Temperature of the universe refers to the general term of the temperature of all substances in the whole universe.Because the universe temperature is measured in a wide range of fields, there are huge differences in temperature values.
Up to one billion of the Big BangcentigradeHigh temperature, down toAbsolute zero, all belong to the temperature range of the universe.
Chinese name
Cosmic temperature
Foreign name
Temperature of the universe
Definition
The temperature of all substances in the universe
Solar surface temperature
6000℃
Role
The difference between hot and cold determineslifeThe existence of
In the whole universe, temperature exists everywhere.Whether on the earth or on the moon, whether on the hot sun or coldPlutoAll this is due tospatial location There are differences in temperature.For example, the surface temperature of the sun is 6000 ℃, while the surface temperature of Pluto, which is far away from the sun in the solar system, is only - 230 ℃.Another example is the legendary Altair and Vega. They are just small bright spots in the night sky, but how can one suddenly think that the highest surface temperature of Altair is 8000 ℃,VegaThe maximum temperature of the surface of is 10000 ℃, which is really a "star in love".
Cosmic temperature
It is precisely because the cold and hot of the planets in the universe are different that the existence of life is determined.Think about it, if human beings want to go to the sun, they will be incinerated before they reach it;Think again, if human beings want to be coldPlutoGo, I'm afraid that people have already frozen into ice corpses in the cold temperature before their first breath is completed.Of course, in such a huge universe, life can exist as long as the location is appropriate.The Earth is a typical example.Some people say that the birth of life on the earth is accidental, but it is also inevitable.The birth of the first living cell is full of the mind of the "Creator", of which temperature is one of the indispensable factors.Because only at the appropriate temperature can the chemical reaction normally decompose or reorganize substances, and today's beautiful world mountains, rivers, green trees, red flowers... has the birth of life.
Temperature is the sign of molecular average function, which determines whether a system is in thermal equilibrium with other systemsphysical quantityIts basic feature is that all systems that are heat balanced with each other have the same temperature.For example, when the temperature is low, the vibration speed of molecules and atoms is very low, and the molecules and atoms that cannot be freed become smaller, so the distance between molecules is smaller. At this time, the substance is liquid.But as the temperature keeps rising,Molecular motionIt is very intense, and the distance between molecules becomes larger. At this time, the substance is a gas.The whole world is so wonderful because these different molecules and atoms change at different temperatures.The temperature is generally lower in the space of the universe.
In real life, people are usually familiar with the temperature range from - 9 ℃ to 61 ℃, that is, the temperature change range on the earth's surface. In fact, there are many things about temperature in the universe that have been known by humans, but we are not familiar with it. This article will provide readers with a part of the information from the coldest - 273.15 ℃ (absolute zero)Let's understand the knowledge of the hottest 500 million ℃.
Presence temperature
Announce
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Absolute zero
-273.15 ℃ absolute zero
universe
Absolute zeroThe beginning of the absolute temperature scale is the temperature limit, which is equivalent to - 273.15 ℃. When this temperature is reached, all atomic and molecular heat movements will stop.This is an approach that cannot be reachedMinimum temperature。In 1926, humans got a low temperature of 0.71K, 1933 got a low temperature of 0.27K, and 1957 created a low temperature of 0.00002KUltralow temperaturerecord.At present, people have even got a low temperature that is only 30 millionths of a degree from absolute zero, but it is still impossible to get absolute zero.
If there isAbsolute zero, can it be detected?Is there an instrument for measuring temperature that can measure absolute zero without interfering with the system under test (if the system under test is interfered with, the atoms will move, so it is not absolute zero)?It is true that absolute zero can not be measured by calculation. Research shows that when the temperature decreases, the molecular activity will slow down. Then it is calculated that when the temperature drops to absolute zero, the molecule is static, so the concept of absolute zero is derived.
-Cosmic microwave background radiation at 270.15 ℃
The cosmic microwave background radiation is left over by the "Big Bang"Cosmic spaceThermal radiation, reflectingCosmic ageIn the condition of only 380000 years, its value is 3K close to absolute zero.
In cold space, the temperature of interstellar dust can be as low as - 260 ℃.
-250 ℃ cryogenic rocket engine
Indian Space Research OrganizationThe experiment succeeded in a low temperaturerocket engineThe fuel temperature of the engine is - 250 ℃.Driven by the enginetop speedReaching 40000 rpm marks that India's space research level has crossed an important milestone.
From PlutosunlightThe sun is just a shininglight spotThe light and heat it receives from the sun are only tens of thousands of times that the earth receives from the sun. Therefore, Pluto is a very cold and dark world.maximum temperatureIt is - 210 ℃, and the minimum temperature is - 240 ℃.Except PlutoNeptuneIt can also reach - 240 ℃.
In 1898, scientists first got a low temperature of - 240 ℃ in the laboratory. At this time, hydrogen becameliquid hydrogen。
-230 ℃ non-metallic magnetism
Non metallic materialsIt can also show magnetism at low temperaturemagnetSuitable for manufacturing new computersstorage device, insulation equipment, etc.But such materials will lose their magnetism when the temperature exceeds a certain limit.At present,critical temperatureThe highest non-metallic magnet is about - 230 ℃, which can only be increased to - 208 ℃ even if high pressure is applied.
The "Uranus Day" of one rotation of Uranus is about 17 hours and 14 minutes. Because of the rapid rotationJupiterEvidently show east-west stripes.Because it is far from the sun,Uranian Atmosphere The temperature at the upper end of the cloud is about - 220 ℃, and the surface showsLight blue。
Tau Cetus is the nearest to the earth except the sunSun like star, only 12 light years away from the sun, the brightness is about 3.5, which can be seen with the naked eye.It is surrounded by dust andcometDust panDiameter ratiosolar systemThe temperature is only about - 210 ℃, which may be caused byasteroidAnd comets.
becausesurface temperature At - 200 ℃, Titan is not a place where life can be generated, but its denseatmosphereContains manyhydrocarbon。They pass through the sunultravioletCan generatechemical reaction。Photochemical reactionCan produceOrganic moleculeThese carbon based compounds are the first step to produce life.But Titan is too cold to take the next step.It's like aDeep freezingThe earth has gone.In five billion years, it will get the heat needed to produce life, because then the sun will expand into a glowingRed Giant。But at that time, as the sun has entered the twilight of life, life has probably been too late to produce.
-Strange phenomenon at 190 ℃
The cold world is likemagicianAll kinds of substances have undergone wonderful changes.Air will becomewathetLiquid, if you put eggs in it, it will produce light blue fluorescence, and it will bounce off like a leather ball when dropped on the ground;Bright flowers will turn into glass when they are put into it. A gentle knock will make a "jingle" sound, and then a heavy knock will break, and a fish will be fished out of the fishbowlGoldfishHead down into the liquid, the goldfish will become hard and transparent when taken out again, as ifCrystal glassThen put the "glass goldfish" back into the water of the aquarium. Strangely, the goldfish came back to life and swam with its gossamer tail.
-180 ℃ "dream fiber" - Kainra fiber
The performance of Kainra fiber is better than that of steel and alloy. It is called "dream fiber". The strength of this liquid crystal fiber is 5 times that of steel and 10 times that of aluminum,glass fibreIt can be used continuously at about - 180 ℃.It is mainly used for aircraftStructural materials、Radial tire, hull, sports equipment, protective clothing, cables, etc.For example: the United StatesBoeing aircraftThe company's 767 airliner uses 3 tons of Kainra fiber andGraphite fibrePromiscuouscompound material, reducing the weight of the fuselage by 1 ton, andBoeing 727Compared with aircraft,fuel consumptionSave 30%.
Mercury, the closest planet to the sun, has an average distance of 57.9 million kilometers from the sun. It is the closest planet to the sun.Its surface temperature difference is the largest. Because there is no regulation of the atmosphere, the maximum temperature on the sunny side can reach 430 ℃, but the nighttime temperature on the sunny side can drop to - 160 ℃, and the temperature difference between day and night is nearly 600 ℃. This is a world between fire and ice.The temperature change is so great that there is no life on Mercury.
-150 ℃ Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet in the solar system. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It can hold 1300 Earths in its interior. Its density is low, and its weight is only 317 times that of the Earth.Jupiter is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium.Jupiter is far from the sun and its surface temperature reaches - 150 ℃;The heat emitted from the interior of Jupiter is more than twice that it receives from the sun.
-Low temperature processing of rubber products with liquid nitrogen at 140 ℃
Rubber productsIt is a polymer elastic material that is difficult to degrade, and it can be crushed into fine materials with wide applicationsColloidal powderVery difficult.At present, it is used internationallyWaste tyreThe method of industrial production of fine rubber powder mainly uses liquid nitrogen at low temperatureFreezing method, that is, the rubber is frozen intovitrificationIf the state is crushed, fine rubber powder can be easily obtained.
thermometerThe medium red liquid is alcohol, which will coagulate at - 117 ℃.Therefore, the lowest temperature on earthAntarctica, alcohol thermometer can also be used.Of course, when the temperature is below - 117 ℃, the alcohol thermometer is useless.
A foreign countryComputer playerMore than 4 compressors have been used, and a set of compressor system that can be cooled to - 100 ℃ has been self-made to provideCPUProcessor cooling!
stayantarcticIn the inland of China, people have measured a low temperature of - 88.3 ℃.AtmosphericMiddle layerVery cold, the temperature can reach - 90 ℃.
A prominent feature of SARS virus is that it is afraid of heat and cold. Even at - 80 ℃, it can survive for at least 4 days, even up to 21 days, while at 56 ℃, the survival time of SARS virus does not exceed 90 minutes.
ArcticAnnual average temperatureThe annual average temperature in the Arctic is between - 15 ℃ and - 20 ℃, 25 ℃ higher than the annual average temperature in the Antarctic. The polar night period in winter (January) is 180 days, and the minimum temperature is - 70 ℃.Low temperature can prevent some diseases. Eskimos living in the Arctic eat firstSealsMeat andSeal oilMainly, few local peopleheart disease、cardiovascular、hypertension、arthritisAnd other diseases.
-60 ℃ Martian temperature
On Mars far from the earth, the average temperature is - 60 ℃.
-50 ℃ coldest temperature
In China, there are few records of temperatures below - 50 ℃.ChinaInner MongoliaAutonomous RegionGreater Khingan RangeOn January 16, 1922, the temperature of - 50.1 ℃ was observed in the Yidu RiverNew China was foundedThe lowest value in the previous temperature record.
After the founding of New Chinaweather stationIt broke the record for the first time with a low temperature of - 50.7 ℃ on January 20, 1960, and then set a new national record with a temperature of - 51.5 ℃ on January 21, 1960New Record。The northernmost meteorological station in China——HeilongjiangprovinceMohe CountyOn the morning of December 27, 1968, the meteorological station measured - 50.9 ℃, and on February 13, 1969, Mohe River finally came into beingMeteorological dataExtreme minimum temperature record in: - 52.3 ℃.
The most fearless flower in the world is the snow lotus produced in China. Even at - 50 ℃, the flowers are in full bloom.
-40 ℃ The coldest day in China
Everyone knows that the northernmost place in China isMohe CountyThe coldest day of Mohe River in China since the meteorological record was recorded was January 21, 1960,Daily average temperature- 43.8 ℃.
Peony is native to China. It likes to be warm, cool and dry, and avoids hot and humid environment.It is relatively cold resistant,TolerableLow temperature of minus 30 ℃.
In a valley in Mentougou, Beijing, the minimum temperature can reach - 30 ℃ in severe winter. The mountain water is basically frozen, but there is a spring in the eye of the spring that is not frozen for thousands of years, and there are lush aquatic plants growing in the water all the year round, so it is called "water that is not frozen for thousands of years" by the local people.
Honda recently announced that it has successfully developed fuel that can start at - 20 ℃Battery packThe volume is greatly reduced and the power is larger.The vehicle equipped with the battery pack has started road driving test after being approved by the Minister of Land, Land and Transport of Japan.
-10 ℃ habitable life
-10 ℃ is the earthUpper heightThe common temperature in cold winter in latitudes.Although it's freezing cold to the bone, people can already live normally under such temperature.
Freezing point (melting point) of 0 ℃ water
70% of the earth's surface is covered by water, about 1.4 billion cubic meters of water, 96.5% of which is seawater, and the rest is fresh water, but more than half of which is ice.So the earth is a planet of water, and it is such a planet that can give birth to life, so "water" isSource of life。With life, there is vitality, and the world will be more wonderful.
Since water can become ice, water can also becomeGas diffusionIn air.When water freezes at 0 ℃, it loses its fluidity and is no longer a liquid.Therefore, 0 ℃ is called "freezing point of water".
10 ℃ Cool and pleasant Equatorial City
staySouth AmericaOfEcuadorCapital of ChinaQuito In the city, the equator line just passes through the city.Many people think that cities passing through the equator must be very hot.But this is not the case. No matter in spring, summer, autumn or winter, the monthly average temperature in a year is about 10 ℃, and the annual average temperature difference is only 4 ℃.It is a cool and pleasant equatorial city like spring all the year round.
This is because it is located on a plateau with an altitude of 2800 meters.We knowsunlightIt is a kind of short wave radiation. When it passes through the atmosphere, only a small part of it is directly absorbed by the atmosphere, and most of it shines on the earth's surface, warming the earth's surface.Therefore, the closer you are to the ground, the more heat you absorb, the higher the temperature rises. On the contrary, the higher you are, the less heat you absorb, the lower the temperature.Therefore, the climate is always cool on the plateau.
Agaricus bisporus The mycelium can grow at 5 ℃~33 ℃, the suitable growth temperature is 20 ℃~25 ℃, the most suitable growth temperature is 22 ℃~24 ℃, and the high temperature lethal temperature is 34 ℃~35 ℃.
30 ℃ I am a mosquito!
Mosquitoes' favorite temperature is about 30 ℃, which is too high to bear.When the temperature drops below 10 ℃ in autumn, they will stop breeding, go into hibernation without eating or moving, and come out again after awakening in the next spring.
40 ℃ human body temperature limit
People belong toThermostatic animalGenerally speaking, it will not exceed the range of 35 ℃~42 ℃. At 41 ℃human organ The liver, kidney and brain will be dysfunctional, and the high fever of 42 ℃ for several consecutive days is enough to cause adult death.
birdsandmammalThey are also thermostatic animals. Generally speaking, the temperature of birds is high, ranging from 37 ℃ to 44.6 ℃, while that of mammals is low, ranging from 25 ℃ to 37 ℃.But on the whole, it is about 40 ℃, which is not very different from human body temperature. This is because they live on the same planet and in roughly the same environment as human beings.
In addition, after long-term research and observation by scientists, it is believed thatIdeal temperatureThe room temperature should be kept at 20 ℃~25 ℃;The average temperature of the skin is 33 ℃ when the best comfort is maintained;The temperature of meals is 46 ℃~58 ℃;The temperature of drinking water is 44 ℃~59 ℃;The temperature for making tea is 70 ℃~80 ℃;The temperature of bath water is 34 ℃~39 ℃;The temperature of foot washing water is 50 ℃~60 ℃;Cold bathThe temperature of is 19 ℃~21 ℃;
50 ℃~60 ℃ desert temperature
Because of the desertcloudinessLess sunshine, lack of vegetation coverage,air humiditySmall, so the temperature rises extremely fast in the daytime, and it is above 30 ℃ most of the time. At the hottest time at noon, the temperature can rise to above 50 ℃.stayNorth AfricaThere was a record of up to 58 ℃.
But the desert is cooler at night because there is no cloud all night,Ground radiationStrong, fast heat dissipation, the minimum temperature at night is generally between 7 ℃ and 12 ℃, and there are days of thin frost.
70 ℃ Taste
Physiological and psychological studies have shown that the various taste sensations people get when eating food are actually the result of the synergistic effect of taste and smell.
Some hot drinks, such as coffee, are delicious only when the temperature is 70 ℃Hot DishesThe best temperature is around 70 ℃.Some fried foods, such as friedPrawnsThe temperature should be kept at about 70 ℃. Although it tastes hot, it tastes most delicious.
80 ℃ hot spring microorganism
Many microorganisms generally rely onphotosynthesisTo survive, these photosynthetic microorganisms generally survive below 72 ℃.However, in 1967,Indiana UniversityDr. Bullock found that theSlideAttach a layer of microbial cells.This is the first time that organisms living above 72 ℃ have been found.suchThermophilic microorganismIt belongs to bacteria. Dr. Bullock named it "aquatic"Thermophilic bacteriaYellowstone ".
In 1979, scientists visitedthe pacific oceanA submarine crater deep in the sea, where the temperature is kept at 90 ℃ all the year round, is also a place that cannot be reached by sunlight.But scientists were surprised to find life everywhere——PolychaeteShrimp, crab and other creatures.Those microorganisms that have never seen sunlight are locatedfood chainAt the bottom ofDigestive organ, chemistry of surrounding watersmaterialAfter infiltrating into the body, the bacteria turn them into food that the caterpillars can use.
Boiling point of water at 100 ℃
Above, we know the freezing point of water, so the boiling point of water is 100 ℃ at a high temperaturepressureWhen our water boils, its temperature is 100 ℃ and can only keep 100 ℃.But when people live at an altitude of more than 8000 metersMount QomolangmaupperBoiled EggThe maximum temperature of the boiled water is only 72 ℃, which is because the air pressure is low at a place more than 3000 meters high, so the boiling point of the water has only decreased.
Hot Potthick soupThe temperature of can be as high as 120 ℃, which is the easiestScaldOral mucosa.Therefore, people often suffer from mouth ulceration or even tooth inflammation and swelling after eating hot pot.More attention should be paid to seafood in hot pot.
200 ℃ underground thermal rock power generation
In contrast, the higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point of water will be.Since 1987, Britain has carried out experiments on magmatic power generation.In a hot rock zone with the highest temperature in Britain, the hot rock at a depth of 6000 meters can heat water to 200 ℃ under high pressure, and then convert the heat energy of 200 ℃ water into electrical energy.
Rocks in the earth's crust due to crustal activity orMagmaUnder the influence of high temperature, high pressure and chemical action of magmaMineral composition, structure and structure have changed to form a new rock, called metamorphic rock, and this change is calledMetamorphism。The temperature and pressure required for this metamorphic process are 300 ℃ and 100 MPa respectively.
In cities, where there are factories, there is a lot of sludge, and some rivers are also contaminated with a lot of sludge.In order to solve this pollution problem, scientists found that the sludge contains combustible substances through research.CanadaFor this reason, an experimental plant has been specially established to conduct research on sludge conversion into new fuels.They first remove most of the water and useless sediment from the sludge by mechanical method, and thenSludge dryingAnd then put the dry mud into a 450 ℃DistillerWhen distilling in isolation from oxygen, combustible substances can be produced.
suchSolar cookerIt is made of paraboloidreflectorHigh temperature is obtained by concentrating light, and the diameter is generally 1-2 meters.Due to the concentration of energythermal efficiencyHigh temperature of 500 ℃ can be obtained.suchConcentrated solar cookerIn some families in rural China, it is used for cooking, cooking, cooking feed, and boiling water.
700 ℃ Temperature of cigarette end and mosquito repellent incense
Although the surface temperature of cigarette butts is only 250 ℃~300 ℃Center temperatureIt is generally about 700 ℃~800 ℃combustion temperatureIt also reaches 700 ℃.
stayVolcano eruptionA large amount of red volcanic lava will be ejected.When it first erupts, it is usually in a liquid state, and the temperature is usually about 800 ℃ - 1200 ℃. During the flowing process of volcanic lava, it continuously heats up the atmosphere and the earth surface, producing a lot of smoke.Therefore, the solidification of volcanic lava during cooling is carried out from outside to inside.
900 ℃ ore melting
Ore is a lighter and more active metal material, which cannot be reduced by carbon at a feasible high temperature because their atoms are more closely bound in the ore.These metals are usually obtained by electrolysis or by reacting their compounds with more active metals, for example,Lead oxideAnd electrolysis at 950 ℃crystalStone (double of aluminum and sodiumoxide）AndCalcium fluorideDissolved lead oxide in a mixture of.
1000 ℃ diamond formation
As the saying goes, "Diamond is a lady's best companion".Interestingly;Diamonds used to be pure carbon, and carbon is the fourth most common type in the universe after hydrogen, helium and oxygenchemical element。Therefore, the rarity of diamonds does not originate from their chemical elements, but from the method and place of their formation.The diamonds on the earth are believed to be 100 to 300 kilometers deep;The underground with a temperature close to 1000 ℃ was formed and then brought to the ground due to volcanic eruption.Singlechemical compositionLook, diamonds andPencil leadGraphite is actually a close relative.If you put diamonds in a high temperature stove;Then it will only turn into ordinary graphite.
In 1924, German Ruff used pure aluminum oxide powder to formHigh temperature furnaceThe first pure alumina product in the world was obtained by sintering, but it was not until 1993 thatSiemensOfficially namedThe Chinese took it as white as jade and hard, so it was translated as "corundum".
Glassy carbonIt is a kind of carbon similar to glass, which combines glass andCarbon materials The dual performance of.If the working temperature of this material under vacuum or non oxidizing atmosphere can reach 3000 ℃, and the heat shock resistance is good, it can be used for smeltingHigh purity substanceOfcrucible, semiconductorEpitaxial furnaceInductionHeating plateIt is widely used in science.
Everyone knowsSunspotWhen there are more sunspotsGeomagnetic stormIt brings a lot of inconvenience to people's work.For example, a sailing ship loses its way,communication signals Unable to connect.So sunspots are not really black, and their center temperature is above 4000 ℃.The brightness can still be compared with the light of half a moon in the upper and lower chords.Only in the brightphotosphereIt looks very dark in contrast.
ProminenceOne that mainly highlights the two edges of the sunsolar activityPhenomenon.They are much weaker than the circular surface of the sun, and are generallySolar haloSubmerged, not directly visible, only whenTotal solar eclipseCan only be seen through a telescope.The temperature of the prominence is between 5000 and 8000 ℃, and it can spread to hundreds of thousands of kilometers with strange shapes.Some prominences can exist for a long time.Strange is the prominence andCoronaThe temperature and density of are 800 times different. Scientists are studying how they can coexist for a long time.
6000 ℃ (6000 ℃) solar surface
The surface temperature of the sun reaches 6000 ℃.
A mass of 1/1000 of the mass of the moonMiniature black holeThe temperature is about 6000 ℃, which is equivalent to the surface temperature of the sun.
8000 ℃ (8000 ℃) Niulangxing
The Altair Star in ancient Chinese legends shines like a gem when we watch it at night.In fact, its surface temperature is 2000 ℃ higher than that of the sun, that is, 8000 ℃.
In the interstellar space, the material distribution is uneven. In some places, cloud gas and dust are relatively dense, forming various cloud objects.These nebulous objects are called nebulae.Annular nebulaIt's a very famousPlanetary nebulaIts central star is a white dwarf near the end of its evolution, with a temperature of 100000 ℃ and a very high density.
1 million ℃ corona
The temperature of the solar corona is as high as 1 million ℃.
The surface temperature of a neutron star whose mass is equal to that of the sun is about 10 million ℃.
nuclear fusionIt must have a high temperature of more than 15 million degrees Celsius or even hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius.
100000000 ℃ (100 million ℃)
The highest temperature that human can produce is 510000000 ℃, about 30 times hotter than the center of the sun, which is the same as that of the United StatesNew JerseyOfPrincetonplasmaPhysics LaboratoryInTokamak fusionThe reactor was created on May 27, 1994 using a plasma mixture of deuterium and tritium.
stayEarly universe, quarkGluonSoup only appeared for 10-16 seconds in EuropeHadron colliderIt has produced the only liquid substance at extremely high temperature.
At the moment of the Big Bang, the temperature reachedInfinity；10 minus 44 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature is about 100 billion billion degrees;After the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe continued to decline, and the temperature was about 1 trillion billion degrees;10 minus 32 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature is about 100 billion degrees;The temperature of the Big Bang reached 100 million degrees after 10 - 12 seconds;After the Big Bang, the temperature reached 100 billion degrees in 10 minus 6 seconds;After the Big Bang, the temperature reached 100 billion degrees, which is alsoSupernova explosionThe temperature of its star core;One second after the Big Bang, the temperature dropped to about 10 billion degrees;About 3 seconds after the big bang, the temperature dropped to 1 billion degrees, which is also the hottestStellar interiorThe temperature of.
The upper temperature limit generated during the "Big Bang" - the highest temperature "Tmax" of the last particle, and the temperature range of the universe - is from "absolute zero" to "the highest temperature" Tmax "of the last particle.
