The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was a regime that existed from 1977 to 2011LibyaThe predecessor of the state.[1]
be locatedAfricanorth.To the northmediterranean sea, westTunisiaandAlgeria, southNigerandChad, east boundaryEgyptandSudan。It covers an area of 1759540 square kilometers.The coastline is about 1900 kilometers long.[2]The population is 6.173 million (2008), mainly includingarab，BerberOnly 1.4%, and a few othersPakistanietc.[3-4]。ArabicIt is the national language.Most residents believeIslamism。[3]capitalTripoli。[5]petroleumIs the lifeblood and main pillar of the economy[2], one of the world's major oil producers.[2]As a result of oil revenue, Libya once became the country with the highest GNP per capita in Africa.[2]
September 1, 1969, byGaddafi The "Freedom Officers' Organization" led by him launched a military coup and overthrewIdrisid dynasty Ruled, established a revolutionary command committee headed by Gaddafi, exercised the supreme power of the country, and announced the establishment ofLibyan Arab Republic。On March 2, 1977, Qaddafi issued the Declaration of People's Rights, declaring that Libya had entered the "people's era of direct control of power by the people", abolishing governments of all classes, establishing people's congresses and people's committees at all levels, and transforming the Republic intoThe Jamahiriya, changed its name to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,[7]At the same time, revolutionary committees at all levels have been established throughout the country.[6]In April 1986, it was renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
In 2011, the Qaddafi regime was overthrown.On October 20, Gaddafi and his sonsMutasimHe was killed and the Libyan people's land collapsed.[7][12]
On January 9, 2013, the Libyan National Assembly (Parliament) officially approved the decision to stop using the name "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".[8]
Chinese name
The Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Foreign name
The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
It covers an area of 1759540 square kilometers.It is located in northern Africa.It borders Egypt in the east, Sudan in the southeast, Chad and Niger in the south and Algeria and Tunisia in the west.To the north lies the Mediterranean Sea.The coastline is about 1900 kilometers long.[6]
More than 95% of the regiondesertSemi desertThe coastal and northeastern inland areas are below 200 meters above sea levelplain, other regions are basicallyGravelOverlay, inclined to the northplateauandInland basin。There are mountains with an altitude of 500-1000 meters on the plateau.[2]
Some are sparsely distributed in the desertoasisThere are no perennial rivers and lakes in the territory.Well springIt is widely distributed and becomes the main water source.[2]
The northern coast is subtropicalMediterranean climate, warm and rainy in winter, hot and dry in summer, with an average temperature of 12 ℃ in January and 26 ℃ in August;Summer is often affected bysahara desertDry hot air(locally called "Kibli wind"), the temperature can reach more than 50 ℃, and the annual average precipitation is 100-600mmtropical desert climate, dry heat and little rain, with large seasonal and diurnal temperature difference, about 15 ℃ in January and more than 32 ℃ in July;The average annual precipitation is less than 100mm;MidlandSabhaIt is the driest region in the world.The temperature in Tripoli is 8-16 ℃ in January and 22-30 ℃ in August.[1]
In 1998, Libya was divided into 26 people's provinces.In 2002, it increased to 28 people's provinces and two regions.[3]
In October 1912, LibyaItalian Turkish WarLater becomesItalyThe colony of.[3]At the beginning of 1943, Britain and France occupied the north and south of Libya.British occupation of the northTripoliandCyrenaicaFrance occupied the southfezzan And established military governments respectively.After World War IIthe United NationsExercise jurisdiction over all the territory of Liberia.[6]
On December 24, 1951, with the consent of Britain and France, independence was declared under the arrangement of the United Nations, under the leadership of King Idris, known as the United Kingdom of Libya (a federal system).[9]
September 1, 1969, byGaddafi Leading“Free Officers The organization launched a military coup, overthrew the rule of the Idris dynasty, established a revolutionary command committee headed by Gaddafi, exercised the supreme power of the country, and announced the establishment of the Libyan Arab Republic.[6]In accordance with the Tripoli CharterEgypt、SudanForm a revolutionary alliance.[9]After the establishment of the new government, it formulated a new constitution, adopted a series of measures to safeguard national sovereignty and national interests, recovered British and American military bases in Libya, nationalized foreign banks and BP, confiscated Italian real estate, etc.[9]
In May 1973, Gaddafi proposed that neither capitalism nor communism“The Third World Theory”From 1976 to 1979《Green paper》。[3]On March 2, 1977, Qaddafi issued the Declaration of People's Rights, declaring that Libya had entered the "people's era of direct control of power by the people", abolishing governments of all classes, establishing people's congresses and people's committees at all levels, and transforming the Republic intoThe JamahiriyaAt the same time, revolutionary committees at all levels were established throughout the country.[6]
On December 21, 1988Lockerbie air disasterThe Libyan government was accused of harboring the perpetrators involved.In 1991, under the international pressure led by the United Kingdom and the United States, the United Nations imposed a series of sanctions on Libya, including air blockade, military embargo, economic and diplomatic sanctions.In 1999, Libya agreed to transfer two suspects to the United Nations for trial.On September 12, 2003, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1506 by 13 votes in favour, with 2 abstentions, and decided to lift the 11 year sanctions imposed by the United Nations on Libya for the 1988 Lockerbie air disaster and the 1989 United Airlines air disaster.[9]
On February 17, 2011, large-scale demonstrations and protests broke out in Libya on the "Day of Anger", demanding the government to step down.On March 17, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution establishing a no fly zone in Libya.On March 19, Britain, France, the United States and other multinational forces launched air strikes against Libya.[10]On August 26, 2011, the National Transitional Council of Libya had invaded the capital Tripoli, and the Qaddafi regime fell.[9]On October 20, Gaddafi and his sonsMutasimHe was killed and the Libyan people's land collapsed.[7][12]
Libyan Civil War in 2011
National symbol
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Origin of name
The word "Libya" comes from Greek, meaning "the place where white people live", to distinguishSaharaA place where black people live in sub Saharan Africa.Before becoming a country name, "Libya" generally refers to the whole west of EgyptNorth AfricaRegion.The earliest geographer in ancient Greece once putthe NileAs an Asian partnerAfricaAnd called Africa "Libya".
national anthem
Allah is supreme
national flag
It is a horizontal rectangle, and the ratio of length to width is 2:1.The flag ground is green without any pattern.Libya is a Muslim country, and the vast majority of its residents believe in Islam. Green is the favorite color of Muslim believers.Libyans also regard green as a symbol of revolution, and green represents the color of auspiciousness, happiness and victory.
The flag of the People's Republic fluttering in the wind
national emblem
It's an eagle with a green shield on its chest.It is said that this eagle is a prophetMohammedThe symbol of the Gulesh tribe in the ruling area.The frieze under the eagle's claw reads "Federation of Arab Republic" in Arabic.Libya has changed its name several times, but the words on the national emblem have not changed.[11]
National Emblem of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Qaddafi and Mutasim (2009), "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" on the nameplate
Politics
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In May 1973, Gaddafi proposed that neither capitalism nor communism“The Third World Theory”From 1976 to 1979《Green paper》。In March 1977, Qaddafi issued the Declaration of People's Rights, declaring that Libya had entered the "era of the people in which the people directly controlled the power", abolishing governments at all levels, replacing them with people's congresses and people's committees at all levels, and establishing revolutionary committees at all levels throughout the country.In 2009, the local authorities continued to maintain social stability and develop the economy internally;We pursue flexible and pragmatic policies and actively improve relations with major Western countries.
Since the middle of February 2011, the situation in Liberia has continued to be turbulent. After the public demonstration was suppressed by the authorities, it quickly turned into a civil war.The rebels set up a "National Transitional Council" in Benghazi in the east, and the Libyan government forces and rebels fought fiercely in several strategic locations.The UN Security Council has successively passed resolutions 1970 and 1973, imposing sanctions on Liberia and establishing a "no fly zone" in Liberia.In late August 2011, the rebel forces invaded the capital Tripoli, and the Gadhafi regime collapsed.
Gaddafi's Green Book
constitution
In December 1969, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya promulgated an interim constitution.In 1973, Qaddafi launched the "cultural revolution" and announced that he would stop implementing all existing laws.The Declaration of People's Rights issued in March 1977 stipulates that:The KoranSocial code for profit;The direct exercise of power by the people is the basis of the political system of the People's Republic;It is the duty of every citizen to defend the country.He claimed that Libya believed in the principles of freedom, socialism and Arab unity.
parliament
The Parliament of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya saidGeneral People's Congress Is the highest authority of the country.It is composed of more than 1000 people, including the secretary of the Secretariat of the General People's Congress and all the secretaries of the General People's Committee, the secretaries of the people's congresses and people's committees of all provinces and regions, and the secretaries of local people's congresses and people's committees.To be responsible for discussing and formulating relevant national laws, budgets, foreign policies and concluding treaties;To appoint members of the standing body of the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee;Review the work of the General People's Committee, etc.The first General Assembly was held in November 1976, followed by an annual regular meeting and, if necessary, a special session.The permanent body is the Secretariat of the General People's Congress. The members of the Secretariat have a term of one year and can be re elected.
government
According to the government of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab JamahiriyaGeneral People's Committee of Libya, is the highest administrative body of the country.
judicial
In September 1979, Qaddafi announced that the Judicial People's Committee would take over the jurisdiction.The original Supreme Court and other institutions were basically replaced by special courts and revolutionary courts established by local revolutionary committees.In order to unify the judicial work, the People's Court and the People's Procuratorate were established in March 1988 (changed to the People's Procuratorate on February 14, 1996).The Supreme Court was restored in October 1990.
party
The Constitution of the Government of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya prohibits all political party activities.
Economics
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survey
The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has long practiced a single state economy and once enriched Africa by relying on its rich oil resources.Since 1992, affected by the Lockerbie problem, the economic situation has been declining.After the suspension of sanctions against Liberia by the United Nations in 1999, especially in recent years, the international oil price has remained high, the oil revenue of Liberia has increased significantly, and the Libyan economy has shown a good momentum of development.Since 2003, Liberia has implemented economic reform, tried to establish a stock market, accelerated the privatization process of some state-owned enterprises and banks, allowed foreign banks to operate in Liberia, changed the single state ownership into three kinds of ownership, namely, state-owned, collective and private ownership, accelerated infrastructure construction, relaxed import and export authority, encouraged export oriented enterprises, and improved the investment environment,Actively attract foreign companies to invest and carry out trade, and promote diversified economic development.In recent years, Li has actively promoted the privatization process, and has completed the transformation of dozens of state-owned enterprises, and has begun to study privatization issues in important fields such as civil aviation, power, banking, etc.Before the outbreak of war, Libya produced 1.6 million barrels of oil per day.The United Nations Development Programme, the African Development Bank and other international organizations jointly released a report forecasting that the economy of Liberia may shrink by 19% in 2011.
resources
The mineral resources of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya are dominated by oil, with the proven reserves of 43 billion barrels.The second is natural gas, with proven reserves of 1.54 trillion cubic meters.Others include iron (reserves of 2-3 billion tons), potassium, manganese, phosphate, copper, tin, sulfur iodine, bauxite, etc.Coastal aquatic products mainly include tuna, sardines, sponges, etc.
Industry
In 2010, the gross industrial output value of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya increased by 2.7%.Oil is the economic lifeline and main pillar of Liberia, and more than 95% of export income comes from oil.After the discovery of oil in the 1950s, the oil exploitation and refining industry of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya developed rapidly.In 2009, oil exports reached 31.9 billion US dollars, mainly exported toItaly、Germany、Spain、FranceEtc.Since February 2011, the oil production in Liberia has been seriously affected by the war. By the end of May, the oil production in Liberia has decreased by 132 million barrels.It also includes petrochemical, building materials, electric power, mining, textile, food processing, etc.
Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for about 2% of GNP.6%。The agricultural population accounts for 17% of the total population of the country.The arable land area accounts for 1.03% of the total area of the country, and the irrigated land is less than 1%.Libya's agriculture is very backward. The main crops are wheat, barley, corn, peanuts, oranges, olives, tobacco, dates, vegetables, etc.Animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture.There are 8.5 million hectares of pastures in China.About 11.6 million livestock were raised, mainly cattle, sheep and camels, including 1.07 million cattle, 10.38 million sheep and 230000 camels.Nearly half of the food and livestock products are imported.
In order to solve the problem of water use, the "artificial river" project has been built since August 1984 to channel the groundwater in the south to the coastal areas in the north.This is the most important and magnificent water conservancy project in Liberia, with a total planned investment of about 30 billion US dollars.The first, second and third phases of the project have been completed, and the fourth phase is in progress.
finance
At the end of 2010, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyaforeign exchange reserve99.839 billion US dollars, foreign debt 630 million US dollars.
foreign trade
The main export product of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is oil (more than 80% of the output is for export).It mainly imports grain, food, machinery, building materials, transportation equipment, electrical appliances, chemical and light industrial products, and weapons and equipment.The main trade partners are Italy, Germany, Spain and Turkey.
Sociology
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traffic
The transportation of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is mainly by road, without railway.
Roads: 100000 km in total, including 57000 km of high-grade roads and 42000 km of agricultural roads.
Water transportation: main ports includeTripoli、Benghazi 、Tobruk、Brega 、Delna, Misrata, ZawiyaRas Lanuf。There are 27 merchant ships of all kinds, including 13 oil tankers, which is the largest oil tanker fleet in Africa.
Air transportation: OwnLibyan Arab Airlines And African Airlines.There are 137 airports of various types.The main civil airports are located in Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata, Sabha, Tobruk, Sirte and Brega.Since April 15, 1992, the Security Council's resolution 748 on sanctions against Libya has come into force, interrupting all Libyan air transport links with foreign countries.After the United Nations lifted sanctions against Liberia, Liberia resumed access to major European citiesarab countriesThere are many international routes in major cities and major cities in African countries. Many foreign airlines have offices in Tripoli and Benghazi, such as Lufthansa, British Airways, Swiss Airlines and Italian Airlines.
life
After the "September 1" revolution, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya implemented a high welfare policy relying on huge oil revenues, with free medical care and education for all, and price subsidies for food, sugar, tea and other necessities of life.Improve housing conditions through both private and public construction.It has 17 general hospitals and 88 medical centers.On average, there are 4.8 beds and 2 doctors per 1000 people.
122000 people nationwide enjoy social insurance.Most families have cars.By the end of 2009, there were 1.1 million fixed telephone users, 5 million mobile phone users and 354000 Internet users.After the war in February 2011, the country experienced a large-scale humanitarian crisis, according toInternational Organization for MigrationAccording to statistics, since the outbreak of the Libyan crisis in February 2011, about 600000 refugees have fled Libya.
Press and Publications
The news agency of the People's Republic of China: the official news agency, which publishes press releases in Arabic, English and French every day.It has branches in Paris, London, Rome and Beirut.
Radio station of the People's Republic: the official radio station, founded in 1957, changed its current name after 1979, and broadcast from Tripoli and Benghazi in Arabic and English.
Voice of the Great Arab Motherland and Revolutionary Committee: official radio station, broadcast in English, French, Russian and other languages.
The television station of the People's Republic of China: an official television station, founded in 1968 and broadcast in Arabic, English and French.In May 1996, a television satellite channel was opened to transmit television programmes to the Arab region.
Main newspapers: New Dawn Daily, Arvin Daily, with about 40000 copies distributed;The Green March Weekly, Arabic and English versions, distributed 20000 to 50000 copies;The Sun, Arabic version;People's Republic Weekly, Arabic and English.
education
Free education.The number of people over 15 years old who have received education accounts for 82.6% of the total population, which is the highest in North Africa.The average education time of women is 10 years, and that of men is 8 years.There are 303100 teachers and 1455500 students in schools at all levels.There are 73 junior normal colleges with 11400 students.There are 15 colleges and universities in China.Mainly: Fartah University in Tripoli, Nasser UniversityBrega Star UniversityBaidaomar Lehtar University, Xinghoon Electric Appliance College, Beni Belide Electronic College, Blake Technical College, and Gart Sports College.
military
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After independence, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya established the Libyan Royal Army, and in 1962 and 1963, it successively established the navy and air force.After the September 1 Revolution, a military service system combining conscripts and volunteers was implemented, with a service period of two years.In February 1983, the "Revolutionary General Mobilization Plan" was adopted to conduct military training for all men and women of the right age.In August 1988, Qaddafi announced the cancellation of the regular army, reorganized it into the "People's National Guard", and established "defense zones" (local forces) in each province led by the provincial defense committees.In September 1989, it was announced that the National Interim General Defence Commission (General Command) was established.Gaddafi has always been the supreme commander of the armed forces.According to the statistics of the London Institute for International Strategic Issues, the total strength of the three armed forces in 2010 was 76000.The paramilitary force "People's Armed Forces" has 40000 people.Among them, 50000 are from the army, 8000 from the navy and 18000 from the air force.
On March 20, 2011, the multinational force launched“Operation Odyssey Dawn ”The "no fly zone" has been set up in Liberia through military operations to re create air defense systems and armored forces.NATO took over the command of military operations on March 31. By July 8, NATO had dispatched 14281 military aircraft of all types, including 5388 to carry out strike missions.
International Relations
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The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya emphasizes strengthening cooperation with African and Islamic countries.He advocated the establishment of a new international order based on the principles of justice, equality, respect for national sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and opposed the manipulation of international affairs by major countries.Support the Palestinian struggle against Israel.It advocates African and Arab unity, proposes the establishment of the "African Union" and the "Commonwealth of Sahelo Saharan States", vigorously promotes the AU Accra Summit to determine the ultimate goal of establishing the "United States of Africa", and has established diplomatic relations with nearly 100 countries.
U.S.A
After the "September 1" revolution, the relations between Liberia and the United States have been tense.1980ReaganAfter the government came to power, the United States accused Liberia of supporting international terrorism, closed the Liberian People's Office in the United States, and expelled Liberian diplomats. The relationship between the two countries deteriorated rapidly.In 1986, the United States air raided Tripoli, the capital of Liberia, and Benghazi, the second largest city, on the pretext of combating terrorism.In 1991, the United States and the United Kingdom accused two Libyan intelligence personnel of planning the 1988 Lockerbie air crash and urged the Security Council to adopt relevant resolutions to impose sanctions on Liberia.After the "September 11" incident, Liberia expressed sympathy for the United States and reiterated its firm opposition to terrorism, which eased the bilateral relations.In August 2003, Lee made a major concession to the United States and Britain on the Lockerbie issue, and expressed willingness to pay a huge compensation of 2.7 billion dollars and assume responsibility for the behavior of Lee officials.In 2004, Liberia and the United States resumed diplomatic relations at the agency level, and the United States announced the complete lifting of economic sanctions against Liberia.In 2006, the United States announced the full restoration of diplomatic relations with Libya and removed Libya from the list of countries supporting terrorism.In January 2008, Li Wai visited the United States in Changsha Lugum;In August, the governments of the two countries signed the Agreement on Litigation and Claim of Citizens of Liberia and the United States on Their Injuries, which thoroughly solved the problem of public and private compensation between the two countries;In September, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Liberia, the first US Secretary of State to visit Liberia since 1953, marking the normalization of bilateral relations.In 2009, Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs Feltman of the US Department of State and a delegation of US lawmakers visited Liberia.In February 2010, the Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Commerce led a U.S. trade delegation composed of more than 30 famous U.S. enterprises, such as Boeing and Motorola, to visit Liberia, and held the Liberia US Economic Forum.
On March 20, 2011, the United States Joint Multinational Force launched“Operation Odyssey Dawn ”During the military attack, American warships and submarines launched hundreds of Tomahawk cruise missiles at Liberia.On March 31, the United States handed over the command of military operations against Libya to NATO.On June 10, the United States announced that it had provided humanitarian assistance worth $81 million to Liberia.
european union
Before the war in Liberia, the EU was the largest trading partner of Liberia and the main sales place of oil.After the United Nations announced the suspension of sanctions against Liberia in 1999, the EU took the lead in announcing the lifting of unilateral sanctions against Liberia, and in October 2004 lifted the 18 year old arms embargo against Liberia.In 2007, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi went to Portugal to attend the 2nd EU Africa Summit and visited France and Spain.The EU and Liberia signed a framework agreement for the comprehensive restoration of relations with Liberia, and announced the establishment of a comprehensive partnership with Liberia.By 2010, Liberia and the EU had held seven rounds of negotiations on strengthening cooperation in political, economic, social and other fields.On April 12, 2011, the European Union held a meeting of foreign ministers and issued a statement after the meeting, calling on the Libyan government to cease fire and demanding Gaddafi to step down.On May 22, the EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Ashton visited Benghazi and announced the official operation of the EU office.
Italy
Among EU countries, Italy has the closest relationship with Liberia and is the main importer of oil from Liberia.In August 2008,Italian Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi Visited Liberia and signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Liberia and Italy with Qatar.It means that he publicly apologized for his colonial rule of Liberia for more than 30 years and promised to invest 5 billion dollars in Liberia in the next 20 years as compensation.In March 2009, Berlusconi paid another visit to Liberia, and the two sides determined August 30 every year as the day of friendship between Italy and Liberia.In June, Qatar paid its first official visit to Italy since taking office.In May 2010, Baghdadi, Secretary of the Libyan General People's Committee, visited Italy.On April 4, 2011, Italy announced its recognition of the Libyan opposition National Transitional Council.On June 22, the Italian Foreign Minister asked NATO to immediately stop military operations against Libya for humanitarian reasons.
France
In 1991, France accused Libyan officials of planning to blow up United Airlines Flight 772, and then, together with the United States and Britain, pushed the Security Council to impose sanctions on Libya.In 1999, the law sentenced six suspects of the United Airlines bombing in absentia to life imprisonment, with a compensation of 35 million dollars to settle the case.In August 2003, after Libya reached an agreement with the United States and the United Kingdom on Lockerbie compensation and other issues, France asked Libya to increase its compensation in the case of France United Airlines. Otherwise, it would not hesitate to use its veto to block the adoption of the Security Council resolution on lifting sanctions against Libya.Through negotiation, both parties finally reached an agreement on increasing compensation, and Lee agreed to pay compensation of 170 million dollars.In 2011, after the unrest in Libya, France recognized the Libyan opposition "National Transitional Council" on March 10, 2011, and established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level.France was the first Western country to take military action against Libya when it launched an air strike against Libya on the evening of March 19.On June 29, 2011, France admitted to airdropping weapons to Libyan rebels, which was the first NATO member state to make such a statement.
britain
Liberia broke off diplomatic relations with Britain in April 1984.Britain accuses Libya of supportingIRAEngaged in terrorist and separatist activities, and attacked the BritishNorthern IrelandImplement colonial rule.In November 1991, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly accused two Libyan intelligence agents of planning to blow up Pan American Flight 103, promoting the Security Council to impose sanctions on Liberia.In 1999, the two countries resumed diplomatic relations and sent ambassadors to each other in December.In 2007, when the British Prime Minister visited Liberia, the two sides signed military and energy cooperation agreements.In January 2008, the Foreign Minister of Liberia visited the UK.After the unrest in Liberia, the UK actively advocated sanctions and military strikes against Liberia.In August 2009, Britain released Megrahi, the criminal of the Lockerbie case, on humanitarian grounds.In March 2011, Britain sent warplanes to participate in military operations against Libya.On March 29, the UK hosted the conference in LondonInternational Conference on Libya。In April 2011, the UK decided to provide military advisers to the Libyan opposition.In May, the British government announced the expulsion of the Libyan ambassador to Britain.
Germany
In September 2004, Li and GermanyBerlinA compensation agreement was signed for the nightclub bombing, and Lee paid a total of 35 million dollars to the families of non American victims of the case.On June 13, 2011, German Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Westerweller visited Benghazi, the Libyan opposition stronghold, and announced that the "National Transitional Council" was recognized as the legitimate representative of Libya and provided assistance.
Switzerland
On July 15, 2008, the police in Geneva arrested Hannibal and his wife, Qaddafi's son, who came to give birth in a hotel in Geneva, because their two servants were abused.Two days later, Hannibal and his wife were released and returned home after paying a guarantee of 500000 Swiss francs.Subsequently, Libya detained two Swiss citizens for violating immigration laws.The relationship between Switzerland and Libya has deteriorated.On August 20, 2009, Swiss Federal President Mertz paid a surprise visit to Libya, formally apologized and reached an agreement with the Libyan side to normalize relations within two months.After the expiration of the agreement, the two Swiss people have not been released.On November 4, the Swiss Federal Government decided to suspend the normalization agreement signed with Libya and continue to restrict the issuance of visas to Libyan citizens.[13]
China
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1978, bilateral relations have generally developed smoothly.
In January 2008, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's special envoy and Deputy Foreign Minister Shiyale visited China.Tang JiaxuanState CouncilorsDai BingguoThe Vice Minister met and hoped to transmit to the Tang State Committee the letter from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to President Hu Jintao.Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun held talks with Greece.The two sides exchanged views on bilateral relations and African integration.In the same month, Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun met with Liberian Deputy Foreign Minister in charge of AU affairs Tuleki during the 10th AU Summit in Ethiopia.In April, Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister in charge of Asian Affairs Barani passed through Beijing, and Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun met with Pakistan.On August 9, President Hu Jintao and Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi exchanged congratulatory messages with Libyan leaders Moammar Gadhafi and Foreign Minister Shalgham to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.In December, Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun visited Liberia, held talks with Deputy Foreign Minister Barani in charge of Asian affairs, and met respectively with Foreign Minister Shalgham of Liberia, Foreign Secretary Shahumi of the General People's Congress and Deputy Foreign Minister Tuleki in charge of AU affairs.The two sides exchanged views on bilateral relations and other issues of common concern.
In January 2009, Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun met with Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister in charge of African Union affairs Tuleki during the 12th African Union Summit in Ethiopia.In March, Gan Lin, Vice Governor of Hunan Province, and Li Jinjun, Vice Minister of the Foreign Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee, visited Liberia respectively.In July, Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun met with Libyan Foreign Minister Moussa, Deputy Foreign Minister Barani in charge of Asian affairs and Deputy Foreign Minister Tuleki in charge of AU affairs during his attendance at the 13th AU Summit in Libya.Vice Foreign Minister He Yafei met with Libyan Foreign Minister Moussa at the 15th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt.
Bilateral economic and trade relations have developed steadily, and mutually beneficial cooperation in infrastructure construction and other fields has been strengthened.In 2008, the bilateral trade volume was 4.212 billion US dollars, with a year-on-year growth of 74.8%, of which China's exports were 1.623 billion US dollars, with a year-on-year growth of 88.2%;Imports reached US $2.589 billion, up 67.3% year on year.China's main export commodities are machinery and electronics, communications, textiles, etc., while its import commodities are mainly crude oil.[11]
arab countries
The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is a member of the League of Arab States (LAS) and the Arab Maghreb Union (MAU).In recent years, Qaddafi believed that the League of Arab States did not play its due political role, and that Afghanistan did not support Libya enough on the Lockerbie issue, and repeatedly threatened to withdraw from the League.In March 2010, Liberia held the 22nd Arab League Summit.After 1992, Libya expressed dissatisfaction with the implementation of the Security Council's sanctions resolution against Mali by the countries of the Mali League and refused to serve as the presidency of the Mali League for a long time.In December 2003, the 21st Council of Foreign Ministers of the League of Mali decided that Liberia would take over the rotating presidency of the League of Mali from Algeria.In December 2004, Lee announced that he would give up his position as the rotating country of the League of Mali, and then agreed to remain in office at the urgent meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the League of Mali.
In March 2009, Qaddafi went to Qatar to attend the 21st Arab League Summit.In May, Jordanian Prime Minister Zahabi paid a visit to Liberia and hosted the third session of the Supreme Mixed Committee of the two countries with Prime Minister Lee.In June, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi visited EgyptMubarakPresident of AlgeriaBouteflikaHold trilateral talks to exchange views on the situation in the Middle East and other regional and international issues of common concern.In addition, the President of Mauritania and the Emir of Qatar visited Liberia successively.From January to March 2010, the President of SyriaBashar, President Mubarak of Egypt, President Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority, and Prime Minister Hamad of Qatar respectively visited Libya and held talks with Gaddafi.In March 2010, the 22nd Arab Summit was held in Liberia.In June, Libya, Egypt, QatarYemenThe Five Countries Summit of Iraq was held in Liberia.In October, Liberia hosted the Arab League Special Summit and the second Arab African Summit.On March 12, 2011, the Arab League held a diplomatic conference and issued a joint statement, hoping that the United Nations Security Council would establish a "no fly zone" in Libya.
African country
The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has actively participated in African affairs and its relations with African countries have further developed.In August 1997, Liberia initiated the establishment of the Commonwealth of Sahelo Saharan States. By June 2009, the number of member countries had grown to 28.It has become the second largest regional organization in Africa.In 2009, the 11th Summit of the Commonwealth of Sahelo Saharan States was held in Libya, and Libya was elected to the rotating presidency.
In September 1999, Gaddafi proposed to establish“African Union”Assumption.In July 2000, Kadeer promoted the adoption of the draft statute of the African Union at the 36th Summit of OAU.In July 2001, the African Union was officially established.In July 2005, Lee hosted the 5th African Union Summit. Gaddafi proposed to promote African integration, establish an African Union coalition government and then establish the "United States of Africa" and other ideas, stressing that Africa should be united on major issues, including the reform of the United Nations, and "speak with one voice".Liberia actively mediated relations between Sudan and Chad and internal conflicts in African countries.Special envoys have been sent to Sudan for many times. In March and June 2009, Sudanese President Bashir and First Vice President Kiir visited Liberia respectively.Liberia has also carried out a number of development and humanitarian projects in Africa through the African Investment Fund.In 2009,Benin、Madagascar、Guinea-Bissau、Somalia、SenegalThe heads of state or government of countries such as Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire and Liberia have successively visited Liberia.Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi visited successivelyGuinea、Niger、South Africa、burkina faso 、Gambia、EthiopiaAnd attended the AU Summit.In January 2010, the presidents of South Africa and Tanzania visited Liberia.Gadhafi was elected as the rotating chairman of the AU at the AU summit held in February 2009 for a term of one year.In July 2009, the 13th AU Summit was held in Sirte, Libya. In the same month, Gaddafi attended the "8+5" leaders' dialogue meeting held in Italy as the rotating chairman of the AU.In January and July 2010, Qaddafi attended the 14th and 15th AU Summit respectively.In November 2010, Liberia hosted the third Africa EU Summit.In 2011, after the crisis in Libya, the AU actively carried out political mediation, established a high-level ad hoc committee, put forward the "road map" and the Framework Agreement Proposal on political interests, and promoted the United Nations Security Council to convene an international conference on Libya.
international issue
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Security Council reformThe key to reform is to entrust the authority of the Security Council to the General Assembly and make it a legislative body;The Security Council becomes its executive body;The International Court of Justice becomes a judicial body.The reform should be carried out by consensus and opposed to forced voting and setting a reform deadline.Give Africa a permanent seat with veto power and rotation, and increase several non permanent seats at the same time.
African Unity: Li believes that the strength of Africa lies in unity and advocates thatAUTo build an organization like the EU, and finally establish the "United States of Africa".He advocated that "African affairs should be solved by Africans themselves".
Iraq: Oppose the aggression of the United States and Britain against Iraq, condemn the countries that send troops to Iraq, and advocate that the United Nations play a leading role in the Iraqi issue.He refused to recognize the new Iraqi government and asked the United States and Britain to withdraw their troops as soon as possible.Consider executionSaddam HusseinIt violates the norms of international law.
The Middle East issue: Condemns Israel's occupation of Palestine and its violation of the rights of the Palestinian people.He believes that the best solution to the Palestinian question is to establish a unified state composed of Israelis and Palestinians.
The issue of weapons of mass destruction: It is conducive to abandoning weapons of mass destruction by the end of 2003.He advocated that Africa and the Middle East become nuclear free zones and called on all countries to abandon weapons of mass destruction.
Counter terrorismLi publicly condemned the September 11 incident, believed that terrorism is a common threat facing all countries in the world at present, and advocated the international community to strengthen cooperation and join hands in combating terrorism.The appeal should distinguish terrorism from the struggle for national independence and against foreign oppression.
UN sanctions against LibyaFrom 1992 to 1999, Libya was sanctioned by the United Nations because of the Lockerbie issue.In April 1999, Lee handed over the two suspects in the Lockerbie Air disaster to the Scottish Special Court in the Netherlands, and the United Nations suspended sanctions against Lee.On May 3, 2000, the Special Court held a formal hearing and sentenced one of the two defendants on January 31, 2001MegrahiIf he is guilty, he will be sentenced to life imprisonment, and the other defendant, Fei Ximai, will be acquitted.Megrahi appealed.In March 2002, the Special Court made a final judgment upholding the original judgment. Megrahi served his sentence in Scotland and was supervised by the United Nations.Li said that the final judgment was a political judgment imposed on Mai by the relevant parties, and demanded Mai's release and immediate and complete lifting of sanctions against Li.In August 2003, Lee made a major concession on the Lockerbie issue, expressing willingness to pay huge compensation and bear responsibility for the behavior of Lee officials.On September 12, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1506 to lift sanctions against Liberia.In August 2009, England released Megrahi, the criminal of Lockerbie case who suffered from cancer.On February 26, 2011, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1970 imposing sanctions on the Libyan government, including imposing an arms embargo on Libya, restricting the travel of high-ranking Libyan officials, freezing overseas assets of relevant personnel, and submitting the situation of Libya to the International Criminal Court.On March 17, the Security Council adopted resolution 1973, in which it decided to establish a "no fly zone" in Libya, requiring relevant countries to take all necessary measures to protect civilians in Libya, and to impose stricter arms embargo and property freeze sanctions on Libya.
