synonymYing Zheng(China's first emperor) generally refers to the First Emperor of Qin (China's first emperor)
Ying Zheng, the First Emperor of Qin (259-210 BC), took the surname Ying and Zhao（On Qin Family）, famous politics（One is right）[3][140]There are also Zulong[1]Lv Zheng[2]Alternative name（For details, please refer to "Person Dispute - Name Dispute"）。An outstanding politician, strategist and reformer in ancient China, the first authoritarian centralized country in Chinese history——Qin DynastyThe founder ofemperorThe monarch of.[149]
Ying ZhengweiKing Zhuang Xiang of QinandZhao JiThe son ofZhao As a hostage, I was born in ZhaoduHandan。[3]After King Zhuang Xiang of Qin became the crown prince of Qin, Ying Zheng was released back to Qin.[16]In 247 BC, Ying Zheng succeeded to the throne.In the first 238 years, Changxinhou was pacifiedPoisonRebellion and the eradication of powerful officialsLu Buwei, start to be in charge of politics, start to useLiss、Wei LiaoWait for the guest minister.Since the first 230 yearsHan, ZhaoWei、Chu、Yan、QiAnd completed the great cause of unifying the six countries.[149]
Ying Zheng is overSpring and Autumn Period and Warring States PeriodThe situation of disputes among vassals[149]And laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2000 years[151], by the thinkers of the Ming Dynastyzhi It is known as "one emperor for thousands of years".[152]At the same time, his behaviors such as severe punishment, burning books to trap scholars, extravagance, building a large scale, trying to become an immortal, and excessive conscription also caused disputes in later generations.[149]
King Zhaoxiang of QinThe first month of the forty eighth year[3]（Song ZhongAlso referred to as the day of that month;[8]In addition, the calendar conversion is still controversial[9-11]）Ying Zheng was born at that timeZhao OfHandanKuocheng (to the east of Zhongjie Street and the southwest of CongtaiZhujiaxiangOne Belt).The king and grandson of Qin at that time（King Zhuang Xiang of Qin）Son of.Different people areAn GuojunThe son, mother and son are not favored by the monarch An. In addition, the monarch An has more than 20 sons, so the stranger was sent to the State of ZhaoHandanAs proton.At that time, the relations between Qin and Zhao deteriorated, and wars broke out from time to time, which made people feel cold.He is short of travel vehicles and daily necessities, so he is embarrassed and frustrated.[12]defend one's countrybusinessmanLu BuweiWhen doing business in Handan, I learned about the situation of the stranger and thought that he“some goods in short supply , hoarded or cornered for making excess or enormous profit”So he used a lot of money to see the favorite concubine of King AnMadam HuayangOthers recognized him as their mother and renamed him Zi Chu.[13-14]Zichu saw Lv Buwei's concubineZhao JiFortunately, Ying Zheng was born.[3]
In the fiftieth year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin Dynasty (257 BC), the State of Qin sentWang XuanThe siege of Zhao Handan was very urgent. Zhao wanted to kill Zi Chu.Zi Chu andLu BuweiThe plot took out six hundred jin of gold to give to the city guards, so that they were able to escape and escape to the camp of the Qin army and return home smoothly.The State of Zhao wanted to kill the wife and son Zhao Zheng of the State of Zhao. Zhao Ji was the daughter of a rich family in the State of Zhao and was able to hide, so the mother and son had to live.[15]In the 56th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (251 BC), King Zhaoxiang of Qin died and Prince An succeeded to the throneKing Xiaowen of QinMadam Huayang is the queen.Madam Huayang took the opportunity to persuade King Qin to make him Prince.Qin Xiaowen Wang made Chu his prince.At this time, the State of Zhao also returned to Qin with his son, Chu's wife, Zhao Ji, and his son, Zhao Zheng.At this time, Zhao Zhengcai was able to return to the State of Qin.[16]
After a year of filial piety, King An died of sudden illness just three days after his coronation. Zi Chu succeeded to the throne as King Zhuang Xiang of Qin.King Zhuangxiang honored Madam Fenghuayang as the empress dowager and biological motherXia JiShe was honored as Empress Dowager Xia.In the first year of King Zhuangxiang of Qin Dynasty (249 BC), Lv Buwei was appointed Prime Minister and granted the title of Wen Xinhou.[17]
In the May of the third year (247 BC) of King Zhuang Xiang of Qin Dynasty, King Zhuang Xiang died at the age of 35.At the age of 13, Ying Zheng was made King of Qin.[4]Ying Zheng respected Lu Buwei for his youth when he ascended the throneuncleLu Buwei controls all the state affairs.[18]In the eighth year of the first emperor (239 B.C.), the Emperor of Qin was 21 years old and was about to take power. However, there was a fierce political struggle in the Qin court.
At that time, Lu Buwei not only controlled the imperial court, but also cheated with Empress Dowager Zhao Ji.[19]Later, I saw that King Zheng of Qin was getting older. I was afraid that he would find out and wanted to leave the empress dowager. I was afraid that the empress dowager would resent him, so I took my own disciplePoisonFake punishment of corruption. Just pluck out the beard and eyebrows and present them to the empress dowager for her sexual pleasure.[20]
The emperor of Qin was growing up, and the empress dowager was pregnant with a child of evil. Afraid of being found out, she had to move to another place on the pretext of bad geomancy in her bedroom.[21]With the permission of the Emperor Qin, they moved to Yongxian County and left the palace. As a result, the empress dowager gave birth to two illegitimate children,[22]And the poison was also ruled by the King of QinFalse fatherAs a self styled man, Kuai scolded a minister after being drunk: "I am the false father of the King of Qin, how dare you provoke me!" The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell the relationship between Kuai and the empress dowager to King Zheng of Qin. When he learned that Kuai was very angry, Kuai panicked and prepared for rebellion.[23]At that time, with the help of the empress dowager, Kuei was granted the title of Changxin Marquis. He owned Shanyang, Taiyuan and other places and collected his own henchmen.Kuei has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and has established a huge force,[24-25]It is a powerful political force in the State of Qin, second only to Lu Buwei.
In the eighth year of the first emperor (239 BC), his younger brother, Chang AnjunChengHe led a large army to attack the State of Zhao and conspired in the middle. After the Qin army captured the garrison, all his subordinates were beheaded and executed for sitting down, and the garrison people were exiled to Lintao.[26]
In the ninth year of the first emperor (238 BC), the Emperor of Qin ruledYongchengThe Qinian Palace held the crown ceremony.[27]PoisonUse the King of QinImperial sealAnd the empress dowager's seal launched a rebellion against Qinian Palace.[28]Qin Wangzheng has already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in Qinian Palace to defeat the rebels.Poison conversionXianyang PalaceThere had also been an army there for a long time. Yukai fled alone and was arrested shortly afterwards.[5]The official of the King of Qin cracked his car and exposed his body to the public;[29]And put Zhao Ji, his mother, in Yongcheng's Tuoyang Palace;Two illegitimate children born to the poison and the empress dowager were killed by falling.
In the tenth year of the first emperor (237 BC), the Emperor of Qin removed Lu Buwei from the position of prime minister and exiled him toBashu。Lv Buwei knew that his relationship with the king of Qin was irretrievable, so he drank poisoned wine and committed suicide.[30]Later, although the king of Qin followed the advice of the nobles of Qin“The order to expel guests”, expelled from six countries, but wasLissOf《A letter of remonstrance to expel guests》He was dissuaded, but later he still put him in an important positionWei Liao, Li Si, et al.[31]
Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the national situation[33]
In the 16th year of the First Emperor (231 BC), the State of Wei was forced to dedicate part of its land to Qin, and South Korea was also forced to dedicate Nanyang land to Qin.Qin SchoolNei ShitengBe a fake guard in Nanyang.[34]In the 17th year of the first emperor (230 BC), Qin sent Nei Shi Teng to attack Korea, captured Han Wang An, and established in KoreaYingchuan CountySouth Korea perished.[35]
In the 18th year of the first emperor (229 BC), the general of QinWang JianLed soldiers to Jingxing (west of Jingxing County, Hebei Province), General QinYang DuanheLed Hanoi soldiers to encircle ZhaoduHandan。[36]Zhao SchoolLi Mu、Sima ShangLead the army to resist.Zhao Wang's favorite ministerGuo KaiHe was bribed by the State of Qin and spread rumors that Li Mu and Sima Shang plotted against him.So the king of Zhao changed toZhao CongandYan JuReplace Li Mu and Simashang, and kill Li Mu.In the 19th year of the first emperor (228 BC), Zhao Jun was defeated,Wang Jian、QiangThe land of Zhao was settled and the king of Zhao was captured.[37]King Zheng of Qin went to Handan in person and killed his enemies when he was young in HandanShangjunreturn.[137]ZhaoGongzijiaHe led hundreds of his clans to flee to the Dai County of Zhao and became the acting king.[38]The State of Qin was established in Handan, the capital of ZhaoHandan County。
In the 20th year of the first emperor (227 BC), Wang JianXin ShengAttack the State of Yan.Yan and Dai sent troops to resist and were defeated by the Qin armyYishuito the west of.The next year, the Qin army captured Ji City, the capital of Yan.[39]Yan WangxiThe capital was moved to Liaodong.[40]General QinLi XinThe king of Yan likes to follow himDai WangjiaKill the Prince DanPrince elixirThe head of Qin Qiuhe is dedicated to Qin Qiuhe.
Twenty first year of the first emperor (226 BC),the republic of koreaWhen the rebellion occurred in the capital, the State of Qin sent troops to quell the rebellion of Han and took the opportunity to kill himHan Wang An。
In the 22nd year of the first emperor (225 BC), the general of the Qin DynastyWang BenAttack Wei and surround the capital of WeiGirder(Kaifeng City), the Yellow River was diverted to irrigate the city. In three months, the city of Daliang was destroyed, the King of Wei went out and the State of Wei perished.[41]King Qin established Dang Prefecture in the eastern part of Wei Dynasty.In the same year, Li Xin, a political faction of the King of QinMeng TianTake 200000 troops to attack Chu.The Pingyu of Li Xin's Attack on Chu（Pingyu CountyNorth), Meng Tian's bedroom for attacking Chu (AnhuiLinquan County）And achieved preliminary victory.The two armies of Qin and Chu met in Chengfuyi (today's Chengfuji in the southeast of Bozhou, Anhui Province). The Chu army took advantage of the Qin army to launch a counterattack and defeat the Qin army.[134]Wang Jianhe, a political faction of the late Qin DynastyMengwuTake 600000 troops to the war, break the Chu army in Yuqi (now southeast of Suzhou, Anhui), and force the Chu generalsXiang YanSuicide.[42-43]Then the Qin army attacked the capital of ChuShouchun, capturedThe King of Chu took the cud。Qin Yu ChuJiujiang County(Shou County, Anhui Province), Changsha County (Changsha City, Hunan Province).
In the 25th year of the first emperor (222 BC), Wang Jian pacified the Jiangnan area of Chu and surrenderedVietnamKing, setKuaiji CountyThe Chu State perished.[44]At the same time of exterminating Chu, the administration of the King of Qin continued to expand eastward, set up prefectures one after another, and captured the territory of LuXue Jun(Qufu, Shandong).In the same year, Wang Ben, a political faction of the King of Qin, attacked Liaodong of Yan, captured Yan Wang Xi, and perishedYan State。Then he returned to attack Dai and capturedDai Wangjia, establish Daijun (HebeiYuxian CountySouthwest) andLiaodong County(Liaoning ProvinceLiaoyang CityOld Town).[45]
In the 26th year of the first emperor (221 BC), Qin general Wang Ben attacked Qi from the south of Yan State and captured himQi Wangjian, outQi State, established in QijiuQi County(ShandongZibo CityNortheast) andLangxie County(ShandongJiaonan CountyXiahe City in Southwest China).[46]
From the 17th year of the first emperor (230 BC) to the end of the Qi Dynasty, the State of Qin took 10 years to merge six countries, and then began to pacify the south in the 28th year of the first emperor (219 BC)Baiyue。From then on, the Emperor of Qin completed the great cause of unification and entered the era of empire.
Create monarchy
First Emperor of Qin
In the 26th year of the reign of King Qin (221 BC), after the reign of King Qin destroyed six countries, he thought that he was "the three emperors of virtue and the five emperors of merit", so he adoptedThree Emperors"Emperor"Five Emperors"Emperor" constitutes the title of "Emperor",[6]He was the first monarch to use the title of "emperor" in Chinese history, so he called himself "the first emperor".At the same time, it is implemented in the central governmentSangong Jiuqing, the administering Power, is calledemperor。He also continued to implement the filial piety reformShang YangOfLegalistsThe policy was to strengthen the autocratic monarchy, weaken the old aristocratic forces, and promote the aristocrats who rose from military achievements.In addition, he believes thatYinyang FamilyProposed“Five Virtues Always”He said that Qin was a virtue of water,weekIt is the virtue of fire. Water can conquer fire, so Qin wins the world, so October is taken asThe beginning of the year。[48]
Abolished by Qin ShihuangEnfeoffment systemLater, a set ofCounty systemAnd bureaucracy.There are 36 counties in the country at the beginning,[47]Later, with the expansion of land to 46 counties, Xianyang (Xianyang City, Shaanxi ProvinceQindu District）Is the capital.The highest bureaucrat of the central government is the Prime Ministerimperial censorandTaiwei, also known as "San Gong".The governor of the local county is the guardian, and the governor of the county is the order.The system of prefectures and counties has been brokenblood kinshipRelationalPatriarchal clan systemSystem,Feudalism、BureaucracyInstead of aristocraticHereditary system。
In order to consolidate his political power, the First Emperor of Qin also carried out a series of policies, mainly: unified currency andWeights and measures；Unified writing;buildthe Great Wall、GallopandQin Zhidao；Forced migration to six countries to enrich people and civilians.After Qin unified the six countries, in order to prevent the aristocrats of the six countries from "reviving" their clans, they were forced to move to Xianyang to take care of the imperial mausoleum, or to move to the remote areas in the southwest. Some civilians were also forced to move at the same time, called“Emigration”, working hard in mining and salt wells.In the 32nd year of the first emperor (215 BC), Qin generalMeng TianCaptureHenan, set 34 counties, establishJiuyuan County(Located in the northwest of Baotou, Inner Mongolia).
From Qi YanConfucian scholarsThe alchemists regarded the Confucian“Fengchan”It was also revised in a new way. It is said that since ancient times, emperors have always held a ceremony to seal their hearts.From the 27th year (219 BC) of the First Emperor to the 32nd year (215 BC) of the First Emperor, Qin Shihuang went to the eastern coast continuously,Jianghuai River BasinAs well as in the north and other places, wherever you go, you will inscribe stones to praise his merits.
seven Qin inscribed steles recording the First Emperor's exploits
Lu Sheng persuaded Qin Shihuang to say: "We can't find the glossy ganoderma, miraculous medicine and immortals all the time. There must be something against them. We suggest that you should travel secretly from time to time to expel evil spirits. The evil spirits avoid, and the immortals will come. If you let the officials know where you live, it will hinder the communication with the immortals. I hope that the palace where you live will not be known by others.In this way, the medicine of immortality may be available. "Qin Shihuang declared to the outside world, "I admire immortals and immortals. I call myself 'Immortal' instead of 'I'."[49]He also ordered 270 palaces and temples within 200 miles around Xianyang to be connected with each other by overpasses and corridors. Curtains, bells and drums and beauties should be placed inside, and they should not be moved according to the registered positions.Where the emperor went, if anyone told him, he would be sentenced to death.[50]
Xu FuThey went to the sea to look for the medicine, but they spent a lot of time and money but didn't find it.Afraid of being punished, he deceived Qin Shihuang and said, "There are three gods in the sea.".But we are often troubled by big sharks, so we can't get there.I hope the emperor will send people who are good at shooting to go with him, and if he meets a big shark, he will shoot it with a continuous bow and crossbow. "It happened that Qin Shihuang dreamed of fighting with the sea god, whose shape was similar to that of a human.The doctor said, "The god of water was invisible, but he used a big fish dragon as a detective. Now the emperor's sacrifice is thoughtful and respectful, but there is such a evil god. Only by removing it can we find the true god of good." So Qin Shihuang ordered the people who went to the sea to take the tools to catch big fish and personally shot a big fish with a bow and crossbow.[51]Qin Shihuang sent him to lead 3000Boy and girl, multiply byBuilding boatI went to the sea to seek the immortal mountain, but I didn't know what to do. Maybe I met a shipwreck, or I drifted to an island to settle down. The latter is more likely. The folklore is toJapanYes.[52]
In the 32nd year of the first emperor (215 BC), the first emperor of Qin made Yan peopleLu ShengEnvy the doorHigh oathLater, Han TongDuke Hou、ShishengPray for immortal elixir.[53]There were also some Confucian scholars who advised Qin Shihuang's behavior, Doctor Qi RenChunyu YueIt is suggested that the First Emperor should still carry out the policy of enfeoffment of his descendants as princes, and the First Emperor should give it to his officials for discussion.the prime ministerLissopposition.Li Si's memorial prompted Emperor Qin Shihuang to order the burning of books and ban them, stipulating that history books should be burned except for Qin disciplines;It is not a doctor's office, and the world dares to hide "Poems"《book》, 100《theory》Those who have learned how to defend, and those who have learned how to burn;Those who dare to say "Poetry" and "Book" occasionally will abandon the market;Those who have changed from the past to the present are clans.The official who knows not to lift is the same crime.It will not burn for 30 days, and tsingling will be the city Dan.The quasi preserver is a book of medical divination and tree planting.If you are willing to learn laws and regulations, take officials as teachers.
The First Emperor felt cheated, so he ordered the Imperial Historian to ask Zhu Sheng about the case and expose each other about more than 460 people involved. The First Emperor ordered that they be buried alive in Xianyang.Some people think that《Redords of the Grand History of China》It is recorded that Qin Shihuang killedWarlock，[54]Not at allConfucian scholars, but according to《Historical Records · History of Qin Shihuang》It is recorded that all the people killed by Qin Shihuang in the pit "recite Confucius".[55]
In the 37th year of the reign of King Qin (210 BC), the First Emperor of Qin died in the sand dune palace (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his fifth east tourGuangzongCounty).[7]After the death of Qin Shihuang,eunuch who conspired with Li Si to influence the succession to the First EmperorBy persuading Hu Hai to threaten Li Si, the two men conspired in the Sand Dune Palace, faked the First Emperor of Qin and issued an imperial edict. Hu Hai inherited the throne and accused him in the name of the First Emperor of QinFusuTo be unfilial for one's sonMeng TianThe ministers are disloyal and force them to commit suicide. They must not disobey.After gettingFusu commits suicideAfter the exact message of,Huhai、eunuch who conspired with Li Si to influence the succession to the First Emperor、LissThat's why we ordered the convoy to travel day and night and return quicklyXianyang。
In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the motorcade did not dare to take a shortcut back to Xianyang, but assumed the posture of continuing the patrol and detoured back to Xianyang.Due to the high temperature in the summer, the body of Qin Shihuang has become rotten and smelly.Hu Hai and his party ordered people to buy a lot of money to hide their eyes“Abalone”When loaded in the car, the smell of "abalone" masked the putrid smell of the corpse, confusing everyone.[56]
After returning to Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded to the throne in order toSecond Emperor of the Qin dynasty, Zhao GaorenLang ZhonglingLi Si was still the prime minister, but the power of the imperial court actually fell to Zhao Gao.After the success of Zhao Gao's plot, he began to poison people around him.He set a trap and gradually drove Li Si to death. When Li Si found out Zhao Gao's plot, he reported Zhao Gao to the police.Qin II, Hu Hai, not only took sides with Zhao Gao, but also punished Li Si, and finally Li SiWaist chopYu Xianyang.Zhao Gaosheng was appointed Prime Minister, and he was specially called“Prime Minister”。
Before the First Emperor of Qin, the vassals of all countries were called "monarchs" or "kings".In the late Warring States Period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title did not go hand in hand at that time.Qin Shihuang, who ruled the world, thought that these titles were not enough to show his respect, so he ordered the ministers to discuss the titles.[64]After some discussion, the Prime MinisterWang Wan, Imperial DoctorFeng Jie, Ting WeiLissThe people believed that King Qin's administration "promoted righteous soldiers, killed disabled thieves, and pacified the world", and its achievements "have never been seen since ancient times,Five EmperorsI can't afford it. ".They quoted traditional honorific titles and said, "In ancient timesemperor of Japan, YesTerrestrial Sovereigns, YesThai emperorThe Thai emperor is the most expensive ", which is recommended to be adopted by the Emperor of Qin“Thai emperor”Title.[65]However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this.He only used the word "emperor" because“three emperors and five sovereigns”The word "emperor" is added below it to create“emperor”Title.[6]Since then, "emperor" has become the title of the highest ruler in China's feudal society.In order to consecrate the emperor's position, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the emperor":
Cancel firstPosthumous method。The posthumous title, which originated in the early Zhou Dynasty, was given a title of evaluation according to the life story of the king after his death.However, Qin Shihuang believed that it was outrageous and meaningless to "discuss father with son and monarch with minister" like this.He announced the abolition of posthumous title law, and forbidden future officials to evaluate themselves.[66]
Secondly, the Son of Heaven claimed that“Zhen”。The meaning of the word "Zhen" is the same as that of "I", which was also used by ordinary people in the past, but Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "Zhen".The emperor's order is called“system”Or“Imperial edict”(The order is called system, and the order is called imperial edict. The effect of the two is different.).[67]
Third, the name of the emperor is not allowed to be mentioned in the textTaboo。Every word such as "emperor" and "first emperor" on the document should be written in a new line.
Finally, the big seal carved in jade, which is only used by the emperor, can be called“Seal”。
Qin Shihuang's bronze chariots and horses
centralization
Qin Shihuang establishedCentralized systemAnd political institutions.Centralthe prime minister、Taiwei、imperial censor。The prime minister has two members, one is the head of the hundred officials, and he is in charge of government affairs.TaiweiHe is in charge of military affairs and does not often set up.imperial censorHe is the second in command of the prime minister, overseeing all officials.
In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin Dynasty, such asdoctor- "Mastering the ancient and modern", that is, knowing the ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation, and taking charge of book collection;Canonical country——Like Dianke, Dianke is in charge of minority affairs. The difference is that Dianke is in charge of the communication with the ethnic minorities who are friendly to Qin, while Dian's country is in charge of the ethnic minorities who have surrendered to Qin Dynasty;Zhan Shi——Manage the affairs of the queen and the prince.The Qin Dynasty set up a set of centralized institutions, which has been followed by successive dynasties.
Local institutions
After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion and abolishedEnfeoffment system, change the lineCounty system。Local administrative organs are divided into county and county levels.The main officials of counties and counties shall be appointed and removed by the central government.County establishmentKeep, Weiprison（Supervisor and imperial historian）。The prefect governs his county.SheriffAssist the prefectures and guide the military affairs.The county supervisor is in charge of supervision.Qin Shihuang divided the country into36 countiesLater, it was successively added to 41 counties.
County, over 10000 households（county magistrate）The head (county head) shall be set for those below 10000 households.Owned by county magistrate and county headCounty magistrate、County lieutenantAnd other staff members.The county magistrate and head are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county magistrate is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice.There are townships below the county level, whose main functions are as follows: 1. apportionmentCorvee；2. LevyLand tax；3. Verify the case of the defendant in the township;4. Participate in the storage of grain in the state warehouse.
Rural establishmentcounty official in charge of cultureIn charge of education,a miserpalmlitigationandtaxes，YoujingTake charge of public security.The countryside is the most basicAdministrative unit。There is Li Dian in it, which is called Li Dian by descendantsLi Zheng、Ligui"Haoshuai" means the powerful.A strict Shiwu household registration organization is set up in the center of the village to facilitate the sectsErrand, collect taxes.It also stipulates that mutual supervision and prosecution should be carried out, and that one person should commit a crime and the neighbors should sit together.In addition, there is a special organization in charge of public security and thieves, calledpavilion, pavilionvillage constable。In addition to the main management of public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving the officials coming and going, and is in charge of transporting, purchasing, and delivering (documents) for the government.
military
Unify the six countries
The strength of South Korea is the weakest among the six countries, but its geographical location is the biggest obstacle to the unification of Qin. The first target of Qin Shihuang is South Korea.Sixteen years ago (231 BC) of Shi Emperor, South KoreaNanyang County"Fake Shou" (that is, acting as the sheriff), Nei Shiteng, presented the territory under his jurisdiction to Qin.Nei ShitengAppointed by King Zheng of QinInternal historyAnd later sent him to lead the army to attack South Korea.[34]Nei Shiteng was captured in the 17th year (230 BC) of the first emperorHan Wang AnSouth Korea perished.[35]
In the 18th year of the First Emperor (229 BC), Qin Shihuang sentWang JianLead the army to attack Zhao.Zhao GuopaiLi Mu、Sima ShangLead the troops to resist.Wang Jian used a lot of money to buy off Zhao Wang's favorite ministersGuo Kai, ask him to spreadLi Mu、Sima ShangRumors of attempted rebellion.Zhao Wang believed in rumors and sentZhao CongandYan JuHe replaced Li Mu, who was later killed.In the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Qin (228 BC), the Qin army broke through Handan.[36]Soon, the fugitivesZhao WangqianForced to surrender to Qin, the State of Zhao actually perished.[37]howeverGongzijiaBut fled with a group of peopleDaijun(HebeiYuxian County）, stand up as the king.[38]Later, the Qin army captured Yan after the first emperor destroyed it in the 25th year (222 BC).
In the 22nd year of the first emperor (225 BC), Qin Shihuang sent young generalsWang Ben, led the army to besiege Weidu Daliang (Kaifeng, Henan).Since the city defense of Daliang has been built for many years, it is extremely strong, and the Qin army can not defeat it.Wang Ben came up with a water attack method.A large number of soldiers of the Qin army were arranged to dig channelsYellow River、wide gapAnd poured into the girder.Three months later, the city walls and barriers of the girder were all collapsed,Wei Wang LeaveWe had to surrender.The State of Wei perished.[41]
In the 24th year of the first emperor (223 BC), the Qin army captured the capital of ChuShouchun(AnhuiShouxian County）, capturedThe King of Chu took the cudThe Chu State perished.In the 25th year of the First Emperor (222 BC), the army that had just destroyed the Chu State in the south took advantage of the victory and subdued the Yue EmperorKuaiji County。Therefore, the Yangtze River basin was completely incorporated into the Qin Dynastyterritory。[44]
Twenty one years (226 BC) of the first emperor, the Qin army capturedYanduJi (Beijing), Yan Wang XihePrince elixirto escapeLiaodong County。General QinLi XinLed thousands of Qin troops to pursue Prince DanWater diversion。Prince Dan survived by hiding in the water.Later,Yan WangxiAfter weighing the interests, they sent people to kill the Prince Dan and dedicate his head to the State of Qin in order to obtain a truce and keep itYan StateNever die.After Yan Wang fled to Liaodong, the main force of the Qin army was transferred to the south to attack Chu.Twenty fifth year of the first emperor (222 BC),Wang BenHe was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan in Liaodong and captured Yan Wang Xi,Yan StateCompletely perish.[40]
In the 26th year of the First Emperor (221 BC), the First Emperor of Qin ordered Wang Ben to go south to attackQi State。[68]Wang Ben had hardly encountered any resistance when he went south to attack Qi.Wang Ben led the army commander to drive straight inLinziQi Wang Jian and Hou Sheng surrendered to Qin immediately.[46]The demise of Qi.
Qin Yangling Tiger Charm
Expedite south to Baiyue
In the 26th year of the first emperor (221 BC), after Qin Shihuang completed the great cause of unifying the Central Plains, after a series of preparations[69], Qin Shihuang ordered the generalSlaughter a faultLed a large army of 500000, launched the war of South Expedition against Baiyue, which was the most difficult and fierce battle in the Qin Dynasty.The Qin army was divided into five routes and attacked all the wayEastern OuandFujian and Vietnam, attack in two waysSouth VietnamAnd the other two routesWestern Ou。Huai Nan Zi · Human Training records the hard journey of Qin Shihuang's southward expedition to Baiyue: "He made Yu Tu Sui and his 500 thousand men into five armies... three years without understanding the armour and crossbowJianluNo rates can be transferred;He also used a pawn to dig a canal to get through the grain road, so that he could fight the Vietnamese and kill Xiou JunTranslate Xu Song；But all the Yue people went into the thicket to meet the animals, so they could not be Qin LuJie JunHe thought he would attack the Qin people at night and kill the captainTuju, hundreds of thousands of blood were shed on the corpseBe adaptable to garrisonIn case. "The Qin army was divided into five routes and marched towards the Yue nationality in Guangdong and Guangxi through the Yuecheng Mountains in northern Guangxi, the Jiuyi Mountains in southern Hunan, and Nankang and Yugan in Jiangxi.There was a stalemate for three years before and after the war.
In the 33rd year of the First Emperor (214 BC), the First Emperor of Qin ordered Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo to attack the tribes of Baiyue again.The Qin army was unstoppable, and this war made the whole Lingnan area into the territory of the Qin Dynasty.
According to historical records, Lingnan in the pre Qin period was a land of southern barbarians, a clan society of slash and burn cultivation, and it was not until the Qin army brought advanced technology to the south that it was integrated into civilization.The Qin army brought farming technology and advanced culture from the northern Central Plains to the south, making the Lingnan area quickly and smoothly enter the era of farming civilization from the era of slash and burn cultivation.Qin attacked BaiyueThe war is an important part of the unification war of Qin Shihuang. It plays an important role in promoting the integration of the Central Plains and Baiyue and the development of social politics, economy and culture of Baiyue.[69]
Hit the Huns in the north
During the Warring States Period, the countries in the Central Plains were busy in the war and had no time to go north. The Huns often raided and plundered the northern border of the Qin, Zhao, and Yan kingdoms.In order to remove the threat of the Huns to Qin, the First Emperor of Qin ordered Meng Tian to lead 300000 troops to attack the Huns in the north.
In the spring of the 33rd year (214 BC) of the first emperor,Meng TianThe main force of the unified army went north from Shangjun (the county governing Fushi, now south of Yulin, Shaanxi) to attack the east of the Great Wall;Yang Wengzi led his team from Xiao Guan (southeast of Guyuan, Ningxia) to attack the west of the Great Wall.The Huns were defeated and fled.Qin Sui took Henan Province (south of Wujia River in Inner Mongolia and Yikezhao League).44 counties are set up along the river and settled by immigrants.As the Huns continued to attack, the next autumn, Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian's army to cross the Yellow River to takeGao Que(Jilan Mountain Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia), capture Yangshan Mountain (Langshan Mountain and Yinshan Mountain in the north of Wujia River in Inner Mongolia), and Beijia Mountain (the area with mountains and rivers to the south of Wujia River).The Huns were defeated and moved northward.In order to consolidate the Henan region, the Qin Dynasty set up Jiuyuan Prefecture (which governs Jiuyuan, northwest of Baotou, Inner Mongolia).This counterattack relieved the invasion and destruction of the Xiongnu nobles, "received Henan", and made the vast areas inside and outside Hetao, north and south of the river, get rid of the disaster of war in a very long time.
Develop Northern Xinjiang
At the same time of the Northern Expedition against the Huns, the imperial court removed a large number of criminals, "the beginning of the real county".In the 35th year of the First Emperor (212 BC), the number of people moving to the border was further increased.In addition to banishing criminals, ordinary people are encouraged to move to border areas.For example, in the 36th year of the first emperor (211 BC), 30000 families migrated from the mainland to Beihe and Yuzhong to settle down. Those who went there were all "worshipping the nobility".These relocated people and criminals, while stationing land for cultivation and guarding the border, played an important role in developing the northern border areas and enriching the armed forces.
Develop Southwest
In order to explore the southwest, Qin Shihuang decided to open up the southwest because of the long-term exchanges between the people of all ethnic groups in the southwest and the mainland.Send Chang E to the southwest.Chang EBecause of the traffic jam, Fazhong has dug a road from Sichuan to todayYibinThe plank road leading to Dianchi Lake in Yunnan is named because it is "located in dangerous waters" and "the road is only five feet wide"Wuchi Path。After the plank road was opened, the forces of the Qin Dynasty arrived directlyJilan、Yelang、Qiongdu、KunmingAnd other places, and set up officials here, "set up officials", and established administrative institutions.At the same time, QinShujunIt has strengthened its ties with Qiongdu, Jiu and Ranzhe, and brought them into the administrative system of prefecture and county system.[70]Since then, the southwest minority areas not only have a close relationship with the mainland, but also become part of a unified multi-ethnic country.In addition, the First Emperor of Qin also opened the Wuchi Road to the southwest, roughly from Yibin in Sichuan to Qujing in Yunnan, controlling the local tribal countries and extending political forces into the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau.[71]
After Qin exterminated the Six Kingdoms, he began to build norththe Great Wall。At that time, the Central Plains had just been unified, and the original aristocratic forces in various regions were still strong. If the traffic and contact between the central and various regions were not maintained, the country would be in a situation of secession again at any time. Therefore, the traffic and contact between the central and various regions and between other counties and counties must be improved as soon as possible. Therefore, roads must be built as soon as possible.
Due to years of war, the agricultural facilities of the original countries have been considerably damaged, or have been in disrepair for a long time due to war;Agricultural production must be resumed as soon as possible after reunification;Therefore, it is necessary to spend considerable manpower to dredge rivers and repair canals, which is beneficial to waterway transportation and agricultural irrigation.
The Great Wall was built to protect the lives and property of the people in the northern border, and also to reduce the burden of the people;As the Huns are nomads, their cavalry have a wide range of activities. Without the Great Wall, they need a lot of troops to defend, which will increase the burden on the people.He didn't create the Great Wall. He just connected the original Great Wall in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan.
During the Warring States PeriodMeasuring System Very inconsistent.Qin Shihuangamount、BalanceAs a unit standard, the system that does not comply with this will be eliminated.The Qin court is in the originalShang YangAdditional engraving on the issued standardimperial edictInscription, or make the same standard device separatelyinscription, sent to the whole country.The degrees, quantities and scales different from the standard are prohibited.In the field system, the Qin Dynasty stipulated six steps (about 23.1 cm today[135]）A foot is a foot, and 240 steps are an acre.This oneMu systemIt will remain unchanged for thousands of years.
Unified currency system
After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it was stipulated that the currency was divided into gold and copper: gold was called Shang coin, and Yi (20 liang in Qin Dynasty) was the unit;copperThe coins are called round and square holesHalf a dozenIs the unit.Gold coins are mainly for the emperor's reward,copperIs the main circulation medium.
Qin Shihuang adopted two main ways to unify the currency: one is to unify the coinage by the state, severely punish private coinage, and hold the manufacturing power of currency in the hands of the state.The second is to use two currencies in a unified way, that is, gold and coinscopper。Change gold to“Yi”Is the unit, one yi is twenty liang.The unit of copper coins is "half liang", and gold coins are clearly cast with the word "half liang".The copper coins are shaped as round square holes, commonly known as“Qin Banliang”。The pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver tin, etc. commonly used in the six countries can no longer be used as currency. By the time of Qin Dynasty, the currency of the first country in China was second-class;Gold, named Yi, is the currency;Copper coins are known as half liang, and they are as heavy as their words.The pearl jade, tortoise shell and silver tin belong to the treasure of ornaments, not coins.
Whole traffic
Xunyi Qin Straight Road Sign Stele
From 222 years ago, the First Emperor of Qin began to build a large scale ofGallop, similar to modern highways.Drive and implement“The country is unified.”, 50 steps in average width.Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate transportation and manage the old land of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the Northern War, and the other is to facilitate the flow of the First Emperor when he goes on patrol.exceptQin ZhidaoandQin Stack PathMost of them were built on the basis of the old land of Qin and the old roads of the six countries, as well as the roads built during the Qin's invasion of the six countries.Famous roads include Shangjun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang RoadWuguan Road, Qinzhan Road, Xixi Road andQin Zhidao。
After the annihilation of the Six Kingdoms, the First Emperor of Qin ordered Shi Lu to dig canals for communication in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for the conquest of LingnanYangtze River systemOfXiangjiang RiverandPearl River systemOfLijiang River。The canal was finally completed in the 20th to 23rd year of the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty (219-215 BC).Lingqu Canal is one of the oldest canals in the world. Since its opening, it has been the main waterway between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than 2000 years.Therefore, this project startedNational key cultural relics protection unitsone of.
land system
In terms of land system, in the 31st year of Qin Shihuang (216 BC), Qin Shihuang ordered:Qianshou Self fulfilling FieldAlso. "That is, the person who occupies the land automatically reports the amount of land actually occupied and pays taxes according to the regulations.This law recognizes the actual occupation of various types of land, and objectively has the significance of promoting the continuous development of the number of private land.He also changed the situation of "different fields with different mu", unified the land measurement system, and stipulated that 6 feet is the step, and 240 square feet is one mu.This one mu system has remained unchanged for thousands of years.[145]
Handicraft and commercial policies
Like the monarch of the State of Qin, the First Emperor of Qin pursued the economic policy of "promoting agriculture and eliminating poverty, and making the head of Guizhou rich", and tried to make "the people in charge of the family force farmers and workers".While restraining commerce, Qin Shihuang formulated a series of relevant laws to strengthen the management of rival industries and commerce.In order to strengthen management, the Qin Dynasty set up officials such as "Qiyuan Sifu", "Sikong Sifu", and "Iron Mining Sifu", and also formulated laws and regulations such as "Gong Law", "Worker Procedure", "Jun Gong Law", and "Effect Law".While protecting legal business activities, the laws of the Qin Dynasty explicitly prohibited all illegal business activities. It was illegal for government agencies, officials and farmers without franchise rights to engage in business operations.The Field Law prohibits farmers from selling alcohol.The Stables Law forbids officials who ride public cars and horses to sell the meat and skin of dead horses, and such items must be uniformly handed over to the county government for disposal.The Golden Cloth Law prohibits prefects from selling items that need to be disposed of on their own and must be sent to the prefecture or county for disposal.There is a legal provision in the Miscellaneous Copy of Qin Laws: it is strictly prohibited for low-level officials to use horses and attendants provided for them to make profits, otherwise they will be sentenced to a heavy exile.
The laws of the Qin Dynasty also provided for limiting commodity prices, protecting fair trade, and prohibiting smuggling.The Golden Cloth Law clearly stipulates that the seller must clearly mark the price, except for small commodities whose price is one yuan.The Sikong Law stipulates that for every 30 yuan of grain price, the labor price is "eight yuan per day, and six yuan per day for public eaters".The Legal Questions and Answers stipulates that traders in other countries must submit business vouchers for verification, and people are prohibited from trading with illegal foreign businessmen.Precious commodities such as pearls and jade are not allowed to be sold to merchants in other countries such as "Bangke" and "Traveler".The smuggled jewels found must be handed over to the internal history, who will reward them at his discretion.[145]
On the one hand, Qin Shihuang pursuedEmphasize the origin and suppress the endOn the other hand, it recognizes and protects the social status of big businessmen.for exampleLuowushiTo become rich through animal husbandry and trade, "livestock use grain to measure horses and cattle"."The First Emperor of Qin allowed him to" compare the title of monarch, and then ask the officials to court ".Ba Widow QingA family became rich by mining Dan acupoints. "If they are good at making profits for many generations, they will not be able to take advantage of them"."The emperor of Qin thought she was a chaste woman and came here to build a womanHuaiqing Platform”。[146]
nation
Before the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang noticed the rule of the minorities in the southwest, southeast and northwest regions, thus strengthening the political and cultural relations of the multi-ethnic unified country dominated by the Chinese nation.After unification, officials were set up in the southwest minority areas, making them an integral part of the Qin State.After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Chu State, it further unified the southeast Yue nationality areaEastern OuandFujian and VietnamThe land has been establishedMinzhong County(In today's Fuzhou, Fujian).
Later, Qin Shihuang orderedSlaughter a faultCommanding 500000 troops, they went south in five routes and went deep into the present Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces.At the same time, poor people, redundant sons and Jia people who were in debt were distributed to support the war. Finally, South Vietnam and West Ou were unified and establishedNanhai County、Guilin CountyandXiangjun。Since then, these regions have become the territory of the State of Qin.
In the late Warring States Period, there was a powerful nomadic tribe from west to north——HunRising abruptly, activities inYin MountainNortherlyTouman City(At the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain in the northeast of Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia today), its chief Tou Manshan often used fast cavalry to go deep into the Central Plains to plunder food and population and burn villages.Zhao Wuling KingTherefore, take defensive measures and resettle for reclamation.But it still could not stop the Huns from moving southward, and the area of Jiuyuan Henan (south of the Yellow River) was occupied by them.Twenty sixth year of the first emperor (221 BC), 30000 households were moved to HebeiYuzhongReclamation, at the same time, on the basis of the original Great Wall in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan, built a 5000 mile long Great Wall.
Qin Great Wall Site
Culture
Shang DynastySince then, writing has gradually become popular.OfficialInscriptions on bronze, the shape is relatively consistent.howeverSpring and Autumn Period and Warring States PeriodWeaponsTaowen、book copied on silkThere are regional differences in folk characters such as.This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges in various regions, and also affected the effective implementation of the central government's policies and decrees.So Qin unifiedcentral plainsLater, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out and unify the characters.
Li Siyi was used by Qin people in the Warring States PeriodBig Seal ScriptBased onQiluEquidistanttadpole characterThe advantages of simple strokes create a new kind of characters with uniform and neat shape and simple strokes, called“Qin Zhuan”, also known as“Xiaozhuan”, as the official standard text, and abolish other variant characters at the same time.In addition, one person nameda jailer turned prisoner in the Jin dynasty who created the clerical style of Chinese calligraphyYamen officials of were sent to Yunyang prison for crimes. During his 10 years in prison, he had a change in the evolution of the font at that time (later called“Clerical change”）, summarize.This move was appreciated by the First Emperor of Qin, so he was released and promoted to be an imperial historian. He ordered him to "fix the book" and develop a new font, which is called "official script".Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script, and improved the writing efficiency.
The order of Qin Shihuang to unify and simplify the characters is a summary of the development and evolution of ancient Chinese characters, as well as a major character reform. He played an important role in the development of Chinese culture.
"Homotopy" is to correct customs and establish unified ethics and codes of conduct.The Qin Dynasty also paid considerable attention.For example, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (219 BC), Qin Shihuang cameMount TaiNext.This was the former place of the State of Qi, known as“a state of ceremonies”。The First Emperor of Qin asked people to write down on the stone carved on Mount Tai that there was a clear boundary between men and women, and they treated each other with courtesy. Women ruled inside, and men ruled outside, each doing his own duty, so as to set a good example for future generations and commend them.[72]In the 37th year of the First Emperor (210 BC), the inscription left on the Kuaiji stone severely lashed the prevailing local vogue of lechery, and corrected the customs of lax defense of men and women in the Wuyue area with the provision that the traitor was innocent.[73]
During the Warring States Period, different countries had different vehicle shapes.After the unification of the whole country by the First Emperor of Qin, the width of the fixed car was six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country.
Big immigrants
Large scale migration is one of the important measures taken by Qin Shihuang to maintain national unity and political stability.It is characterized by numerous times, huge scale and long duration.In the Records of the Historian, the Chronicle of the First Qin Emperor, there are as many as 12 relevant records.There are at least five or six large-scale immigrants with more than 30000 households in one migration.Among them, the number of "the world's rich and powerful" who migrated to Xianyang in the year of unifying the six countries reached 120000.In addition, there are many migrations that have not been recorded specifically. For example, a group of rich people in Records of the Historian, Biographies of the Merchant Colony were moved to different places.According to the above records, it is estimated that the number of people ordered to migrate by the First Emperor of Qin is millions, even more than 23 million.The reasons and purposes of Qin Shihuang's large-scale migration were mainly to enrich the border areas, directly control the powerful families, punish the rebels and criminals, and enrich the areas specially cared for by the emperor.[147]
Historical evaluation
Announce
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Wei Liao: The King of Qin is a man,high nose, long eyes, sincere bird, jackal voice, little kindness, tiger and wolf heart, people are easy to get out of the neighborhood, and people are easy to eat.I'm dressed in cloth, but I often come down from me.Sincerely, the King of Qin will win the world's ambition, and all the world will be captives.Do not travel with me for a long time.
Lu Sheng: As a man, the First Emperor was ruthless in nature and used himself. He rose up from the feudal lords and unified the world. He thought that he could not reach himself since ancient times.
Jia Yi: ① The tendency of attack and defense is different without benevolence and righteousness. ②The King of Qin was greedy and committed to self improvement. He did not believe in meritorious officials or be close to the people. He abandoned the royal way and established private love. He burned documents to cool the criminal law. He began with deceit and then benevolence. The world began with cruelty.[57]
Main father Yan: ① The Emperor of Qin assumed the power of victory, encroached on the world, annexed the Warring States Period, and made contributions to three generations at home. ②To win and attack the Huns, men's rapid farming is not enough to pay for food, and women's textile achievements are not enough to cover the curtain.The people are destitute, and the old and the weak cannot support each other. The dead on the road look at each other, and the world begins to surround Qin.[74-75]
Five quilts: Qin rejected the way of saints, killed magicians, burned "Poems" and "Books", abandoned etiquette and righteousness, valued deceit and power, allowed punishment, and turned the millet of the sea to the West RiverSo the people disintegrated, and ten families wanted to cause chaos.[76]
Yan An: The King of Qin encroached on the world, annexed the Warring States Period, and was named Emperor.1. Domestic politics can destroy the city of princes.Pinning the soldiers, casting them as clocks, shows that they can't be reused.The people in the Yuan Dynasty were exempted from the Warring States Period. When the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty came, everyone thought they were reborn.The township envoy Qin postponed punishment, paid less taxes, and forced labor in the province;Honor benevolence and righteousness, and despise rights;Benevolent above, skillful below;Change customs and put them into the sea;Then the world will be safe.When it was, the disaster of Qin Dynasty was in Hu to the north, and in Yue to the south. The soldiers stayed in useless places and could not retreat.After more than ten years of traveling, Ding male was transferred by A and Ding female. They were so miserable that the dead met each other after learning from the Tao tree.And the collapse of the Qin Emperor, the great bank of the world.[75]
Sima Qian: ① Since Duke Miao, he has nibbled the princes and competed to become the first emperor.The first emperor thought that he had done better than the five emperors and the three kings of the land, but he was ashamed of him.What a good thing Jia Sheng said![57][77]② The first emperor is the leader of all laws.[61]③ The First Emperor has established himself as the first emperor, and also served as the Six Kingdoms. He was awarded by Xie Feng, Wei Yan and Gan Ge. He was honored as the emperor, and was powerful and powerful.[78]
“Salt Iron Conference”Chinese learning: abandoning benevolence and righteousness and advocating punishment, thinking that at this time, we should not learn from literature but be determined by martial arts.Zhao Gaozhi was imprisoned inside, while Meng Tian used troops outside. The people were worried and united to suffer from Qin.[79]
Ban Biao: The Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty and established prefectures and counties. The leader has the authority of his own, and the officials have no responsibility for a hundred years.[80]
Ban Gu: ① The Zhou calendar has been moved, and benevolence does not replace the mother.Qin straightened his position and Lv Zheng was cruel.However, the thirteen princes, together with the world, were extremely indulgent and raised their relatives.In the 37th year of the reign of the emperor, he made a decree to the emperor.He won the authority of saints, and the river god gave him a picture. According to wolves and foxes, he was called the first emperor after he joined the government and drove them away.[57]② As for Qin Shihuang, who also swallowed up the Warring States Period, he destroyed the laws of the former king, destroyed the officials of rites and friendship, and took full charge of punishment. He practiced literary and ink skills, ended prison in the day, and managed books at night. He decided to be one of the stones of the county in the day.But evil and evil coexist. The streets are clogged with ochre clothes. The city is in prison. The world is worried and resentful.[81]
Wang Lang: A king without virtue should not be worshipped.
Pei Yuanlue：Yao and ShunMautz,weekThe humble palace, therefore, brings peace and celebrates eight hundred.The first emperor was extremely extravagant, and his descendants were inferior to his grandchildren.[124]
Li Shimin: In modern times, only the Emperor Qin and the Emperor Hanwu were able to level the world and expand the border.The first emperor was tyrannical, and his son died.The Han Dynasty is proud and extravagant, and the country is unique.[82]
Yu Shinan: The first emperor abandoned benevolence and righteousness and used his power. This can be absorbed but not maintained. It can educate the descendants and is just greedy.[125]
Li Bai: King of Qin sweep Liuhe, what a tiger looks at!When wielding the sword, the princes will come to the west.
Liu ZongyuanIn the famous book "On Feudalism": The abolition of enfeoffment system and the establishment of prefectures and counties system by the First Emperor of Qin conformed to the objective and inevitable trend of historical development. The so-called "the reason why Qin changed is that it is the system, and the public is the greatest; the end of the public world is from the beginning of Qin. It is not the sage's idea, but also the trend."
Zhang Juzheng: From three generations to the Qin Dynasty, the reigning of chaos was also created, and its legislation has been kept for the benefit of the people. History says that it "gained the prestige of saints". The king of Zhou was poor, and it is bound to change into the Qin Dynasty. Take the literary system of the previous generation, eradicate it, and stick to the law alone. The governance of the Western Han Dynasty is simple and strict, which is close to the ancient times. It depends on the elimination of the Qin Dynasty. It is pity to help Su Ren cowardly, Hu Hai childish, and eliminate the traitors inside. The remaining evils of the six countries still exist.Because of the resentment of the world, he took Qin as his recruit and frowned when it was passed on again. This is the misfortune of the first emperor.
zhi : ① The first emperor is an ancient emperor. ②The first emperor was born, and Li Sixiang was born.The collapse of heaven and earth overturned a world.Whether it is holy or evil cannot be lightly discussed.Zulong is a hero who has won the world for thousands of years.
Zhang TaiyanWritten in 1913《Qin Zheng Ji》He also praised Qin Shihuang and said, "Although there were four or three emperors and six or five emperors, they were not as good as Pilon."
Xia Zengyou"The emperor of the Han Dynasty is the great ancestor; the emperor of the 24 dynasties is the Qin Emperor and the Han Wu Emperor."
Liu Yimou《Chinese Cultural History》"The rule of law in the era of the First Emperor is really a great spirit. To control China by one government for thousands of miles is the evolution of the form of the state and the evolution of ideas at that time.".However, although Qin had the merit of unified management, he failed to implement the policy of unified planning.All the policies of the Qin Dynasty should be followed by the Han Dynasty.The people of Qin Dynasty opened up the end of it, while the people of Han Dynasty had their own thoughts. "
Lv Simian: The First Emperor of Qin always said that he was a tyrant and wiped out his benefits. In fact, it was wrong.His politics really has a great ideal.[83]Although Qin Shihuang's policies were good, they seemed to be too aggressive.The Great Wall was built in the north, and the two Yues were closed in the south. In addition to the war at that time, troops were also sent to defend;Since there are troops to guard, we have to transport food and pay to supply;In this way, the people can no longer bear the burden of taxes and servitude.He also followed the old habits before the Warring States Period, abusing people for self worship.[83]The reason for Qin people's failure was harsh, especially their extravagance.If the usage is deep and the people's strength is not measured, it can be blamed for the mistake of administration. If it is extravagant, it cannot be forgiven.[84]
Jian Bozan: "In my opinion, Qin Shihuang was an outstanding figure in the feudal ruling class of China.I said that Qin Shihuang was an outstanding figure in China's feudal ruling class, not because he was the founder of a dynasty, but because he unconsciously complied with the trend of China's historical development, acted as the pioneer of China's emerging landlord class in opening up the road, and eliminated the feudal feudal system in Chinese history,It has created a new historical era of centralized feudal absolutism. "
Lu Xun: ① GermanHitlerGentlemen, once they burn the books, the Chinese and Japanese commentators compare with Qin Shihuang.Qin Shihuang was really wronged. He died in the second year. A group of servants spoke ill of him for the new master.Yes, Qin Shihuang burned books for the purpose of unifying thoughts.But he did not burn the agricultural and medical books;He collected many "guest ministers" from other countries, not focusing on "Qin's ideas", but absorbing various ideas... But the results are often different from the predictions of heroes.The first emperor wanted the emperor to be handed down to the world, but the second died, pardoning agricultural and medical books. However, there were no such books before the Qin Dynasty.[85]② The evaluation of characters in many historical books is unreliable.The critics of the dynasties that have ruled for a long time are the people of their own dynasties, and most of them sing praises of their own emperors;If he ruled for a short time, the emperor of that dynasty could easily be demoted as a "tyrant" because the commentator was from another dynasty. Qin Shihuang made contributions to history, but suffered from the short age of the Qin Dynasty.[144]
Chen Dengyuan"Old News of the National History": "The First Emperor was resolute, fierce and deep. He was happy to kill people. He served as a prison official and was lucky. He was worried, sleepy and bored at home."
Liang Qichao"Records of the Warring States Period": "The first emperor of Qin would rather be the hero of China than the world. It is rare to see him. His martial arts, Kun Yao, are well known to all, and his political facilities have the concept of being strong for hundreds of generations." He also believes that the first emperor of Qin is the hero of the world in terms of martial arts and the scale of the establishment system, and his failure lies in luxury, autocracy, and fear.The historical books written in the Han Dynasty mostly describe the extravagance and tyranny of Qin Shihuang. Historians should have a clear understanding of this. They should not be influenced by the paranoid records of predecessors, and should make a fair evaluation with an objective attitude.
Gu Hongming"About 2000 years ago, we Chinese met this extremely frightening superman face in our own country. Today, Chinese scholars shudder at the thought of his name. In China, he is called Qin Shihuang, the emperor who built the Great Wall."[148]
Huang Renyu"How can Qin Shihuang not be blamed for his cruel and unruly behavior, which has reached a strange level? But how can he not admire his work of unifying China, which was designed with such a long-term vision and completed with such a sophisticated skill?"
Qin Shihuang is an expert who cares about the present but cares about the past.[86]
yesZhang ShizhaoSay: You say that the Communist Party is equal to the First Emperor of Qin. No, more than 100 times.[86]
"ToMarxCombine with Qin Shihuang, and combine democracy with centralization. "
"King Zhou of Yin (usually called a tyrant) was proficient in literature and military affairs, and Qin Shihuang and Cao Cao were all regarded as bad people, which was incorrect."
Confucius and Menciusyesidealism，a pre-Qin philosopheryesMaterialismIs the left of Confucianism.ConfuciusOn behalf of slave owners and nobles.Xunzi represents the landlord class.He added: In Chinese history, it was the First Emperor of Qin who really did something. Confucius only said empty words.For thousands of yearsConfuciusIn fact, it was handled according to Qin Shihuang.Qin Shihuang used Li Si, who was a Legalist and a student of Xunzi.
Confucius has some advantages, but it is not very good.We should be fair.Qin Shihuang is much greater than Confucius.Confucius is empty talk.Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China.It not only unifies China politically, but also unifies the Chinese language and various Chinese systems, such as weights and measures. Some systems have been used since then.China's past feudal monarch was not the second one to surpass him, but he was scolded for thousands of years, which means two things: killing 460 intellectuals;Burned some books.[87]
Don't scold Qin Shihuang. The cause of burning pits should be discussed.ZulongQin still exists when the soul is dead. Confucius has a high reputationChaff。Qin's political laws have been practiced for centuries《Ten batches》Not a good article.Be familiar with Tang people《Feudalism》Don't go back from your sonfather of the first Zhou king。[88]
Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in the feudal society of China. I am also Qin Shihuang,Lin BiaoCall me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two schools, one is good about Qin Shihuang, and the other is bad about Qin Shihuang.I agree with Qin Shihuang, not Confucius.Because Qin Shihuang was the first one to unify China, unify the language, build a broad road, not to build a country within a country, but to use a centralized system. The central government sent people to go to different places, and changed them every few yearsHereditary systemDegrees.[89]
The Qin Emperor and the Han Dynasty lost their literary talent slightly.
Xi Jinping: Qin Shihuang was the first feudal emperor to unify China. At first, he represented the requirements of historical development. However, he enjoyed great success and collected taxes and levies excessively, which made people's complaints boil. However, it was said that the Second Qin Dynasty perished.[138]
Leften Stavros Stavrianos From the perspective of later history, these reforms at that time, no matter how well justified, violated many vested interest groups and caused fierce opposition.It is this universal hatred, coupled with the lack of capable successors of the Qin Dynasty, that explains the reason why the people rose up to revolt and the Qin Dynasty collapsed in 207 BC, four years after the death of the first emperor.However, although Qin's rule was so short-lived, it left a deep and lasting mark on China.China has changed from a enfeoffment state to a centralized empire, and has existed until the 20th century.
Chang AnjunCheng。[26]In addition, Zhao Ji, the birth mother of Qin Shihuang, andPoisonHaving two sons, both were killed.[22][30]
children
Qin Shihuang had more than twenty sons.The eldest son, Fusu.[90]youngest sonHuhaiThe successor, Qin II, purged other children of Qin Shihuang.Except that the eldest son Fusu was killed in the army,[91-92]According to《Historical Records · History of Qin Shihuang》, Young MasterSend a messageThree brothers were forced to pull out their swords to commit suicide, and another six young men were killed in Du County.[93]According to the Records of the Historian · Biography of Li Si, there were twelve childrens killed in Xianyang City;Young Master GaoWhen Hu Hai was cleaning up his brothers, he asked himself to be buried for Qin Shihuang and was allowed to do so;[94-95]Another ten princesses were killed in Du County.[94]However, these are not all the children of Qin Shihuang.[96]
In addition, in 1977, when the tomb of Qin Dynasty was excavated in Shangjiao Village, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, there were copper seals "Ronglu" and "Yinman" unearthed, which were said to be related to the children of Qin Shihuang,[97]In addition, it has nothing to do with it,[96]There is also a view that "Yin Man" may be the concubine of Qin Shihuang.[98]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Accept the dead remonstrance
Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, after executing Kuai, moved Zhao Ji, his mother, to live in Kuyang Palace, and ordered that "whoever dares to remonstrate with the Empress Dowager, kill him, plow his back, cut off his limbs, and put him under the palace!" Twenty seven people died of remonstrance.Qi RenMao JiaoAsked to see Ying Zheng, Ying Zheng sent a waiter to ask, "Are you advising the Empress Dowager?" Mao Jiao replied, "Yes." The waiter went back to tell Ying Zheng.Ying Zheng said, "Go tell him, didn't he see the dead people piled up under the Que?" The waiter told Mao Jiao. Mao Jiao said, "I heard that there are 28 nights in the sky, and now there are 27 people dead. I came to make up for that number. I'm not afraid of death, go and report it!" The waiter told Ying Zheng again,Ying Zheng was furious and said: "This guy deliberately disobeyed my ban. Boil him quickly, and still want to stack him under the Que?" Ying Zheng sat with his sword pressed, his mouth foaming.The messenger summoned Mao Jiao into the palace.Mao Jiao said to Ying Zheng: "It's jealousy that your majesty cracked his fake father; it's unkind to throw two brothers to death; it's unfilial to move his mother away; it's tyrant to kill Jianshi by tortureJie ZhouThe act of.The world knows that no one will incline to the State of Qin again. I'm afraid that Qin will perish. I'm really worried about your majesty.I have finished speaking, please put me to death. "So he undressed and fell on the guillotine seat.Ying Zheng went down to the hall, lifted him up with one hand, waved around with the other hand, and said, "Forgive him, sir, put on your clothes, and I will listen to you." Immediately appointed Mao Jiao as the father of Zhong and the officer as the superior minister, and welcomed the empress dowager back.[128]
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he collected all the weapons in the world to prevent people from revolting. He cast twelve large bronze figures, namelyTwelve Golden People。It is said that it was made by the First Emperor of Qin to prevent the circulation of metals and collect metals from all over the world. It is also said that it was made by the Emperor of Qin with the nine tripods of Dayu.[99]
National Jade Seal
Qin Shihuang Carving“National Jade Seal”, based on“He Shi Bi”。It is said that in the twenty eighth year of the First Emperor (219 BC), the First Emperor of Qin crossed Dongting Lake in a dragon boat. When the wind and waves suddenly arose, the dragon boat was about to tilt. The First Emperor of Qin hurriedly threw the imperial seal into the lake to pray for the gods to stop the waves.The jade seal was lost.Eight years later, someone from Huayin Pingshu Road presented this national seal.
Meet aliens
According to《An addendum》He said that during the Qin Shihuang period, he had contact with people outside the sky and learned the casting technology of chrome plated bronze swords from them.[100]
In the 26th year of the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty (221 BC), the nursery rhyme "Ah Fang, Ah Fang, the First Emperor died" spread.[142]
The first emperor died and divided the land
According to historical records, it happened in the 36th year (211 BC) of Qin ShihuangGlowing Puzzles and Keeping HeartA bad omen.In the same year, a meteorite fellDongjun, turned into stone after landing“Qianshou”(Common people) carved on that stone "the first emperor died and divided the land".When the First Emperor heard about it, he sent the Imperial Historian to investigate one by one. No one pleaded guilty, so he killed all the people living around the stone and burned the meteorite.[101]
Zulong died this year
One day in the late autumn of the 36th year of Qin Shihuang (211 BC), when Qin Shihuang was still patrolling, a stranger suddenly appeared in front of him and stopped the carriage.The man took a piece of jade in his hand, and quietly thrust it to the messenger.The emissary took it in doubt. Before he could speak, the other party said, "Zulong died this year"!extremely elegant and valuable.The messenger was frightened to death."Zulong died this year". Zu is the first ancestor and the first person;Dragon is the king's image.It means that Qin Shihuang will die this year.The stranger put down the stone like words and walked away quickly. When the messenger returned to his senses, he wanted to find again, but the person had already disappeared.[102]
Hu, the one who died in Qin Dynasty
Qin ShihuangLu ShengSeeking to visit immortals everywhere, he brought back books from overseas and said that "Hu Ye was the one who lost the Qin Dynasty".The First Emperor of Qin thought that "Hu" was a Hu people and sent 300000 people north to fight against the Huns.What I didn't expect was that the Qin DynastyHuhaiHe is dead in his hands.[103]
An anecdote on patrol
Wuda Fusong
Qin Shihuang went up Mount Tai to worship the Buddha, but when he went down the mountain, he encountered a storm and had to take shelter under the pine trees.The First Emperor thought that the pine tree had meritorious service, so he sealed it asFive Doctors, is forWuda FusongAllusion to.[129]
Anger at Xiang Jun
According to the Records of the Historian, when Qin Shihuang went on a tour, he encountered strong wind in Xiangshan Temple and could hardly cross the river.Qin Shihuang asked the doctor (an official position), "What kind of god is Xiang Jun?" The doctor replied, "I heard that it is Yao's daughter and Shun's wife, buried here.Because the local area is red soil, Xiangshan has become a red bald mountain.[143]However, the unearthed bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty recorded that, on the contrary, the First Emperor of Qin admired "the wild beauty of its trees" when touring the Xiangshan Mountains, and clearly ordered that "cutting is forbidden".[139]
Shihuang shoots fish
The First Emperor of Qin patrolled the sea. The alchemist Xu Shi (Xu Fu) and others went to the sea to seek the elixir of immortality. They could not find it for several years. Afraid of being punished by the First Emperor, they lied: "Penglai elixir can be obtained, but there are big fish in the sea. They can't get there. They hope to send a good shooting warrior to go with them and shoot it with a crossbow." The First Emperor dreamed again of fighting with the sea god, and the doctor officer interpreted the dream,He said, "The god of water often looks like a big fish and dragon. This evil god should be removed, and the good god will come." So the Shihuang ordered the ships to take the tools to catch big fish, and to take the crossbow with them when the big fish appeared.Ship arrivalZhifuWhen shooting a huge fishShihuang shoots fishAllusion to.[130]
Whip stones into the sea
It is said that Qin Shihuang made a stone bridge to cross the sea and watch the sunrise.At that time, there was a god man who could drive the stone into the sea and automatically build a bridge. He thought the stone was slow, so he whipped the stone with a whip, and the stone was bleeding.In the Jin Dynasty, the stone still leans to the east, and the color is still redWhip stones into the seaAllusion to.[131-132]
Qin Jingzhao Gallbladder
It is said that Qin Shihuang had a square mirror four feet wide and five feet nine inches high. When people looked at it from the front, the image in the mirror was inverted.If you touch your heart, you can clearly see the intestines and stomach.If a person has a disease, he should cover his heart and take photos to know where the disease is.If a woman has an evil heart, it will show that she is brave.Qin Shihuang often used this square mirror to take a look at the palace people. Those who were brave enough to feel excited were executed.[133]
Character controversy
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Name Dispute
The name of Qin Shihuang can be described as follows:
Ying ZhengAccording to historical records, the "surname" of Qin Shihuang is Ying, and "Ying Zheng" is the most popular use of addressing the name of Qin Shihuang after the demise of the Qin Dynasty, such as people in the Western Han DynastyYang XiongBy《Legalism》There is the sentence "Ying Zheng has been in power for 26 years, and the world is good at Qin";
Zhao Zheng/Zhao ZhengAccording to historical records, the "surname" of Qin Shihuang is Zhao, so there is also a saying of "Zhao Zheng", also known as "Zhao Zheng", such as unearthed documents《Zhao Zhengshu》。Some people think that the first emperor of Qin changed his "surname" to Zhao after unifying the country, so there was a theory of Zhao Zheng or Zhao Zhengzhi;
Lv Zheng: The birth father of Qin Shihuang is Lv Buwei, so the saying "Lv Zheng" appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty.[140]
Mystery of appearance
The recovered appearance of Qin Shihuang in The Mystery of Qin Mausoleum Skull[135]
There are two descriptions of Qin Shihuang's appearance in the history books:
Quoted in Records of the Historian: The First Qin EmperorWei Liao"The King of Qin was a man,high nose, long eyes, birds of prey,roar as fiercely as a wild beastHe is less gracious and has a tiger and wolf heart. "[57]
《Taiping Imperial Survey》According to the "River Map", the first emperor of Qin Dynasty "has a tiger's mouth, a sun horn, a big eye, a long nose, eight feet six inches long, and seven inches round."[136]
The first paragraph of historical data describes the Qin Shihuang with a high nose, slender eyes, a chest like an eagle, and a voice like a jackal. This kind of person is mean and merciless, and his heart is like a tiger or a wolf.Guo MoruoEven according to this description, these characteristics of Qin Shihuang are "physiological defects", because he suffers from "chondrosis".The second section of historical data records that Qin Shihuang was tall and burly, nearly 2 meters tall, with a thick waist, thick eyebrows and big eyes.The researchers reconstructed the appearance of the male skulls unearthed near the Qin Mausoleum.It is said that the owner of the skull may be one of the many sons of Qin Shihuang, so it may be close to the appearance of Qin Shihuang.[135]
Mystery of life experience
The history of Qin Shihuang is ambiguous in the historical records. The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang in Records of the Historian records that "Qin Shihuang,King Zhuang Xiang of QinThe mother is Lu Buwei's concubine.[58]The Records of the Historian · Biography of Lv Buwei said that when the First Emperor's mother married a stranger, she was pregnant, and was up to twelve months pregnant[59]）And gave birth to him,[60]It is believed that the First Emperor wasLu BuweiSon of.
Spouse Mystery
The Empress of the First Emperor of Qin has no record in the history books.Their opinions are as follows:
Qin Shihuang never set up a queen. The reason why he did not set up a queen was that there were too many harems to be sure;
Qin Shihuang believed that alchemists pursued immortality, which delayed the process of his establishment;
Qin Shihuang's mother's private life was disorderly, so that she had illegitimate children, which had a great impact on Qin Shihuang, resulting in a psychological barrier of hating women, making him unable to stand up later;
Ying Zheng, the Queen of Qin, is the wife of the State of Chu, born in the royal family of the State of Chu, andMadam HuayangandChang PingjunFu Su's mother is also the wife of Chu.After the death of Madam Huayang, the status of the Chu family's foreign relatives group declined. Not only was Prince Changping dismissed from Beijing and moved to Yingchen, but the status of the Queen's wife of Chu was also greatly affected.Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, did not set up a queen after he became the emperor. He attached great importance to Fusu, the eldest son of the emperor, among many sons, but did not officially set up Fusu as the crown prince, which is directly related to this.[126-127]
The Mystery of Death
The death of Qin Shihuang left many doubts, such as:
Time of death: The First Emperor's Chronicle records that Qin Shihuang died in July 37, Bingyin,[58]However, in the calendar unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Zhoujiatai, there was no Bingyin Day in July of that year.Japanese scholar Kajima Hexing believes that this "July Bingyin" should be regarded as the mistake of August Bingyin (the 21st day).[104]Chinese scholarsXin DeyongIt is more likely that the month is correct and the date is wrong.[105]
Place of death: Shiji records that the First Emperor collapsed in the sand dune, and Zhao Zhengshu records that the First Emperor arrived at the Bairen (west of the sand dune) when he was seriously ill.[104]
The content of his will: According to the Records of the Historian, the first emperor ordered Fusu to return. In fact, Fusu was the successor, but he collapsed before he could issue it. Zhao Gao and others took the opportunity to forge the edict of giving death to Fusu and succeeding Hu Hai;[58][62]Zhao Zhengshu recorded that the First Emperor summoned Li Si and other officials to discuss matters and agreed with them to take Hu Hai as their successor.[104]
As far as the content difference between the Records of the Historian and Zhao Zhengshu is concerned, from the time of completion, Sima Qian, the author of the Records of the Historian, may not have never seen the statement that Zhao Zhengshu or the so-called First Emperor took Hu Hai as his successor, but this statement is excluded from the narrative of the Records of the Historian.For future generations, further exploration still lacks more clues.[104]
On Tyrant
Soon after the unification of the Qin Dynasty, there were frequent construction projects. Although some of the projects, such as the Great Wall Lingqu, were beneficial to the country and the people, the productivity was still greatly damaged. In the 31st year of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, a stone of rice was sold for 1600 yuan,[106]The people suffered unspeakably, so it is not surprising that the Second Qin Dynasty died.
Past dynasties have publicized the cruelty of Qin Shihuang, such asburn books and bury the literati in pits, DajianEpang Palace, the Great Wall, Lishan Tomb, etc.However, from the perspective of archaeology, "burning books" is available, but fortunately, there are many copies of the burned books in Xianyang Palace and among the people. Unfortunately, the precious historical records stored by the royal family of Zhou did not have copies, and they were also burned away.[107]"Potting the Confucians" is a saying of later generations. It is recorded in the Records of the Historian that the warlocks were killed in the pit, but at the same time, it is also mentioned that "all living beings recite Confucius", which means that these warlocks are of the same kind as the Confucians.After archaeological excavation, the Ah Fang Palace has not been built, but has only one foundation.However, in order to build a large-scale Alfang Palace, the preparation of work and materials also cost a lot. Later generations have said that "Alfang came out and Shu Mountain was bald", not to mention that Qin Shihuang copied more than 270 palaces of six countries around Xianyang, which were also connected by corridors. The cost of civilian resources could not be calculated. Qin Shihuang deviated from the tradition of advocating frugality in Qin, which was a big mistake of Qin Shihuang.
History is written by people, which is mixed with the feelings of many authors and the will of rulers.Although Qin Shihuang made great contributions to China, he also planted the kindling for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.The evaluation of him must be mixed, both ugly and beautiful, and later generations will inevitably accept these theories when they read.
Qin Shihuang was buried in Lishan Tomb after his deaththe Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang。The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the north foot of Lishan Mountain, 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province.The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built from 246 BC to 208 BC, lasting 39 years. It is the first large-scale and well-designed mausoleum in Chinese historyImperial Mausoleum。[108]
the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang
The Lishan Tomb is built by 700000 people every year.The remaining tomb is 2000 meters long and 55 meters high from the outside.The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, with copper roofMercuryIt is a river, a lake and a sea, and is full of mechanisms. There are sun, moon and stars made of pearls on the top.The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built with two rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and palace city of the capital.The tomb tomb is located in the south of the inner city, in the shape of a covered bucket. It is 51 meters high and has a perimeter of 1700 meters at the bottom.According to historical records, there are also various palaces in the Qin Mausoleum, displaying many strange treasures.There are a large number of burial pits and tombs with different shapes and connotations around the Qin MausoleumMore than 400[141]。[109]
Only looking at the Qin Shihuang Mausoleumterra cotta warriorsIt can be seen that the burden of the people who built this tomb is heavy.In addition, Qin II will bury all the craftsmen who built the mausoleum alive after the mausoleum is built.
Qin Shihuang was born inHandan。Qin Yiren, a hostage at that time, married in ZhaoZhao JiFor wife, inHebei ProvinceOfHandanThe birth of Qin Shihuang, also known as Ying Zheng or Zhao Zheng.Qin Shihuang was bornHebei ProvinceHandan CityChuancheng StreetZhujiaxiangOne Belt,Handan CityAt his birthplace in 2014Chuancheng StreetA memorial hall of the birthplace of the First Qin Emperor was built, displaying local cultural relics unearthed during the Warring States Period and historical data, academic works and literary works about the First Qin Emperor.[110]
Sima Qian's Records of the Historian: The First Emperor of Qin Dynasty[57-58], Historical Records·Biography of Lu Buwei》[59-60], Historical Records·Biography of Li Si》[61-62]Etc;
