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asteroid (Asteroid or Minor planet) means solar system Inner similar to planetary orbit sunlight The vast majority of asteroids are concentrated on Mars and Jupiter Between tracks Asteroid belt 。

Asteroids are generally believed to be formed by the solar system Microplanet (Planetesimal) is the most discovered celestial bodies , as of December 31, 2020 Asteroid center 1026572 asteroids (including Outer Sea Uranus ），^[1] About 57% of them have official numbers, but this is probably still only a small part of all asteroids. Observed since the 2000s technical progress As well as the impact of increasing observation missions, the number of asteroids found has been growing every day, and now as many as thousands of new asteroids can be found every month.

The largest asteroid discovered by 1990 is Ceres (1 Ceres), but after 2001 Kuiper belt Of some asteroids found in Diameter ratio Ceres Large. such as Genesis Star (50000 Quaoar) with a diameter of 1280km, Eris （136199 Eris ）Even with Pluto （134340 Pluto ）Almost big. The largest asteroid begins Reclassification , defined as dwarf planet 。^[2]

Chinese name: asteroid
Foreign name: Minor planet
Asteroid

Foreign name: Plantoid
Meaning: Volume and mass ratio planet Much smaller non cometary objects
Initial discovery: On January 1, 1801, Piaget discovered Ceres
Found: More than 1 million asteroids

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according to International Astronomical Union According to the standard definition given by the International Astronomic Union in 2006, asteroid (English: Asteroid, Greek: A σ τ ε ρ ο ε δδஸ) is one of the minor planets. with solar system For example, asteroids belong to Small objects in the solar system （Small Solar System Body, SSSB）， Orbit like a planet Solar motion , but its volume and mass are much smaller than those of planets. But most asteroids are located in Inner solar system , especially Asteroid belt , plus Outer solar system The physical properties of small objects (such as Centaur and Outer Neptune) are quite different from those of small objects in the inner solar system. Therefore, the term Asteroid in a narrow sense is more often used to refer to the fact that the inner solar system is neither comet Neither Meteoroid A small body. Historically, it has been applied to any celestial body that revolves around the sun. These celestial bodies will not be decomposed into disks in telescopes, and no active comets (such as Cometary tail ）Characteristics of. Most of the asteroids in the outer solar system are rich like comets Volatiles The surface of, and Main Belt Asteroids The difference is obvious.^[3]

stay Modern English Medium, Asteroid, Minor Planet and Planetoid are different, but they are more or less regarded as synonym 。 In Chinese, Minor planet has also been translated as asteroid for a long time. After it was translated as "micro planet" in 2006, it was rarely used. Therefore, the Chinese definition of "asteroid" is more extensive. Minor planets in a broad sense include Asteroid center Minor Planets Center dwarf planet （Dwarf planets）， Trojan asteroids （Trojans）， Centaur asteroid (Centaurs), Kuiper belt objects and others Outer Sea Uranus （trans-Neptunian objects）。 In addition to dwarf planets, the size of generalized asteroids is between meteoroids and dwarf planets, and the diameter can range from 1 meter to 1000 kilometers, including all non cometary small bodies in the solar system at this size.

Asteroids are generally believed to be formed by the solar system Microplanet (Planetesimal) is the most discovered celestial bodies 。 Although quite a large number of asteroids have been found, only a few of them are larger than 100 kilometers in diameter. By the 1990s, the largest asteroid was Ceres (Ceres), but some asteroid Diameter ratio Ceres is bigger, for example, it was discovered in 2000 Asteroids 20000 The diameter of Varuna (20000 Varuna) is 900 kilometers, which was discovered in 2002 Genesis Star (50000 Quaoar) with a diameter of 1280km, discovered in 2004 Orcus The diameter of (90482 Orcus) may even reach 1800 km. Discovered in 2003 sedna (90377 Sedna) is located outside the Kuiper Belt, with a diameter of about 1500 kilometers. However, some astronomers believe that these objects may belong to dwarf planets.^[2]

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early detection

In 1766, John Daniel, a middle school teacher in Germany· Titius (Johann Daniel Titius) Guess solar system The distance of the inner planets from the sun constitutes a simple sequence. In 1772, Berlin observatory head of a broadcasting station John Bode (Johann Elert Bode) summarized this sequence into the famous Titius Bode rule ，^[4] Astronomers believe that when the distance from the sun is 2.8 Astronomical unit There should be one (between Mars and Jupiter) Not found The planet of. On March 13, 1781, William Herschel (William Herschel) found Uranus It is found that the orbit of Uranus also conforms to the Titius Bode rule, so the view is deepened. At the end of the 18th century, many people began to search for this undiscovered planet. at that time Europe Astronomers from around the world organized the world's first international scientific research cooperation project. Under the leadership of the Gotha Observatory, the whole day was divided into 24 regions. Astronomers from European countries systematically searched these regions for the planet called "ghost". But this project has not produced any results.

On the evening of January 1, 1801, sicily Palermo Observatory Giuseppe Piazzi (Giuseppe Piazzi) Taurus Found a star that could not be found on the star map. At first he thought it would be another comet 。 But when the star's path was determined, it was not comet It is more like a small planet. Piazzi called it Ceres, which is translated into Chinese Ceres 。 Crius yes Roman myth Agriculture and Harvest goddess ， The Twelve Main Gods of Rome One, the patron saint of Sicily.^[4] Piazzi himself did not participate in the project of looking for the "ghost", but after hearing about the project, he began to suspect that he had found the "ghost", and continued to observe the star in the next few days. Later, he sent the discovery report to the Gotha Observatory, but claimed to have found a comet. Since then, Piazzi was unable to continue his observation due to illness, and his discovery report took a long time to arrive at the Gotha Observatory. At this time, the star had moved towards the sun, and was hidden in the sun's light, and could not be found again.

Comparison of the size of the first 10 asteroids and the moon

German mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Johann Carl Friedrich Gau ß) Comet orbit This method can calculate the orbit of a celestial body with only a few position points. After reading Piazzi's discovery, Gauss calculated the position of this object and sent the data to the Gotha Observatory. Heinrich Obers Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers rediscovered this star on the evening of December 31, 1801, and Piazzi later named it Ceres 。 1802 Aubers Another celestial body was discovered and named Zhishen Star , 1804 Nuptial god star cover Karl Ludwig Harding (Karl Ludwig Harding) Vesta 。 Until 1845, the fifth asteroid Yishen Star It was discovered by Karl Ludwig Hencke, but since then the discovery of asteroids has accelerated. By 1890, astronomers had discovered about 300 asteroids.

Discovery Timeline

Asteroid discovery timeline (including planets)
Number and English name	Chinese name	Discovery time	Discoverer	Discoverer's foreign name	Nationality of discoverer
Uranus ♅	Uranus	March 13, 1781	William Herschel	William Herschel	britain
1 Ceres ⚳	Ceres	January 1, 1801	Giuseppe Piazzi	Giuseppe Piazzi	Italy
2 Pallas ⚴	Zhishen Star	March 28, 1802	Heinrich Obers	Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers	Germany
3 Juno ⚵	Nuptial god star	September 1, 1804	Karl Ludwig Harding	Karl Ludwig Harding	Germany
4 Vesta ⚶	Vesta	March 29, 1807	Heinrich Obers	Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers	Germany
5 Astraea ⚖	Yishen Star	December 8, 1845	Karl Ludwig Hencke	Karl Ludwig Hencke	Germany
Neptune ♆	Neptune	September 23, 1846	Urbain Le Verrier 、 Johann Gottfried Galle		France, Germany
6 Hebe 🍷︎	Hebe	July 1, 1847	Karl Ludwig Hencke	Karl Ludwig Hencke	Germany
7 Iris	Rainbow God Star	August 13, 1847	John Russell Hind	John Russell Hind	britain
8 Flora ⚘	Flora	October 18, 1847	John Russell Hind	John Russell Hind	britain
9 Metis	Metis	April 25, 1848	Andrew Graham	Andrew Graham	Ireland
10 Hygiea ⚕	Hygiea	April 12, 1849	Anibale de Gasparis	Annibale de Gasparis	Italy
By 1868, the total number of asteroids discovered had exceeded 100
By 1921, the total number of asteroids discovered had exceeded 1000
Pluto ♇	Pluto	February 18, 1930	Clyde William Tombaugh	Clyde William Tombaugh	U.S.A
By 1989, the total number of asteroids discovered had exceeded 10000
By 2005, the total number of asteroids discovered exceeded 100000
By 2020, the total number of asteroids discovered will exceed 1000000

Photographic method

Vesta (top left) and Ceres (top right) captured by the Curiosity rover on Mars

After 1890, Photography The introduction of Shu into astronomy has greatly promoted the development of astronomy. Before discovering an asteroid, astronomers had to record the position of each suspicious star for a long time, and compare the changes between their positions and those of the surrounding stars. But on the photographic negative, one is relative to Stellar motion The asteroid of A line , can be easily identified. And with the Sensitivity They soon become more sensitive than the human eye, and even darker asteroids can be found. The introduction of photography has led to a huge increase in the number of asteroids discovered. When the orbit of an asteroid is determined, astronomers can Absolute magnitude (H) Brightness and Albedo To estimate its size. In order to analyze the albedo of an asteroid, astronomers usually use visible light Also used infrared Measurement of. But this method is not reliable, because each asteroid surface structure And components may be different, so the analysis based on albedo is often wrong.

More accurate data can be obtained by radar observation. Astronomers use radio telescope As high power Generator Strong projection to asteroid radio waves 。 By measurement reflected wave The speed of arrival can calculate the distance of the asteroid. The shape and size of the asteroid can be deduced from the analysis of other data (diffraction data). Observing asteroids Occultation The size of the asteroid can also be calculated more accurately. By 1940, there were 1564 asteroids with permanent numbers. At that time, Gauss was a student of German astronomers Johann Franz Encke (Johann Franz Encke) and Peter Andreas Hansen are better than Track calculation Charles Joseph Etienne Wolf, a French astronomer, and Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth, a German astronomer, made many discoveries in observation and made great contributions.

Automatic method

Astronomers discovered it as early as 1898 Near Earth Asteroids Eros (433 Eros), and a series of similar celestial bodies were discovered in the 1930s, including Asteroid 1221 Amor, 1221, Asteroid 1862 Apollo, asteroid 2101 Adonis (2101 Adonis), and finally the asteroid 69230 Hermes （69230 Hermes）。 Later research found that Hermes was only 0.005 AU away from the Earth on October 30, 1937. Astronomers are beginning to realize the possibility of an asteroid hitting the Earth.

In the following decades, several events have aroused people's vigilance. People are increasingly accepting Louis Alvarez (Luis Walter Alvarez) Asteroid impact theory , i.e Impact event Caused Cretaceous mass extinction 。 Observed in 1994 Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 （ Shoemaker-Levy 9 ）Hit Jupiter. The US military has also declassified relevant intelligence, which is for detection nuclear explosion And built military satellite Hundreds of high-altitude impact events have been detected, with impactors ranging in size from 1m to 10m.

Since the 1990s, Charge coupled device （ CCD ）Camera and computer control telescope Technological progress has promoted efficient Celestial survey 。 By 2011, 89 to 96 per cent of NEAs with an estimated diameter of 1 km or more had been discovered.^[5] The list of teams using such systems is shown in the table below. By 2020, only Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) has discovered nearly 150000 asteroids. More than 20000 NEAs have been found in all sky surveys,^[6] Among them, nearly 900 asteroids have a diameter of more than 1 km (0 6 miles ）。^[7] The top three individuals who have found the most asteroids are Netherlands American born astronomer Tom Gehrels, Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten Groeneveld and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten discovered 4661, 4644 and 4643 asteroids respectively. However, they belonged to the same team and found that there were duplicate statistics, and all three died one after another. Next to them is Belgium Astronomer Eric Walter Elst has independently discovered 3869 asteroids. The Chinese who found the most asteroids were born in 1988 Ye Quanzhi 。

List of asteroid survey search projects (data up to 2020)
Chinese name	English name	Number of discoveries
Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research （LINEAR）	Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research	one hundred and forty-nine thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine
Near Earth Asteroid Tracking （NEAT）	Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking	forty-one thousand six hundred and fifty-nine
Space Surveillance Program	Spacewatch	one hundred and fifty-four thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven
Lowell Observatory Near Earth Asteroid Search Program （LONEOS）	Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search	twenty-two thousand five hundred and thirty-five
Lemon Mountain Sky Survey (MLS)	Mount Lemmon Survey	sixty-nine thousand six hundred and thirty
Catalina Sky Survey (CSS)	Catalina Sky Survey	twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven
Pan Star Plan （Pan-STARRS）	Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System	ten thousand one hundred and sixty-five
Wide Area Infrared Survey Satellite (NEOWISE)	Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer	four thousand six hundred and fifteen
Saiding Spring Sky Survey (SSS)	Siding Spring Survey	three thousand one hundred and seventy-seven
Mallorca observatory	Astronomical Observatory of Mallorca	two thousand seven hundred and forty-one
Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS）	Sloan Digital Sky Survey	one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine
Paloma Leiden Sky Survey (PLS)	Palomar–Leiden survey	four thousand six hundred and thirty-eight
Uppsala European Southern Observatory (UESAC)	Uppsala–ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets	one thousand one hundred and twenty-three
National Astronomical Observatory Schmidt CCD Asteroid Survey Plan	Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program（SCAP）	one thousand three hundred and four
Imperial Platform Near Earth Object Survey (CINEOS)	Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey	one thousand six hundred and ninety
Japan Spaceguard Association (BATTeRS)	Bisei Asteroid Tracking Telescope for Rapid Survey	four hundred and forty
Asiago DLR Asteroid Survey (ADAS)	Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey	two hundred and nineteen
Asteroid ground impact final warning system (ATLAS)	Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System	-

Modern Discovery

Since the 1990s Kuiper belt The diameter of some asteroids found inside is larger than that of Ceres, such as those found in 2000 Varuna (20000 Varuna) with a diameter of 900 km, discovered in 2002 Genesis Star (50000 Quaoar) with a diameter of 1280km, discovered in 2004 Orcus The diameter of (90482 Orcus) may even reach 1800 km. Discovered in 2003 sedna (90377 Sedna) is located outside the Kuiper Belt, with a diameter of about 1500 kilometers. In May 2018, European Southern Observatory Announces that an international research group will use its Chile Of Very large telescope stay Neptune A carbon rich asteroid has been found outside, about 4 billion kilometers away from the Earth. This is the first time astronomers have been in the solar system Edge area The discovery of such objects is expected to provide a basis for the study of the early formation of the solar system.^[8]

In the 21st century, the number of asteroids discovered is increasing at the rate of tens of thousands every year. There may be nearly one million asteroids with a diameter of about 1 km, which are too small to be observed on Earth. As of 2018, there are 26 asteroids with a diameter of more than 200 kilometers. For these easily discovered asteroids observed data It has been basically completed. About 99% of asteroids have a diameter of less than 100 kilometers. The cataloguing of asteroids between 10 and 100 kilometers in diameter has been completed in half. Although there are many asteroids, the sum of the masses of all the asteroids in the inner solar system is smaller than the mass of the moon.^[9]

Schematic diagram of the increase in the number of asteroid discoveries, which surged after the 1990s

according to Asteroid center As of December 31, 2020, 1026572 asteroids have been confirmed in the solar system (including Small objects in the solar system ）, of which about 57% have official numbers, but this is probably still only a small part of all asteroids. Observed since the 2000s technical progress As well as the influence of more and more sky surveys, the number of asteroids continues to grow every day, and now as many as thousands of new asteroids can be found every month.

November 29, 2021 International Astronomical Union (IAU) Small Celestial naming The Committee approved the naming of asteroid 23692 as“ Nantah Astronomical Sub star ”Since then, the vast universe has added another "Southern System" asteroid.^[33]

The asteroid with international number 42175 is named "Yuyang" star after Chinese scientist Yu Yang. Yu Yang is Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Professor, ancestral home Huanghua City Qijiawu Town Longerzhuang Village , born in January 1986 Cangzhou 。^[34]

On July 27, 2022, the International Asteroid Center issued an announcement to confirm Zijinshan Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences Two NEAs were discovered on July 23 and 24—— 2022 OS1 and 2022 ON1 。 Both asteroids are from the Zijinshan Observatory Xuyi Near Earth Objects Observation station Observed by NEO telescope.^[35]

In December 2022, European Space Agency stay Social media Twitter It was reported that European scientists found a Asteroid 2015 RN35 flies to earth^[37] 。

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The first asteroid discovered Ceres (Ceres) was originally considered as a new planet. Later, other similar celestial bodies were found. Using the telescope at that time, they looked like light spots, like stars Planetary disk , even if it can be distinguished from stars by movement. This prompted British astronomers William Herschel Sir Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel proposed the term Asteroid to Greek Created by σ σ τε ρ με δδ or astroeid ∨ s, which means "star shaped, star shaped", derived from Ancient Greek "Star, planet '。 Until the second half of the 19th century, the terms asteroid and planet could still be used interchangeably.

Rendezvous Shoemaker's 433 Eros photo

The name of an asteroid consists of two parts: a permanent number in front and a name behind. Each confirmed asteroid will first get a permanent number, Discoverer We can suggest a name for this asteroid. The name should be International Astronomical Union The approval was formally adopted because there are certain rules for the naming of asteroids. Therefore, most asteroids have no names, especially those with permanent numbers of more than 10000. If the asteroid's orbit can be determined accurately enough, then its discovery is confirmed. The newly discovered asteroid is given a temporary name, which is composed of the year of discovery, two letters and numbers subscript Composition, such as 2002 AT4 The alphanumeric code indicates the half month of discovery and the sequence within that half month. After confirming the asteroid's orbit, the system will number it and then name it, for example Eros （433 Eros）。 ceremonial Naming convention It is common to use parentheses around numbers, such as (433) Eros.^[1] In some informal cases, asteroid names usually completely delete numbers, or after the first mention of names containing numbers, the names used later no longer contain numbers. Untitled asteroids are also often represented by permanent numbers in parentheses plus temporary names, such as (148209) 2000 CR105 。 Already have Chinese translation The well-known asteroid of Metis 、 China Star , those that are not named or have a Chinese translation later are generally represented by "asteroid+number", such as Asteroid 25143 It's a Japanese probe Falcon Visited Ishikawa asteroid 。 This article is to link other Baidu Encyclopedia The entry is also expressed by "asteroid+number+name".

The discoverer of asteroid can International Astronomical Union The name of the guide is proposed. Piazzi in 1801 sicily When he discovered the first asteroid, he named it Ceres ·Ferdinand. The first part is based on the protection god of Sicily Crius The latter part is named after Ferdinand IV, the king of Naples. But scholars all over the world were not satisfied with this, so the second part was removed, so the first asteroid Official name yes Ceres （1 Ceres）。 Asteroids discovered since then are all named after Roman or Greek gods according to this tradition, such as Zhishen Star （2 Pallas）、 Nuptial god star （3 Juno）、 Vesta （4 Vesta）、 Yishen Star (5 Astraea), etc., agreed that the naming right belongs to the discoverer, and the name of the female god must be used.

But as more and more asteroids are discovered Western Myth All the names in are used up. Therefore, later asteroids are named after the wife of the discoverer, historical or other important people, cities, places, fairy tale names or other mythical gods. It was not until the beginning of the 21st century that it was abolished Feminization The naming method of the name. such as Cleopatra (216 Kleopatra) Cleopatra VII Named, Asteroid 2001 Einstein (2001 Einstein) Albert Einstein The asteroid 17744 Foster is named after the American actress Judy Foster (Jodie Foster), Asteroid 1773 (1773 Rumpelstilz) is named after a dwarf in Green's fairy tale.

For some asteroids whose serial number is a multiple of 1000, it is customary to name them after people and objects of special importance (but there are often exceptions). Since the permanent number has exceeded 100000, some of them should have 5 digits Asteroid number The program of is unable to support, so ten thousand digits are adopted English letter Number representation method of A=10 B=11……Z=35；a=36……z=61， In this way, asteroids below 619999 can still be represented by 5 digits.^[1]

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Early astronomers believed that the asteroid was formed by the fragmentation of a planet between Mars and Jupiter. However, judging from the distribution characteristics of asteroids, they do not seem to have once gathered together. Moreover, the total mass of all asteroids in the asteroid belt is only Moon 4% by mass. Even if all Inner solar system Asteroids together form a single celestial body, so its diameter is less than 1500 kilometers, or even less than Pluto 。 Modern astronomers believe that asteroids are solar system There is no residual material to form planets during the formation process. Jupiter During the formation of the solar system Quality growth Fastest, its gravity prevented the formation of another planet in the asteroid belt area. Asteroid belt The orbits of asteroids in are disturbed by Jupiter, and they are constantly colliding and breaking. Other matter is ejected from their orbits and collides with other planets. After the formation of large asteroids, due to the radioactive isotopes of aluminum, 26Al and iron radio isotope 60Fe decays to generate heat. Heavier elements such as nickel and iron sink toward the interior of the asteroid in this case, while lighter elements such as silicon float upward. This caused the separation of the material inside the asteroid. The composition of the new asteroids created after the subsequent collision and rupture is therefore different. Some fragments later fell to the earth and became meteorites.^[2]

physical characteristics

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rotation

Astronomers used to think that an asteroid was a complete and single rock, but Density ratio The rocks are low, and their surface is huge Crater It indicates that the organization of the larger and smaller planets is relatively loose. Such loose objects will not break up under heavy impact, but can absorb the energy of impact. A complete and single object will be shock wave Break. In addition, the rotation speed of large asteroids is very slow, and there is an upper limit for the speed. Few asteroids with a diameter greater than 100 meters Rotation period Less than 2.2 hours. If the asteroid rotates faster than this speed inertia force If it is greater than gravity, any loose surface material will be thrown out. Asteroids may also be caused by centrifugal force disintegrate. Astronomers generally believe that asteroids larger than 200 meters are mainly composed of rubble piles. Some of the smaller pieces thrown out may also become the satellites of some asteroids, Sylvia (87 Sylvia) has two satellites.

Volume and mass distribution

The mass proportion of the 12 largest asteroids in the asteroid belt

The size of asteroids in the inner solar system varies greatly, from the largest asteroid Ceres to nearly 1000 kilometers, and the smallest one is a 1m sized rock. The three largest asteroids are very similar to micro planets: they are roughly spherical, with at least some internal differences, and are considered to be survived Protoplanet 。 However, the vast majority of asteroids are relatively small and irregular in shape, which are considered to be fragments of the devastated asteroids or larger objects. dwarf planet Ceres It is the largest asteroid in the inner solar system, with a diameter of 940 kilometers (580 miles). Ceres alone is Vesta and Wisdom, both more than 500 kilometers (300 miles) in diameter. Vesta is only visible to the naked eye Main Belt Asteroids 。 In rare cases, near Earth asteroids Nearest distance It may be visible to the naked eye for a short time. such as Devastator （99942 Apophis）。 The asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter Mass of object Estimated at (2.8 – 3.2) × 10 twenty-one Within the range of kg, it is about 4% of the mass of the moon. Ceres 0.938 × 10 twenty-one Kg, about Total mass With three asteroids immediately following, Vesta （9％）， Zhishen Star (7%) and Hygiea (3%), the sum of the masses of the four largest asteroids accounts for about half of the total mass of the asteroids in the inner solar system, and the three asteroids with larger masses since then, Asteroid 704 (704 Interamnia) accounts for 1.3%, Asteroid 511 511 Davida accounted for 1.3%, Judicial star (15 Eunomia) accounts for 1.1%, and only 3.7% in total. The number of asteroids increases rapidly with the decrease of their mass, and decreases significantly with the increase of their size Power law However, the diameter fluctuates at 5km and 100km, and the ratio of asteroids found Logarithmic distribution More is expected.^[10]

The largest asteroid

Although their position in the asteroid belt prevents them from becoming planets, the three largest asteroids (Ceres, Vesta and Wisdom) were once complete Protoplanet （Protoplanetary）。 Compared with most irregularly shaped asteroids, they have many characteristics that only planets have. The fourth largest Venus appears almost spherical, although it may have Undifferentiated Inside of.

Ceres Is the only one with complete Ellipsoid Is the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt. The absolute magnitude is about 3.32, which is much larger than other asteroids and may contain ice. Ceres has the same characteristics as a planet. It has a crust, mantle And the core, but no Ceres meteorite was found on the earth.^[3] although Vesta It is formed within the frost line of the solar system, but there are also internal differences, mainly from basalt Consisting of olivine Etc. Regardless of Rheasilvia at the south pole of Vesta Meteorite crater Vesta also has ellipsoidal shape. Vesta is the Vesta family and others V-type asteroid Parent of, and is HED meteorite Source of, HED meteorites account for 5% of all meteorites on the earth.

The four largest asteroids, Ceres, Vesta, Zhishen and Jianshen

Comparison of the size of Vesta, Ceres and the moon

Zhishen Star The unusual thing is that it rotates sideways like Uranus Autorotation shaft Relative to Track plane Tilt at a large angle. Its composition is similar to Ceres: it has high carbon and silicon content, and may have some differences. The Wisdom Star is the parent of the Wisdom Star family. Hygiea It is the largest carbonaceous asteroid. Unlike other largest asteroids, it is relatively close to the ecliptic plane. It is the largest member of the Janus family and the presumed parent. Because there is no large enough Impact crater Therefore, it is believed that Jianshen Star may be completely destroyed in the collision that forms Jianshen Star family, and it will regroup more than 2% of its mass with less loss. In 2017 and 2018, astronomers used Very large telescope The SPHERE imager made observations and announced at the end of 2019 that Jianshen has a nearly spherical shape, which is consistent with the Hydrostatic balance The condition may be in hydrostatic equilibrium at an early stage and then be destroyed.

form

After all Meteorite Of which 92.8% are silicon dioxide (Rock), 5.7% is iron and nickel, and the rest is a mixture of these three substances. Meteorites with large rock content are called Meteorite Accounting for 93.3% of the total meteorites; Meteorites with high iron content are called Meteorite iron , accounting for 5.4% of the total number of meteorites; The composition is rock and Iron nickel alloy The mixed meteorite is called Siderite meteorite , accounting for 1.3% of the total number of meteorites. Because meteorites are very similar to earth rocks, it is difficult to distinguish them. The largest asteroid is only about 1000 kilometers in diameter, while the micro asteroid is only cobblestone Normal size. The physical composition of asteroids varies and is poorly understood in most cases. Ceres It seems to be composed of rock cores covered by cold mantle, Vesta Considered to have Ferronickel Core, olivine mantle and basaltic crust. Hygiea Seems to have uniform Carbonaceous chondrite The composition is considered to be the largest undifferentiated asteroid. Most smaller asteroids are thought to be loose by gravity Ground heaps A heap of rubble, although probably solid. Some asteroids have moons or Double asteroid System. Gravel shaped asteroids, moons, binary asteroids and scattered asteroid families are believed to be the result of the collision that led to the rupture of the parent asteroid.

Comparison of the size of Vesta and other smaller planets

Asteroids contain trace amounts of amino acid And others Organic compound Some people speculate that the asteroid impact may have brought the chemistry necessary to trigger the birth of life to the early Earth material , and may even bring life itself to the earth. August 2011, based on NASA The research report on meteorites found on the earth shows that Space Asteroids and comets may contain DNA and RNA Of Constituent unit , such as adenine 、 Guanine And others Organic molecule 。^[11]

Asteroids are composed of Albedo The surface spectrum and density are calculated from the three main sources. The density can only be determined by observing the Satellite orbit To accurately determine. The asteroid with satellite is either composed of rubble piles, which may be half empty, or a loose rock, or metal Aggregate 。 The largest diameter of asteroids with satellites is about 280 kilometers, including Hermione (121 Hermione) is 268 × 186 × 183 kilometers, Sylvia (87 Sylvia) is 384 × 262 × 232 km. There are only six asteroids larger than Linshen, but none of them have satellites. However, some smaller asteroids have larger masses, which indicates that they may not have been damaged. In fact, compared with Ranging error Same as the size of Lin Shenxing Asteroid 511 Davida (511 Davida) is estimated to be twice and a half of its mass, and its rotation height is uncertain. Asteroids such as Linshen are likely to be composed of rubble piles, which may be the result of destructive effects. This has an important impact on the theory of the formation of the solar system. Computer simulation of collisions involving solids shows that they often destroy each other when they fuse with each other, but the collision of rubble piles is more likely to produce asteroid mergers. This means that the cores of these planets may form relatively quickly.

Asteroids torn by white dwarfs in the artist's works

In 1990, Algeria The meteorite Acfer 049 was discovered. In 2019, scientists found that there were ice fossils in it, which were contained in the asteroid composition Water ice First of direct evidence 。 On October 7, 2009, NASA's Infrared telescope Device confirmed Themis （24 Themis ）There is water ice on the surface. The surface of the asteroid seems completely covered with ice. With the sublimation of the ice layer, the ice layer under the surface may supplement the ice layer. Organic compounds were also detected on the surface. Scientists believe that the first batch of water brought into the earth after the impact of the moon was transported by the asteroid impact, and the ice on the Si Li star supports this theory.^[12] In October 2013 White dwarf Water on extrasolar bodies was found for the first time on the asteroid GD61. On January 22, 2014, European Space Agency (ESA) announced that it was first detected on Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt steam 。 At the end of 2010, Asteroid 596 596 Scheila's Luminance ratio It is expected to double. Later, scientists used Herschel Space Observatory Of Far infrared imager Multiple Space telescope We observed it and found a feather shape unexpectedly Jet Because this is usually found on comets, not asteroids. Some astronomers believe that the boundary between comets and asteroids has become increasingly blurred.^[13] In May 2016, important asteroid data from the Wide Area Infrared Survey and the NEOWISE mission were questioned. Although the early primitive criticism was not Peer review , and later published a more recent peer review study. In November 2019, scientists reported that for the first time Ribose Sugar molecules inside, which indicates that chemical process It can produce some basic biological components that are vital to life.^[14]

Surface characteristics

Impact crater topography on Vesta

If the shape is irregular, most asteroids other than the four big and small planets (Ceres, Phoebus, Vesta and Janus) may have similar appearances. 50 km diameter Messilde （ 253 Mathilde ）It is a pile of rubble, which is full of impact craters. The diameter of the impact crater is almost equal to the radius of the asteroid. 300 km diameter Asteroid 511 511 Davida, second only to four planets in size, is formed by collision debris. The photo reveals a similar angular profile, indicating that it is also saturated by a radius sized impact crater. Medium sized asteroids observed at close range, such as Messilde and Ai Nvxing （ 243 Ida ）And also found dark grey Stone. Of the four major planets, the surface details of Wisdom and Jianshen are actually unknown. Vesta has a fracturing fracture at its south pole, surrounding a radius impact crater, but Vesta is an ellipsoid. In the pictures provided by the Hubble Space Telescope, Ceres seems completely different Surface characteristics It is unlikely to be caused by simple impact craters and impact basins, which entered the orbit of Ceres on March 6, 2015 Dawn The probe reveals more details. because solar wind As a result, asteroids will darken and redden with age. But there is evidence that most color changes occur in the first few hundred thousand years Rapid occurrence , which limits Spectral measurement For determining the age of asteroids reliability 。

Track distribution

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There are about 16 asteroids with an average diameter of more than 240 kilometers. They are all located in Earth orbit Outside to Saturn Inside the orbit in space. The vast majority of asteroids are concentrated in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some of the asteroids' orbits intersect the Earth's orbit, and some have collided with the Earth. Press Number of tracks do statistical analysis ， Rail inclination At about 5 degrees and Eccentricity The number of asteroids at about 0.17 is the largest. Kirkwood gap Is averaged by asteroid Heliocentric distance The most famous distribution characteristics obtained by statistics. Asteroid number N and average Chong Ri the magnitude The statistical relationship logN=0.39m-3.3 is satisfied between m, and the asteroid diameter (d, unit: km) is the same as Absolute magnitude (H) It meets the statistical formula logd=3.7-0.2H. The distribution of asteroid number with diameter is discontinuous near 30 km in diameter.

Near Earth Asteroids

Near Earth Asteroids (Near Earth asteroids) is a general term, which refers to those asteroids whose orbits are close to the Earth's orbit. Near Earth Objects In addition to near Earth asteroids Near earth comet Etc. Astronomers estimate that these near Earth asteroids may have been in their orbits for 10 million to 100 million years, but their ultimate fate is not Inner planet Collision means being ejected from the solar system when approaching the inner planet. In recent years, the research on these asteroids has deepened, because they may theoretically collide with the Earth. More successful programs include Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research （LINEAR）、 Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) and Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search Program (LONEOS), etc.^[15] NASA The spokesman said that as of December 24, 2017, humans had found 17495 NEOs around the Earth, including 17389 asteroids. according to Asteroid center As of December 31, 2020, the number of NEAs is 24810.^[1]

Known NEAs, shown in green (as of January 2018)

Zhurong asteroid Vulcanid asteroids are a kind of hypothetical asteroids, also called Aquatic asteroid Its orbit is completely within the orbit of Mercury, and the aphelion is less than 0.3874 AU. Astronomers have been right Zhu Rongxing (Vulcan, also translated as Vulcan ）Several searches have been carried out, but so far they have not been found.
Attila/ Apohili type asteroid (Atira/Apoheles asteroids) refer to asteroids that run within the perihelion distance of the Earth, so they are completely contained in the orbit of the Earth. The first confirmed member is Atira (163693 Atira). By 2020, it is composed of 22 asteroids, 6 of which have been numbered. A group of known asteroids whose aphelion is less than 0.983 AU, which means that their orbits are completely within the Earth's orbit. The asteroid group is named after its first confirmed member, 163693 Atira. By 2020, there are 22 members of this type of asteroid.
Aten asteroid (Aten asteroids) refer to the asteroids whose semi major axis is smaller than the Earth and whose aphelion is greater than 0.983 AU. They are asteroids passing through the Earth's orbit and were discovered in 1976 Asteroid 2062 (2062 Aten). By 2020, it is composed of 1841 asteroids. The orbits of asteroids in this group are generally within the Earth orbit. The eccentricity of some members of the asteroid cluster is relatively high, and they may intersect the Earth orbit from within the Earth orbit.
Apollo asteroids (Apollo asteroids) refer to asteroids whose semi major axis is larger than the Earth, and whose perihelion distance is less than or equal to 1.017 AU. They are also asteroids passing through the Earth's orbit, which were discovered in 1932 Asteroid 1862 (1862 Apollo). As of December 2018, it is composed of 10485 asteroids. The asteroid of this asteroid cluster orbits between Mars and Earth. Of the orbits of some of these asteroids Eccentricity Very high, their perihelion has reached Venus In track. The typical asteroid orbit of this asteroid cluster is between 0.65 and 2.29 AU. The asteroid 69230 Hermes flew over the Earth at a distance of only 1.5 from the moon.
Arjuna asteroid (Arjuna asteroids) are vaguely defined as asteroids with orbits similar to the Earth, that is, the average orbital radius is about 1 AU, and the eccentricity and orbital inclination are low. Because this definition is vague, some asteroids belonging to the Apohili, Aden, Apollo or Amor type can also be classified as the Ajina type. This term is defined by Space Surveillance Program The introduction of Spacewatch does not refer to existing asteroids. Examples include 1991 VG.^[16]
Amor asteroid (Amor asteroids), near Earth asteroids that do not cross the Earth's orbit, with perihelion outside the Earth's orbit and completely outside the Earth's orbit, are located 1.08 to 2.76 astronomical units away from the sun. According to the position of their semi major axis between the Earth orbit and the asteroid belt, this type of asteroid can be further divided into four subtypes. This type of asteroid is a near Earth asteroid Asteroid 1221 Amor (1221 Amor) was named, but did not cross the Earth orbit. This type of asteroid crosses the orbit of Mars and arrives near the orbit of Earth. Its representative asteroid was discovered in 1898 Eros (433 Eros), this asteroid can reach a distance of 0.15 astronomical units from the Earth. 1900 and 1931 Eros When (433 Eros) came near the Earth, astronomers used this opportunity to determine its size. Discovered in 1911 Asteroid 719 Albert (719 Albert) disappeared again, and it was not until 2000 that he was rediscovered.

Number of NEAs discovered in recent decades (as of November 2019)

Mars-crossing asteroid

The full name of the fiercer asteroid is Mars Orbiting asteroids, MCA）， Also known as Mars crosser, MC）。 The fiercer asteroid is an asteroid that crosses the orbit of Mars, but is not necessarily close to the orbit of the Earth Asteroid 5261 Eureka (5261 Eureka) and (101429) 1998 VF thirty-one Of Mars Troy 。 Many databases, such as Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) asteroid database（ JPL SBDB）， Only Perihelion More than 1.3 AU Of the asteroids listed as fiercer asteroids. An asteroid whose perihelion is less than this value is also classified as Near Earth Asteroids 。 The perihelion of the fiercer asteroid is located on Mars Apohelion Within (1.67 AU), but outside the perihelion of Mars (1.38 AU). The number of fiercer asteroids is high, JPL SBDB lists 13500 in total. Only 18 apparent stars are equal to 12.5 absolute magnitude (H). Usually, these asteroids with absolute magnitude (H) less than 12.5 have a diameter of more than 13 kilometers (depending on Albedo ）。 The absolute magnitude (H) of the smallest known overtaking asteroid is about 24, and its diameter is usually less than 100 meters.

Asteroid belt

Kirkwood gap

About 90% of known asteroids have orbits Asteroid belt (The asteroid belt). The asteroid belt is located in Mars and Jupiter The relatively wide area between orbits, about 2 to 4 AU, is the earliest and most famous Asteroids 。 Ceres, Wisdom and other first discovered asteroids are located in the asteroid belt. Members of the asteroid belt travel along the roughly circular orbit between Mars and Jupiter, with an eccentricity of less than 0.3 and an orbital inclination of less than 30 °. Due to Jupiter's gravitational influence, they cannot converge to form planets. American astronomer Daniel Kirkwood (Daniel Kirkwood) first discovered in 1874 that Jupiter's gravitational influence passed through Track resonance Several Kirkwood interstices were cleared in the asteroid belt, and the main interstices are located at 2.06, 2.50, 2.82, 3.03, 3.27 AU. Kirkwood gap The asteroid belt can be further subdivided into inner asteroid belt, small and medium-sized asteroid belt and outer asteroid belt.

Four major Kirkwood interstage asteroid belts are divided into three regions

The inner asteroid belt, separated by the 3:1 Jupiter resonance orbit, is located in the strong Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU. The largest member is Vesta （4 Vesta）。
- Obviously, it also includes a group called main belt I asteroid, whose semi major axis is between 2.3 AU and 2.5 AU, and Rail inclination Less than 18 °.
The small and medium-sized planetary belt is between the 3:1 and 5:2 resonance orbits of Jupiter, and the latter is 2.82 AU. The largest member is Ceres （1 Ceres）。
- The semi major axis of the main belt IIa asteroid is between 2.5 AU and 2.706 AU, and the orbital inclination is less than 33 °.
- The semi major axis of the main belt IIb asteroid is between 2.706 AU and 2.82 AU, and the orbital inclination is less than 33 °.
The outer asteroid belt lies between the 5:2 and 2:1 Jupiter resonance orbits, and is divided into two smaller belts by the Kirkwood gap at 3.03 AU of the 7:3 Jupiter resonance orbit. The largest member is Hygiea （10 Hygiea）。：
- The semi major axis of the main belt IIIa asteroid is between 2.82 AU and 3.03 AU, the eccentricity is less than 0.35, and the orbital inclination is less than 30 °.
- The semi major axis of the main belt IIIb asteroid is between 3.03 AU and 3.27 AU, the eccentricity is less than 0.35, and the orbital inclination is less than 30 °.

The asteroid belt is also divided into different asteroid families. Vesta family Vesta Family is a huge asteroid family, Main belt The V-type asteroids near Vesta on the inner side are almost all members of the family, and 6% of the asteroids in the main belt belong to this family. The average orbital radius of the Pallas Family asteroid is 2.7 to 2.8 AU, and the inclination is 30 ° to 38 ° Zhishen Star (2 Pallas) naming. Raven actress The Koronis family is a family in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They were formed by a catastrophic impact about 2 billion years ago, and the largest member known is about 41 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. The Corvus group runs along a similar orbit in space. About 300 members have been found, but only about 20 members have a diameter of more than 20 kilometers. The most famous one is August 28, 1993 Galileo The Jupiter probe passed by Ai Nvxing （243 Ida）。

Asteroid belt (white), Jupiter Troy (green), Hilda family, etc. (orange)

Trojan asteroids

In planetary orbit Lagrange point The upper asteroid is called Trojan asteroids （Trojans asteroids）。 The first Trojanian asteroids discovered are those in the orbit of Jupiter. Some of them run in front of Jupiter and some run behind Jupiter. yes Representativeness Of Jupiter Troy yes Asteroid 588 (588 Achilles) and Asteroid 1172 （1172 Aneas）。 Troy, the first Mars in 1990 Asteroid 5261 (5261 Eureka) was discovered. Since then, many Mars Troy asteroids have been discovered.

Venus Troy, 2013 ND fifteen It is a potential Venus Troy, which is the first confirmed Venus Troy.
Earth Troy: These asteroids share the Earth's orbit and are locked by the Earth's gravity. As of 2011, the only known Earth Troy is 2010 TK7 。^[17] Is located on the Earth Sun Lagrange point L4 and L5 asteroids. Observed from the earth's surface, their positions in the sky will be relatively fixed at about 60 degrees in the east-west direction of the sun, because people tend to be in the larger sun Talus angle Location search for asteroids, few people search in these locations.
Mars Troy These asteroids share the orbit of Mars and are locked by the gravity of Mars. As of 2007, eight such asteroids were known. Troy Mars leads or follows Mars in orbit, at the Mars Sun Lagrange point L4 or L5. As of November 2020, there are 9 known, of which the largest seems to be Asteroid 5261 （5261 Eureka）。^[18]
Jupiter Troy These asteroids share the orbit of Jupiter and are locked by the gravity of Jupiter. They are numerically equal to the main belt asteroids. The average orbital radius is between 5.05 AU and 5.4 AU, which is located in the slender curved region around the two Lagrangian points 60 ° in front of and behind Jupiter. They are named after the two opposing camps of the legendary Trojan War. L4, which is ahead of Jupiter in the orbit, is called the Greek camp, while L5, which is behind, is called the Trojan camp. With two exceptions, asteroids in each Lagrange point are named after members of their own camp. Troy Asteroid 617 （617 Patroclus， Patroclus ）And the Greek camp Asteroid 624 （624 Hektor， Hector ）It was wrongly placed in the enemy camp.^[19]
Uranus Troy: These objects share the orbit of Uranus and are locked by its gravity. 2011 QF ninety-nine It was identified as the first Uranus Troy in 2013, located at the Lagrange point L4. The second Uranus Troy is the 2014 YX announced in 2017 forty-nine 。
Neptune trojan These celestial bodies share the orbit of Neptune and are locked by its gravity. There are 28 known Neptune Trojans, but a few astronomers believe that there is evidence that the number of Neptune Trojans is one more than Jupiter Trojans Order of magnitude , even more than the number of asteroids in the asteroid belt.
Large asteroids, such as Ceres and Vesta, also have potential Trojans.

The red is the asteroid belt, the blue is other asteroid families in the orbit of Jupiter, and the other is Jupiter Troy

Asteroids in Jupiter's orbit

Outside the main asteroid belt, there are some different asteroid groups. The difference between them is the average distance from the sun or several Track parameters A specific combination of.

The average orbital radius of the Hungarian asteroids is between 1.78 AU and 2 AU, the eccentricity is less than 0.18, and the inclination is between 16 ° and 34 ° Asteroid 434 Named by Hungary (434), it is located outside the orbit of Mars and may be attracted by the 9:2 Jupiter resonance or 3:2 Mars resonance.
The average orbital radius of Phocaea asteroids is between 2.25 AU and 2.5 AU, the eccentricity is greater than 0.1, and the inclination is between 18 ° and 32 °, which is caused by 4:1 resonance with Jupiter Fuhou Star (25 Phocaea) naming. Some research teams will merge this kind of asteroid into the Hungarian asteroid.
The average orbital radius of Alinda asteroids is 2.5 AU, and the eccentricity is between 0.4 and 0.65 (approximately). These objects are maintained by 3:1 resonance with Jupiter and 4:1 resonance with Earth. The perihelion of many Irida asteroids is very close to the Earth's orbit, so it may be difficult to observe. Alinda family The asteroid is not in a stable orbit and will eventually collide with Jupiter or Earth like planets. with Asteroid 887 Alinda (887 Alinda).
The orbit radius of Griqua asteroids is between 3.1 AU and 3.27 AU, and the eccentricity is greater than 0.35. These asteroids and Jupiter are stably 2:1 released in the high inclination orbit. There are about 5 to 10 members, the most famous of which is Asteroid 1362 Griqua (1362 Griqua) and Asteroid 8373 Stephen Gould (8373).
The average orbital radius of the Cybele asteroids is between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, the eccentricity is less than 0.3, and the inclination is less than 25 °. This group seems to gather around Jupiter's 7:4 resonance. with Protogod (65 Cyber) naming.^[20]
Hilda The average orbital radius of the asteroid (Hilda asteroids) is between 3.7 AU and 4.2 AU, the eccentricity is greater than 0.07, and the inclination is less than 20 °. These asteroids have 3:2 resonance with Jupiter. with Asteroids 153 (153 Hilda). There is an asteroid exclusion zone between Hilda asteroid and Jupiter Troy (about 4.05 AU to 4.94 AU). In addition to 279 Thule family asteroids and 228 seemingly unstable orbits, Jupiter's gravity has eliminated other small objects in the region.
Thule asteroids have 4:3 resonance with Jupiter. It is known that this group was formed by Asteroids 279 Thule (279 Thule), (186024) 2001 QG two hundred and seven And (185290) 2006 UB two hundred and nineteen form.^[21]

Extraorbital asteroids of Jupiter

Most asteroids outside Jupiter's orbit are thought to be composed of ice and other volatile matter. Many of the comet Similar, except that the perihelion of its orbit is too far from the sun to produce obvious Cometary tail 。

Damocloid asteroid (Damocloid astroids), also known as Oort cloud group Asteroid 5335 Damocles (5335 Damocles). The apohelion of the celestial bodies believed to have "fallen" into the orbit of Neptune from the Oort cloud is usually still beyond Uranus, but their perihelion is located inside the solar system. They have high eccentricity, and some orbits have high inclination, even Retrograde orbit Run on. The definition of this type is somewhat vague, which may be related to Short period comet Significant overlap.

Centaur asteroid (Centaurs) located in Saturn and Uranus The eccentricity is quite large, and the average orbital radius is about 5.4 AU and 30 AU. They belong to the Cis Neptunian object, CNO）， Located in the vast area of the solar system between Jupiter and Neptune. It is estimated that these asteroids received gravitational disturbance and fell into an unstable orbit after encountering the gas giant planet Neptune moving outward from the Kuiper Belt. First identified as the Centaur asteroid is Asteroid 2060 2060 Chiron. It has been found before Asteroid 944 Hidalgo (944 Hidalgo), but there was no separate orbital class for it at that time.^[22]

Orbital range of major celestial bodies in the solar system (perihelion and aphelion distance)

Outer Sea Uranus

Outer Sea Uranus （Trans-Neptunian objects， TNOs) refers to the average track Semimajor diameter All objects greater than 30 AU. This classification includes Kuiper belt Celestial objects Discrete disc Celestial bodies and Oort Cloud Object 。 The Kuiper Belt objects extend from about 30 AU to 50 AU, including subclasses that resonate with various proportions of Neptune's orbit, but excluding Neptune's Troy with 1:1 resonance.

Kuiper belt objects, KBOs) is an obvious population inside the object, which is about 55 AU away from the sun. Its full name is Edgeworth Kuiper belt, EKB）， Generally referred to as Kuiper Belt, or translated as Cooper Belt, Cooper Belt, etc.
- Classical Kuiper Belt Objects （Cubewanos， QB1s）， Also known as QB1 like objects, they are located in the original relatively circular orbit and will not resonate with Neptune. In addition to Pluto and Pluto, it was discovered in 1992 and named in 2018 Asteroid 15760 Albion (15760 Albion) is the first classical Kuiper Belt object discovered, and also the first Outer Sea Uranus object discovered.^[23] QB1 in its provisional number 1992 QB1 has also become the nickname of this kind of objects. dwarf planet Bird God Star （136472 Makemake）、 Haumea （136108 Haumea）、 Genesis Star (50000 Quaoar) and Asteroids 20000 The 20000 Varuna belong to the classical Kuiper Belt objects. After flying over Pluto's system, New Horizons visited the remotest corners of the globe （486958 Arrokoth，2014 MU sixty-nine ）It is also a classic Kuiper Belt celestial body. Its original English name is Ultima Thule, because it is related to Nazi Germany. In November 2019, NASA officially named the sky (Arrokoth) in the Powhatan language of the Native American tribe.
- Resonant Kuiper Belt Objects
  - Plutonian Object (Plutino), also known as Small Celestial Bodies of the Pluto , is like Pluto (134340 Pluto) is a celestial body that has 2:3 resonance with Neptune, Pluto Is the most famous of them. Although the perihelion of such objects is often close to the orbit of Neptune (just like Pluto), when it reaches the perihelion, Neptune will alternate between 90 degrees in front and 90 degrees behind it, so there is no possibility of collision. Asteroid center All objects with mean orbital semi major diameter between 39 AU and 40.5 AU are defined as plutonoid objects. Orcus （90482 Orcus）、 Ixion （28978 Ixion）、 Rain God Star (38628 Huya) and Evil God Star (47171 Lempo) are the most famous.
  - Other resonant celestial bodies. Several known objects that resonate with Neptune 1:2 are collectively called Twotinos, with an average orbital radius of 47.7 AU and eccentricity of 0.37. In addition, there are 1:1 resonance, 3:5 resonance, 4:7 resonance, 2:5 resonance, 1:3 resonance, 3:10 resonance, 3:4 resonance, etc. 2: 5 The largest resonance is (84522) 2002 TC three hundred and two 。 3: 10 The biggest resonance is Gonggong Star (225088 Gonggong), with a diameter of more than 1535 kilometers. 2: 7 The largest resonance is Ruishen Star (471143 Dziewanna), with a diameter of more than 500 kilometers.
Scattered disc objects, SDOs）， Or called Ecliptic discrete objects ， Usually, it has an orbit with high inclination and high eccentricity. The aphelion can reach hundreds of astronomical units, and the perihelion is not far from the orbit of Neptune, but it cannot produce any significant gravitational interaction. It is assumed that this kind of celestial body once encountered Neptune on its way out, and was "scattered" by Neptune from its circular orbit that was close to the ecliptic. The most famous is dwarf planet Eris （136199 Eris）。
- Resonant discrete disk objects are extended discrete disk objects, usually with highly elliptical orbits up to several hundred AU. The perihelion is so far from Neptune's orbit that it is impossible to generate any significant gravitational interaction.
Detached objects refer to the objects whose perihelion and aphelion are both outside the Kuiper belt. The typical members are (148209) 2000 CR105 。
- Sednoids belong to independent celestial bodies, whose perihelion is far away from the orbit of Neptune sedna (90377 Sedna). Its perihelion is greater than 75 AU. Also includes 2012 VP one hundred and thirteen And (541132) 2015 TG three hundred and eighty-seven 。 2012 VP one hundred and thirteen 's discovery team nicknamed them vice president （VP， Vice President) or Biden (Biden), because the Vice President of the United States at the time of discovery was Joe Biden 。 By 2020, only three such objects have been found, but astronomers suspect that there are more similar objects.
Oort Cloud Object （Oort cloud objects， OCOs) are supposed to be a kind of celestial bodies, which are considered as the source of long-period comets, and may extend to the far area from the sun to 50000 AU. Oort Cloud Is a hypothetical spherical cloud cluster covering the solar system, with an average orbital radius of about 50000 AU to 100000 AU. Astronomers have not found Oort Cloud objects at present, and the existence of this classification can only be inferred from indirect evidence. Some astronomers have sedna (90377 Sedna) and the inner Oort cloud.

Comparison of the Largest Outer Sea Uranus

Statistical chart of the size of Outer Neptune, the yellow name is not Outer Neptune

Statistical map of orbit distribution of outer Neptune, which has obvious resonance with Neptune orbit

New Horizons' near real color images of asteroids at the ends of the earth

High resolution Pluto image in real color taken by New Horizons

Spectral classification

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In 1975, astronomer Clark R. Chapman David Morrison and Ben Zellner proposed an asteroid classification system based on color, albedo and spectral morphology. These properties are considered to correspond to the composition of asteroid surface materials. The early classification system can be divided into three categories: type C of dark carbon objects (75% of known asteroids), type S of brighter siliceous objects (17% of known asteroids), and type U not suitable for these two types of C and S objects. This classification system has been extended to include many other asteroid types. As more asteroids are studied, the number of types continues to grow.^[8]

The proportion of known asteroids belonging to various spectral types does not necessarily reflect the proportion of all asteroids of that type. Some types are easier to observe than others, and the total number is biased. first, Spectral classification The name is based on the inference of asteroid composition. However, the correspondence between spectral categories and components is not always good, and various classifications have been used, resulting in great confusion. Although asteroids of different spectral categories may be composed of different substances, it cannot be guaranteed that asteroids in the same category are composed of the same (or similar) substances.

The two most widely used taxonomies are Tholen and SMASS. The former was proposed by David J. Thoren in 1984, based on the Eight Color Asteroid Survey conducted in the 1980s, ECAS) collected 14 asteroid types. In 2002, the spectral survey of asteroids in the main belt produced a modified version of the Thoren classification, SMASS classification, which contains 24 different types. Both classifications have C S and X, of which X is mainly composed of metal asteroids, such as M type. There are several other smaller categories.

C-type asteroid

C-type asteroid It accounts for 75% of all asteroids, so it is the largest number of asteroids. The surface of C-type asteroid contains carbon, and the albedo is very low, only about 0.05. It is generally believed that the composition of C-asteroid Carbonaceous chondrite (One Meteorite ）The composition of is the same. Generally, C-asteroids are mostly distributed in the outer layer of the asteroid belt. For example: Hygiea （10 Hygiea）

G-type asteroid They can be regarded as one of the C-type asteroids. Their spectra are very similar, but ultraviolet rays Some G-type asteroids have different Absorption line 。 For example: Ceres (1 Ceres)

F-type asteroid : It is also a kind of C-type asteroid. They have different spectra in the ultraviolet part and lack the absorption line of water. For example: Asteroid 704 (704 Interamnia)

B-type asteroid They are similar to C-type asteroids and G-type asteroids, but the ultraviolet spectrum is different. For example: Zhishen Star （2 Pallas）

D-type asteroid : This kind of asteroid and P-type asteroid Similarly, the albedo is very low and the spectrum is reddish. Usually occurs in Outer asteroid belt and Jupiter Troy in For example: Asteroid 624 624 Hektor

T-type asteroid : Such asteroids are distributed in the inner asteroid belt. Their spectra are red and dark, but they are similar to those of P-type asteroids and R-type asteroid Different. For example: Aegle （96 Aegle）

S-type asteroid

S-type asteroid It accounts for 17% of all asteroids and is the second largest number of asteroids, General distribution In the inner asteroid belt, the albedo is relatively high between 0.15 and 0.25. Composition and Ordinary chondrite Similar, generally Silicide form. For example: Judicial star （15 Eunomia）、 Nuptial god star （3 Juno）。

V-type asteroid: The composition of this kind of very rare asteroid is similar to that of S-type asteroid, but they contain more pyroxene 。 Astronomers suspect that such asteroids are derived from Vesta Upper layer of (4 Vesta) Silicide Separated from. The surface of Vesta has a very large Crater The V-type asteroid may have been born during its formation. A very rare stone meteorite is occasionally found on the earth, HED- Nonchondrite Their composition may be similar to that of V-type asteroids, and they may also come from Vesta.

A-type asteroid : Such asteroids contain many olivine , mainly distributed in the inner layer of the asteroid belt. For example: Asteroids 246 246 Asporina

R-type asteroid: This type of asteroid is similar to V-type asteroid, and the spectrum shows that they contain more pyroxene and olivine. For example: Asteroid 1862 Apollo (1862)

X-type asteroid

Most of the remaining asteroids belong to M-type asteroids. These asteroids may belong to the larger ones in the past Metal nucleus , the albedo is similar to that of S-asteroid, and the composition may be similar to that of nickel- Iron meteorite similar. For example: Spiritual Star （ 16 Psyche ）

P-type asteroid: the albedo of such asteroid is very low, and its spectrum is mainly in the red part. They may be composed of silicides containing carbon. They are generally distributed in the extreme outer layer of the asteroid belt. For example: Asteroids 259 （259 Ale theia ）、 Ismene （190 Ismene）

E-type asteroid : The surface of such asteroids is mainly composed of Enstatite Composition, their albedo is relatively high, generally above 0.4. Their composition may be Enstatite chondrite (another type of meteorite) similar. For example: Angelina （64 Angelina）

probe

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Before entering the era of space travel, asteroids, even under the largest telescope, were only light spots the size of a needle, so their shape and terrain were unknown mysteries at that time. Before 1991, all asteroid data were based on Ground observation Acquired. Much of our understanding of asteroids is based on the analysis of meteorites falling to the surface of the Earth. Those asteroids that collide with the earth are called Meteoroid 。 When a meteoroid bursts into the earth's atmosphere at a high speed, its surface vaporizes due to the high temperature generated by friction with the air and emits strong light, which is called a meteor. If the meteoroid falls to the ground without being completely burned, it is called Meteorite 。

1971 Mariner 9 Captured Phobos And Phobos, although these two small objects are both Mars' satellites, they may both be asteroids captured by Mars. Based on these images, it is inferred that most asteroids are irregular, like potatoes. After Pioneer And Voyager probe from gas giant Get more there Small satellite Some small moons may be captured asteroids.

Convergence - video of Eros rotation shot by Shoemaker

In 1991, the spacecraft to Jupiter Galileo Flyby Asteroid 951 Gaspra took the first high-resolution photo of a real asteroid. In 1993, Galileo flew by Ai Nvxing (243 Ida) and its satellite Dactyl, whose official name is (243) Ida I Dactyl. Ai became the second victim spacecraft The asteroid visited, which is rich in metals with asteroid 951, belongs to S-type asteroid. The first probe dedicated to detecting asteroids was Rendezvous Shoemaker (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous - Shoemaker) launched on June 27, 1997. On June 27, 1997, I went to Eros (433 Eros) Asteroids 253 Messilde (253 Mathilde) passed by. This rare opportunity allows scientists to observe this carbon rich C-type asteroid closely for the first time. On February 14, 2000, the rendezvous Shoemaker entered the orbit of Eros. On February 12, 2001, after completing the one-year orbital exploration, the rendezvous Shoemaker successfully landed on Eros.

The image of asteroid 4179 taken by Chang'e-2 during its flyby

On 29 July 1999, Shenkong 1 (Deep Space 1) visited Asteroid 9969 9969 Braille, then go to Comet Borrell （19P/Borrelly）。^[24] Flying Tempel 1 (Tempel 1), Stardust observed Asteroid 5535 5535 Annefrank, then go to Comet Wilt II （81P/Wild）。^[25] September 2005, Japan Falcon (Hayabusa) detector arrival Shikawa asteroid (25143 Itokawa) made a detailed exploration and successfully carried some asteroid samples back to Earth on December 28, 2010. This is the first time a sample has been collected from an asteroid. The Hayabusa mission encountered some difficulties, including three Guide wheel Two of them are broken, which makes it difficult to maintain the direction opposite to the sun to collect solar energy.^[26] On March 2, 2004, European Space Agency Launched Rosetta （Rosetta）。 On November 12 of the same year Philae (Philae) Lander successfully landed Comet Chuliumov Grasimenko (67P/Churyumov – Gerasimenko), respectively, on September 5, 2008 and July 10, 2010 Asteroid 2867 (2867 Š teins) and Lutetia （21 Lutetia）。 September 27, 2007, USA Aerospace The bureau has launched Dawn (Dawn) Detector. Dawn orbited from July 16, 2011 to September 5, 2012 Vesta Detected and circled on March 6, 2015 Ceres The original plan also planned to extend the mission to surround the detection Zhishen Star 。 December 13, 2012, China Lunar orbit detector Chang'e-2 On the way to the Lagrange point L2, the flyover detected Asteroid 4179 4179 Toutatis.^[27]

Ceres

253 Mathilde

Ainv (243 Ida) and its satellite Dactyl

433 Eros

Asteroid 951 (951 Gaspra)

Benu (101955 Bennu)

Vesta

Radar photos of 2014 JO25

In 2004 Asteroid 4179 4179 Toutatis Earth Moon Distance Fly over the earth. On April 19, 2017, a stone with a diameter of about 600 meters was numbered 2014 JO twenty-five The asteroid, which was discovered by astronomers as early as May 2014, passed the Earth at 4.6 times the distance between the Earth and the moon. People use small Optical telescope The alien was observed. This is also this one Asteroid 400 It is the closest to the earth in the past five years, and the next time will be 500 years later. On October 16, 2019, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Near Earth Object Research Center (CNEOS) said that 2019 TA7 It is the closest contact with the earth in 115 years to "pass by" the earth at a distance of 1.5 million kilometers from the earth. In addition, it is estimated that in 2027 1999 AN10 The asteroid will fly over the Earth at a distance of one Earth moon.

The planned Lucy asteroid probe

At the beginning of 2013, NASA announced a planned mission, that is, to capture near Earth asteroids, move them into lunar orbit, and then hit the moon. On June 19, 2014, NASA reported that, 2011 MD It may be the main candidate target captured by the robot flight mission in the early 2020's. In January 2017, Lucy and Psyche missions were selected as NASA's discovery plans（ Discovery Program ）Task 13 and 14 of. Lucy will go to detect Jupiter Troy, and Spirit God will go to detect Spiritual Star （16 Psyche）。 Rendezvous Shoemaker 、 Messenger 、 Dawn 、 Kepler space telescope They are missions 2, 7, 9 and 10 of the NASA Discovery Program. NASA is also promoting the research and development of a refrigerator sized spaceship that can prevent asteroids from colliding with the Earth, and plans to use an asteroid that is not a threat to the Earth for testing in 2024. The Dual Asteroid Orbit Change Test Probe (DART) will use the so-called kinetic energy impact technology to hit the asteroid and make it change its orbit. This is the first time that an asteroid is planned to change its orbit.

Asteroids and asteroid belts are the main contents of science fiction. Asteroids play various potential roles in science fiction: where humans may settle down, mining mineral resources, spacecraft The danger of traveling between the other two points, as well as the threat to the life of the Earth or other inhabited planets, dwarf planets and natural satellites. It has been suggested that asteroids should be used as scarce or depleted materials on Earth, such as Rare metals Or as a source of materials for building space habitats. On the asteroid Mining resources It can replace expensive materials launched from the earth and directly use them for space construction.

Impact threat

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Impact event

According to the asteroid collision theory, about 65 million years ago, an asteroid with a width of 10 kilometers collided with the Earth, and the violent collision rolled up a large amount of dust Earth's atmosphere Is full of dust and gathers Dust cloud Thick dust clouds have covered the whole earth, blocking the sun, making the earth a "dark" world, which has lasted for decades. Without sunshine, plants rely on photosynthesis It was destroyed, and a large number of plants withered and died one after another. Huge herbivore dinosaur It consumes hundreds of thousands of kilograms of plants every day, and they can't adapt to this Emergencies Caused by environment The mutation, only under the torture of hunger to fall down in despair. Carnivorous dinosaurs that fed on herbivorous dinosaurs also died one after another. In 1991, American scientists measured Gulf of Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Of Meteorite crater (about 180 kilometers in diameter) is about 65051800 years old. According to the surface craters found Possible Three asteroids with a diameter of 500 meters hit the Earth. Larger asteroids are less likely to hit the Earth.^[28]

At 7:17 a.m. on June 30, 1908, Russia Siberia Ewenki Autonomous Region There was a big explosion, which is famous the Tunguska event 。 Explosive power Equivalent to 10-15 million tons of TNT explosive, more than 2150 Square kilometers Sixty million trees inside were burned down. Although the cause of the explosion is still a mystery Impact theory It is still very popular, such as Meteorite impact theory 、 comet Impact theory and planetary impact theory.^[29]

Impact prevention

American Space Bureau“ Double asteroid redirection test (DART) "spacecraft from California Launch. This is the first time that NASA has carried out the task of testing the asteroid orbit offset technology, aiming to improve the ability to prevent asteroids from hitting the Earth.^[32]

Impact probability

Asteroid radar image temporarily numbered 2013 EC

According to the research of astronomers, the probability of an asteroid with a diameter greater than 1 hitting the Earth is once every 100000 years, but this time alone may destroy the Earth. The probability of a celestial body with a diameter of nearly 10 meters hitting the Earth is only once every 3000 years. Some scientists believe that, Asteroids hit the Earth The risk of is seriously underestimated. On September 3, 2003, British and American research departments warned that an asteroid might hit the Earth in 2014, but the probability was one in 900000. The Near Earth Object Research Center of the British government said that American astronomers had found a huge and fast moving asteroid, which may hit the ball on March 21, 2014. On November 18, 2019, scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) claimed that a piece of 128 meters long, close to Pyramids of Giza An asteroid of the size of may collide with the Earth on May 6, 2022. Although NASA said that the possibility of an asteroid hitting the Earth on the expected date is only 2.6%, which is still very small, due to its huge scale and the potential hazards of the collision, NASA's Monitoring system The Sentinel will continue to closely observe its movement.

Defense test

On October 11, 2022 local time, NASA held its "Double Asteroid Redirection Test" (DART) mission press conference 。 NASA pointed out that during the test on September 26, DART spacecraft Successfully collided with the target asteroid“ Dimovos ”(Dimorphos) and make it deviate from the original orbit, which is also the first time in the world Planetary defense Test.^[36]

Small scale asteroid impact events disintegrating in the Earth's atmosphere

potential threat potential menace

Asteroid 4179

4179 Toutatis 3D model generated from radar data

Asteroid 4179 Tutatis (4179 Toutatis) is one of the largest asteroids close to the Earth so far. The first time it was observed was on February 10, 1934. It was recorded as 1934 CT at that time, but it soon disappeared. It was not until January 4, 1989, that French astronomer Christian Poras discovered it again, and Celtic mythology Named after the god of war, tutatis. its Revolution period About 4 years, it frequently approaches the earth. Its closest distance to the earth can reach 0.006 astronomical units, only 2.3 times the distance between the earth and the moon. On September 29, 2004, asteroid 4179 was very close to the Earth, only 0.0104 astronomical units (four times the distance from the Earth to the moon), and on November 9, 2008, 0.0502 astronomical units. December 12, 2012, 0.046 astronomical units away. 3D model radar of different faces of asteroid 4179 image display It is a very irregular shaped celestial body, divided into two distinct lobes, with the maximum width of 4.6 km and 2.4 km respectively. It is speculated that it was originally two different asteroids, which were combined at some time, just like a giant dumbbell, and also like a gnarled peanut. Because its running track is Earth distance Too recent, it was listed by NASA very early“ Potentially Hazardous Object In the list, scientists all over the world are watching its every move at every moment. If the asteroid collides with the Earth, the explosion power will be equivalent to 1 trillion tons of TNT explosive.^[27]

2002 NT seven

A British space research expert once called a huge satellite named 2002 NT seven Of asteroids will hit Earth in 17 years Life on Earth Will suffer a devastating blow. It is said that this asteroid is the most dangerous object to the earth detected so far. Its diameter is about 2000 meters, and the expected impact speed is 28 kilometers per second the five continents Any one of them is enough to destroy the whole continent and cause global climate upheaval.

Devastator

The size of Devastator is compared with that of the Empire State Building and the Eiffel Tower

There are nearly 700 NEAs on the danger list, of which one called Devastator (99942 Apophis). Its name comes from ancient times Egyptian mythology , also translated as Apophis Although the danger of hitting the earth in 2029 has been eliminated, there is still the possibility of collision with the earth in 2036. Scientists through Arecibo Radio Telescope It is predicted that the probability of its collision with the ground in 2036 will be 4 per million, and the probability of its collision with the ground in 2068 will be 1/330000. Scientists are planning to carry out a flyby observation program for Apophis asteroid in 2029.^[30] The Devastator comes and goes, and the observation time is very limited. Generally, it only appears in the field of vision after two to three years, and the time is only one or two nights.

2000 SG three hundred and forty-four

One is temporarily numbered 2000 SG three hundred and forty-four It is very likely that the asteroid with an impact energy of 100 Hiroshima atomic bombs will hit the Earth in 2071, with a probability of about 1 in 1000. This asteroid is indeed the most dangerous asteroid that has been discovered by humans so far. Its orbit is very similar to that of the earth sunlight The duration of one revolution is 354 days. This asteroid Direction of revolution Consistent with the Earth, although there will be no head-on collision, the orbit may coincide in 2071.

2002 AJ one hundred and twenty-nine

On February 4, 2018, one temporarily numbered 2002 AJ129 The asteroid with a speed of 107826 kilometers per hour passes over the earth, with a distance of only 4208641 kilometers. The world's fastest manned aircraft "North America X-15 ”At 7300 kilometers per hour, the asteroid is nearly 15 times faster. This asteroid is about 1.1 kilometers wide, Ratio high The 800 meter Dubai Tower is still long and considered potentially dangerous by NASA, but it will not collide with the earth.

Asteroid list

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List of asteroids related to China
number	name	Discoverer	Naming meaning
one hundred and thirty-nine	Juewa	J.C. Watson	The first asteroid found on Chinese soil
one thousand one hundred and twenty-five	the chinese people （China）	Zhang Yuzhe	The first asteroid discovered by the Chinese
three thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine	China (Zhongguo)	Zhang Yuzhe	Asteroid 3789
one thousand eight hundred and two	Zhang Heng （Zhang Heng）	Purple mountain observatory	The first asteroid named after Chinese people
two thousand and forty-five	Beijing （Peking）	Purple mountain observatory	The first asteroid named after a Chinese place name
three thousand six hundred and eleven	Tai Po （Dabu）	Purple mountain observatory	The first asteroid named after a Chinese county
two thousand two hundred and forty	Tsai（ Cai Zhangxian ）	Harvard College Observatory	The first asteroid named after Taiwanese
eight thousand two hundred and fifty-six	Shenzhou （Shenzhou）	Purple mountain observatory	The first asteroid named after a Chinese spaceship
nine thousand two hundred and twenty-one	Wu Liangyong Star	Xinglong Observation Base of National Astronomical Observatory	-
twenty thousand seven hundred and eighty	Chen Yixi Chanyikhei	LINEAR Team	To praise Hong Kong middle school students Chen Yixi Invention achievements
twenty-three thousand four hundred and eight	Beijing Olympic Games Star	Purple mountain observatory	Named in memory of the Beijing Olympic Games
thirty-two thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight	Xie Jialin Star	Guotai Schmidt CCD Asteroid Project Team	-
forty-one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one	Bella Yaobeina	Mr. Yang Guangyu, amateur astronomer of Hong Kong	-
one hundred and forty-eight thousand and eighty-one	Sun Jiadong Star	Guotai Schmidt CCD Asteroid Project Team	Winner of the National Highest Science and Technology Award
two thousand nine hundred and sixty-three	founder of Amoy University Star	-	In memory of the patriotic overseas Chinese leader Chen Jiageng
two thousand eight hundred and eighty-six	Tian Jiabing Star	Purple mountain observatory	-
two hundred and eighty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-nine	Qian Weichang Star	-	In commemoration of the tenth anniversary of Qian Weichang's death
three hundred and twenty-five thousand eight hundred and twelve^[31]	Zou Chenglu Star	Purple mountain observatory	-

Asteroids 1-100
No. 1 Ceres	No.2 Zhishen Star	No.3 Nuptial god star	No. 4 Vesta	No. 5 Yishen Star
No. 6 Hebe	No.7 Rainbow God Star	No. 8 Flora	No. 9 Metis	No. 10 Hygiea
No. 11 Parthenope	No. 12 Kaishen Star	No. 13 Virgo	No. 14 Irene	No. 15 Judicial star
No. 16 Spiritual Star	No. 17 Thetis	No. 18 Melpomene	No. 19 Destiny Star	No. 20 Massalia
No. 21 Lutetia	No. 22 Kalliope	No. 23 Si Ju Xing	No. 24 Themis	No. 25 Fuhou Star
No. 26 Pluto	No. 27 Euterpe	No. 28 Ares	No. 29 Haihou Star	No. 30 Urania
No. 31 Euphrosyne	No. 32 Guoshen Star	No. 33 Arthur star	No. 34 Circe	No. 35 Shenshen Star
No. 36 Atalante	No. 37 Fides	No. 38 Ooshen Star	No. 39 laetitia	No. 40 harmonia
No. 41 Daphne	No. 42 Yushen Star	No. 43 Ariadne	No. 44 Shishen Star	No. 45 Eugenie
No. 46 Hestia	No. 47 Aglaja	No. 48 Doris	No. 49 pales	No. 50 Virginia
No. 51 Avian god star	No. 52 Europa	53 Island Shenxing	No. 54 Alexandra	No. 55 Pandora
No. 56 Sishen Star	No. 57 Remembering God Star	No. 58 Hyacinth	No. 59 elpis	No. 60 Echo
No. 61 Dana	No. 62 Effective God Star	No. 63 Ausonia	No. 64 Angelina	No. 65 Protogod
No. 66 Light God Star	No. 67 Yangshen Star	No. 68 Mingshen Star	No. 69 Hesperia	No. 70 Panopaea
No. 71 Stone actress	No. 72 Feronia	No. 73 Klytia	No. 74 Witch Star	No. 75 Eurydike
No. 76 Freia	No. 77 Frigga	No. 78 Diana	No. 79 Eurynome	No. 80 Sappho
No. 81 Terpsichore	No. 82 Alkmene	No. 83 Xinnvxing	No. 84 Klio	No. 85 Calfstar
No. 86 Semele	No. 87 Sylvia	No. 88 Thisbe	89 Pornographic god star	No. 90 Antiope
No. 91 Aegina	No. 92 Poseidon	No. 93 Minerva	No. 94 Caishen Star	No. 95 Yuanshen Star
No. 96 Aegle	No. 97 Klotho	No. 98 Ianthe	No. 99 Dike	No. 100 Quanshen Star

Other well-known asteroids
No. 101 Guashen Star	102 Holy Star	103 Postgod	104 Klymene	No. 105 Orion
No. 106 Dione	No. 107 Camilla	No. 108 Canis posterior star	No. 109 Xiangshen Star	No. 110 Lv Nv Xing
No. 111 Gou Shenxing	No. 112 Iphigenia	No. 113 Sheep God Star	No. 114 See God Star	No. 116 Sirona
No. 117 Actress Luo	No. 118 Peitho	No. 119 Althaea	No. 120 Metrological Star	No. 122 Gerda
127 Virgin Star	No. 133 Cyrene	135 Hertha	No. 137 Save a female star	139 Juewa
No. 141 Streamstar	No. 142 Polana	No. 144 Lvshen Star	No. 145 God guiding star	No. 146 Lucina
No. 149 Snake Hair Demon Star	No. 150 Nuwa Star	No. 153 Hilda Star	No. 155 Six headed strange star	No. 156 Xanthippe
No. 158 Raven actress	No. 161 Taurus	No. 165 Water demon star	No. 167 Urda	No. 171 Ophelia
No. 172 baucis	No. 173 Ino	No. 176 Pingshen Star	No. 194 Yannvxing	No. 195 Lactofuxin
No. 196 Philomela	No. 197 Arete	No. 198 Lucifer	No. 201 Zhenhou Star	Helius 202
No. 204 Ursa	No. 212 Devil Maiden	No. 216 Cleopatra	No. 221 Shushen Star	No. 227 Philosophia
No. 232 Russian Star	241 Deutscher	243 Ai Nvxing	250 Betty Star	253 Mathilde
No actress on 381	397 Vienna Star	402 Miao Shenxing	403 Hushen Star	No. 407 Spider Girl
408 god star	No. 410 Chunshen Star	No. 429 Lianshen Star	No. 430 Aoshen Star	431 Yunshen Star
432 Pythia	433 Eros	434 Hungarian Star	511 Davidson	532 Hercules
588 Warrior	617 Patroclus	623 Flamethrower	No. 624 Hector	No. 638 Siming Star
No. 659 Sage Star	No. 719 Albert star	729 Worthinia	763 Love God Star	862 # flange Weststar
883 Martel	No. 884 Primus	895 Yangshenxing	No. 896 Human Face Lion Star	911 Agamemnon
No. 944 Hidalgo	No. 951 Gaspla	No. 1000 Piazzi	No. 1566 Icarus	2209 Tianjin Star
2867 Stans	No. 3443 Li Zhengdaoxin	3542 Tan Jiazhen Star	3753 Clutny	3812 Li Da Samsung
3901 Nanjing University Star	No. 4179 Tutatis	4913 Wang Xuanxing	No. 5535 Anne Frank	No. 7072 Peking University Star
8050 Beijing Normal University Star	8256 Shenzhou Star	No. 8917 Tianjin University Star	10017 Rao Zongyixing	10930 Venus
14558 Wang Ganchangxing	No. 16982 Tsinghua University Star	No. 19298 China Science and Technology University	21064 Yang Liweixing	23408 Beijing Olympic Games Star
No. 25143 SICHUAN	No. 25240 Qian Sanqiang	29467 Shandong University Star	38628 Rain God Star	No. 41981 Yao Beina
No. 55838 Harbin Gongda Star	59000 Beijing Planetarium	No. 88611 God making star	90377 Sedna	90482 Orcus
No. 90830 Beihang Star	No. 99942 Devastator	No. 134340 Pluto	No. 136108 Haumea	No. 136199 Eris
136472 Bird God Star	171448 Gu Chaohao Star	224888 Zhu Kezhen	236743 Zhejiang University Star	283279 Qian Weichangxing

Asteroids numbered 1000 times
No. 1000 Piazzi	No. 2000 herschel	3000 Vinci	No. 4000 Hipachas	5000 International Astronomical Union
6000 UN	7000 Curie	8000 Newton	9000 HAL	No. 10000 Myriostos
15000 CCD	17000 Medvedev	No. 20000 Varuna	Encyclopedia 21000	24000 Patrickdufour
25000 Astrometry	30000 Camenzind	31000 Rockchic	No. 33000 Chen Jiansheng	50000 Chuangshen Star
56000 Mesopotamia	59000 Beijing Planetarium	60000 Miminko	Hugh Downstar, 71000	100000 Spacestar

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