Arcturus（α Boo/Hercules alpha）, English nameArcturus(Pronunciation:/ː rk ˈ tj ʊ ə r ə s/), yesHerdsmanThe brightest star in the.Look at Arcturus with the naked eye. It is orange,Apparent magnitude-0.05, the fourth brightest star in the night sky, second only to - 1.46SiriusAnd -0.86, etcElderly Star。althoughCentaurOfAlpha （Alpha Centauri ）The apparent magnitude is -0.27, but it is α of -0.01oneAnd+1.33, etctwoThe individual brightness of the constellations is lower than that of Arcturus because they are too close to be distinguished by the naked eye.Therefore, although Nanmen'er is a fairly bright star, αoneDarker than Arcturus, it is only the fourth brightest star in the whole day.Arcturus and South Gate are both located inLocal Fluff (Local Interstellar Cloud).[2]
Although Arcturus is located inNorthern Hemisphere, but distancecelestial equatorIts latitude is less than 20 degrees, so it can be seen in both the northern and southern hemispheres.Arcturus is around midnight on April 30, so this star can be seen in the spring of the northern hemisphere and autumn of the southern hemisphere.Northern HemisphereObserverYou can followThe Big DipperArc shaped handle to find Arcturus.Continue to extend along this arc, you can also observeCornucopia。Arcturus andVirgoCornucopia, LeoFive Emperors OneJoint compositionSpring Triangle, if you addBeagleOfChang ChenyiBecomesSpring Big Diamond。[2]
Arcturus（Arcturus），HerdsmanAlpha star, the brightest star in the constellation Bo ö tis, is also the northern skynight skyThe brightest star in the（SiriusIt is the star in the southern sky with the elder star), and its brightness ranks the fourth in the whole day. It is a star of class 0 (notFirst-class star）。becauseElderly Star、Alpha It is too far from the south pole of the earth, so most of ChinaObserverFor example, after Sirius, the brightest star, disappears, Arcturus isThe brightest star in the sky。Apparent magnitude: -0.04, etc,Absolute magnitude-0.38, about 36.7 light years from the earth, with a diameter of 25.7 times (35774400 km), a mass of 1.1 times, a brightness of 170 times, and a surface temperature of 4400 degrees Kelvin.It is an orange giant star of K2III type.running speed 483km/s, and the relative speed with the sun is 261km/h.
ArcturusAlso known as Tiandong, it can also be called "Dongxing". It is regarded as the imperial court of the King of Heaven《Redords of the Grand History of China·Heavenly Official Letter》Said: "The big horn is the emperor of heaven."《Jin Shu·Astrology》Said: "The big horn is also the constellation of Uranus, which is also called Tiandong." The big horn star isHerdsmanAlpha star, the brightest star in the constellation Bo ö tis, is also the brightest star in the northern sky.Every late May, along theBig DipperThe curves of the handles extend out and draw a big arc, then you can find a star near the zenithOrangeBig Horn, a bright and dazzling star.There are five small stars of second and third order in the north of Big Horn, which are arranged together with Big Horn to form kites orSailThe shape of.
Arcturus is the first bright star in the sky on a spring night. Its color is yellow with red in it, which is very eye-catching.[1]
observation data
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Physical characteristics
Compared with the sun, Arcturus and Antares, the black dotted line shows the orbit of Mars
Arcturus is a K1.5IIIpe star, which has evolved toAsymptotic giant branchPhase.The above "pe" represents a "special emission line", which shows that the spectrum emitted by Arcturus is unusual and full ofSpectral lineOf.This pairRed GiantNot too rare, but Arcturus is a particularly striking example.Arcturus is at least 110 times brighter than the sun, but this underestimates the actual intensity of its emission. For example, ArcturusinfraredThe energy emitted by Arcturus is about 180 times that of the sun.Because Arcturussurface temperature Lower than the sunOptical efficiency(Luminous efficiency)visible lightThe energy emitted by the band is also low.
ArcturusSelf exerciseAnd famous, exceptAlpha Besides, its ownSpeed ratioAny first magnitude star near the sun must be fast.Arcturus is almost at the position closest to the sun and is moving at a high speedsolar systemOfrelative velocity122km/s.Arcturus is considered an ancient starGalactic diskStars, and with 52 other stars of this typearcturus stream , moving together.The mass of Arcturus is difficult to determine, but it may be about the same as the sun, and it will not exceed 1.5 times of the sun.Arcturus is believed to be older than the sun, and the red giant stage that the sun will experience is very likely the current situation of this star.
according toIbaku satelliteArcturus is 36.7 light-years (11.3Second gap）Is a relatively close celestial body.Observations from the Hipparcos satellite also show that Arcturus may be abinary star ，companionJobicPrimary starIt is about 20 times bleak, and its orbit may be at the limit of current observation technology, so it cannot be found.However, this view is outdated. The latest research shows that Arcturus is aSingle star。[6]
Starquake
Because Arcturus is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, it isAstroseismology(Astroseismology) The goal of many studies.Belmonte team completed the research on Arcturus in April and May 1988Primary radarThe study of the rate (Doppler shift of a specific band) shows thathertzChange frequency of.[8]
Astronomers believe that the surface of Arcturus will vibrate slightly, which is a common feature of a red giant star.Astronomers have a special discovery on Arcturus: it will become redder (Stellar spectrumM type), the change will be more intense.The extreme example is similar to Mira, which is huge for hundreds of daysChange rangeArcturus is not very red, but has a short change period and a small change range, which is in the middle of stability and variability.[2]
Element abundance
Astronomers call thoseAtomic numberThe element higher than helium is "metal".Alpha element of Arcturus is relative to iron enrichment, but relative to solarMetal abundanceOnly 17% to 32%.Arcturus may be the second type of star.
Self exercise
Arcturus is famous for its self motion, two stars a yearAngular second, in addition toCentaurAny other than alphaFirst-class starThey should all be big.Relative to the solar systemMovement speedVery soon (122 km/s), at this stage, it is almost at the point where it is closest to the sun.The nearest time will be about 4000 years later, when the star will be several light years closer to the Earth than it is currently.Arcturus is considered to be an ancient star. It moves with 52 other stars and is calledarcturus stream 。[9]
position information
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Arcturus is located incelestial equator19 degrees north, it can be seen in both hemispheres of the earth.The star peaked at midnight on April 27, and was visible in late spring in the north or autumn in the south at 9 p.m. on June 10.fromBig DipperOfNorthern HemisphereLook, a simple way to find Arcturus is to follow the arc of the handle of the Big DipperLineIf you continue, you will findCornucopia, and then see Arcturus.Right camera lift I(η star in Hercules), or Muphrid, is only 3.3 light-years away from Arcturus,Apparent magnitude2.68。Seen from Earth, Arcturus is as bright as Venus.[2]
Origin of Star Name
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Zhongxing Official Name
Schematic Diagram of Chinese Starry Sky in Hercules
Big horn is regarded asFour imagesOne ofOriental CanglongThis is the "big horn"Star nameThe origin of.However, the first night of the seven nights of the Oriental CanglongCornucopia, excluding Big Horn, andCornucopia（VirgoAlpha star) andHeze (Zeta Virgo) is the two horns of the black dragon.Chen JiujinSir, according to ancient records,zodiacThe black dragon star on the has two horns, the original two horns, one is a big horn, and the other is a cornucopia.Later generations thought that the big horn was too far away from the zodiac, so they changed this horn into Jiaoxiu.Although this change has been made, the star name of Big Horn has remained.
Chen ZunguiSir《History of Chinese Astronomy》There is such explanation:“time-honored methodsJiaoxiu actually starts from Dajiao. It and Jiaoxiu's two stars form the appearance of a bull's head.Because it is the brightest, it is listed as the first of the 28 constellationsamiboshi 2.5 degrees, so it is listed as hyperactivity. "
Arcturus, also known as Tiandong, is regarded as the imperial court of the Heavenly King.
《Jin Shu·Astrology》Said: "The big horn, the throne, is also the Tiandong."
Western Star Name
ArcturusThis name is derived fromGreek It is derived from the α ρκττ o ῦ ρο, which means "the keeper of the bear".This is because Arcturus isHerdsmanThe brightest star, and Hercules is located inursa majorAndUrsa MinorNearby.There is also a Greek non-governmentalenvironmental protectionThe tissue is called α ρ κ τ ο ῦ ρο, which is specially protectedWildlife。
Arcturus inArabicIn Chinese, it is called مممكككمح, which means "the leg of the person holding the spear" or "the huge person holding the spear".In the past, this name has evolved into various Romanized fonts, such as the obsolete Aramec and Azimech.Another Arabic word is حححمء, which means "the guardian of heaven".[2][7]
Special status
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Arcturus and Comet Baiwu
Big Horn in Chinaancient astronomy It is not only the fourth bright star in the sky, but also the most important thing is that it isBig DipperA sign indicating direction.According to the Records of the Historian, Tianguan Book, "the people who built the dipper faintly", "the people who built the dragon horn", "the people with big horns... the people who built the season by pointing the dipper straight", which clearly records the method of the ancients to determine the season by pointing the dipper.It is not clear what direction the dipper refers to, but its position is more specific when the dipper is marked by the big horn and the Shiti Star Officer below.
The dipper refers to, along the big cornerPhotographic liftTo the south, the corresponding star officer isCornucopiaHarmony and hyperactivity.Therefore, the direction that the dipper points to is not only marked by the big horn and Sheti, but also by the two constellations of Jiaokang.Furthermore, the dipper stars - Xuan Ge, Zhang Yang and Bo He, which were introduced earlier, are also on the extension line of the Big Dipper. They all play a role in judging the season in different times or from different angles, so the ancients attach importance to and pay attention to them.
Historical legend
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Ancient literature
Ancient Chinese literature not onlyThe Big DipperIt points to the record of a certain season, and also boasts the record of pointing to a certain season with the eighth star of the Big Dipper.
《Huainanzi · Time based Training》Say:“Meng ChunIn the month of, swagger refers to Yin;MidspringThe moon is full of ostentation;JichunThe moon and the stars.The moon of Mengxia is full of swagger;In the midsummer moon, swagger refers to noon;In the summer months, it's time to show off.The moon of Meng and Qiu is ostentatious;Mid AutumnIn the month of January, the swagger points to you;In the month of autumn, it is ostentatious.Meng DongThe moon, waving refers to Hai;MidwinterThe moon, flaunting fingers;In the month of winter, ostentation means ugliness. "
MYTHOS
stayancient GreekThe oldest document Homer EpicIliadThis star is recorded in.Later, in ancient Greece, the great poetHesiod(Hesiodos, caGeorgics In "Labor and Day", it is officially called α ρκτ τ ο νρ ζ, which means the guardian of the bear, which is the origin of Arcturus, the western name of the Big Horn.As for why it is called the guard of the bear, there is also a myth.
Arcus, Zeus and Callisto
JupiterZeusSecretly fell in love with Luna andHunting goddessArtemis's maidCallistoLater, Calisto gave birth to a sonAkas。This is the queen of GodHeragot it.In anger, Hera turned Callisto into a big bear.The brave boy Akas grew up.One day, his mother Calisto saw him hunting in the dense forest.Callisto forgot that he was already a bear and stretched out his hands to embrace the dear child.Akas raised his javelin.At the moment when the tragedy was about to happen, Zeus happened to be patrolling in the sky. Seeing this scene, he could not bear to let his son kill his mother himself, and decided toSave themMother and son, take them to heaven, and motherursa major, his son was promoted to the position of Big HornUrsa Minor）, guarding my mother all the time.
English poetsMatthew Arnold (1822-1888) In his poems, he once described the allusion as follows: "Heaven pitied them, and turned them into stars. Now they are still shining in the north sky - this is the star of the Big Horn that protects the Big Bear."
The big corner is located at the right knee of Herdsman
BighornHerdsmanIt is also its main star. Of course, we should start from the Chinese starry sky in Hercules to understand China around the cornerStar officialTo facilitate the understanding of the astrological culture of the Big Horn itself.In the western astrology, the big horn star is located on the right knee of the shepherd, and there are three small stars on the left and right (the left and right feet of the shepherd in the western astrology), holding the big hornPhotographic liftThe three small stars in the east are called Zuosheti, that is, Zuosheti I (O star of Hercules, also known as 35 star of Hercules), Zuosheti II (π star of Hercules) andLeft camera lift III(ξ star in the constellation of Hercules), the three small stars in the west are called Right Photography, that isRight camera lift I(Hercules η star)Right camera lift II(tau star of Hercules) and three stars of right photography (nu star of Hercules).
The Shishi Star Sutra said: "The six stars in the sky are big angles."
According to the Records of the Historian, there are three stars on both sides of the Big HornPhotographic lift, the photographer is pointing straight at the dipper to build the season.That's why it's called photographing. "
Because the big corner isEmperor's seat, that isThroneTherefore, it is the image of a ruler. According to the astrologers, the star with big horns is a grid star, and the grid is the throne,Photographic liftIt is an image of a minister who assists the emperor, so there is a saying of Shetig. In other words, Shetig is an official who assists Dajiao to set the season.As for how to determine the season, because it is related to the stars near the dipper described below, a special section will be set up below to expand.
Yinghe Xingguan
HerdsmanCorresponding Chinese star officials, except Big Horn and Left and RightPhotographic liftIn addition, there are Ganhe, swagger, Xuange, Tianqiang andQigongEtc.Ganghe IIIStars, that isizar (Epsilon Andromeda)Ganghe II(σ star in the constellation of Shepherdess) and Ganhe San (ρ star in the constellation of Shepherdess), north of the Big Horn, are equivalent to the belt of a shepherd in the Western astrology.The Astronomical Annals of the Book of Jin says: "The north three stars are called the stem river, and the sky spear is also called. The first one is called the TianfengHu Bing。”It can be seen that Ganhe can represent weapons such as spear, sword or halberd.As for the meaning of the star name "Ganhe",Chen JiujinMr. Zhang has further explained in the book "Disclosure of the Secret -- A Dialogue between Chinese and Western Stars", and he quotesShi Shi Xing Jing: "The three stars of the river stem are the heavenly spears. The three stars of the river stem are the heavenly spears. The one who stems is the bearer of the spear. The river is the bearer of the spear, and the soldiers are the bearer of the spear." Therefore, the river here is not the solution of the river, but the loan of the lotus.Terrier River means that soldiers change their arms and walk with a spear.
Skygun Samsung
Swagger（HerdsmanOne star is to the north of the three stars of Ganhe, which is equivalent to the left of the shepherd in the western astrologyarmpit。Xuange(Lambda Herdsman) One star is north of the swagger, equivalent to the shepherd'sElbow。Skygun Samsung, namelySky Gun One(Theta constellation of Hercules)Sky Gun II(κ star of Herdsman)Sky Gun Three(Star of Shepherd), north of Xuange, is equivalent to the left hand of the shepherd.The Book of Jin Astronomy says: "The north star is called swagger, the north star is called spear, and the north star is called Xuange, both of which are dominated by Hu Bing and are slightly similar to the stem river." It also says: "The three stars of the Tianqiang are in the east of the Beidou ladle, and the first is called the Tianyue, which is also the weapon of the sky." It can be seen from this that swagger, Xuange and Tianqiang are also weapons representing the ancient times.Dazzling is also called Sky Spear;Xuange, also called Tianfeng or Tiange, was a popular weapon in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties;Sky spear is also called Sky Yue. Gun and Yue are ancient weapons.
Terrier River, swagger, Xuange and Tianqiang are all representativesAncient weapons
Qigong
In the east of the swagger, there are seven stars, which form a long rope from southwest to northeast.Since seven meters are a long row of stars, there are only three stars in the west, that is, seven meters and five meters（Herdsmanν star)Seven for six(Morpheus) andSeven public seven(delta star of Hercules), located in Hercules, and the rest inHercules。According to the Jin Shu Astronomical Annals, "Seven heroes and seven stars are making a show of the East. The appearance of heaven and the image of three heroes are the mainturnkeys。”That is to say, Qigong was the adviser and adviser of seven heavenly emperors;The main seven policies refer to the sun, the moon and the five stars, orBig Dipper。
