Kong Anguo

Officials and Confucian scholars in the Western Han Dynasty

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Kong An State (156-74 BC), a native of the State of Lu in the Han Dynasty, Kongqiu Descendants, descendants of Kong Teng Zi Xiang, Kong Zhong The son of Zi Zhen. Official and Confucian scholar of the Western Han Dynasty《 Ancient Chinese Shangshu 》"Ancient Text Biography of Filial Piety", "Analects of Confucius" and other works.

The preface to the classic was mistakenly written as the 12th generation grandson. About from Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty First year, to Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty I was alive at the end of my life, and was influenced by the Book of Songs Shen Gong , by《 Shangshu 》On Vosen 。 During the reign of Emperor Wu, officials Admonish the doctor , the governor of Linhuai. At the end of Emperor Wu, the king of the Communist Party of Lu was defeated Confucius Mansion In the old house, I got the "Ancient Book of History" from the wall《 The Book of Rites 》《 The Analects of Confucius 》And《 The Book of Filial Piety 》It was written in tadpole characters, but people didn't know it at that time. Anguo read it in modern Chinese, and he was ordered to write a book. It was classified as 58 articles《 Ancient Chinese Shangshu 》He also wrote the Ancient Text Biography of Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius.

word: Sub countries
Ethnic groups: the han people
one's native heath: State of Lu (today's Shandong)
date of birth: First 156 years

Date of death: First 74 years
Key achievements: article
Main works: Ancient Chinese History, Ancient Chinese Biography of Filial Piety, Analects of Confucius
True name: Kong Anguo

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Standing statue of Kong Anguo^[1]

Kong Zhong (Zi Zhen) Second son: eldest son Kong Wu , Second Son Kong Anguo 。 Kong Zhong's father Kong Teng (Zi Xiang). Kong Tengzhi's Brother Hole 。

Anguo Learn less "Poetry" in Application for training (Shen Gong), who was awarded the title of Vosen (Fu Sheng), knowledgeable, good at classics. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a doctor at that time. Later, he was a remonstrating doctor, and his official position was the prefect of Linhuai. It's Sima Qian's Classical Chinese Classics Teacher (Sima Qian's Jinwen Classics Teacher is scholar-statesman instrumental in institutionalizing Confucianism and civil-service examinations ）。《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》Sima Qian, the author, also consulted him when he studied ancient texts such as Yao Dian and Yu Gong. Later generations respected him as the first Confucian.

It is said that King Gong of Hanlu Liu Yu Expand the palace, demolish Confucius' former residence, and learn ancient texts from the wall《 Shangshu 》Compared with today's Shangshu, there are 16 more. Anguo rewrote the ancient prose into the official script that was popular at that time, and wrote "Biography" for it, becoming the founder of "Shangshu Ancient Literature". Today's "The Book of Confucius" is called "The Book of Confucius", and scholars in the Ming and Qing dynasties regarded it as a false trust of future generations.

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Kong Anguo's Works

Kong Anguo is in Martial Emperor Former post Admonish the doctor , pass on Ancient Chinese Shangshu 》Yu Duweichao Sima Qian , Dui Kuan, created the Western Han Dynasty《 Ancient Chinese Shangshu 》School. According to the Ancient Chinese History handed down by Kong Anguo《 Hanshu · Yiwenzhi 》It is recorded that "The Ancient Book of History" came out of the wall of Confucius. At the end of Emperor Wu, the King of the Communist Party of Lu destroyed Confucius' house and wanted to expand his palace, so he got the Ancient Book of History and《 The Book of Rites 》、《 The Analects of Confucius 》、《 The Book of Filial Piety 》All the dozens of articles ancient writing Also Kong An and the descendants of Confucius all got their books, 29 of which were tested, and 16 more. Give it to your country. Suffered art of casting spells It is not listed as an academic officer. " According to《 Book of the Han Dynasty, Biography of Confucianism 》It is recorded: "The Kong family has an Ancient Book of History, which was read by Kong Anguo in the current text. Because of this, he has more than ten books, and more than ten of them are covered in the Book of History. He was bewitched by witches and was not listed as an official. Anguo was an admonishing official, and he was awarded the title of capital court captain, while Sima Qian also asked why.

Moving books《 Yao Dian 》、《 China's oldest known book of geography 》、《 Hung Fan 》, Micron《 Jinteng 》There are many ancient texts about these articles. " (See《 Historical Records · Biographies of Confucianism 》《 Hanshu · Yiwenzhi 》 Bibliography Shangshu, the first "46 volumes of ancient classics", Ban Gu The self noted "is fifty-seven Article ". The "Ancient Classics" here are called the "Ancient Wen Shangshu" or "Yishu" in later generations. It is also said that Kong Anguo wrote《 Book of Honor Kong's Biography 》。）

《 Ancient Chinese Shangshu 》And《 Book of Honor Kong's Biography 》All were lost later. Eastern Jin Dynasty Mei Present the preserved copies of the Ancient Chinese Book of History and the Book of History of the Kong Clan, and present them to Mei Xun; Song Confucians began to suspect that it was identified as a fake work by Qing Confucians.

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Shangshu Justice
Author name Kong Anguo
The Book of History is the earliest compilation of historical documents in Chinese history, which has preserved many precious historical materials from Yao and Shun to Xia, Shang and other dynasties. Due to the fire disaster in the Qin Dynasty, it was lost in the process of inheritance, and there were many versions, there was a so-called distinction between the authenticity of modern and ancient texts. Proofread Foreword Foreword Foreword to Shangshu Justice Foreword Volume I Shangshu Foreword Volume II Yu Book Volume III Volume IV Volume V Volume VI Xia Book Volume VII Volume VIII Shang Book Volume IX Volume

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Said: "Spring talks about the day, autumn talks about the night, Mutual preparedness Also. Empty, Xuanwu Zhongxing 。 It is also said that all the seven stars are Autumnal equinox See, it is the third autumn. " Its people were changed, and birds and animals were covered with fur. collected explanations Kong Anguo said, "The barbarians are flat. The old and strong are in the field, and they are flat with Xia. They are in charge. Mao regenerates and arranges." Shen Minghe; In the north Secluded capital 。 Confucius Anguo said: "The north is called Youdu, which is called Suoyu." expound sth. obscure The Mountain and Sea Sutra says, "There are mountains and secluded cities in the North Sea.". Justice case: North Youzhou It is a place where people gather together in the shade. The official of the north, if Zhou Rites Dong Guan Qing. It is in ambush. The hidden things in the north of Suoyin envoy and Shucha are all hidden in winter. The corpse also said, "Those who live in the north are in the ambush.". The Shangshu wrote "Peace in Shuo Yi".

Today's case: It is widely said that "there is something lying in front of you", title for the historians Sima qian and his father Sima tan The book is based on it. The sun is short, the stars are pleiades, and the winter is in the middle. Kong Anguo said: "The sun is short, so is the winter solstice. The Pleiades is the middle star of the white tiger. It can also be seen with seven stars at the same time Winter Festival Also. " author of many commentaries on the Classics 、 Wang Su It means that the sun is short and the day is missing forty quarters. Zheng Xuan At 45 minutes, it was lost. Its folk feathers, birds and animals fine hair. According to Xu Guang, "The fine hair sounds soft." The Hounhun case: Kong Anguo said, "Where people enter the house, birds and animals all grow fine hair to warm themselves.".

At 366 years old, the leap month is at four o'clock. Soyinfu is one quarter of 365 degrees, which is the number of degrees in the sky. But every day is late, one year old One day a week ； Every month is a week. On the first day of the month, you will walk once, and on the first day of the month, you will walk 13 degrees, 19 minutes and 7 minutes. To the 29th half strong, the month goes one turn of the sky, and then by the day and attend the meeting. The twelfth meeting of the year is for December. At the end of the 29th day of each month. The sixth day of the month is the sixth day of every year. And he was three hundred and sixty-six days old, Young Three hundred and fifty-five days and sixty-six days. In fact, one year old is only weak after eleven days. If you are less than three years old and have already become a month, you will buy a leap. If there is no leap in three years, the first month is February. Spring is summer when nine years are less than three months. If there is a gap of six months in seventeen years, there will be a reversal in four seasons. In this way, the four seasons are not correct, and the age is not enough. so It is said that "If you return to the end, things will not go against" is also true. The letter order ◇ explains that Xu Guang said, "The ancient word" Chi "means" Chi "." All the officials are prosperous.

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According to《 Confucius Family Language Preface and《 Confucius Family Manual 》Kong Anguo's book "The Analects of Confucius" and other books were completed, which coincided with the fact that he was unable to attend the ceremony due to witchcraft and witchcraft. Since the doctor moved to Huai Tai Shou, he had been cured of illness for six years and died at the age of 60. The Confucius Aristocratic Family records Kong An's country, and its sons Kong Huan and Sun Kong Ang, which can prove that the longevity test of Kong An's country may not be very short. The Postscript of Confucius Family Sayings and Confucius Family Manual say that his death at the age of 60 is reasonable. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were four incidents of witchcraft and witchcraft: Metalight Five years Taishi The first year, the second year, the spring, and the second year, the seventh month. Kong An failed to offer a book. The Book of Han · Biography of King Chu and Yuan is recorded in“ Tianhan Later ". The last three witchcraft events were all after the Tianhan《 Historical Records · Confucius Family 》The record of Kong An's "early death" is obviously inconsistent with this. 《 Hanshu · Yiwenzhi 》It is recorded that his book was presented at the end of Emperor Wu, Recombine 《 Confucius Family Manual 》According to the record that "since the doctor moved to Huai Tai Shou, the disease was avoided for six years", Kong Anguo should offer the book in the second year of Zhenghe. The death year of Anguo must be before the completion of Sima Qian's "Confucius Family" and after the contribution of Kong Anguo.

according to Wang Guowei The textual research of Sima Qian《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》, latest《 Biography of the Huns 》 Li Guang Sharp drop Hun It was the third year of Emperor Wudi's expedition, and all the deeds since then have been supplemented by later generations. Therefore, Kong'an's death year must be three years before Emperor Wu's conquest (90 years ago), and his birth year must be Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty Around the first year of the Zhongyuan era (149 BC). Let's test this conclusion again. 《 The History of the Han Dynasty ·According to the Confucian Biography, Kong An State was once an admonitory doctor. According to the Book of the Han Dynasty, a table of officials and officials, Emperor Wudi set up an admonition doctor in the first five years of Yuanshou (121 BC), when Kong An was close to his founding year. The Preface to Confucius Family Sayings once said that Kong Anguo was "an admonishing official at the age of 40", so Anguo should be an admonishing official Yuanfeng After the first year (110 BC). The Book of Han · Biography of the Confucian Scholars said that "An State was an admonishing doctor, who was awarded the title of Duwei, and Sima Qian also asked about the past from An State". So Sima Qian asked about the past from Kong An State when he was about 40 years old when he served as an admonishing doctor in An State. The Book of the Han Dynasty, written by Kong Guangben, is said to be Anguo, who was appointed as the doctor of Emperor Wu in the Book of the Shang Dynasty. Anguo came to the prefect of Linhuai. According to《 Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government 》, Dr. Kong Anguowei is origin Two years ago (127 years ago). According to another《 Hanshu · Geography 》， Linhuai County When it was first placed in the sixth year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (117 years), Kong Anguo's appointment as the governor of Linhuai must be something after that. Moreover, Wang Guowei's Research on the Year of the Official Journey of the Grand Historian proved that Dr. Kong Anguo was still in office in the sixth year of Yuanshou. The age of Kong Anguo's Admonishment Doctor, Doctor and Linhuai Marshal conforms to the records in Records of the Historian and Hanshu. And《 Hole cluster 》Record Kong Zang In correspondence with Kong Anguo, he was called a servant, so Kong Anguo had served as a servant before he became a doctor. Kong Zang said that "the imperial edict of an imperial concubine gathers the ancient meaning, and it is too common for officials and beggars". When Kong Zang was appointed to the imperial concubine, he was already an imperial concubine.

《 The History of the Han Dynasty 》、《 Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government 》And Liu Yuejin Division《 Chronicle of Qin and Han Literature 》It is believed that Kong Zang was granted Taichang in the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC), so it was before the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC) that Kong An was a servant. In Zizhi Tongjian, the time when Kong Anguo was a servant was in the second year of Yuanshuo, when Anguo was about 23 years old. Liancongzi says that he "controls spittoon People in the imperial court should be honored ". It should be something of this age. In addition, according to Kong Zang's "Letter to His Younger Brother", Anguo was a servant when he offered books. Liu Yuejin made a textual research on Kong Anguo's offering of books in the fifth year (130 years) of Yuanguang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Our research is consistent with that. An Guo's age as a servant and his behavior conform to historical records. Kong Zang, brother of Kong Anguo, his father Kong 藂 Zichan was named Liao Hou by the Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. According to《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》, Kong Zang Yu Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty In the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he inherited his father's title. In the second year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was worshipped as Taichang, and in the third year of Yuanshuo, he was exempted from official duties. In Liancongzi Xushu, it is recorded that Kong Zang "wrote ten books and died after several years of official life", that is, "several years", not just one year. It can be seen from the Historical Records that there is a mistake in saying that "in the third year of Yuanshuo, Kong Zang was exempted from official life". It is reasonable for Liu Yuejin to tie Kong Zang's dismissal from official life to the fifth year of Yuanshuo (124 years) in the Chronicle of Qin and Han Literature. Kong Zang died not far from his dismissal.

Tan Zhengbi Mr. Kong Zang was presumed to be alive from 201 to 123 years ago in the Dictionary of Chinese Writers Jia Yi Almost at the same time, it is the same as what Kong Zang said in "Ode to Owl" Jia Sheng ”Contradiction. We believe that since Kong Zang had succeeded to the nobility in the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (171 BC), and he was Kong An's brother, Kong Zang was at least 23 years older than Kong An; Such as Kong Zang《 Book with Zi Lin 》It is said that Kong Anguo was "small and long, and his conduct was the same as before", which can also be proved by the tone analysis contained in "small and long". In combination with the birth and death of Kong'an, we assume that KongZang is 30 years older than Kong'an, so the upper limit of his life should be around the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (178 BC) before Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty Xijue He was very young. From his dismissal to his death, assuming that it was ten years, his death year should be around the third year of Yuanding (114 years) of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Records in Shangshu

Kongan National Collection. According to the Records of the Historian · Biography of the Scholars, Fusheng's grandson cannot pass on the Shangshu. Lu Zhouba, Kong Anguo and Luoyang Jiajia are good at Shangshu. The State of Kong An has a collection of the "Ancient Book of History", more than a dozen of which are more than the 28 modern books of the "Book of History". Later, Sima Qian also learned from the Confucian classics Shang Shu. Hole wall. King Lu Gong broke Kong's house and got the ancient Shangshu. Liu Xin According to the book, there are 16 more in this book; There is also the saying that Kong'an people contributed to the country. However, according to common sense, it is the book that King Lu Gong got from Kong's house. It seems that this book should not be offered again by Kong'an people. Kong'an National Library and Kongbi Library are probably not the same book.

Various Versions of the Ancient Chinese Shangshu in the Western Jin Dynasty Yongjia Rebellion After that, they were all lost. This statement means that the Kong Anguo you are looking for has been lost, and there will be no explanation. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the internal history of Yu Zhang was presented to Mei (Yi)“ Li Guding ”He wrote a fake ancient article, Shangshu, in which he divided 28 articles of Fu Sheng into 33 articles, and then compiled 25 articles from the ancient books at that time Liu Xiang The number of 58 ancient texts. For this fake ancient text Shangshu, many scholars from Tang and Song dynasties, such as those from Wu area in Song Dynasty and those from Yuan Dynasty Wu Cheng , the Mei nationality in the Ming Dynasty, and the Mei nationality in the Qing Dynasty Yan Ruoqu and Huidong Fang thoroughly proved that this was a forgery. because Pseudohole propagation The ancient text Shangshu, with its complete scriptures and detailed annotations, has attracted people's attention.

In the early Tang Dynasty, Tang Taizong life Kong Yingda Presided over the discussion on "Yi", "Shu", "Shi"《 The Book of Rites 》, The Spring and Autumn Zuo Shi, a collection of all the five classics, has 170 volumes《 Five Classics Justice 》In the time of Emperor Gaozong, he made it clear that "Kong Yingda's Five Classics Justice was issued to the world, and every year the Ming Sutra made an examination based on it." In the Five Classics Justice《 Shangshu Justice 》It is the fake ancient text Shangshu. Tang Dynasty Trimble In the middle of Sanitary bag It is rewritten into“ Today's word Ben ", there are some corrections. During Kaicheng's reign in the Tang Dynasty, this kind of modern script was engraved on Kaicheng Stone Sutra He became the ancestor of all later editions. After Tianbao changed the book, the old one gradually disappeared. The 28 modern Shangshu handed down by reliable Fu Sheng have been handed down to this day by virtue of the forged ancient Shangshu.

Unofficial anecdotes

Kong Anguo is a native of Shandong Province. He often practices Qi and holds his breath. Taking lead pills, he still looks like a child when he is 300 years old. He lives in seclusion buried hill In the mountains of the county. There are hundreds of disciples following him. He often fasted and stayed in the house to cultivate his moral character. After a year and a half, he came out of the house, but became younger. If you don't practice in the room, you will eat like ordinary people. There is nothing different from people. Kong Anguo is an old and prudent man. He especially cherishes the secrets of Taoism and refuses to impart them to others easily. A disciple who has served him for five or six years, if he thinks that this disciple has good character and ambition, he will teach him Taoism. A man from Anle County named Chen Bo asked to serve Kong Anguo, and Anguo accepted him as his disciple. After three years of investigation, he saw that his ambition to learn Taoism was firm. He said to him, "I have been diligently searching for Taoism since I was young. I have been everywhere, but I still haven't got the magic pill of" Eight Stones Ascending to the Sky "and become an immortal Alchemy , I only got a recipe that can become an Immortal, and I can only survive. I used to learn from a fisherman by the sea, who was in the Warring States Period Vietnam Prime Minister of Fan Li 。 He changed his surname and buried his name to avoid the troubled times, and became a fisherman at the seaside. He saw my ambition to cultivate Taoism and taught me the secret recipe for taking pills, which enabled me to transcend the world. People like Daniel, Sicheng, Ziqi, Jiangbo and Tushan all live to be over one thousand years old and are getting younger and younger. I have been taking medicine for more than 300 years since I became a Taoist. I once gave Cui Zhongqing an immortal prescription. He was eighty-four years old at that time, and has been taking medicine for 33 years. I think he is now strong and energetic, his hair and beard are not white, and he has not lost a tooth. You can go to find Cui Zhongqing and learn from him. " So Uncle Chen went to serve Cui Zhongqing and got his immortal prescription. As a result, he was able to live forever. There was also a man named Zhang He. His wife was 50 years old. After taking Cui Zhongqing's medicine, she turned into a man in her twenties. At the age of 86, she had a son. Kong Anguo taught several other people, all of whom lived to 400 years old, and later went to the mountains to continue their cultivation. There are also some people who can't become immortals after taking the medicine, which is because their husband and wife have no sexual restraint.

Library

He seldom studied the Book of Songs in Shen Pei, and received the Book of History in Fu Sheng. He is knowledgeable and good at classics. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo (124 BC), he was called a doctor, specializing in the ancient Chinese Shangshu, and served successively as the Duwei official in charge of admonition and arbitration , Pro Huai Taishou, etc. It is said that King Gong of Hanlu Liu Yu The palace was expanded and Confucius' former residence was demolished, and the ancient text Shangshu was found in the wall, 16 more than today's Shangshu. 《 Hanshu · Yiwenzhi 》It is recorded that "those who wrote the Ancient Book of History came out of the wall of Confucius... Confucius and the descendants of Confucius all got their books. They examined 29 books and got 16 more, which was presented by Anguo." Cataloger Liu Xin also wrote in the Book of Transferring Doctor Taichang: "King Lu Gong destroyed Confucius' house and wanted to be a palace, so he got the ancient text in the bad wall. There are 39 Yili and 16 Books, which were presented by Kong An after the Tianhan Emperor." It can be seen that he once offered the ancient text Shangshu and other books to the royal family. Today's "The Book of Confucius" is called "The Book of Confucius", and scholars in the Ming and Qing dynasties regarded it as a false trust of future generations. In his later years, he wrote The Ancient Book of History, The Analects of Confucius, The Ancient Book of Filial Piety《 Confucius Family Language 》Wait for books. 《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》Author Sima Qian studies Yao Dian《 China's oldest known book of geography 》I consulted him when I was waiting for ancient Chinese. Later generations respected him as the ancient literati 。^[2]

Academic heritage

Kong An was a native of Lu in the Western Han Dynasty (now Qufu in Shandong Province), and Lu in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Confucius The descendant, Kong Anguo, once received the Book of Songs from Shen Pei Vosen Accepted《 Shangshu 》。 The other 56 hexagrams have six days and seven minutes each, so the Book of Changes has the Jing family's learning. Jingfang It is the first time to combine the five elements system with the eight trigrams system and develop the eight trigrams image mathematics. The number of images in the room is Wu people in the Three Kingdoms period Yu Fan Equal inheritance, Northern Song Dynasty Shao Yong It will develop into "congenital science". Therefore, Jingfang Elephant mathematics has a certain position in Chinese academic history. Three volumes of Jing Shi Yi Zhuan written by Jing Fang are preserved today. clear Ma Guohan The Collection of Lost Books by Yuhan Shanfang includes a volume of Zhang Ju of the Jing Family of Zhou Yi, a series of books of Han Xuetang by Huang □, and a collection of Twenty one Yi Zhu of Han and Wei Dynasties by Sun Tang.^[3]

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