1、 Phonology Terminology. Consonant Is referred to as "mother" for short. Song Dynasty Wang Yinglin Yuhai · Yiwen · Primary School: "Light（ author of the history Zizhi Tongjian ）Yes《 Qieyun Finger Palm Chart 》, with Thirty-six letters Three hundred and eighty-four. " clear Qian Daxin The New Record of Ten Driving Fasts - Letters: "Thirty six letters, which have never been spoken before the Tang Dynasty, are said to originate from the monk Shouwen, who was also a shaman at the end of the Tang Dynasty |
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α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω |
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω |
Latin alphabet: |
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z |
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А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я |
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о ө п р с т у ү ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я |
Chinese Phonological Terminology Aa | |eI| | Bi | /bi:/ | Cc | /si:/ | Dd | /di:/ | Ee | /i:/ |
Ff | /ef/ | Gg | /dʒi:/ | Hh | /eIt ∫/ | - | - | - | - |
Alphabetic text , almost all can be traced back to Phoenicia Alphabet , such as hebrew alphabet 、 Arabic alphabet 、 Greek alphabet 、 latin alphabet 、 Sanskrit Letter 、 Manchu script Letters, etc. Phoenician alphabet can be said to be Pinyin characters In addition to Chinese and similar languages (such as: onmun , Kana), the origin of many writing systems today. latin alphabet Each letter in the table starts with an abstract symbol depicting the shape of an animal or object. Different from Chinese characters, these symbols have little resemblance to the shape of the original object. No one can be sure what these hieroglyphs originally represented. Our explanation can only be a valid guess made by scholars based on historical data. people say that Greek alphabet It is the ancestor of all western letters, including Latin letters. In fact, the Greek alphabet was borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet. A a
About 3000 years ago Phoenicia Alphabet The letter A in the table reads like aleph, and it looks like the letter V when written. A horizontal line is added in the middle to represent an ox head or horn. Later the Greeks wrote it upside down. For the ancient Phoenicians, cattle meant wealth. They could eat, wear and farm without them. Maybe that's why A is listed as the first letter. B b
Like A, the letter B can also be traced back to Ancient Phoenicia 。 In the Phoenician alphabet, B is called beth, representing houses Hebrew B is also called beth, which also means house. The letter B originally looks like Primitive society A two bedroom house, Lowercase letters B is from capital B evolved. Today West Bank There is one Judaism The Christian Holy Land is called Bethlehem. The word also contains the element "beth". B's second place in the alphabet may be because living is second only to food and clothing for human survival C c
The letter C is called gimel in Phoenician characters, representing camels. Its arrangement order in the alphabet is the same as that of the Greek letter γ (gamma). In fact, its shape evolved from the latter. C in Roman numerals 100 in. D d
D In ancient times, it was a pictographic symbol depicting the shape of an arch or door. In ancient times Phoenician In Hebrew, it is called daleth, which means "door", equivalent to the Greek letter Δ（ delta ）。 E e
E is French, Spanish, German The most commonly used letters in languages such as. In Phoenician and Hebrew, E is the hieroglyph symbol representing the window, called he, which is equivalent to the Greek letter E (epsilon). F f
F comes from the sixth pictographic letter of Phoenician, which is similar to the Latin letter Y, representing Cork Or peg, which is called waw in Phoenician and Hebrew. In the Middle Ages, felons were often marked with F on their left cheek as punishment. G g
In the ancient Phoenician and Hebrew alphabet, G is a pictographic letter that describes the outline of the head and neck of a camel, and its name is gimel. Later, the Greeks borrowed this symbol as γ (gamma). In fact, the letter G and the letter C are derived from the same Phoenician letter. There was no letter G in the original Latin alphabet, and words with g and k sounds were represented by the letter C. After the 3rd century AD, the ancient Romans created G according to C. Since then, C stands for k, and G stands for g.
H h
Like other letters, H can also be passed through Latin and Greek The alphabet of, all the way back to the Phoenician alphabet. In Phoenician, the letter corresponding to H has two horizontal bars, which represent fences or fences, Letter Name It's called heth or cheth. I i
The ninth letter I is derived from the Phoenician hieroglyph called yod/yodh, which is believed to represent human fingers. The initial small letter I does not have a dot. The point above I is after the 11th century Scribe It is added to distinguish the letter I ligature (such as filii) from the letter u. The Latin I is equivalent to the Greek I (iota). K k
The origin of the letter K can also be traced back to the ancient Phoenician language. In the Phoenician alphabet, K is a hieroglyph, representing human hands. In Hebrew, it is called kaph, which means "hand (palm)". The Greek borrowed it as K (kappa). Ancient Rome During the period, the forehead of the person who committed the crime of libel was marked with the mark of K. K stands for kalumnia, which is equivalent to calomnie in French. L l
In Phoenicia and Hebrew In the alphabet, L is called lamed/lamedh, and it is a pictographic symbol for oxgoad or whip. The corresponding letter in Greek is ∧ (lambda). M m
Like other letters, M can be traced back to ancient Phoenician. The Phoenicians were brave in exploration and famous for maritime trade. They sailed as far as the coast of Spain. In the Phoenician alphabet, M is an elephant open symbol representing the shape of ocean waves. In Hebrew, it is called mem, which means "water". The corresponding letter in Greek is M (mu). In the Middle Ages, people who committed crimes were often branded with M on their left fingers. M stands for 1000 in Roman numerals (Latin for mille).
N n
N in Egypt Pictographic characters In Phoenician, it is called nun, which means "fish", and the corresponding letter in Greek is N (nu). O o
Many languages have letters that look like O, and all represent human eyes. In some ancient alphabets, a dot is added to the O to indicate the pupil. In Phoenician, O is cayin, meaning "eye".
P p
The ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews called it pe, which means "mouth". The corresponding letter in Greek is π (pi). In the 16th century, there was a man named Placentius Duoming, I will Monk (Dominican friar ）I wrote a song named Pugna Porcorum, which consists of 253 six foot steps A line of poetry The first letter of each word in the poem is p. I'm afraid this is unique in ancient times and today. Q q
Q is derived from the 19th hieroglyph of Phoenician and Hebrew. The shape of Q is a little like hanging tail monkey 。 No wonder Phoenician calls this letter qoph, which means "monkey". In French and other languages, Q is almost always followed by U. R r
R is derived from the 20th hieroglyph of Phoenician and Hebrew. Phoenicians called it "rest", which means "head". from Ancient Rome Since the era, R has been called dog's letter or snarling letter, because the meaning of R is similar to the growl of a dog, r-r-r-r or gr-r-r-r. In his book English Grammar Made for the Benefit of All Strangers (1572-1637) written in 1636, Ben Johnson, an English playwright and poet, wrote: Shakespeare Of《 Romeo and Juliet 》In a play, Juliet 's nanny and Romeo When talking about his family name, he said that Romeo and rosemary, a flower often associated with weddings, both begin with the letter R and are called dog names. S s
In Phoenician and Hebrew, S is called shin/sin, which means "tooth", and the letter shape is similar to W, while modern glyphs gradually evolved after it entered Latin. The corresponding letter in Greek is sigma.
T t
Today's letter T is derived from the Phoenician hieroglyphic mother Ji. The earlier font is just like the letter X today. It is called taw, which means "mark". The corresponding letter of Greek based on this symbol is T (tau).
V v
V originates from the sixth hieroglyph in the Phoenician alphabet about 1000 BC, which is similar to the Latin letter Y today. It is called waw, meaning "cork" or "nail". After 900 BC, the Greeks borrowed the letter and derived two letters from it, one later evolved into the letter F and the other into V and Y. V means 5 in Roman numerals.
W w
W is derived from V. In fact, W is composed of double V. It is pronounced double V in the alphabet of many languages.
X x
X is equivalent to X (chi), the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet. The former is borrowed from the latter, while the latter is derived from a Phoenician pictograph representing "fish", which reads like samekh. X stands for 10 in Roman numerals Algebra In mathematics, X is usually used to represent the unknown number. When contemporary mathematics was introduced from Arabia to Europe, Arabic The word shei, which means "unknown number" in Chinese, is translated into xei, so the first letter X becomes the common code of unknown number. There is another saying about the origin of the letter X: X was originally a pictographic symbol for kissing. If it was written as x, it looks like two mouths are kissing. This explanation may come from folk etymology. Y y
Y can be said to be derived from V, but if the root of Y can be traced back to Greek, it is called the letter of Pythagoras y (supersilon). In algebra, Y is often used to represent the second unknown number.
Z z
Z originates from the sixth letter Z (zeta) in Greek, and the Greek Z is borrowed from Phoenician. Basic of Z Declaration of intention Lord of the universe—— Zeus 。 There are also some other letters, such as œ ， ß Etc.
letter | French | German | Spanish | Portugal | Esperanto | Italy | turkey | Swedish | Polish | Dutch |
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a | 7.636% | 6.516% | 12.525% | 14.634% | 12.117% | 11.745% | 11.680% | 9.341% | 11.503% | 7.486% |
b | 0.901% | 1.886% | 2.215% | 1.043% | 0.980% | 0.927% | 2.952% | 1.254% | 1.740% | 1.584% |
c | 3.260% | 2.732% | 4.139% | 3.882% | 0.776% | 4.501% | 0.970% | 1.213% | 3.895% | 1.242% |
d | 3.669% | 5.076% | 5.860% | 4.992% | 3.044% | 3.736% | 4.871% | 4.521% | 4.225% | 5.933% |
e | 14.715% | 17.396% | 13.681% | 12.570% | 8.995% | 11.792% | 9.007% | 9.647% | 8.352% | 18.914% |
f | 1.066% | 1.656% | 0.692% | 1.023% | 1.037% | 1.153% | 0.444% | 1.931% | 0.143% | 0.805% |
g | 0.866% | 3.009% | 1.768% | 1.303% | 1.171% | 1.644% | 1.340% | 3.269% | 1.731% | 3.403% |
h | 0.737% | 4.757% | 0.703% | 0.781% | 0.384% | 0.636% | 1.145% | 2.103% | 1.015% | 2.380% |
i | 7.529% | 7.550% | 6.247% | 6.186% | 10.012% | 11.283% | 8.274%* | 7.190% | 9.328% | 6.499% |
j | 0.545% | 0.268% | 0.443% | 0.397% | 3.501% | 0.011% | 0.046% | 0.652% | 1.836% | 1.461% |
k | 0.049% | 1.417% | 0.011% | 0.015% | 4.163% | 0.009% | 4.715% | 3.214% | 2.753% | 2.248% |
l | 5.456% | 3.437% | 4.967% | 2.779% | 6.145% | 6.510% | 5.752% | 5.229% | 3.064% | 3.568% |
m | 2.968% | 2.534% | 3.157% | 4.738% | 2.994% | 2.512% | 3.745% | 3.460% | 2.515% | 2.213% |
n | 7.095% | 9.776% | 6.71% | 5.046% | 7.955% | 6.883% | 7.231% | 8.796% | 6.737% | 10.032% |
o | 5.378% | 2.594% | 8.683% | 10.735% | 8.779% | 9.832% | 2.653% | 4.317% | 7.167% | 6.063% |
p | 2.521% | 0.670% | 2.510% | 2.523% | 2.745% | 3.056% | 0.788% | 1.437% | 2.445% | 1.370% |
q | 1.362% | 0.018% | 0.877% | 1.204% | zero | 0.505% | zero | 0.007% | zero | 0.009% |
r | 6.553% | 7.003% | 6.871% | 6.530% | 5.914% | 6.367% | 6.948% | 8.309% | 5.743% | 6.411% |
s | 7.948% | 7.273% | 7.977% | 7.805% | 6.092% | 4.981% | 2.950% | 6.374% | 6.224% | 3.733% |
t | 7.244% | 6.154% | 4.632% | 4.736% | 5.276% | 5.623% | 3.049% | 8.693% | 2.475% | 6.923% |
u | 6.311% | 4.346% | 3.927% | 4.634% | 3.183% | 3.011% | 3.430% | 2.066% | 2.062% | 2.192% |
v | 1.628% | 0.846% | 1.138% | 1.665% | 1.904% | 2.097% | 0.977% | 2.289% | zero | 1.854% |
w | 0.074% | 1.921% | 0.017% | 0.037% | zero | 0.033% | 0.016% | 2.107% | 6.313% | 1.821% |
x | 0.427% | 0.034% | 0.215% | 0.253% | zero | zero | 0.007% | 0.103% | zero | 0.036% |
y | 0.128% | 0.039% | 1.008% | 0.006% | zero | 0.020% | 3.371% | 0.601% | 3.206% | 0.035% |
z | 0.326% | 1.134% | 0.517% | 0.470% | 0.494% | 1.181% | 1.497% | 0.020% | 5.852% | 1.374% |
à | 0.486% | zero | zero | 0.072% | zero | 0.635% | zero | zero | zero | zero |
â | 0.051% | zero | zero | 0.562% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
á | zero | zero | 0.502% | 0.118% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
å | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.221% | zero | - |
ä | zero | 0.447% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.809% | zero | zero |
ã | zero | zero | zero | 0.733% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ą | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.699% | - |
œ | 0.018% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ç | 0.085% | zero | zero | 0.530% | zero | zero | 0.825% | zero | zero | - |
ĉ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.657% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ć | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.743% | - |
è | 0.271% | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.263% | zero | zero | zero | zero |
é | 1.504% | zero | 0.433% | 0.337% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ê | 0.225% | zero | zero | 0.450% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ë | 0.001% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ę | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.035% | - |
ĝ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.691% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ğ | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.129% | zero | zero | - |
ĥ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.022% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
î | 0.045% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ì | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.030% | zero | zero | zero | zero |
í | zero | zero | 0.725% | 0.132% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ï | 0.005% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ı | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 5.199%* | zero | zero | - |
ĵ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.055% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ł | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 2.109% | - |
ñ | zero | zero | 0.311% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ń | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.362% | - |
ò | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.002% | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ö | zero | 0.573% | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.270% | 0.514% | zero | zero |
ô | 0.023% | zero | zero | 0.635% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ó | zero | - | 0.827% | 0.296% | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.141% | zero |
ŝ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.385% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ş | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 1.938% | zero | zero | - |
ś | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.514% | - |
ß | zero | 0.307% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ù | 0.058% | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.166% | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ú | zero | zero | 0.168% | 0.207% | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero |
ŭ | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.520% | zero | zero | zero | zero | - |
ü | zero | 0.995% | 0.012% | 0.026% | zero | zero | 1.992% | zero | zero | zero |
ź | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.078% | - |
ż | zero | - | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | zero | 0.706% | - |
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
Letter Name Letter Name
Aɑ ㄚ Nn ㄋㄝ
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Cc ㄘㄝ Pp ㄆㄝ
Dd ㄉㄝ Qq ㄑㄧㄡ
Ee ㄜ Rr ㄚㄦ
Ff ㄝㄈ Ss ㄝㄙ
Gɡ ㄍㄝ Tt ㄊㄝ
Hh ㄏㄚ Uu ㄨ
Ii I Vv ㄞㄝ
Jj ㄐㄝ Ww ㄨㄚ
Kk ㄎㄝ Xx ㄒㄧ
Ll ㄝㄌ Yy ㄧㄚ
Mm ㄝㄇ Zz ㄗㄝ
table of initials
b p m f d t n l
ㄅㄆㄇㄇㄈㄉㄉㄊㄋㄋㄌㄌ
g k h j q x
ㄍㄎㄏㄏㄐㄑㄑㄒㄒㄒ
zh ch sh r z c s
ㄓㄔㄕㄕㄖㄖㄗㄗㄘㄘㄙㄙ Thought
table of finals
I One coat
U ㄨ Wu
ㄩㄩㄩ
A Go
I'll have a good time together
U or Fierce
O ㄛ Oh
Uo
E Scalded goose
ü e ㄩㄝ Approx
ㄞ
U or i
Ei
Uei
ㄠ
I or o One
Ou ㄡ Ω
Iou
ㄢ A
I or n One
U or n
ㄩㄢ
En
In One Cause
Uen
ü n ㄩㄣㄣ
Or
I or n (one)
U or n
En Ge Heng's Finals
In One English
Uen Page
On the vowel of the message
Ion Message
(1) I is used for the finals of "Zhi, Chi, Shi, Japan, Zi, Female, Si".
(2) The vowel ㄦ is written as er Rhyme tail R is written as R. (3) The vowel ㄝ is written as "ê" when it is used alone.
(4) When there is no initial consonant in front of the line i, it is written as yi (clothes), y or (ya), ye (ya), y or o (waist), you (worry), y or n (smoke), yin (cause), y or n (yang), yin (in English), yon (Yong). When there is no consonant in front of the vowel in the line u, it is written as wu, w or (frog), wo (nest), w or i (crooked), wei, w or n (curved), wen (warm), w or n (wang), wen (weng) (5) When the vowel in the line U is spelled with the consonant j, q, x, it is written as ju (ju), qu (district), xu (xu), and the two points above U are also omitted; But when it is spelled with the initials l and n, it is still written as l ü (Lu) and n ü (female). (6) When iou, uei and uen are preceded by initials, they are written as iu, ui and un, such as niu, gui and lun.
tone mark
－ / ∨ ﹨
Tone symbols are marked on the main part of syllables Vowel On. Soft voice Not marked. For example:
M à m à m à m à m à
Yin is flat, Yang is flat, voice up, voice down, soft voice
When syllables beginning with (or), o, and e are connected behind other syllables, if the boundaries of syllables are confused, they should be separated by sound insulation symbols ('), such as pi' or o (fur coat).
sixty-five | A | seventy-eight | N | ninety-seven | a | one hundred and ten | n |
sixty-six | B | seventy-nine | O | ninety-eight | b | one hundred and eleven | o |
sixty-seven | C | eighty | P | ninety-nine | c | one hundred and twelve | p |
sixty-eight | D | eighty-one | Q | one hundred | d | one hundred and thirteen | q |
sixty-nine | E | eighty-two | R | one hundred and one | e | one hundred and fourteen | r |
seventy | F | eighty-three | S | one hundred and two | f | one hundred and fifteen | s |
seventy-one | G | eighty-four | T | one hundred and three | g | one hundred and sixteen | t |
seventy-two | H | eighty-five | U | one hundred and four | h | one hundred and seventeen | u |
seventy-three | I | eighty-six | V | one hundred and five | i | one hundred and eighteen | v |
seventy-four | J | eighty-seven | W | one hundred and six | j | one hundred and nineteen | w |
seventy-five | K | eighty-eight | X | one hundred and seven | k | one hundred and twenty | x |
seventy-six | L | eighty-nine | Y | one hundred and eight | l | one hundred and twenty-one | y |
seventy-seven | M | ninety | Z | one hundred and nine | m | one hundred and twenty-two | z |
