Muromachi bakufu

[shì tǐng mù fǔ]

ashikaga shogunate

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Muromachi bakufu (1336-1573), the name derives from Shogunate Muromachi in Kyoto, also known as ashikaga shogunate 。 from Southern and Northern Dynasties times Ashikaga Takauji The establishment of the shogunate began in 1336 and ended in 1573 Oda Nobuna Abolish the General Full profit and justice 。 1336（ engen In the first year, the third year of Jianwu) Zun Zun Zun Zun established the Wujia regime in Murachi, Kyoto. Later, the two dynasties were opposite in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The third year of Ming Dynasty (1392) Leap October , Southern Emperor Go-Kameyama Fortunately, Kyoto Emperor Komatsu Carry out the ceremony of giving way to the state and bestow divine tools to realize the integration of the two dynasties. So the Muromachi shogunate became the unified regime that dominated the whole country.

During the Muromachi shogunate shugo daimyō Serve as the "management leader" and other important positions to assist the general. The Muromachi shogunate is administrated by the general and prime minister. It has a "management leader" to assist the general Pedis The three members of Sibo, Xichuan and Heshan of the clan take turns in the post, which is called“ Three management collar ”。 There are Samurai-dokoro 、 Inquiry and annotation office ， Administration Office And other institutions, and the waiter is the most important.

In the Eighth Generation General Justice and justice During the term of office nin War And Hosokawa Zhengyuan After the coup name The powerful families invaded and annexed each other's land, no longer obeying the orders of the shogunate, and the Muromachi shogunate was weak. nin War At the beginning, Japan entered into a nationwide scuffle Sengoku 。 Although the war continued, domestic and foreign trade flourished, Agriculture 、 Industrial technology Also improved. In 1573 (the first year of Tianzheng), the 15th generation general Full profit and justice cover Oda Nobuna Expel the capital, Muromachi period end.

The overview picture shows the Muromachi shogunate Sufficient profit general Stria domestica "Two lead two".

Chinese name: Muromachi bakufu
Abbreviation: ashikaga shogunate
official language: Japanese
National leaders: Ashikaga Takauji 、 Ashikaga Yoshiakira 、 Full profit and justice, etc

Major ethnic groups: Daiwa family
Major religions: Buddhism
Location of shogunate: Kyoto Muromachi
Starting and ending time: 1336-1573

catalog

▪ The demise of the shogunate
two Politics
▪ Military statistics and government affairs
▪ Local control
three Economics
▪ Agriculture
▪ Industry
▪ handicraft industry
▪ transportation

Development history

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Overthrew Kamakura

Ashikaga Takauji

Kamakura Bakufu Since the Mongolian forces invaded twice, the rule turned to decline. While the people's resistance is increasingly fierce, the contradictions within the shogunate have also deepened. 1285“ Frost Moon Fury ”Medium, Anda Taisheng If one faction fails, its imperial family will be wiped out in large numbers. The civil war weakened Royal Family And further exacerbated the conflict between the imperial family. Last generation Shikken Beitiao Gaoshi It is also a person who does nothing. By now, most of the samurai, whether they were members of the imperial family or non imperial family, had left the shogunate to rebel. While farmers and warriors were generally dissatisfied with the Kamakura regime, Kamakura Bakufu In the time of declining, the Emperor of Kyoto and his nobles thought that the time had come to revive the old regime and they were eager to try. The core figure of the plot is Later Enlightened Heavenly Emperor (reigned 1318-1339) 。 He ascended the throne in 1318 and was soon deposed Hospital administration Implement pro government and revitalize Recording office He tried to reproduce the "Holy Generation" of Yanxi and Tiandiachi, and started a tense curtain fall activity with this as the goal. For this reason, he strongly praised Zhu Zixue, which was introduced in the middle of Kamakura, and called the Buddhist monk Xuanhui to explain the "New Note" in the palace. He tried to inspire the courtiers with the "Three Outlines and Five Constants" and "Great Righteousness and Fame" advocated by Zhu Zixue, which revived the effectiveness of the old dynasty.^[1]

Later, the Emperor Tihu planned to use the warriors in the capital and Sohei The reverse plan of attacking Six Polos was leaked in the first year of Zhengzhong (1324), and Hino Zichao and Junki Hino were arrested. (Historical title“ Change in the middle ”） After that, the later Emperor Zhihu planned to go to Nandu（ Nara ）Beiling （ kyoto ） The major monasteries pieced together anti curtain weapons, and worked with warriors and "evil parties" from all over the world. But this time Genko In the first year (1331), it was revealed that he was exiled to Yinqi Island by the shogunate（ Shimane Prefecture Offshore). Beitiao Gaoshi stand Zhiming Hospital Prince Liangren is the emperor for Emperor Guangyan （“ Change of Yuanhong ”）。^[2]

At this time Kinki and Local China Equidistant opposition Hojo The forces have risen in succession, and "evil parties" have sprung up Manor officer Fight, or unite against a superior lord. So“ jizamurai ”Hanoi, famous for its leaders（ osaka Government) Kusunoki Masashige (1294-1336) They have also risen to fight. He successively held Akasaka City in Hanoi Thousand Morning City , and hit the shogunate heavily. stay Yamato Many peasants turned into "wild ambushes" ("bandits"), interfering with the food routes of the shogunate and intercepting retreating warriors. In the face of the growing chaos of war, Zhengqing In February of the third year (1333), the Emperor Zhihu escaped from the hidden Qi; In the same year, the commander-in-chief of the shogunate Sufficient profit Coates (1305-1368) On the way to Boqi, he suddenly raised the flag of treason Kinki The samurai organized. On May 7, the shogunate in Kyoto was eliminated Six Polos , occupy Kyoto. At the same time, the Samurai of Kyushu and the Four Kingdoms destroyed Kyushu Tanti and Probing into problems in the long school 。 Ueno Haozu Nitta Yoshisada (1302-1338) They also raised the rebel flag and led the Kanto warriors to capture Kamakura. On May 22, 1333, Beitiao Gaoshi and his family committed suicide. The Kamakura shogunate perished under the attack of farmers and unsatisfied warriors.^[2]

Kenmu Restoration

Main term ： Kenmu Restoration

The demise of the Kamakura shogunate (May 1333) In the next month of, the Emperor Dihu returned to Kyoto, regained control of the government and changed the yuan“ Jianwu ”And began a series of new policies, known as "Jianwu Zhongxing" in history. Emperors of Houtihu The era of peace Of Engi 、 Calendar The politics of the unification of the world during the reign of. In order to reproduce the political situation in which the emperor ruled the country, he announced the implementation of the "New Deal" in just two years after he returned to power.

The later enlightened emperor who flaunted the "restoration of the monarchy"

At the beginning of the New Deal, the Later Dihu Emperor resumed recording the important government affairs under consideration and established En Shang Fang 、 Miscellaneous litigation decision office , respectively deal with reward issues and lawsuits. The staff of these organs are mostly public, except that about half of them are samurai in the miscellaneous litigation decision office. Only Nami Zhengcheng, Ming and Chang Nian are the samurai in the record office and En En En En Fang. Although Zun Zun Zun was granted a high official position, he was not in the political center. The position of the head of the warrior who governs the samurai and guards the imperial palace has also been granted Nitta Yoshisada The family of. In terms of Zoelli, only Be officiated Higher Normal School Shangshan Xianfang served as a staff member of the Miscellaneous Complaints Decision Office. "Jianwu New Deal" is just the ideal of the later Emperor, because he neglected objective facts , that is, the times have changed with Yanxi Calendar The period is different, and the main difference is the existence of independent and powerful force. Therefore, it is inevitable to lead to failure in the end. In the specific ruling process, the court valued the Gongqing over the Samurai, as well as the changeable government orders and the numerous decision-making mistakes, which led to social chaos and the intensification of the contradiction between Gongqing and the Samurai.^[3-4]

In July of the second year of Jianwu (1335) Posthumous offspring When Beitiao was raising troops in Kanto, the local warriors who were dissatisfied with the New Deal gathered and soon became a great force. Shixing leads the army to approach Kamakura, Benefitful and Righteous Attack, defeat, and then kill Claustrophobia In Prince Huliang , Feng Prince Chengliang Go west. The Zun Zun of Zu Li received the report and asked the imperial court to let him go east to fight against Beitiao The Grand General of Yizheng Do not fight with other countries Pursuer 。 However, he could not get the imperial edict, so Prince Cheng Liang became the general of the war against barbarians. So Zun Zun Zun left Beijing on August 2 without the permission of the imperial court Mikawa Confluence with the trend of full benefit and righteousness, they broke through the rebels in various places and moved forward one after another, and recovered Kamakura on the 19th. This is The chaos of the middle and early generations 。 Zun Zun Zun took the opportunity to go to the East to pacify the war and set up a rebel flag in Kamakura. In January 1336, it invaded Kyoto, and in March, it withdrew from Kyoto and marched into Kyushu. On April 3, Zun Zun, the Zun Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun, the Zun Yise Fan He stayed in Kyushu and left Bodo with Kyushu Shi, such as Little Two and Big Friends. On the way to China Four countries When the situation met, the soldiers in the rear of Bei were divided into two routes, and Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun took the land route from the sea to the east. On the 25th of the same month Hyogo Hetian Cape Defeat Nitta Yoshisada Army, in Battle of Gather Sichuan annihilation Kusunoki Masashige The army forced Nanmu to commit suicide^[5] 。 On the 27th, the emperor of Houtihu fled Hieizan On the 29th, Zhiyi's army entered Kyoto. The Zun Zun family also sent Emperor Yan Shang and his younger brother Prince Fengren to Beijing on June 14, and on August 15, the prince ascended the throne as Emperor Guangming without any divine tools. Later, the two armies also continued to fight. Later, the defeat of the Emperor Heihu's side gradually became stronger due to the death of Minghe Changnian and others. The emperor ordered Shinda to go to Beilu, and he himself returned to Beijing on October 10 at the invitation of Zun Zun Zun Zun. On November 2, he awarded the Emperor Guangming the artifact. So the new policy of building armed forces ended only two and a half years later.

Create the shogunate

After Zun Zun attacked Kyoto again, the Emperor Zhihu escaped Birui Mountain , Zun's younger brother Prince Fengren became the Emperor of Light and sent Zhiyi to besiege Birui Mountain. When there was no food and grass inside and no rescuers outside, the emperor came back to Kyoto and was confined by Zun. After the Zunzhi took control of Kyoto, he served as the general of invading the barbarians, opened his residence in Muromachi, and announced the 17 articles of Jianwu Style Policy Agenda 。 In December of the same year, the later Emperor Zhihu escaped to Beihe's house Yoshino Mountain And announced the reopening of the government. Since then, the court of Emperor Guangming in Kyoto has been called the "Northern Dynasty", and the court of Emperor Dihu after Yoshino has been called the "Southern Dynasty". fifty-seven During the reign of the 19th century, the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Japan confronted each other and entered a period of civil strife.^[3]

On November 7, the second year of Jianwu (1335), Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun announced the "two items and 17 articles" of Jianwu, announcing the revival of the shogunate to the world and showing the basic policy for future administration. The organization of the shogunate was generally established from the third year of Jianwu (1336) to the fourth year (1337).^[6] Zun Zun was appointed by the Northern Dynasty during the period Great Nayan , took office on August 11, 1338 The Grand General of Yizheng , same as the entry of the solar level Positive binary So the Muromachi shogunate was officially established. Later, on December 21, the third year of Jianwu (1336), the Emperor Tihu secretly escaped from Kyoto and sneaked to Dahe Yoshino to open a confrontation between the Southern Dynasty of the imperial court and the Northern Dynasty of the imperial court of Kyoto, which was supported by Zun Zun Zun. So two imperial courts and two years stand side by side Southern and Northern Dynasties Sixty years of civil strife began. The Emperors of Later Tihu Calls for National Destruction Pedis And sent the prince and generals to support the forces to recover Kyoto. As a counterpart, Zun Zun Zun Zun Zun appointed a family as guardian in various countries, and powerful powerful families since the previous generation, such as Kanto and Kyushu, have guard positions in local settings Guandong Management 、 Probing into Jiuzhou Confronted with the forces of the Southern Dynasties, With As a nationwide dominated layout.

Kusunoki Masashige

The battle between the two armies unfolded everywhere. In the northern land, Nitta Yoshisada Enter Kinazaki City, and contact the local Ueno and the Vietnamese to start activities. Pay attention to the situation, Zun let Yueqian guard Spogol Sutra , Ruosha Guard Spo's family Brother Ji is responsible for dealing with Shinda Yizhen and sending deacons Higher Normal School Younger brother Gao Shitai As backup. In March of the fourth year of Jianwu (1337), Gao Shitai and others captured Jinqi City. Prince Zunliang committed suicide and Prince Hengliang was arrested. After that, the Spo Army fought fiercely with the Xintian Army. Calendar should In the first year (1338), in the battle of Tengdao in leap July, Xintian Yizhen was defeated. Austria aspect, Beihe Xianjia Under the fierce attack of the Zuli Army, he had to abandon the Doga government. In the first month of the fourth year of Jianwu (1337), he moved to Lingshan Mountain in Ida County, and set out on the road to the west again due to the order of the later Kaihu Emperor. In August of the same year, he led 100000 elites to set out. In December, she helped in Kamakura Ashikaga Yoshiakira The parents of Spo died. In January of the first year of the calendar year (1338) Meinong 。 So Zun Zun Zu Zu sent Gao Shidong to defend Xianjia's army. Gao Shidong's army was defeated in Qingye Plain of the same country. Beihe Xianjia Army has moved southward since then Ise , via Ihe towards Nara Advance and prepare to attack Kyoto. This is beneficial Higher Normal School He led the army southward. In February, he defeated the army of North Hexian in Banruopo. In May, at the end of the war, North Hexian was defeated in Shijin, Hequan.

Beihe Xianjia 、 Nitta Yoshisada It was a great blow to the Southern Dynasties that they were killed one after another. In order to recover from the decline, the Later Tihu Emperor used the strategy of sending the prince to other places again. In September of the same year, Prince Huailiang As The King's General Down to the West, Prince Yiliang and Prince Zongliang Beihe's mother's house And his second son, Beihe Xianxin, headed to the east. Prince Yiliang and his party, who set sail from Yishi, encountered a storm on the way. Prince Yiliang （ Emperor Go-Murakami ） Blown back to Yishi, Prince Zongliang drifted to Yuanjiang Country , only Beihe's mother's house Successfully arrived at the destination Changlu. The relatives of Beihe, who entered Changlu, fought for the stronghold of the Southern Dynasty, and soon became oppressed due to the eastward movement of the Kanto Deacon High School. Kang Yong In November of the second year (1343), he returned to Yoshino with hatred. Since then, the Emperor of Later Enlightenment Calendar should In the second year (1339), he fell ill and tied the knot in Yoshino on August 16. Prince Yiliang ascended the throne, that is, the Emperor of Heaven in Houcun. After receiving the notice of the death of Emperor Dihu, Zun Zun Zun was very moved and immediately stopped the shogunate's chore Sha Tide for seven days to express his condolences. In the winter of the same year, in order to mourn the Emperor's Bodhi, Tianlong Temple was built in the place of Luoxi. When the Tongsi Temple was completed in July of the fourth year of the reign of Li Ying (1341), Zun Zun and Zhiyi Zu attended the temple and took charge of Tu in person. Since then, the Southern Dynasty gradually lost its power. In the first month of the fourth year of Zhenhe (1348), Nanmu Zhengxing Sitiaosheng in Hanoi was defeated, and the emperor of Houcun also fled to He Mingsheng in Austria. The Southern Dynasty became a mere existence.

Internal turmoil in the shogunate

At this time, Zuli's Zunzhen and Zuli Zhiyi's brothers were at odds, and an internal dispute occurred (that is Kanying Zun Zun's family also surrendered to the Southern Dynasty. At that time, in the Muromachi shogunate, Zunzhi Fujiri entrusted government affairs to Benefitful and Righteous In management, he is the pillar of a warrior. Soon, however, there was a fight within the shogunate.^[7] with Higher Normal School The anti Zhiyi group led by him had a strong conflict with Zhiyi. In the fifth year of Zhenhe's reign (the fourth year of Zhengping's reign, 1349), the Zhiyi School of higher learning attacked Zuli Zhiyi. Zhiyi fled to Zun's residence for refuge, but Gao Shizhi surrounded Zun's residence and asked Zhiyi to retire. As a result, Zhiyi was forced to become a monk and retire. Zun also played an active role in this event.

Higher Normal School

Zun Zun of Zu Li Legitimate son Yi Quan returned to Kyoto from Kamakura, replacing Zhiyi and exercising government affairs; The second son, Ji Shi, was granted the title of Kamakura , set in the East Kamakura Prefecture 。 After Zhiyi retired, his son was a Jew Full advantage and straight winter (Also a concubine of Zun family) It has expanded the influence of the Zhiyi faction in Kyushu, Kanying The first year（ Zhengping 1350), Zu Li Zun sent troops to fight against Zhidong in China. Benefitful and Righteous Taking the opportunity to escape from Kyoto and surrender to the Southern Dynasty, Naoto Taoi, Hatoyama Guoqing and other Zhiyi military generals also followed. Zhiyi was powerful, Yiquan was defeated and escaped from Kyoto. Zunzhi Zun, who returned from Kyoto, was defeated in the battle of Shore. Zun's coercion Higher Normal School 、 Gao Shitai The brother became a monk and exiled to other places as the condition to reach a settlement with Zuli Zhiyi. The following year, Zunzhen and Zhiyi reached a peace agreement. Zun Zun's Rang Shangshan Nengxian He escorted Gao Shizhi's family into exile, but because of his father's revenge, Neng Xian executed Gao Shizhi's family privately on the way.

Zuli Zhiyi returned to the shogunate to manage government affairs Ashikaga Yoshiakira Serve as his deputy. Zun and Yi annotated the rebellious Sasaki Daoyu Chisong Zeyou personally sent troops near the river and sowed the mill on the ground of making peace with the Southern Dynasties on the issue of the crusade against Zhiyi and Zhidong. Zhiyi, who learned this, fled to Kamakura via Beilu Road. In October of the same year, Zun Zun of Zuli made peace with the Southern Dynasty, abolished the Northern Dynasty and surrendered to the Southern Dynasty, which was known as the unification of Zhengping. At the same time, Zun led his army to crusade Zhiyi and enter tokaido , at Junhe Sapui Mountain (Today Shizuoka Prefecture shizuoka Shimizu-ku ）, Xiangmo Zaochuanjiri (Today Kanagawa Prefecture Otabara City ） In the battle, Zhiyi was defeated, and Zuli Zhiyi was arrested and imprisoned in Kamakura. In February of the third year of Guanying (the seventh year of Zhengping, 1352), Zuli Zhiyi died suddenly^[8] 。

When Zun Zun Zun Zun left Kyoto, the Southern Dynasty tore up the peace treaty and attacked the Muromachi shogunate. Prince Zongliang Nishida Yixing Troops supporting the Southern Dynasty, such as Shintian Yizong, Beitiao Shixing, attacked Zun, and Zun retreated Musashi , but immediately counterattacked and suppressed the Southern forces in Kanto and returned to Kyoto. thereafter Full advantage and straight winter He attacked Kyoto, was defeated and fled to Kyushu. In the third year of Wenhe (the ninth year of Zhengping, 1354), Zhidong once captured Kyoto, but was recovered by Zun the following year. Zun wanted to crusade Zhidong himself, but Enbun On April 30 of three years (the 13th year of Zhengping, 1358) tumour , died at the age of 54 on the second ten thousand mile road in Kyoto. The remains were buried in the waiting house of Yili Mountain in Luobei. The name of the law is Renshan Miaoyi, the hall of the waiting hall. Kanto is called Changshou Temple. Kamakura Changshou Temple founded by Zun is his Bodhi Hall. On August 11 of the same year, which is equivalent to Baitong Day Yong'a Temple The Great Imperial Hall is to pray for the blessing of the nether world Mandala^[9] 。

Unification of North and South

Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

Zhenzhi In 6 years (Zhengping 22nd and 1367), the second generation general, Zu Liyi, died, and the 10-year-old general, Zu Liyi, succeeded him. 1379, against Hosokawa relies on Sect's guardian name General Si Boyi 、 Tuqi Laikang Surrounded Yiman's residence and asked for Lai Zhi's dismissal. Therefore, Lai Zhi was removed from the post of leader and replaced by Si Boyi. （ Kang Li After the coup), all the personnel in the shogunate were replaced by the Spo faction, and Spo Yi will issue the order to crusade against Lai Zhi. However, Zuriyiman pardoned him the following year on the ground that Lai Zhiren was an elder, letting Xichuan and Sibo coexist and check each other, thereby enhancing the power of the general. After the death of Tuqi Laikang in 1390, Meinongguo Of Tuqi In the midst of civil strife, Yiman ordered a crusade against Tuqi (Tuqi Kangxing Rebellion) 。 In 1391, Fullrich stepped in again Shan Mingshi Internal disputes. At that time, Shan Mingshi was also the guardian of 11 countries, which was called "Six Points One Hall" at that time. Yiman skillfully lets Shan Mingshi Qing In December of the same year, he sent troops to fight against him, which is known as Mingde Rebellion 。 In addition, Yiman also served as the general of the right guard in March of the lunar calendar in 1378, and five months later, he also served as Quan Dayan Customs Two good foundations And actively participate in the affairs of the imperial court; The following year, the monks of Xingfu Temple carried Chunri Society The incident of the Shenmu's forced lawsuit in Beijing. Because Chunri Society is Fujiwara Fujiwara's Gongqing in the imperial court was very afraid to enter the palace to serve. Yiman believes that he is a descendant of the Genji family and is still an official. After that, Yiman supported the imperial court and severely attacked the temple and community forces.

Fuli Yiman has transcended the interpretation of grandfather Zunzhi and father, and has been promoted successively Naidaijin and Sadaijin 。 In 1382 The Emperor of Later Harmony Abdication Emperor Komatsu Enthronement. Although Post Yuanrong opened in name Hospital administration But the real power belongs to Yiman. In 1383, he served as the elder of Genji and also served as the two academies of Chunhe Scholarship and Scholarship Don't be He was awarded the title of "Quasi Three Empress" and became the leader of both the public and the martial forces. There were almost no forces against Yiman in the imperial court.

In 1392, the power of the Southern Dynasties continued to decline, and the unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties had become inevitable. stay Yoshihiro Ohuchi Under the intermediary of Zuli Yiman, he negotiated with the Southern Dynasties. Finally Chi Ming Yuan Tong and Dajue Temple Under the condition of succession to the throne Emperor Go-Kameyama He abdicated and handed over the three gods to Empress Komatsu. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were unified. However, in the Northern Dynasties Emperor Komatsu After obtaining three artifact, he announced that his prince Prince Shiren would inherit the throne. The Southern Dynasty, which had lost the artifact, could only yield to the rule of the Northern Dynasty. In 1393, the emperor, who was not in harmony with the rich and righteous, died, and the power of Yiman was completely consolidated. The following year, Yiman handed over the position of general to his son Full benefit and righteousness He remained in seclusion and continued to dominate politics. Promoted from one position in the same year Minister of Supreme Government , became a monk the next year.^[3]

nin War

In 1467, around the issue of the succession of the general, there was a split within the shogunate, and the rivalry between the two famous names, Xichuan and Yamato, became fiercer. One of the four positions, who is also the guardian of the Three Kingdoms Red Pine Manyou For assassinating the shogunate general in Kyoto Righteous and Beneficial Doctrine （ Cargill Rebellion ） And was also Four job family One, who is also the guardian of the five countries Mountain Name Zongquan (that is, the mountain name of Chi Feng) led the troops to crusade and pacify. After the war, the shogunate Shan Mingshi Meritorious general for pacifying Akamatsu The guardians of the Three Kingdoms granted Shan Mingshi. When the power grew up, Shan Mingshi, who was guarded by eight countries, became a major force in the West. At that time, one of the three leaders, the Xichuan family, who was also the guardian of the eight countries and the half kingdom of Hequan, decided to take the policy of uniting the mountain names against the Tian family, who was also the three leaders.

Justice and justice

However, with the decline of Tian Shan's family, the conflict between the two families also emerged, especially after the succession problems of Spo's family and Tian Shan's family among the three leaders successively occurred, the confrontation between the two sides became more serious. Until the general Justice and justice eldest son Full benefit and righteousness After the birth triggered the inheritance storm Ying Ren On January 17 of the first year (1467), the Yingren Rebellion broke out, and the guards selected the border to support it, forming a scuffle between the eastern Xichuan coalition and the western Shanming coalition. At the beginning of the war, because the eastern army won the support of the emperor and the shogunate general Comparative advantage Therefore, the first few months of the war can be said to be full of advantages. But in July of the same year, the four countries in China guarded Daiuchi Zhenghong After he led more than ten thousand soldiers to assist the Western army, the whole war situation suddenly changed. In addition, the western army decided to support the general and benefit the younger brother of the righteous government Sufficient righteousness Competing with the Kyoto authorities, the whole war situation was trapped in a stalemate, which later expanded into a big scuffle all over Japan. With the death of the two military leaders and the settlement of the dispute over the succession of the shogunate generals, the two sides decided to reconcile, and the Yingren Rebellion officially ended. Although the authority of the shogunate suffered a severe setback after the Yingren Rebellion, several generals still tried to revive the authority of the shogunate until Respond to changes The moment before the explosion.

The long-term war made the city of Kyoto desolate and populated, and some huge temples and residences were mostly destroyed by the war. Because of the danger of life and economic embarrassment, most ministers fled from Kyoto and took refuge in places. So far, the shogunate authority has completely swept the floor. At that time, the general's justice was not interested in politics, and not only did he build a villa during the war Ginkaku-ji , drinking and having fun in the sound of spears, and living a elegant life. After his son Yishang succeeded to the throne, he wanted to restore the power of the shogunate, but he went to fight against Jin Jiang Hexagonal Goliath He was killed in battle. So the momentum of the shogunate has become a candle in front of the wind, and is in danger.

The Warring States Period split

After the Yingren Rebellion, the shogunate was unable to suppress local celebrities. In the special era of the Warring States Period, Guardian generation The people of,, and the people associated with them all became famous by their strength, and competed to expand the territory of the divided countries one after another, and became famous in the Warring States Period, which formed a separatist situation. Since then, Japan has been in constant war.^[3]^[10]

In Kanto, Kamakura Zulicheng's surname Disappointed with Guan Ling of Kanto, Shanxianzhong assassinated him. This triggered a long-term confrontation between the Guandong leader and the public side, leading the shogunate to send Junhe to guard Jinchuan Family They went to crusade and forced Zuli Cheng to move down Zonggu River, becoming the first generation Ancient river square 。（ The chaos of enjoying virtue ） After the war, Kanto emerged and got the leadership of Kanto Shangshan Supported Hori Yuegong Fang To make full use of political knowledge And Guhe Gongfang, who was supported by the Donghao people in Beiguan, fought against each other for nearly 30 years. In the future, due to the fact that he is a senior official of Shangshan Family in the mountains Long tail Jingchun Rebellion made Shangshan of Fangu take the opportunity to expand its strength, prompting Shangshan of the mountain to choose to fight against Shangshan of Fangu with Guhe Gongfang. In order to fight against Shangshan in the mountain, Shangshan in Fan Valley allied with Ishichang, which made the two sides fall back into Seesaw battle Medium. In 1491, he was eliminated by IshiChang because of the civil strife in Horiyue (i.e Hojo Soun ） Of Hou Beitiao As a result, the strength has greatly increased. Shortly afterwards, Shangshan Dingzheng's sudden death led to the decline of Shangshan's family in the Fan Valley. Later, Beitiao's family turned to attack Shangshan's family in the Fan Valley and eliminated Xiangmo Miura And occupy Odawara Castle And promoted the new situation of the North Tiaoshi after the joint confrontation between the two Shangshan Mountains. Later, Gang Geng, the second generation of the Beitiao family, invaded the state of Wu Zang, replacing the old Zuli and Liangshangshan families Guandong The strongest name.

In addition to Ishihiro rising in Guandong and becoming the representative of the famous in the new era, the following new powers have also emerged in various parts of Japan, even becoming the hero of one side. In China, Chuyun Guardians, Denizi's usurped guardianship Jingji In the future, his famous nun will take the place of Jingji and become the guardian of Chuyun. stay Nizi has a long history Before death, Nietzsche Expand into and Darnay Home supervisor, because overseas trade However, the thriving Tainei Yi Xing kept abreast of the other two Chinese giants, who were powerful in 11 countries. In the process of dual hegemony, An Yiguo people Gross profit Gradually absorb the strength of Nizi and Daiuchi, and multiply in the future Darnay Civil unrest Yandao Battle Knock down the powerful minister of Ohnai in the middle Tao Qingxian , become Local China The new overlord of.

In addition, Meinong guards Tuqi He was also expelled by an important official, Takumi Nagai, who later inherited the Saito family and changed his name to Saito Xiulong, the French name "Tao 3"（ Saito Daosan ）。 In the East China Sea, Tail sheet guard Spo's It is also a powerful power, and the guardian of Yancang and Qingzhou Zhitian Instead, an important official under the Zhitian family in the Qing Dynasty Zhitian Xinding 、 Nishita Father and son will gain real power in the future Oda Nobuna After inheriting the family business, he completely replaced the Spo family, Yancang Zhitian family and Qingzhou Zhitian family, and became the leader of Weizhang.

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Zu Liyihui, a thirteen generation general who was killed

In the Warring States Period of Japan, the confrontation between the rising emerging forces of Japan and the old giants never stopped, but the most tragic one was the general Zuli Yihui Killed. Respond to changes Xi Chuan, the leader of the central government, deposed from the post of general To make full use of Yicai Later, with the support of China's Taiming Dainei Yixing, after successfully overthrowing General Zu Liyicheng, he changed his name to Zu Liyichan and was reinstated as a general. It is adopted because it is beneficial and has no seed Former general Yicheng Second Son Zuli Yiwei He is an adopted son.

In 1518, Great Inner Righteousness Returning to the neighboring country, he lost the protection of Zuli Yichan, who was defeated by the leader Xichuan, and resigned from the post of general. The eldest son of former general Yicheng Enough benefit and righteousness Succession. Yiqing and Guan Ling Hosokawa Harumoto After a long period of disharmony, he dismissed the post of general in 1546, and the eldest son, Zu Liyihui, took over as the 13th generation general. Zuli Yihui is determined to revive the reputation of the shogunate, not only actively mediates disputes between various daimyo for many times, but also invites Shangshan Qianxin 、 Oda Nobuna Wait for your name to visit the shogunate general.

At this time, Guan Ling Xichuan was subjected to powerful officials Sanhao Changqing Seizing power, taking the shogunate as a puppet and holding real power, became one of the powerful celebrities at that time. After the death of Sanhao Changqing Matsunaga Hisahide In 1565, the Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao Sanhao San Nobutaka Koizumi And Tsukahara Bokuden Others taught swordsmanship, but Swordsman The general is famous, but he is still outnumbered and killed. They hold Yirong, the son of Liyiwei, as the 14th generation general. Zuli Yihui After his death, the Muromachi shogunate completely lost its real power and the opportunity of ZTE until the shogunate perished.

The Warring States Period was accompanied by fierce conflicts. kanto area There are two powerful names—— Takeda Shingen And Shangshan Qianxin. In 1553, 1555, 1557, 1561, and 12 years before and after 1564, the armies of Takeda and Shangshan focused on the territorial issue in Xinnong Alluvial plain (i.e“ Kawanakajima ”）Five wars or confrontations took place in the central region. Which broke out from October 17 to 18, 1561（ Yonglu September 9-10, four years) (Battle of Bafanyuan) It was the most intense war, and it was also the two sides of the war in the Warring States Period of Japan Casualty rate One of the highest battles. The Maori Yuan in the West is located between the two powerful forces of Tainei and Nizi, but as a generation A wise general He quickly rose up, eliminated Daiuchi and Nizi, and became the hegemon of the West.

The demise of the shogunate

Zhitian Xinchang is Weizhang State (Today Aichi North) Name of. With the strength of Wei Zhang, he defeated and killed the famous generals of Junhe, Yuanjiang and Sanhe, who led about 25000 troops, with 3000 troops in Tonghai Toshikawa Yiyuan （ Battle of Okehazama ） And rise. After the war, he chose Tokugawa Jiakang Alliance, put the goal of expanding territory in the name Saito Longxing The beauty of governance is strong in the country. At the initial stage, the progress of Nishida Shinchang's attack on Meinong was quite slow, until Nishida Shinchang succeeded in promoting Saito's important minister Meinong Three People The situation began to change after the defection.

Zhitian Xinchang, exiled Zuriyizhao

In September 1567, Nobunaga Zhitian captured Meinong Daoye Mountain City , renamed Daoye Mountain City Gifu City , and make World Martial Arts Zhu Yin began to unify Japan. Successfully established the 15th generation general the next year Full profit and justice , in ally Shallow well management With the help of Shangluo The goal of.

In 1570, General Zu Yizhao was dissatisfied Oda Nobuna Ignoring the attitude of the shogunate Benevolence Temple 、 Takeda Shingen 、 Shangshan Qianxin , Maori Yuanjiu, Asai Changzheng, three good people and Asakura Yoshikage And so on to form the so-called“ Xinchang encircling network ”, intended to jointly confront and eliminate Nobunaga Zhida. In 1571, Oda Nobunaga Birui Mountain Enryaku-ji Covering up Asai and Chaocang, who were enemies with him, and entering the mountain to burn down Yanli Temple of Birui Mountain, attracted criticism from Takeda Shinxuan and others, which was one of the events that caused great controversy when Shinzo was alive.

In 1572, Takeda Shinshon launched an army to attack the base areas of Tokugawa Kakang, Yuanjiang and Sanhe, in order to enter Beijing and defeat the allied forces of Tokugawa and Zhitian in the three fields （ Trilateral War of the Plains ）。 The next May, Takeda Shinxuan Shinano Foal field He died of illness and decided that his successor was his grandson, Takeda Xinsheng, whose father Takeda Shenglai Served as the representative of the array. In 1573, Makoto Zhida officially broke with Shogunate General Zu Liyizhao. Makoto attacked the two imperial offices where the shogunate was located, arrested Yizhao, and exiled him to Hanoi State Ruojiang City, Muromachi shogunate declared its demise. One hundred years before the Warring States Period in Japan Muromachi period Underline here Period , Japan entered Azuchi-Momoyama period 。^[3]

Politics

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Military statistics and government affairs

The Muromachi shogunate is administratively managed by the general. It has a "management leader" to assist the general. Generally, the three members of the Zuli family, Sibo, Xichuan and Heshan, take turns to serve as the leader“ Three management collar ”。 There are Samurai-dokoro 、 Inquiry and annotation office ， Administration Office And other institutions, and the waiter is the most important. The head of the waiting room is called "Suosi", which is held by Shan Ming, Yise, Jingji and Chisong, and is called the "four posts", responsible for the rule of the imperial family and administrative proceedings 。 The head of the "Enquiry and Annotation Office" is called "Deacon". In addition to keeping the records and documents of the shogunate, this institution is also responsible for the errors of documents perjury As well as the hearing of litigation such as the loss of certificates, the deacons are inherited from the descendants of Sanshan. The head of the government office is also called "deacon". This organization is different from the government office of the Kamakura shogunate. It only presides over the finance of the shogunate and deals with issues related to sales, loans, pledges, etc. The original deacon position was Second order Don Later, he was inherited by Ise. Although there is a "deacon deputy" to assist, Ishi has another "political deputy" to take charge of the practice, and the position is inherited by the Kuochuan family. In addition, as the previous generation“ Appraisers ”、“ Appraisers ”。

Muromachi shogunate duty schedule^[19]

Local control

Locally, there is a "Guandong Imperial House" in Kamakura, under which there are“ Guandong Management ”。 The Guandong Imperial House was originally in the charge of Yiquan, the eldest son of the Zun family, and later changed to the second son, Ji, and his descendants. Except that the guards are appointed and removed by the general, other affairs in Kanto are entrusted to the "Kanto management". Guandong Imperial Office has "Guandong Management Leader", "Assessor" and "Guide" Payer ”, "government office", "question note office", "waiting office", etc., are almost the same as the shogunate. Set up in Kyushu“ Probing into Jiuzhou ”， northeast region With“ Austrian exploration ”And“ Exploration of Yuzhou ”。

Like the Kamakura shogunate, they set up "guard" and "land" in various countries, but their nature is different. The Kamakura shogunate's guard and land are both Shogunate general The relationship between the two forms a master-slave relationship. In the Muromachi era, the guardians were mostly the same clan and powerful family ministers of the Fuji family. On the one hand, they have the right to judge lawsuits, deal with landless fields, collect taxes, and urge military service. At the same time, they continue to embezzle the manor, turning the people of the leader country into their own family members, and gradually developing into the guardian of the leader country.

In terms of finance, because the Muromachi shogunate did not completely rule the guard and the land, its economy mainly came from more than 200 directly administered areas scattered around the country“ Imperial Material Office ”, the general and his close officials "learned from the past"“ To the public ”Responsible for management as a "deputy official" and collecting " Gongmi ”"Annual tribute money" Cost of living And the salary of "acting officials". When necessary, they may not obey orders, although they also guard and tax countries. Therefore, it was necessary to set up a "customs office" in the key transportation roads of Gyeonggi, collect "customs money", or collect "subsidies" at the ferry. And to the "earth warehouse" inside and outside Kyoto（ pawnshop ）And "Wine House"（ tavern ）Levy "warehouse service" and "liquor house service". It is also protected by various places“ Takata ”Collect "Duan Qian" and "Dong Bie Qian" from "at home" people. If there is a temporary problem and the funds are insufficient, they should also borrow money from "virtuous people" (rich people). Therefore, the finance of the Muromachi shogunate was very unstable from beginning to end. In order to solve the problem of economic constraints, we carried out“ Kanhe Trade ”And gradually became an important source of revenue for the shogunate.

Economics

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Agriculture

During the Muromachi period, agriculture still ranked first in various industries, and because of the improvement of farmers' lives, some "servants" and "slaves" who were originally subordinate to the people were liberated, Production enthusiasm Greatly improved. And then technical progress Agricultural tool improvement, fertilizer variety diversification, commercial crops requirement The increase of other factors has also promoted the development of agriculture and made up for many losses caused by war.

With the land rent from labor Miscellaneous corvee After the form is changed to material object, various rural products processing industry It also flourished, and with the increase of technical personnel and products requirement expand, handicraft industry It presents a scene of prosperity. In the production of farming tools Residential buildings In addition to serving the lord, it can also meet the needs of ordinary farmers. Originally belonging to Gongqing, shrine and temple handicraftsman They also began to independently produce the products needed by the general public, and handicraft production centers were gradually formed in various regions.

Industry

In terms of industry, smelting, casting and textile are the first three industries with the largest demand and the largest number of skilled workers. Smelting and casting are not only the labor tools needed by farmers, but also the production places of various weapons. In addition, the swords made by them are also one of the main commodities in foreign trade. stay textile industry In terms of hemp and silk, it is worth mentioning. Before the "Yingren Rebellion", Kyoto was once the center of the textile industry Silk weaving It is already famous all over the country.

handicraft industry

With the development of handicraft industry and the increase of products, the exchange of different products has become increasingly frequent. The rural market has also changed from a temporary market to a regular market, which has always been three times a month“ Sanzhai City ”From the middle of the Muromachi era, it was changed to six times a month“ Liuzhai City ". There are stalls in the market that specialize in specific commodities -- market seats. Market management Some of the original lords became "Machi people" and established“ Leshi ”, removed Market tax With exclusivity The sales agent of. With the popularization of the fixed term market, a permanent Retail store Businessmen have officially become a new profession.

"Zuo", which originated at the end of the peace period, passed through Kamakura period By the Muromachi era, it had become very popular, and the more economically developed places there were, the more. such Industry Association They enjoy privileges in commodity trading and free passage of checkpoints. Due to the popularity and development of "seat", the types of industries have also increased, and the division of labor has become more and more detailed, which has promoted Commodity quality Improvement. After the "Yingren Rebellion", with the increase of businessmen entering the "seat", this closed association became an obstacle to free trade. During the Warring States Period, the nature of Zuo had changed due to the increase of the samurai power, which promoted the liberalization of Zuo people. Up to now, it has been due to the "happy city"“ Le Zuo ”The movement and most "seats" have been disbanded.

transportation

During the Muromachi period, the transportation developed rapidly due to the prosperity of commercial activities, and there were special goods moving for customers around the city transportation "Ma Borrow"“ Car borrowing ”。 Barges have appeared in the maritime traffic, and there are many with a capacity of 1000 stones. On land, in addition to general business travel, the number of ordinary people traveling abroad, especially those who patrol the shrines, has gradually increased.

During the Muromachi period, the city had the following characteristics: (1) centered on the castle where Daming lived, it formed a political and economic integration Chengxiacho ； (2) With the development of ports, a port city -- Gangcho has been formed; (3) With the popularization of religion and the development of the city centered on temples - Menqian cho; (4) Sumochang, a city developed by post stations; (5) Marketplace, an economic city emerging from the prosperity of commercial activities. At that time, there were political metropolises Kyoto, Kamakura and religious metropolises Nara.^[3]

Culture

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Philosophy

Muromachi culture is a fusion of various cultures in Japan. In this era, the cultural atmosphere is changing with each passing day. On the basis of traditional public culture, Wujia Culture become an independent school. In addition, Chinese people, farmers and even Machizhong The rising status has led to the birth of Rich and colorful The plebeian culture.^[11]

Later Enlightened Heavenly Emperor Doing Crown Prince I like to study Buddhism and Confucianism 。 After Xuanhui Fayin went to the court to teach Confucianism, he actually began to teach justice Zhu Zixue 。 Later Dihu Emperor to Zhu Sub science His emphasis has a long-term political purpose. He hopes to call on Zhu Zixue's name theory to encourage more Gongqing and warriors to rise up and work hard to regain their lost rights when the shogunate is weak. Later, the Emperor Tihu not only publicized the theory of Zhu Zi in the palace, but also used the Confucian rostrum as a cover to combine the secrets of his trusted followers to prepare for the fall of the curtain. So History of Japan On“ Jianwu Zhongxing ”It is closely related to Zhu Zixue.^[11]

Beihe's mother's house He was an important official loyal to the Southern Dynasty. He wrote it in 1339 after the death of the Emperor Latihu《 The orthodoxy of the god emperor 》Its fundamental intention is to illustrate the legitimacy of the Southern Dynasty's rule. In his book, he wrote that the continuity of Japanese imperial orthodoxy reflects that Japan is a divine country, and the origin of royal orthodoxy lies in that its ancestors are gods. The view of "inheriting virtue as orthodoxy" in the book is also the result of the influence of other countries' thoughts.

participate in Ashikaga Takauji The people who formulated the administrative program Jianwu Style Goals, Have original Kamakura Bakufu The "pacification of the public" is the round and true benefits. It pursues Taitian Qilang Zuoweimen, Mingshi Minbu Doctor Xinglian, and Bushiyan Sanlang entering the Taoism, and the Confucian scholars Hino Fujifan, Master Xuanhui, etc. 《 Kemmu shikimoku 》The main contents include prohibition of extravagance, frugality, suppression of atrocities, prohibition of bribery, and selection of talents and officials, which are obviously guided by Confucianism.

literature

Since the decline of Confucianism centered on Gongqing in the Ping An era, it has been replaced by Zen Confucianism centered on the Five Mountain Buddhist monks. because Buddhist classics They are all written in Chinese, so Sinology becomes a monk Compulsory courses 。 However, Sinology in this period was based on the study of human nature philosophical theories of Song scholars Mainly. In addition to the need to spread Zen, Zen monks also learn Song learning from the daily needs of Zen's internal life. The Daily Use Documents of Zen Forest Multi use Chinese Characters“ rhythmical prose characterized by parallelism and ornateness ”Body. This kind of parallel and lithe style of four or six prose often quotes scriptures and classics. In addition to quoting Zen quotations, it also quotes a large number of Confucian classics, various schools of thought and even Chinese literature Works. To cope with the daily life of Wushan, Zen monks should not only learn to write four or six parallel prose, but also memorize many classics. Therefore, Wushan Han literature has never been more prosperous. At that time, the Five Mountain Zen Forest was quite similar to China, especially advocating Huafeng His poems and essays also kept pace with those of the literati in Yuan and Ming dynasties.^[3]

Yujia Grass Seed This kind of works is aimed at the old, weak, women and children. Most of them are easy to understand essays. The contents are mostly anthropomorphic myths, legends, nursery rhymes, and strange stories. They advocate that no matter who comes from high or low, if you are talented, you can become famous, reflecting the voice and aspirations of ordinary people.

renga At first, it was a kind of folk art that was popular among the public because of its fresh and free theme, which laid the foundation for the emergence of Haiku in the Edo era.

Around the 12th century Sanyue After being introduced to Japan, it became Sarugaku , in the Muromachi period Kanami 、 Zeami The improvement and innovation of father and son evolved into noh 。 Nengle is a composite art that draws on the strengths of others and still retains many Chinese culture Nearly one third of its tracks are from Chinese themes. Compared with Nengle, Raving The commoner nature of "" is more obvious. The themes are mostly taken from daily life, and the content is funny. It pursues a humorous, popular, and entertaining effect, and often performs on the same stage with Nengle.

Architecture

Golden Pavilion of Full Benefit

The symbol of Beishan culture is Ashikaga Yoshimitsu The Golden Pavilion built in Kyoto reflects the traditional public culture and Zen culture Two phase compatibility of.^[12] At the same time, it was deeply influenced by the Ming Dynasty. In this culture, it not only includes the trend of the upper class such as generals and guardians at that time, but also reflects the close communication with the mainland since the previous generation Linji Sect Under the protection of the shogunate, it was established as the "Five Mountains System" by the general's family and became increasingly prosperous.

The symbol of Dongshan culture is Justice and justice In Kyoto Zuojing District The silver pavilion built. The Silver Pavilion is a two-story building. The lower floor is made of books, and the upper floor is Tang Feng Tower. Dongshan culture inherits the tradition of Beishan culture, but compared with the gorgeous color of Beishan culture, it respects the spirit of elegant life and pursues the realm of dry, light, secluded and mysterious.

The typical building is the city wall, which is characterized by integrating office and residence fortification In addition, there are several moats and stone walls around it, which are magnificent and magnificent. It is the symbol of the city owner's rights, represented by the God Pavilion. Second, residential buildings are popular“ Academy Building ”The Tang Clan of Juledi and Dade Temple can be its representatives.

Tea ceremony

Chinese tea The eastward spread of can be traced back to kentoshi However, the tea drinking custom is really popular in Japan, thanks to Eisai Written《 A Record of Eating Tea for Health 》(1211). sixteenth century Qianlixiu Advocate "Tuo Tea", unique to Japan Tea ceremony Is formed. Japanese tea ceremony Advocate the realm of "harmony and respect for silence", teahouse It basically belongs to the academy style.^[13]

military

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During the Muromachi shogunate period, the power of other shogunate institutions was compressed, while the power of the chamberlain was expanded. In addition to assisting the general in managing the life and death rewards and punishments of his subordinates, the chamberlain was even responsible for managing the security of heart cities such as Kyoto, which further expanded its power. Its influence has penetrated into all aspects of the country, and no longer only stays in the system of martial power institutions. During the Muromachi shogunate period, the position of the chief of the courtroom was held by General Fuji, the head of Yamashita, Akamatsu and Kyoki, two of the "entrepreneurial" heroes. These four were called "four posts". They were all powerful guardians of several countries' territories, and served as the head of the Muromachi shogunate Spo's 、 Hosokawa 、 Heshan (The Spo family, Hosokawa family, and Hatasama family are called "three leaders" or "three posts".) Also called "three leaders and four posts", they are the power core of the Muromachi shogunate. Later, after the general of the Muromachi shogunate became weaker, he served as the guard of the chief of the courtroom. For their own interests, he often used his power to mobilize the army to fight and open up Japan in chaos Sengoku 。^[14]

nation

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Ancient Japan also held a contemptuous attitude towards Ryukyu and other neighboring nations and countries, Dabao Law Lieutenant General the Ainu people , Falcon people and Ryukyu are regarded as "barbarians" and are not influenced by the favor of the Emperor.^[15]

International Relations

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the ming dynasty

Kanhe Trade

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang The following year, he sent a group of seven people, including Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, to Japan and took them to give The King of Japan Of Seal book One. At that time, the diplomatic envoys of the Ming Dynasty negotiated with Bodo 、 Dazhai Mansion Japan's Southern Dynasty's Expedition to the West Shogun general Prince Huailiang 。 Prince Huailiang was not friendly to the envoys of the Ming Dynasty, and five of them were killed. Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua were detained for three months before being released. In 1370, the Ming Dynasty sent Laizhou Tongzhi Zhao Zhi and other officials issued an edict to Japan. Since then, envoys of the Ming Dynasty have received a lot of courtesy. Later, Huailiang sent Monk Zu as the envoy to the Ming Dynasty to pay tribute to the famous horses and square objects, and sent back more than 70 looted people in the Ming and Taiwan prefectures.

It can be seen from the fast change of Huai Liang's attitude towards the envoys of the Ming Dynasty that his initial disrespect to the envoys of the Ming Dynasty was mainly due to his lack of understanding of the change of the Chinese dynasty at that time, rather than his upsurge, as some scholars said“ Theocratic ideology ”As a result, Huailiang, in terms of domestic and foreign situations at that time, did not have the strength and necessity to confront the powerful Ming government.^[16]

In 1372, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty He also sent 8 people, including Zhong Youzuchan and Wu Yikeqin, to visit Japan with him. During his stay in Japan, the Ming envoy and the third generation general of the Shogunate of Zuri Ashikaga Yoshimitsu The contacts were made, which laid a good foundation for Sino Japanese exchanges in the Ming Dynasty. It was in 1401 that Zuli Yiman formally sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty. Zua and Feifu were affected by righteousness Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty The hospitality of. When he returned to China, the Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent Tianlun Taoism Yi and Yi'an as escorting envoys, and formally conferred Zu Liyiman the title of "King of Japan". Yiman was extremely attentive to the envoys of the Ming Dynasty. He went to take Tianjin in person Hyogo Welcome the boat, burn incense and kneel down, Three salutations Later, I began to visit the Ming Dynasty National credentials , and in its Table text Shang called himself "Japanese King Chenyuan".^[17]

Zuri Yiman passed away in May 1408. After the "sweet" period established by Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty and Zuri Yiman Full benefit and righteousness The succession to the general was interrupted. As for the reason for discontinuing the presentation of tribute, Zu Liyichi explained to the Ming Dynasty: "Since the opening of the country, everything has listened to the gods"; "Spiritual God entrusted people to declare that China has not been courtier to foreign countries since ancient times"; He also said that he would change the policy of Yiman, "I will not accept foreign missions in the future. I will warn my descendants to stick to it."

In order to strive for Asia Of political status , and we can't have a thorough showdown with the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the reason for breaking off the friendship is the divine will of Japan, not the will of people. However, the real reason lies in the contradiction between the shogunate and the royal family (public), as well as the contradiction within the shogunate.

In the first month of 1429, Righteous and Beneficial Doctrine He succeeded the sixth generation general and restored the Tribute ship 。

the Ming dynasty Sino Japanese relations The word "Kanhe" is often mentioned in. Japanese dispatch Dispatch Ming Emissary Generally, the ship has to fill in "Kanhe" (not the first two times), and the envoys sent by the Ming government to Japan to perform reward tasks or other tasks also often have "Kanhe". Therefore, the word "Kanhe" is almost synonymous with each other.

Historically, it was usually carried out in China tribute trade The Japanese ship of. Self sufficiency Rightman sent the first Ming boat in 1401. By the last time in 1547, Japan had sent 19 Ming boats in nearly a century and a half. The first to the eighth times can be regarded as the establishment period of the tribute trade, which is Shogunate general Exclusive; The 9th to 17th times can be called the development period, so as to Temple Community , mainly to protect the operation of Daming; The last two times are called Recession period , for Darnay Monopoly. In addition to the first time, the other 18 times of sending Ming Chuan Zheng envoys were all accomplished Sinology Five Mountain Zen Monk. They not only successfully completed the task of paying tribute to the Ming Dynasty, but also left many stories in the history of cultural exchanges between the two countries japanese pirates Form a sharp contrast.

Japanese aggression

In the Syrian Muromachi period external relations The question of Japanese pirates must be mentioned. The so-called Japanese pirates are from Korea to Korea Li Chao , from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty Korean Peninsula To the rampant Japanese pirate groups off the coast of China.

Traditionally, the academic circles generally divided the Japanese pirates' activities into two periods, namely, the early period from the middle of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th century, and the late period in the second half of the 16th century. In this division, time is not the main criterion, but the two periods of Japanese pirates are very different in nature.

In the early days, although there may be very few non Japanese people, most of them are Japanese. They are usually ordered and organized by their lords, daimyo or landlords to plunder the Korean Peninsula and China coastal areas Of food, sailors, and labor. In view of the two pronged policy of the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty Yongle With the normalization of diplomatic relations between the DPRK and China and Japan, the large-scale activities of Japanese pirates have nearly subsided, but sporadic harassment and looting have almost never stopped, which has brought serious disasters to the people in the southeast coast of China.

The Japanese pirates in the later period were different from those in the earlier period in terms of personnel composition and looting. "Three out of ten real Japanese pirates and seven out of ten Japanese pirates" is a popular saying in the academic circles about the late Japanese pirates. However, this statement is not comprehensive enough. In the later period, the Japanese pirates organized, planned and robbed Implementers , mainly Japanese. Some of the Chinese, who accounted for a certain proportion of the population, were coastal people who rebelled at that time ruling class Most of them were forced by Japanese pirates to act as cannon fodder. From the point of view of looting, people usually only rob big families or retaliate against officials. Therefore, the scope of plundering is also different from that of the earlier period. In addition to going deep into the interior, there is also the phenomenon of plundering several counties.

The Influence of Ming Dynasty Culture on Japan

The culture of the Ming Dynasty influenced Japan mainly through two ways. The first is the communication of characters, which can be divided into three types. The first is the monks who came to China in twos and threes by merchant ship before the Yongle Dynasty (1403-1424). Their purpose is the same as that of the monks in the Yuan Dynasty, not so much to study doctrine of Zen Buddhism , rather than come Experience China Live in the jungle, enjoy Chinese customs, and learn to write poems comparable to those in the Ming Dynasty. Because they stayed in Ming Dynasty for a long time, they made great contributions to the transplantation of Chinese literature and other cultures Juehai Zhongjin and Ru Lin Liang Zuo People are most famous; The second is the monks who entered the Ming Dynasty with the mission of Japan. Although they are envoys, there are many people who are good at poetry and literature. Although they have not been in the Ming Dynasty for a long time, but only for one or two years, there are people who have won a high reputation in China. Such as Zhong Fangzhong Zhengfeng Cheng Zu Mandate writing“ Yongle Coin ”Qian Wen; Xuanshu in Gui'an Temple Every poem is recited Yilin , known as the style of flourishing Tang Dynasty; sesshu When Yang was commissioned by the minister, Duke Yao, to paint murals for the Ritual Department Academy, Emperor Ming saw it and thought it was a treasure of the world, and ordered him to be the first one of Tiantong Mountain, etc; The third kind is the people of the Ming Dynasty who crossed Japan. Most of them are eminent monks who are famous for their knowledge and morality. Although they stayed in Japan for a short time, they extensively communicated with Japanese scholars, especially the Wushan monks, who wrote poems, prefaces, revisions, lectures, etc. for their Japanese counterparts, and brought a lot of fresh excitement to Japanese poetry and academia.

However, a culture only depends on Personnel mobility To spread and inherit Timeliness And limitations. Therefore, as human beings material civilization and Spiritual civilization Highly crystallized books should be the most ideal communication tool. This is it. Ming Dynasty Culture The second way to influence Japan.

The first example of asking for books was in 1402 Rudong At the time of crossing, Japanese monk Qiyang Fang Xiu asked for books such as Hua Yan Qing Liang Guo Shi Da Shu, Jin Shuiyuan Shi Jie Ju Jing Zhu Zhe, Yan Yi Chao, Wen Wen, Guifeng Xing Yuan Pin Ji, Yuan Ren Fa Wei Lu, Chan Yuan Quan Du Xu, etc; In 1408 (the 15th year of Ying Yong), when Japanese envoys returned home, they asked the Ming government to grant them Empress Renxiao "Persuading Kindness" and "Internal Training" written by Two books 100 copies each; In 1468, when Zuli Yizheng sent envoys, he ordered Ruixi Zhou Feng to record 18 kinds of petition directories on the attachment; In 1477, the righteous government sent Ming envoys to ask for gifts again《 Buddha series 》、《 Teaching multiplication numbers 》, "Three Treasures"《 Fayuan Zhulin 》12 classics. At that time, other books introduced into Japan were Hanmo Quanshu《 Unified Annals of the Ming Dynasty 》, Official System of the Ming Dynasty《 Seven Books of Martial Arts Classic 》Wait.^[18]

A large number of Chinese books were imported to Japan Chinese Literature A fresh stimulus and excitement played a greater role in the Chinese language written by the Five Mountain Monks.

The influence of the Ming Dynasty culture on Japan is also shown in Typography , medicine, etiquette, arts and crafts, food and many other fields.^[3]

Ryukyu

Ryukyu and the ming dynasty There was a master-slave relationship and frequent tribute to the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Bodo in the north of Kyushu had become East Asia The entrepot of trade. Ryukyu's ships came from Bodo and Kagoshima Tefangjin, etc Port , will Nanyang Spices, medicinal materials dyestuff And then purchase swords from Japan Folding fan 、 sulfur Sulfonate, copper and other goods are resold all over Nanyang. Ryukyu merchant ship to Siam , Annan Sumatra , Java and other places are very active in trade. During this period, more and more Japanese merchant ships went to Ryukyu. The products imported from Ryukyu to South Asia were also transferred to the Ming Dynasty and North Korea for sale through these Japanese merchants.

Until the Ming Dynasty Jiajing In the middle of the s (1522-1566), due to the harassment of Japanese pirates, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Ryukyu was estranged, and Japan, which had always maintained a close relationship with Ryukyu, took the opportunity to have a close relationship with Ryukyu Samo The traffic between is gradually frequent.

In August 1588, when Shimadzu Yihong When he went to Kyoto to visit Xiuji, Xiuji told him that he intended to make Ryukyu a home. So at the end of the same year, Yihong sent Long Xue, a monk of Daci Temple, to Ryukyu to convey Xiuji's will. At this time, Xiuji again urged him to pay tribute and repair his post. In 1589, Japan urged Ryukyu to send an envoy to Japan, otherwise it would send troops to Japan. Shangning Shortly after he ascended the Ryukyu throne, he sent an envoy to Samo to write a letter and offer something to repair peace. Shimadzu Accompany Ryukyu envoys to visit Xiuji, and Xiuji is delighted. Later Xiuji taught himself a book, Shang Ning, and said that he would invade the Ming Dynasty within a few years, and Ryukyu should also send troops to the meeting. In 1591, Shimadzu sent a letter to Shang Ning, pointing out that Customs He was about to invade North Korea and ordered Ryukyu Affairs to transport the food of 7500 people for ten months to Fangjin before February next year, and then tried to transport them to Korea. After receiving this book, the officials in Ryukyu were indignant and agreed that Japan's unreasonable request should be rejected. Xiuji sent a letter to Shang Ning, saying, "I humbled myself and practiced in order to win the victory over Japan. Since more than 60 states have been in charge, they have all congratulated each other far and near Ryukyu He has a small territory and is far away from the danger. He has not paid tribute, so I hereby tell you that I will attack Korea first in the next spring, and Eryi will lead troops to the meeting. If you don't use life, kill the country first and burn all stones. " The face of the invaders was exposed, which was annexed by Japan in the future Ryukyu Lay the foreshadowing.^[3]

occident

In the late Muromachi era, the whole world was in the period of great navigation. Therefore, the encounter between Japan and the West was inevitable. The first westerners who arrived in Japan were Portuguese. They brought western artifacts, religion, scientific and technological knowledge, and painted a layer on the traditional oriental Muromachi culture Western Civilization The strange color of. As early as 1543, heading from Guangdong Ningbo Of Frang machine (Portugal) people who met a hurricane near Ningbo and were drifted to the place about 20 kilometers south of Dayu Peninsula in the south of Kyushu Seed Island Shore, Suijiang“ Iron cannon ”It spread eastward to Japan. Only two or three years after the iron cannon was spread to Japan, it began to be made in places such as Genlai, Sakai, and the State, thus changing Japan's tactics.

The Portuguese's trade with Japan also brought opportunities for the spread of Western culture. On August 15, 1549, Jesuit missionaries Francis Xavier Landing in Kagoshima by commercial ship indicates that a storm of foreign civilization is coming. After Sha Wulue, Catholic missionaries came in a stream. They used trade as bait to persuade the daimyo to be baptized, thus gaining the right to preach in the daimyo field. Catholic believers in Japan are not only Daimyo and Samurai, but also businessmen, farmers, fishermen and other broad classes. Catholicism propagation velocity The speed and the wide influence are amazing. The main reasons for this are: the great names of the Warring States Period used Catholicism to strengthen their economic and political strength; Japanese missionary methods; Build a broad society a philanthropic undertaking ； Conform to the popular sentiment; The subjective efforts of the Jesuits. in addition to, The Renaissance Science and technology created in post Europe Humanistic thought After the 16th century, there was an irresistible trend of other advanced civilizations. All cultures introduced from the West during this period, whether tangible or intangible, material or spiritual, are called“ southern barbarians Culture ". Mainly including Religious thought 、 Ethics , science and technology, and cultural education wait.

In religious thought, Catholicism believes in the only God and opposes idolatry And ancestral beliefs, assertions Theocracy higher than Monarchical power 。 Therefore, the spread of this idea in Japan means that it will shake the Japanese religious belief 。 Ethically, Catholicism advocates equality between men and women Personal freedom 、 Monogamy , attach importance to Chastity Oppose lewdness. Therefore, many phenomena in Japan have been criticized and attacked by Catholicism.

For missionary purposes, the Catholic Church geography , calendar calculation Surveying etc. scientific knowledge The introduction of Japan has greatly broadened the Japanese horizon. In addition, Catholic missionaries also actively set up in various parts of Japan missionary school And made many contributions to the cultural and educational cause of the whole people in Japan. They also introduced western art into Japan, bringing infinite vitality to the development of Japanese national art.

Sociology

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Samurai class

Muromachi period It is an era of strength supremacy, and the size of a warrior's territory, power, and status all depends on his strength. In fact, the relationship between master and subordinate has become a relationship of strength, with the strong as the main force and the weak as the subordinate. Pedis General and shugo daimyō The so-called master-slave relationship is also a balance of power. Once the power is unbalanced, the guard of Daming will fight with the general by force, and the same is true between the guard of Daming and their subordinate warriors. get into Sengoku After, Name of the Warring States Period There is no subordinate relationship with the general at all, and the big names of the Warring States Period are opposed to the general. Their ruling region is actually an independent kingdom, Dominion , sovereignty, military power executive power Legislative power is all independent. Therefore, in the Warring States Period, there was an impact History of Japan Phenomenon of“ Lower gram upper ”The real meaning of the so-called "Xiakeshang" is that the lower level replaces the higher level, the family divides and usurps the master's family, the family ministers destroy the master, and the peasants expel the warriors. "Xiakeshang" has also become the biggest feature of this era.^[14]

Rural autonomy

large Name owner Class is originally in the manor system direct control Zhuang Min The lowest level exploiter of. Due to the development of commodity economy and Usury Due to exploitation and other reasons, a considerable number of famous owners cannot make a living and have to sell Mingtian And the name of the leader. In this way, many of the old daimyos have degenerated into minor daimyos Owner farmer Or ordinary Zhuang people. However, the newly emerged lords are no longer the original lords. Their inherited rights from the old lords are to pay to the lords nengu nothing more. The class of famous masters has no real name, and the famous fields have also existed in name.

After the Middle Ages, the tenant farmers with strong labor force were eager to cultivate the wilderness in the manor after work. Although the reclaimed land was still restricted by the lord, they were allowed to pay annual tribute and Taxes and corvees , and allow the reclaimer Free trade Farming rights, therefore, actually become farmers' privately owned farmland 。 In this way, a number of owner peasants emerged. In addition, the differentiation of the landlord class has produced a large number of minor landlords and ordinary people, who are also part of the owner peasants.

In order to defend themselves during the war, deal with the additional demands of the lord, and strive for and protect the mountain forests and water sources that they use together, the countryside in this period gradually strengthened its unity and formed an autonomous rural system - "Soh". It is essentially Manorial system New internal growth Social system It is both an agreement institution in production and a farmer social activities Of organizer And mentors.^[3]

Peasant First Coyett

In the long period of turmoil, the majority of lower class farmers suffered the most. Therefore, in the Muromachi era, the struggle of farmers against the government and rulers never stopped. This struggle is called“ ikki ”。 It can also be divided into doikki He Guo is a fine scholar. The most important Coyett was the "virtuous government Coyett" since 1428. On September 18 this year, Near the river country The peasant uprising in Tihu Township, with the slogan of "rule of virtue", has been widely responded to. At that time, "the local people all over the world swarmed Moral decree , broken Wine House Silos. The temple and other sundries were stolen. Borrow money, etc. Success or failure of management and leadership. The foundation of national subjugation cannot be crossed. It is the first time that the natives have sprung up since Japan was founded. "

In August 1441, the scale of the virtuous government of Coyett grew even larger. Tens of thousands of peasants surrounded Kyoto in the suburbs. The city was full of notices saying "Do not hand over debts, but set fire to them". The shogunate had to issue a "virtuous government order", announcing the cancellation of all peasants' debts. On September 14, the shogunate further issued the "Average Virtue Policy Order of a Country", which abolished all debts regardless of status.

In December 1485, Yamashiro A Coyett happened mainly because“ nin War ”Later, the governor of Hetashan of the eastern army and the governor of Hetashan of the western army fought with the mountain city as the center. The countrymen and farmers in the battlefield held a huge rally and strongly demanded that the two armies withdraw. In this large-scale resistance struggle, Chinese people, with the support of farmers, achieved autonomy and maintained their rule for eight years.

In June 1488, Gaga （ Shichuan County ）Based on the religious doctrine“ One Coyett ”, defeated the name of guardian, controlled the country, and practiced autonomy for nearly a hundred years.

The above-mentioned activities of the countrymen and peasants united against the government in one Coyett had something to do with the rise of autonomous geographical organizations. However, the political awakening of the people was the fundamental reason for the constant emergence of one Coyett.^[3]

General of all dynasties

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generation	name	Hospital No	official position	reign
one	Ashikaga Takauji	Waiting hospital	Positive binary Quan Da Nayan	August 11, 1338 - April 30, 1358
two	Ashikaga Yoshiakira	Treasure basket yard	Positive binary Quan Da Nayan	December 8, 1358 - December 7, 1367
three	Ashikaga Yoshimitsu	Luyuan Yard	From one Minister of Supreme Government	December 30, 1368 - December 17, 1394
four	Full benefit and righteousness	Shengding Hospital	From one Naidaijin	December 17, 1394 - March 18, 1423
five	Sufficient benefit quantity	Changde Yard	Positive four position lower Attend the Right Guard Lieutenant General Quan	March 18, 1423 - February 27, 1425
six	Righteous and Beneficial Doctrine	General broadcasting institute	From one Sadaijin	March 15, 1429 - June 24, 1441
seven	Full benefit and righteousness win	Qingyun Yard	From Four Left near guard lieutenant general	November 7, 1442 - July 21, 1443
eight	Justice and justice	Cizhao Hospital	From one Sadaijin	April 29, 1449 - December 19, 1473
nine	Full benefit and righteousness	Changde Academy	From one Naidaijin	December 19, 1473 - March 26, 1489
ten	To make full use of Yicai	Huilin Hospital	From one Quan Da Nayan	July 5, 1490 - June 29, 1493
eleven	Full benefit and clear righteousness	French hospitalization	From three participate in policy-making discussion	December 27, 1494 - April 16, 1508
twelve	Full benefit free planting ①	-	-	July 1, 1508 - December 25, 1521
thirteen	Enough benefit and righteousness	Wansong Yard	From three Quan Da Nayan	December 25, 1521 - December 20, 1546
fourteen	Zuli Yihui	Light Source Institute	From three Counselor Zuo Jinwei Lieutenant General	December 20, 1546 - May 19, 1565
fifteen	Full benefit and righteousness	Guangde Academy	From Five Left Horsehead	February 8, 1568 - end of September 1568
sixteen	Full profit and justice	Lingyang Yard	From three Quan Da Nayan	October 18, 1568 - January 13, 1588 ②
Note: ① The 12th generation general and the 10th generation general are the same person, so it is generally believed that there are only 15 generations of general in Muromachi shogunate. This is a wrong view. There are 16 generations of generals who are 15. ② On January 13, 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi announced the "assistant appointment of minister", that is, the official demise of the Muromachi shogunate. In general, the day of exile of the general on July 18, 1573 was regarded as the day of the actual demise of the Muromachi shogunate.

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