Space laboratory

Manned Space Science Experiment Space Station

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synonym Space laboratory (Multipurpose Space Science Experiment Space Station) generally refers to the space laboratory (manned space science experiment space station)

Space laboratory Space laboratory Space Laboratory is a long-term autonomous on orbit flight astronaut Medium and short term residence with certain scale Space applications Of Manned spacecraft 。^[4] front Soviet Union 、 U.S.A and European Space Agency It was the first to successfully develop a space laboratory in the 1970s and 1980s.

The embryonic form of China's space laboratory“ Tiangong No.1 ”It was launched on September 29, 2011. China's first real space laboratory—— Tiangong No.2 The space laboratory was successfully launched on September 15, 2016.

Chinese name: Space laboratory
Foreign name: Space Laboratory
Nature: A multipurpose space station for space science experiments

Established in: Space
Two compartment structure: Two cabin configuration is adopted: experimental cabin and resource cabin.
Available: Earth observation Astronomical observation etc.

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Basic knowledge

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Laboratory Information

Space Lab 1

The space laboratory is used to carry out various space science experiments. The construction process of the space laboratory is to launch the unmanned space laboratory first, and then use it again Carrier rocket Send the manned spacecraft into space, rendezvous and dock with the laboratory in orbit, astronaut Enter the space laboratory from the appendage of the spacecraft to carry out work.

The daily necessities of astronauts and the materials and equipment needed for work are transported by the spaceship, and the manned spaceship is parked outside the laboratory as an emergency Lifeboat 。 If the laboratory fails, the astronauts can return to the ground at any time. After the astronauts finish their work, they can return by spaceship.

Different from the space station

There is no clear definition of the space laboratory. Its basic concept is: the space laboratory is to develop the space station from Manned spacecraft Experimental spacecraft transitioning to manned space infrastructure; The concept of the space station is that it can accommodate multiple astronaut Visit, long-term work and living Manned spacecraft 。

Space laboratory and space station The difference in concept lies in that the former emphasizes functions, which may be a space station, an accessory to the space station, or space equipment carried by the space shuttle.

Both theoretical research and practical experience show that the development of space laboratory is Building a space station Important premises and technical support The key technologies of the space station can be tested to gain experience, reduce risks and lay the foundation for the construction of the space station.

Space laboratory and space station There are both connections and obvious differences Technical indicators , capital investment and development cycle. For this, we should have a clear definition, otherwise we will take a detour.

Structure and composition

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Experimental cabin

The test chamber is composed of sealed front cone section, cylindrical section and rear cone section, Sealed cabin It can guarantee the cabin pressure Temperature and humidity , gas composition, etc astronaut Living conditions It can be used for the work and life of astronauts in orbit during their stay, and for the installation of regenerative life support equipment in the sealed rear cone.

Sketch map of China Tiangong No.1

A docking mechanism is installed at the front end of the test chamber, and Rendezvous and docking Measurement and Communication equipment , used to support rendezvous and docking with spacecraft.

Resource cabin

Resource cabin by Orbital maneuver Provide power and energy for flight. Generally including engine and Power supply unit External placement Solar wing For providing track and attitude control , Power Energy supply Thermal control and environmental control.

key technology

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Space rendezvous and docking

The key to the space laboratory stage is to break through the spacecraft Space rendezvous and docking Technology. The technology of space rendezvous and docking is very difficult. In the docking process, if the calculation is not accurate, the spacecraft may collide. Therefore, a lot of experiments are needed to master this technology.

Two or more spacecraft adopt Track parameters Coordination with One time The process of reaching the same position in space is called rendezvous. Docking is to connect two spacecraft into a whole through a special docking mechanism on the basis of rendezvous. The system that realizes the rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft in space is called the rendezvous and docking system.

The rendezvous and docking system usually includes tracking measurement system Attitude and orbit control system, docking mechanism system, etc. Two spacecraft docking in space initial condition It is determined by the coaxial approach mode of the docking mechanism Longitudinal speed , and the velocity in other linear and angular coordinates is zero. However, the actual relative motion parameters between two spacecraft are always biased.

Generally relative position And its translational speed is usually dependent on the active Spacecraft orbit Control system and two spacecraft Attitude control system The former is suitable for controlling the translational motion of the center of mass, and the latter is suitable for controlling the rotational motion around the center of mass. There are two control methods for space rendezvous and docking of spacecraft, one is Manual control , the other is Auto-Control 。 Using manual control to complete space rendezvous and docking can improve the success rate of rendezvous and docking. The reliability of automatic control rendezvous and docking is high, and personnel safety and lifesaving issues need not be considered. In terms of spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology, the future Development trend It is a combination of manual control and automatic control to improve the flexibility, reliability and success rate of rendezvous and docking.

Astronaut exit technology

The space laboratory has been operating in space for a long time, and various equipment and components exposed outside the cabin are vulnerable to Space environment Is damaged, aging and failure occur, so it is necessary to astronaut To repair or replace outside the cabin, the astronauts must Weightlessness environment Underpass Space suit , Open Hatch In the space environment Using tools Training of necessary skills such as walking in the space environment.

characteristic

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The space laboratory is an experimental space station to break through and verify the space station key technology As the main task goal, "short-term care, long-term care" Unattended ”Is primary Operating mode , with relatively short life (about 1 year) Low orbit Small and medium-sized Manned spacecraft 。 The space laboratory generally has the following main characteristics:

(1) Less batch and shorter time can be achieved by carrying materials at one time astronaut Stay on orbit, do not support long-term manned;

(2) Generally, there is no on orbit supply and supplement function, and the service life is short;

(3) Small scale, no Scalability ；

(4) Only available space station Key technology Verification test , can carry out limited space applications.

From task objectives, functions Basic indicators From other aspects, there are great differences between the space laboratory and the space station.

Performance and function

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Develop aircraft technology

Space laboratory

(1) Further master the aircraft Space rendezvous and docking Technology; (2) Breakthrough in long-term autonomous flight, regenerative life insurance and Cargo spaceship 。

Space application test

For testing Remote sensor When the wavelength is 31mm, the resolution is 25m, and the viewing angle is 45 ° Scan width 9 km synthetic aperture radar And 9.62~9.67 Hz with a resolution of 8 × 21 km2 Microwave scatterometer Etc. On July 29, 1985, Space Laboratory 2 was established by Space Shuttle Challenger Put it on the track and carry out various scientific experiments.

Relevant international developments

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Development of International Space Laboratory

Soviet Union Russia

Soviet Russia First, we will break through the manned flight technology through manned spacecraft, and then we will carry out the development of the space station. Soviet Union Astronauts have built the "Salute" series of space laboratories, which can ensure the long-term Life activities And work. From 1971 to 1982, the "gun salute" program included the launch of nine single module space laboratories (later upgraded to space stations), which were used to carry out long-term on orbit life of humans and other biological and astronomical fields Long term test Research and verify the design results of the ground.

U.S.A

Unlike the Soviet Union, the United States focuses on the development of space laboratories (stations) progressiveness , but lacking Continuity and Inheritance 。

The United States first developed the "Skylab", which was launched on May 14, 1973. It has two purposes: first, as a transitional link in the future space station plan, it is experimental in nature, and second, it is to conduct scientific experiments.

Europe

In Europe, the space laboratory was built in the mode of fragmentation and distributed implementation, but because of its technological development It is not systematic and many aspects rely on the United States, so it is unable to independently develop its own manned space and space station technologies; However, some progress has also been made through international cooperation. The space laboratories built in Europe include the "space laboratory" and the "Columbus module".

Japan

Japanese Development mode Similar to the EU, it does not have the ability to independently develop and launch manned spacecraft. "Hope" is the first manned space orbit facility built by Japan.

China

Relevant planning

According to the decision of the CPC Central Committee in September 1992 China's manned spaceflight "Three step" development Strategic approach In October 2005, China's Shenzhou VI manned flight mission was a complete success, marking the successful completion of the first step of the mission.

In December 2004, the central government approved the launch of the second step of China's manned space mission, and made it clear that the focus of the second step was spacecraft rendezvous and docking And astronaut space activities Technical breakthrough On. Manned Space Engineering The overall organization has determined the main tasks and objectives of the first phase of the second phase of China's manned space program as follows:

(1) Implement astronaut extravehicular activities and break through the technology of astronaut extravehicular activities;

(2) Carry out spacecraft rendezvous and docking test, break through and master manned Spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology ；

(3) Carry out effective space applications and Space science and technology Test;

(4) Create for the further development of the project Basic conditions 。

Shenzhou VII The spacecraft was launched on September 25, 2008 and recovered on September 28, 2008, carrying three astronauts, breaking through the technology of extravehicular activities.

In order to further master the rendezvous and docking technology, carry out space technology and application experiments, and lay a technical foundation for the space station, the overall decision of the project was established Space laboratory system Its main tasks are as follows:

(1) Development target spacecraft , participate in rendezvous and docking test; Provide necessary conditions for astronauts' on orbit work and life, and ensure their safety; It provides basic conditions for space applications, space science experiments and technology experiments.

(2) Carry out key technology research and early development work of the space laboratory to accumulate experience for the follow-up development of manned spaceflight.

(3) Carry out the space station according to the progress of the project Implementation plan Argument.

basic function

In order to meet the first stage of the second step of China's manned space flight Task requirements China's space laboratory should have the following three types of functions: autonomous flight and test support function, rendezvous and docking function, and astronaut stay technical support Function. Among them, autonomous flight and test support functions include autonomous power supply, measurement and control communication, thermal control environmental control And Life support Orbit and attitude control, and certain space protection capability; Rendezvous and docking functions include orbit phase adjustment Attitude maintenance , rendezvous and docking, and support combination management; The astronaut stay technical support function includes work and living space Support, medical and energy efficiency support, life security support, extravehicular activities support and other functions.

Specific task requirements are:

(1) As the target of rendezvous and docking, participate in the technical test of rendezvous and docking.

(2) Provide necessary conditions for astronauts' on orbit work and life, and ensure their safety.

(3) It provides basic conditions for space applications, space science experiments and technology experiments.

(4) Preliminary establishment of manned space capable of long-term reliable operation in orbit Test platform To accumulate experience in building space stations.

Laboratory construction

The prototype of China's first space laboratory“ Tiangong No.1 ”It was successfully launched on September 29, 2011. As a prelude to China's plan to build a space station, Tiangong No.1 The target aircraft is composed of an experimental cabin and a resource cabin. The experimental cabin is a sealed cabin, which supports the work and rest of three astronauts. The rear cone of the experimental cabin and the resource cabin are unsealed environments, and relevant equipment is installed, including Solar wing , engine, etc. A docking mechanism is installed in the front frame of the experimental module to complete the rendezvous and docking task.

China's first true space laboratory Tiangong No.2 It was successfully launched on September 15, 2016.^[1] Then, the plane carrying two astronauts Shenzhou 11 Airship Tianzhou-1 The cargo spacecraft will complete rendezvous and docking with the Tiangong-2 space laboratory. Previously, the newly developed Long March 7 The launch vehicle has completed its first flight at the Wenchang launch site in Hainan.^[2-3]

National laboratories

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front Soviet Union “ Gun salute ”Space laboratory

Space laboratory

Soviet Union It is the first country to launch a manned space laboratory. Its“ Salyut 1 ”Launched on April 19, 1971, by Orbital module ， Service cabin and Docking chamber It is composed of irregular cylinders, with a total length of about 12.5 meters and a maximum diameter of 4 meters, Total weight About 18.5 tons. It runs on the track about 200 kilometers high, and the station is equipped with various test equipment , photographic equipment and scientific experimental equipment. Later in space and Soyuz Loading fly docking composition Accommodation With a volume of 100 cubic meters, it can accommodate 6 astronauts. With Alliance 10, Alliance 11 The two spacecraft docked to form an orbital consortium. Three astronauts entered the station to live and work for nearly 24 days, and completed a large number of scientific experiments. However, during their return to the earth by the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, all three astronauts were killed due to cabin air leakage and decompression.

“ Salute 2 ”It failed due to self disintegration after being launched into space. The space laboratories of Salute 3, 4 and 5 launched by the Soviet Union were all successful. Astronauts entered the station to work and completed a number of scientific experiments.

"Skylab" in the United States

Skylab

On May 14, 1973, the United States successfully launched the Skylab space station It operates in 435km high near circular space orbit, and has received three batches of nine astronauts to work on the station. The nine astronauts arrived at the station to work. The nine astronauts stayed on the station for 28 days, 59 days and 84 days respectively. Skylab has a total length of 36 meters, a maximum diameter of 6.7 meters, and a total weight of 77.5 tons, Transition cabin And docking cabin, which can provide 360 cubic metre Of Workplace 。

May 25, July 28 and November 16, 1973 Apollo The spaceship sent astronauts to work on the space station. During the loading flight, astronauts used 58 scientific instruments to conduct more than 270 biomedical science ， Space physics ， Astronomical observation , resource exploration and Process technology And so on solar activity Photos and photos of the earth's surface have studied various phenomena of human activities in space. In February 1974, after the third batch of astronauts left space and returned to the ground, the Skylab was closed and disabled until July 12, 1979 in South China the indian ocean Falling from the sky atmosphere Burn down. It has been in space for 2249 days, with a voyage of more than 1.4 billion kilometers.

The "Space Laboratory" in Europe

The "space laboratory" is the first manned space equipment developed in Europe, which consists of two standard components, namely, sealed scientific laboratory module and tray. The length is 7m and 3m respectively, and the width is 4m. The space station itself does not Power device , can not fly autonomously, can only be installed in space shuttle Of Cargo hold In the middle, they will fly with the space shuttle, complete the scheduled task, and then return to the ground with the space shuttle.

Inside the space laboratory

On November 28, 1983, "Space Laboratory 1" was launched by the United States Space Shuttle Columbia Carry, enter the near earth circular orbit with a height of 250 km and an inclination of 57 °, as a flight for more than 10 days. 73 items related to atmospheric physics, earth observation, astronomy Solar physics , Space plasma Physics, Medicine, Biology and metallurgy Hundreds of experiments and observations. Took nearly 1000 photos and collected nearly 2 million megabits of information, equivalent to the United States in 1973 Skylab 50 times the data obtained in half a year of flight. Later, it was carried into space three times by the space shuttle Challenger for scientific experiments. It is ESA Large manned spacecraft that flew into space for the first time. In the three subsequent voyages sent to space by the space shuttle Challenger, it also carried out special material processing, crystal growth , hydrodynamics, life sciences Many experiments in atmospheric physics and astronomy have also obtained satisfactory results.

"Tiangong" series laboratories in China

Tiangong No.1 It is the name of China's first space laboratory, which was successfully launched on September 29, 2011. “ Tiangong No.1 ”Of target spacecraft Has been separated from Shenzhou VIII 、 Shenzhou 9 The spacecraft is successfully docked and will Shenzhou 10 The spacecraft docked to establish the first Chinese space laboratory.

The space laboratory under research in China adopts two module structure, namely, experimental module and resource module. The experimental cabin can ensure the living conditions of astronauts, such as cabin pressure, temperature and humidity, and gas composition, and can be used for the work and life of astronauts in orbit during their stay. The sealed rear cone is equipped with regenerative life support equipment. A docking mechanism, as well as rendezvous and docking measurement and communication equipment are installed at the front end of the experimental module to support rendezvous and docking with the spacecraft. The resource cabin provides power for orbital maneuver and energy for flight.

Tiangong No.2 The space laboratory was successfully launched on September 15, 2016, and will mainly carry out Earth observation and space Earth System Science , new technology of space application space technology and Aerospace medicine And other fields.^[1]

Tiangong No.3 The space laboratory will mainly complete the verification of the key points of regenerative life insurance Technical test , astronauts' mid-term on orbit stay, cargo spaceship on orbit test, etc., will also carry out some space science And aerospace medical experiments.

National development mode

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Soviet model

Soviet Union/ Russia Taking the development of space laboratories as a national policy, we have taken a prudent and prudent approach to maximize the use of mature technologies. It adopted a three-step development strategy: first, five "salute" series space laboratories were launched successively to test relevant technologies of the space station; After gaining some experience, we will further launch the single module module module "salute" series of practical space stations; On this basis, the multi module building block type permanent space station Mir will be built. The disintegration of the Soviet Union Later, Russia participated“ The International Space Station ”Engineering.

his road map Yes: Satellite Manned spacecraft → Space laboratory (also called experimental space station) → practical space station → building block type permanent space station → truss hanging cabin type Permanent Space station（ international co-operation ）。

"Salute" series space laboratory Design principles Yes: ① Simplicity: can greatly shorten the development time; ② Universality: try to use existing and relatively mature technologies to reduce risks; ③ Gradual modification: strive to make the space laboratory have a larger development potential 。

They are widely used Soyuz The technology and achievements of the spacecraft do not need to be redeveloped High difficulty Technology. In order to shorten the development time, a relatively simple cabin type configuration is adopted, which has the advantages of simple shape, less hardware, easy realization, low cost, etc., and the volume can also adapt to the existing Carrier rocket The limitation of carrying capacity for one launch, especially the complex process of docking and assembling or assembling large systems on the track is not required, so the risk and difficulty are small and the safety is high.

American model

The United States has taken a leap forward development approach, but so far only one space laboratory - "Skylab" has been launched. It is in design idea It is emphasized to use existing hardware and technology as much as possible. It uses“ Apollo ”The remaining materials and components of the manned lunar landing project were developed and launched into orbit in 1973. It is experimental in nature, in addition Simplified design Therefore, there is no orbital mobility system installed, which is totally different from the Soviet Union. Therefore, it cannot adjust its orbit itself. Only when the Apollo spacecraft docks with it can it use the spacecraft's engine to change its orbit. In addition, its special airlock transition cabin has been used for many times by astronauts for extravehicular activities.

Since then, the United States, together with Europe and Japan, has jointly developed the "Freedom" pure truss module hanging permanent space station, but has stepped down halfway to absorb Russia's participation in the joint development of the "International Space Station", which is different from the "Freedom".

The road map is: satellite manned spacecraft → moon landing manned spacecraft → space laboratory → space shuttle → truss mounted permanent space station (international cooperation).

European Japanese model

For various reasons, Europe has adopted the form of international cooperation, that is, multiple uses American Space Shuttle Carrying the "space laboratory" developed in Europe, it includes: celestial bodies Physics Laboratory Atmospheric Application and Science Laboratory, Life Science Laboratory, International microgravity Laboratory, microgravity science laboratory, American microgravity laboratory and neuroscience laboratory. Since then, Europe and Japan have both participated in the "International Space Station" project.

Different from the space station

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Space laboratory and space station Differences

entry name	Space laboratory	space station
Design guiding ideology	Short term care, environment suitable for life and work, and research technology for long-term stay.	Support long-term residence. Configure facilities to support life for a long time, and take astronauts as the leading designer to carry out the work during the stay.
Main tasks	Verify space station technology.	Space application is the priority, and various space technology experiments can be carried out.
Operating mode	Long term autonomous flight and short-term care.	Long term care.
scale	For a single module, there is only one interface, which cannot be extended in principle.	Multi compartment, at least 2 pairs of interfaces, expandable.
On orbit life	About 1 year.	5~10 years or more.
On orbit dwell time	In the short term, the duration of an astronaut's stay in orbit is generally less than 60 days.	Long term, more than 100 days.
Transport system	Generally, there is no special cargo transportation system, and sufficient fuel is taken when launching.	It has supporting transportation capacity, and can replenish fuel and consumables regularly.
Spacecraft repair and maintenance	In principle, only test items shall be used.	Routine work.
Space applications	Limited	Large scale and multi-purpose space applications can be realized through addition and replacement.

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