Astrophysics is not only a major branch of astronomy, but also one of the branches of physics. It is a discipline that uses the technology, methods and theories of physics to study the shape, structure, physical conditions, chemical composition and evolution laws of celestial bodies.
Analysis of astrophysicalelectromagnetic radiationVarious physical parameters of celestial bodies can be obtained.According to these parameters, the physical theory is used to clarify thephysical process , and its evolution isMeasured astrophysicsAnd theoretical astrophysics.
Some strange phenomena found on celestial bodies can also inspire and promoteModern PhysicsThe extreme conditions andCosmic environmentIt provides an excellent natural laboratory for physics.
From 129 BCancient GreekastronomerHipachasVisual inspectionfixed starFrom the luminosity, Galileo used it in 1609Optical telescopeObserving celestial bodies, drawingLunar chart, discovered by Huygens in 1655 – 1656Saturn's ringsAnd the Orion Nebula. Later, Harley discovered the stellar self, which was created by Herschel in the 18th centuryStellar astronomyThis is the gestation period of astrophysics.
In the middle of the 19th century, there were threePhysical methods——SpectroscopyPhotometryandPhotographyWidely used in celestial bodiesObservational researchLater, the research on the structure, chemical composition and physical state of celestial bodies formed a complete scientific system, and astrophysics began to become an independent branch of astronomy.
The development of astrophysics has promotedAstronomical observationAnd research continue to produce new results and discoveries.
The development of theoretical astrophysics is closely dependent onTheoretical physicsAlmost every important breakthrough in theoretical physics will greatly promote the progress of theoretical astrophysics.
1930sNuclear physicsWith the development of, the problem of stellar energy has been solved satisfactorily, and the theory of stellar internal structure has developed rapidly;And based onHerotuThe measured results ofStellar evolutionOfscientific theory。
In 1920, Saha proposed stellar atmosphereIonization theoryThrough the research of Emden, Schwarzenegger, Eddington and othersStellar interiorThe theory of structure has gradually matured.
In 1905, Herzpoon divided some stars into giant stars anddwarf star。
In 1916, Adams and Kirscht found that there were slight differences between the spectra of giant stars and dwarf stars with the same spectral type, and established the spectral parallax method to calculate distance.
Astrophysics is the physics of the universe, including the starsphysical property(luminosity, density, temperaturechemical compositionAnd the interaction between stars and stars.Discussion on the Theory and Methods of Applied PhysicsStellar structure、Stellar evolution, the origin of the solar systemcosmologyRelated issues.
With the development of modern interdisciplinary science, it is closely related to chemistry, biology, history, computer, engineering, paleontologyarchaeology、meteorologyWith a mixture of other disciplines, astrophysics has about 300 to 500 major professional branches, becoming the most cutting-edge leading discipline in physics, leading the major development of modern science and technology, and also the oldestTraditional science。
exceptcosmic rayOfParticle detectionMeteoriticLaboratory analysis、Spacecraftyescelestial bodies Field sampling and analysis, as well as theGravitational waveIn addition to observation, information about celestial bodies comes from electromagnetic radiation.The function of astrophysical instruments is to collect, locate, transform and analyze electromagnetic radiation.The collection and positioning of electromagnetic radiation are conducted by telescopes (includingradio telescope）To achieve.
Theoretical celestial bodyphysical scientistTools for includeanalysis model andcomputer simulation。The analytical model of astronomical process often enables scholars to have a deeper understanding of the internal mysteries;Computer simulation can show some very complex phenomena or effects.
Theoretical astrophysicists and measured astrophysicists respectively play the role of the two main researchers in this discipline, and the two have their own professional divisions.Theoretical astrophysicists usually play the role of bold hypothesis researchers. They constantly introduce new theories. They are less concerned about the verification of data. When the hypothesis is too high, it often evolves intoPseudoscienceThey are generally radical among astrophysical researchers.
Measured astrophysicists are usually proficient in theoretical astrophysics and, to a certain extent, have the ability to make their ownDevelopment theory, playing the role of a researcher who is careful to verify, usually physicspositivismBelieving only in observational data and often falsifying or confirming hypotheses proposed by theoretical astrophysics, practitioners of.
Research object
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solar system
The sun is the nearest ordinary star to the earth.The study of the sun has gone through the stages of studying its internal structure, energy source, chemical composition and static statesurface structure , to useMultibandelectromagnetic radiationThe process of studying its activity phenomenon.solar windThe impact ofDirect feeling。The sun and the earth are closely related, so the study of earth science must take into account the sun's factors.
The study of planets is an important aspect of astrophysics.
In the past two decades, research on comets andInterplanetary matterImportant achievements have been made in the research on the distribution, density, temperature, magnetic field and chemical composition of.along withSpace explorationProgress,solar systemAnd the research of the research of the research has become one of the most active fields.
For more than 200 yearsOrigin and evolution of the solar systemMore than 40 theories have been put forward, but none of them is considered perfect and generally accepted.
In the past three decades, great progress has been made in this regard, and most astronomers agree thatStellar geochemistryIt is the so-called "diffuse theory", but a few people believe that stars are transformed from super dense matter.
Special star
Special starMore diverse:Cepheid variableThe light change period of is 1~50 days,Light amplitude0.1~2the magnitude；Long-period variable starThe light variation period is 90~1000 days, and the light variation amplitude is 2.5~9 magnitudes;RR Lyrae variable The light variation period of is 0.05~1.5 days, and the light variation amplitude does not exceed 1~2 magnitudes;Taurus T-type variable star turns irregular light into various stars for researchFormation and evolution of starsThe rule provides samples.In addition, the special physical conditions on the celestial bodies are often not available on the earth. It is an important function of astrophysics to explore physical laws by using celestial phenomena.
Galaxy
Through years of research, people haveGalaxyAnd the position of the sun in the Milky Way.The Milky Way is 100000 light years in diameter and 20000 light years thick.Through the study of the Milky Wayfixed starThe Group's research, establishment and validationAstral familyandGalaxy Sub systemAnd so on.yesGalaxy rotation、Swivel armStructureSilver nucleusandSilver haloA great deal of research has also been carried out.
Astrophysics fromresearch methodCan be divided intoMeasured astrophysicsAnd theoretical astrophysics.The former studies the basic observation technology in astrophysics, the principle and structure of various instruments and equipment, and the analysis and processing of observation data, so as to provide data or test for theoretical researchtheoretical model。Optical astronomyIt is an important part of measured astrophysics.The latter is based on the observation datatheoretical analysis , establish a theoretical model to explain various astronomical phenomena.At the same time, it can also predict the celestial bodies and phenomena that have not yet been observed.
It is mainly classified according to the research objectclassification method , can be divided into:
To study various phenomena on the solar surfaceInside the SunStructure, energy source, chemical composition, etc.The sun is closely related to the earth.Studying the influence of the sun on the earth is also an important aspect of solar physics.
Study various celestial bodies in the solar system except the sun, such as planets, satellitesasteroid, meteorMeteoriteComet.Interplanetary matterThe nature, structure, chemical composition, etc.
To study the nature, structure, physical condition, chemical composition, origin and evolution of various stars.There are 100 billion or 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, and their physical conditions vary greatly.Some stars have very special conditions, such asUltrahigh temperature、Ultrahigh pressure, ultra-high densitySuper magnetic fieldWait, these conditions are not available on earth.It is an important task of stellar physics to explore physical laws by using special physical conditions on stars.
④ Stellar astronomy
To study the spatial distribution of stars, star clusters, nebulae, interstellar matter, etc. in the Milky WayKinematic characteristicsTo further explore the structure and nature of the Milky Way.
Study the structure and evolution of the universe from a holistic perspective.Including focusing on the discovery of the universelarge scaleObservational characteristicObservational cosmologyAnd focusing on the study of the universekinematicsAnd dynamics and buildingCosmic modelThe theoretical cosmology of.
To study the origin and evolution of celestial bodies.The research on the origin and evolution of the solar system started early.Although many important achievements have been made, no theory has been considered perfect and generally accepted.Stellar sampleRich and colorful, great progress has been made in the research on the origin and evolution of starsEvolutionary theoryIt has been widely accepted.yesOrigin of galaxiesAnd the research of evolution is still in the exploratory stage.
The various branches of astrophysics are interrelated and cross cutting.
Radio astronomy is studied by observing radio waves of celestial bodiesAstronomical phenomenonA subject of.becauseEarth's atmosphereThe radio waves from celestial bodies can reach the ground only when the wavelength is about 1mm to 30m. So far, most radio wavesAstronomical researchAll are carried out in this band.Radio astronomy uses radio reception technology as the observation means, and the objects observed cover all celestial bodies:celestial bodies To all kinds of objects in the Milky Way, and to targets far away from the Milky Way.Radioastronomicalradio technology It really began to develop in the 1940s.
A branch of astrophysics.The main task is to study various high-energy phenomena and processes occurring on celestial bodies.It covers a wide range, includingHigh-energy particle(orHigh-energy photon）Various astronomical phenomena andphysical process It also includes astronomical phenomena and physical processes that generate and release a lot of energy.At the earliest time, high-energy astrophysics was mainly limited to the detection and research of cosmic rays. It was really established as a discipline after the 1960s.
After the 1960s, various new detection methods were applied toAstronomical researchThe discovery of a large number of new celestial bodies and phenomena has led to the rapid development of high-energy astrophysics.The research objects of high-energy astrophysics include quasars and activitiesGalactic nucleus, pulsarSupernova explosion, black hole theoryX-ray source、Gamma ray source, cosmic rays, variousneutrinoProcesses and high-energy particle processes.
Astrophysics
In addition, there are also some high-energy processes on some celestial bodies, such as quasars and pulsars.They areHigh-energy astrophysicsThe research object of.High energy astrophysics has made some important achievements in the following aspects:PossibleHas made groundbreaking research on the neutrino process ofPhotoneutrino process、Electron pairAnnihilation neutrino process andNeutrino process in plasmon decayIt has important influence on the evolution of late stars;yesSolar neutrinoThere is a big gap between the experimental value and the theoretical value;aboutSupernovaThe mechanism of the outbreak of the proposed a promising theory;Supernova explosion may be the main source of cosmic rays;Some energies greater than 10 are detected in cosmic raysElectron voltIn 1972, the Yunnan Station of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found a particle with a mass of more than 1.8 × 10 gramsChargedParticles;findGalactic nucleusThe outbreak of the phenomenon and intense activity.
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The expanding understanding of the universe not only makes people more and more deeply understand the structure and evolution of the universe, but also makes physics revealMicrocosmWe have made progress in the mystery of.heliumThe element was first found on the sun, and it took more than 20 years to find it on the earth.heatnuclear fusionThe concept was proposed in the study of star energy.Due to the limitation of ground conditions, the verification of some physical laws can only be carried out through the "laboratory" of the universe.
Four major discoveries in astronomy in the 1960s: quasars, pulsars, interstellar molecules and microwavesBackground radiation, promoting high-energy astrophysics, cosmochemistry, astrobiology andAstrochemistryThe development of the science of physics, chemistry and biology has also raised new topics.
