's degree. However, he chose the smaller one among several universities (including Purdue University, his alma mater) University of Cincinnati The main reason is that they do not want to arouse the dislike of colleagues; He doesn't want to upset others by directly serving as a professor because his degree is not high. Armstrong's official title at the University of Cincinnati is professor of aerospace engineering. Eight years later, Armstrong resigned due to personal reasons and dissatisfaction with the gradual transformation of the university into a public university.

Armstrong was responsible for the investigation after two space accidents. 1970 Apollo 13 After returning, he was assigned to Edgar Cortwright's investigation team and gave an accurate schedule of tasks. He personally opposed the redesign of the oxygen tank that caused the explosion. After the 1986 Challenger disaster, Ronald Reagan The President appointed Armstrong as the vice chairman of the Rogers Commission, responsible for the operational part of the investigation task^[3]^[8] 。

Died of illness

On August 25, 2012, Neil Alden Armstrong, the "first man to land on the moon", died at the age of 82. He was the first astronaut to land on the moon. According to NBC, his family reported that the time of death was 2:45 p.m. A statement said he died of complications from cardiovascular surgery^[2-3] 。

Honors won

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Armstrong

In 1971, he was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award at West Point;

Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the American Aeronautical Society;

Armstrong won medals from 17 countries. He has won many special honors, including:

Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, Congressional Space Honor Medal, Explorer Club Medal, Robert H. Goddard Memorial Cup

NASA Outstanding Service Medal, Harmon International Aviation Cup, Gold Medal of Royal Geographical Society, Gold Medal of International Aviation Federation

NASA Flight Achievement Award, Robert J. Collier Award (AIAA)

Octopus Award and John J. Montgomery Award^[3]^[8] 。

Personal life

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Family situation

Neil Armstrong, the eldest son of Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel, was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, at 12:31:39 a.m. on August 5, 1930. Stephen Armstrong is a civil servant of the Ohio State Government. His family has moved many times in 14 years and has settled in 16 cities. The Armstrong family finally returned to Wopakeneta. By this time, Neil Armstrong had joined the Eagle Scout and later studied at Blume High School^[3]^[8] 。

Marital status

February 1991 vs Friends stay Colorado When skiing, Armstrong had a slight heart disease ； His father died in 1990 and his mother just died nine months ago. During his illness, he separated from Janet and Divorce procedure 。 She was tired of her husband's long absence from home. In 1989, Armstrong found his wife's constituent string , decided to separate.

Armstrong and Janet had three children: Eric, Karen and Mark. In June 1961, the only daughter Karen was found malignant in her brain stem tumour , X-ray treatment has played a role in tumor inhibition , but her Language ability And the ability to walk was completely lost. In Armstrong wedding day (January 28, 1962) Karen pneumonia Death^[3]^[8] 。

In 1992, at one time Golf During the match, Armstrong met his second wife, Carol Held Knight. The two sat together at breakfast and didn't talk much. A few weeks later, Knight received a call from Armstrong asking what she was doing. She replied that she was cutting a tree Cherry Trees. 35 minutes later, Armstrong came to Knight's house to help. On June 12, 1994, the two men Ohio Married later California The second wedding was held at San Ysidro Ranch^[3]^[8] 。

Reject Signature

Since 1994, Armstrong has refused to sign. Before that, he always replied generously, but later found that many of his signatures were sold and there were many fakes. His signature is on eBay It often sells for 1000 dollars on auction websites, Apollo 11 The signatures of three astronauts can often be sold at a high price of 5000 dollars. If someone sends him a letter asking for his signature, he will reply that he no longer provides this service. Although this rule is very famous, the writer Andrew Smith still saw someone asking for signature in the 2002 Reno Air Races, and even said to others, "As long as you get close enough, he jointly sign ". He is no longer a new eagle boy scouts Sent by members Congratulatory letter He thinks the congratulatory letter should come from people who really know these children^[3]^[8] 。

Business activities

Armstrong in his later years

After retiring from NASA in 1971, Armstrong declined the invitation of many enterprises to employ him as their spokesman. The first company successfully invited him was Chrysler Automobile companies. Armstrong began to speak for Chrysler in January 1979. The main reason for his agreement was that the enterprise had a large proportion in engineering and its financial situation was not very ideal at that time. He also served in the United States banker Spokesperson of Bankers Association of America and other companies. Armstrong only accepted the invitation of American enterprises.

Armstrong also worked in Marathon Oil, Lear Jet, Taft Broadcasting United Airlines And board of directors of companies such as Thiokol. Investigation on working on Rogers Committee Space Shuttle Challenger disaster During this period, Armstrong investigated the Rocket thruster 。 In 2002, he retired from EDO Limited^[3]^[8] 。

Character evaluation

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The first person to land on the moon: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin The two astronauts wrote an indelible history on the night of July 20, 1969. However, it is surprising that only ten other people have landed on the moon since Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon, which highlights the earliest human Landing on the Moon How important our achievements are^[3]^[8] 。（ Guinness Comment)

Commemoration for future generations

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Armstrong

August 27, 2012, President of the United States Obama All US government agencies were ordered to fly flags at half mast at Armstrong's funeral. This directive applies to the Star Spangled Banner above the White House, all public buildings, military strongholds, military ports, naval ships around the world, and the United States embassies and consulates.

Earlier, lunar astronauts Lovell and Sarnan founded a charity in Cincinnati Children's Medical Center in memory of Armstrong. Armstrong's family has asked everyone to donate to this charity called Armstrong's New Frontier Initiative^[6] 。

The funeral of Armstrong, the first man to land on the moon, was held in Ohio on August 31, 2012. Armstrong's family, friends and NASA colleagues came to pay tribute. Meanwhile, flags across the country flew at half mast to pay tribute to him. The funeral was held in a private golf club in Cincinnati. Four US Navy F-18 fighter jets flew over the funeral solemnly in the form of "mourners" to show their condolences to Armstrong.

NASA Director Bolden said at the funeral: "Armstrong's first step on the moon paved the way for others to step on the planet for the first time. We have an obligation to continue this unique American heritage. A grateful country rewarded him and saluted this humble civil servant." The funeral was held in the morning, Only those invited can participate, reflecting Armstrong's extremely introverted personality.

A public memorial ceremony was held in Washington on September 12, 2012^[6] 。

On September 14, 2012, NASA announced that, America Navy The day was held for Armstrong, the first person to land on the moon who died last month a sea burial , whose ashes are scattered Atlantic 。 Sea burial ceremony in the US Navy "Philippine Sea" Missile cruiser At the meeting, the attendees included the widow of Armstrong, Carol Armstrong, his children and other relatives and close friends. The Philippine Sea flew out at half mast on the same day Home port Florida After Mayport, Carol handed over Armstrong's ashes to Captain Steve Schneiger. After the priest prayed, accompanied by three Gun salute Armstrong's ashes were scattered into the Atlantic Ocean^[3]^[8] 。

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