The Great Japanese Empire (Japanese: Da い に っ ぽ ん い こ く; English: Empire of Japan, 1889-1947), isJapanUsedCountry number。The name comes from《Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire》。1947《Constitution of Japan》After the promulgation, Japanese officials no longer take this as the official country name.This is often used internationally to refer to Japan since 1868Meiji RestorationFrom 1945World War IIBetween defeats,emperor of JapanThe historical period in which political power was grasped and expansion policies were implemented abroad.
the Second World WarAfter that, the defeated Japan formed a new national system under the guidance of the Allied occupation authorities.In 1947 (Showa 22), the Constitution of Japan was promulgated and implemented to replace the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire, and the official documents were also used“Japan”The name of the country, "Great Japanese Empire", entered history.
On November 9, 1867 (October 14, the third year of Qingying),Tokugawa Shogunate The 15th generation generalTokugawa Yoshinobu Xiang, who was not long on the throneEmperor MurohitoReturn to power, known asReturn the Great Policy。On January 3, 1868 (December 9, the third year of Keio), Japan changed its currencyMeiji , issued by the Imperial Court at the same time“Wang Zheng Restores Ancient Times”Large order.According to the tuba orderSamo clanandChangzhou vassalThe new government was formed with the leadership of the Emperor as the center, and the Emperor officially regained political power.
1871Abolish vassals and establish countiesAnd destroyed all the feudal regimes.The newstanding army。In 1873, the national conscription system and reform were implementedagricultural tax。In addition, the currency was unified.In the mid-1970s, these reforms were opposed by two sides: on the one hand, they were frustratedwarriorThey rallied farmers who were dissatisfied with agricultural policies and launched rebellions for many times;On the other hand, they are civil rights theorists influenced by western liberalism. They demand the implementation of constitution, the convening of parliament, and the decision of everything depends on public opinion.Under the pressure of various aspects, the Meiji government implemented the policy in 1885Cabinet system, starting next yeardraw up a constitutionThe Constitution was formally promulgated in 1889, and the first Congress was held in 1890.
stayPolitical reformAt the same time, economic and social reforms were carried out.The main goal of Meiji government is to realize industrialization.Military industry and transportation have developed greatly.The first railway was built in 1872, and the modern bank was established in 1882. Japan moved forward on the road of a modern industrial country.
On February 11, 1889 (the 22nd year of Meiji)《Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire》In effect, the emperor is designated as the head of state and the regime isdual monarchy (a branch of constitutional monarchy), the cabinet and the parliament are also gradually set up.
The Map of the Jurisdiction of the Korean Governor's Office
Japan's national strength is becoming stronger and stronger.staySino Japanese War(Japan called it the "Japanese Qing War")Beiyang FleetAnd annihilating Russia in the Russo Japanese War, becoming one of the imperialist powers.
While ensuring its international status, it harassed Taiwan in 1874 and invaded China's tributary country in 1879Ryukyu, and change toOkinawa Prefecture。Launched in 1894Sino Japanese WarDefeat China and force China to cede Taiwan andPenghu IslandsIn 1904, he waged a war with Russia in Northeast China and won the victorySakhalin IslandAnd Russia's illegal rights and interests in Northeast China and North Korea.
Adopted in 1910《Treaty of Merger between Japan and South Korea》Annexation of North Korea.Culturally, Japan introduced new knowledge and art from Europe and the United States;With individualistic novels that have never appeared in Japan, literature began to emerge, andEdo Period In the past, different cultures developed.In religion, it has changed the previous phenomenon of the confluence of gods and Buddhas（Separation of God and Buddha）, the suppression of Buddhism appeared（Abolish Buddhism and destroy Buddhism）And so on.
Emperor Taisho
The Dazheng era (1912-1926) is called the Dazheng era.
Meiji EmperorWhen he died in 1912, Zi Jiaren succeeded him and changed his positionDazhengIs the era of Taizheng.In the first year of Dazhengland forceThe collapse of the cabinet led to the first constitutional movement——Taisho Democratic Movement(Taizheng デモクラシーー), began to appearparty politics。
In the early days of the Taisho erathe First World War, which was the peak of Japan's national strength since the Meiji Restoration, but in 1921, Emperor Taisho's illness caused the crown princeHirohitoRegency, a few years laterGreat Kanto earthquake , as well as retreat in international conferences, making Japan increasingly difficult.
The dignitaries fought against the political parties constantly, and the second constitutional protection movement took place, and the whole people were implementedgeneral election(1925).Also by the eldersPublic View of Xiyuan TempleRecommend the Prime Minister and advocate "the common way of constitutionalism".
Compared with the historicity achieved in the Meiji era, the emperor is called the "unfortunate emperor".Emperor Dazheng has been in power for 15 years, and his political achievements are not as good as Meiji'sencephalopathyIn the end, he was forced to give up his right to recuperate and was regented by Prince Hirohito.
PrewarJapanese Military Department, is onMeiji RestorationIt was later formed with the military modernization.In the early Meiji period, the modern Mikado system was created, and the national military system had not yet been finalized. It basically adopted the military power politics,Military powerBelongs to the government.However, in the actual use of troops, the "crusade governor" is often sent to take charge of military command, and military organs independent from the government have emerged, revealing the signs of military independence.AfterYamagata Aritomo Imitate under the auspices of othersPrussia, establish direct subordinateemperor of JapanThe Army Staff Office, which is in charge of military orders, and the Navy also allocate corresponding military orders.The military order authority was separated, and only the general's political authority belonged to the cabinet.Issued in 1889《Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire》It also established the new military political relationship in the form of law.
According to the Constitution, the Emperor is in charge of the commanding power, and gives the military commander the "right to command and play", that is, all matters related to military orders can be ignoredcabinetDirectly report to the emperor, and the emperor will decide.This was the "principle of independence as commander" prevailing in Japan before the war.From the legal point of view, only the Mikado can govern the military headquarters, but the modern Mikado system is characterized by "separation of court and government". The Mikado is not personally in charge of government, and even if he adjudicates disputes at the pre imperial meeting, most of them just listen.Therefore, the army and navy are nominally under the direct control of the emperor, but actually they are free from restrictions and form their own center. In the holy aura of the emperor's so-called "authority", the military headquarters has become the "power core" of Meiji constitutional government.
Fascism of the military headquarters
Military headquartersAfter becoming a "power core" independent of the cabinet, it is also required to establishfascistDictatorship.The organizational conditions for the fascism of the military headquarters are fully met: the spiritual authority of the Mikado can replace the leadership authority of fascism;The strict discipline peculiar to the military and the power core position of the military headquarters in the state power enable the military headquarters to play an organizational role like the German and Italian fascist parties.
Secondly, the fascism of the Japanese military headquarters has a foundation.The beginning of the fascization of the Japanese military headquarters was three officers who went to Germany for investigation in 1921Tetsuzan Nagata , Xiao Yanmin SilangOkamura Yasuji stayRhineRiversideBaden Hot SpringThe meeting concluded an agreement to promote the transformation of Japan after returning home,Hideki TojoAlso involved.Soon there were many forms of fascist groups within the army.
1929 economic crisisOutbreak, Japan's domestic economic difficulties, sharp class contradictions, fascist forces take the opportunity to rampant, they fiercely attacked the bourgeoisieparty politics, strongly advocatingFascismThe dictatorship and centralization of power of the Communist Party of China led to a series of assassinations, coups and other terrorist events.The fascism of the military has formed a strong momentum. With the promotion of the military headquarters, the policy of the Japanese government has also stepped onto the road of external expansion step by step.
Fascism of Japan
Hirota Hongyi
1936“226 Mutiny”, puppet regimeHirota HongyiThe cabinet was supported to take office, which is the symbol of the establishment of Japanese national fascism.The Hirota Cabinet established the policy and reorganized the state institutions according to the will of the Military Department.First of all, it is stipulated that the ministers of land and navy in the cabinet must be the servicemen at or above the rank of lieutenant general in active service, which strengthens the strength of the military headquarters, makes the cabinet a tool of the military headquarters, and strengthens the autocratic rule over the domestic people.
At the same time, the policy of foreign aggression was established, and the Cabinet convened the five phase meetings of the First Minister, the Land Minister, the Maritime Minister, the Foreign Minister and the Tibetan Minister to formulate the "national policy benchmark".Its main goal is: "In view of the internal and external situation of the empire, the fundamental national policy that the empire should determine is to rely on diplomacy and national defense to ensure the empire's position in the East Asian continent, and at the same time, to develop towards the southern ocean." This is the legal confirmation of Japan's foreign aggression and expansion policy.
In the past, when the military headquarters intervened in the government, they often expressed their opinions on a certain policy or on cabinet members. When they arrived at the Hirota cabinet, the military headquarters could reorganize and control the government in an all-round way, and carry out their own policy programs. The state power and internal and external policies were subordinate to the military headquarters' fascism.The military headquarters took control of the government, initially ending the long split "dual government" situation, so that the long split state affairs and military power were reunited under the condition of obeying the military headquarters, reaching a new fascist political unity.Because of this, the Hirota Cabinet came to power, which means that the fascist system of the Japanese military headquarters was established, and the world war in AsiaPlace of originHas formed.
In the first 30 years of the Showa eraChina、North Korea、Southeast AsiaandPacific regionFor the people, it has been 30 years of darkness.At that time, the Japanese government was committed to aggression and expansion.
The Japanese Army Occupying Shenyang in the September 18th Incident
In the summer of 1927,Japanese CabinetRight thereTokyoConvening“Eastern Conference”, developed《China Policy Program》, openly claimed that Northeast China "has a major stake in (Japan)'s national defense and the survival of its citizens".In July of the same year, the Prime Minister of the CabinetTanaka Giichi Present to the Emperor the "Active Basic Policy of the Empire towards Manchuria and Mongolia" (i.e“Tanaka Memorial ”）, declared: "If you want to conquer China, you must first conquer Manchuria and Mongolia; if you want to conquer the world, you must first conquer China." Thus, the arrogant strategy based on "Manchuria and Mongolia" was established.
Since 1929,Japanese Army Staff HeadquartersandJapanese army stationed in Northeast China during the AntiJapanese Warin ChinaThree northeastern provincesFour "staff trips" have been secretly organized to investigate the situation and formulate a war plan for invading Northeast China.In June 1931, the Japanese Army Staff Headquarters andArmy ProvinceDevelopment“Manchu Mongolian IssueThe outline of the solution ", which defined the specific steps of occupying Northeast China by force;In July, the Army Staff Headquarters secretly transferred the heavy artillery toShenyang, AlignmentThe Northeast ArmyResidentBeidaying；In August, the Minister of War of JapanNan JilangAt the meeting of the heads of divisions and regiments in Japan, he shouted that the Manchu Mongolian problem could only be solved by force.Subsequently, various preparations were made to launch the war.
On the evening of September 18, 1931 (the sixth year of Showa), the Japanese Kwantung Army in Northeast China was bombed by the railway "garrison" in ShenyangWicker lakeNearbyNanman RailwayAnd blame the Chinese army.This is called“Liutiao Lake Incident”。With this as an excuse, the Japanese army suddenly launched an attack on the Chinese army stationed in the North Camp in Shenyang.That night, the Japanese army captured Beidaying, and the next day occupied the whole city of Shenyang.The Japanese continue toFengtian、JilinandHeilongjiangIn just over four months, 1.28 million square kilometers of Northeast China, 3.5 times the size of Japan's territory, were all occupied, and more than 30 million people fell into enemy hands.This was the September 18th Incident that shocked China and foreign countries.The September 18th Incident opened the prelude to Japan's all-out armed aggression against China and then Asia and the Pacific.
On July 7, 1937 (the 12th year of Showa), the Japanese army provoked“July 7th Incident”Launch a full-scale war of aggression against China.On December 13, 1937, after the Japanese invaders occupied NanjingCentral China Front ArmycommanderIwane Matsui And the 6th division commanderGu ShoufuUnder the command, a bloody massacre was carried out in the city for more than 40 days, killing more than 300000 Chinese civilians and captured soldiers by mass shooting, burying alive, chopping with knives, burning and other deadly methods.
In 1941 (the 16th year of Showa), the Japanese armyAttack Pearl Harbor，Pacific WarBurst.This period not only brought heavy disasters to the people of China, Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific region, but also brought painful difficulties to the Japanese people.This is one of the darkest periods in the history of Japan, China, Korea and even Southeast Asia.
On May 8, 1945,Nazi Germany Unconditional surrender ended the European War, and the World Anti Fascist War entered its final stage. The Allies launched counter attacks against the Japanese in various battlefields on the Asian mainland.On July 26, 1945,China、U.S.AandbritainIssued by the three countries《Potsdam Proclamation of China, the United States and Britain to Urge Japan to Surrender》And urged Japan to surrender immediately and unconditionally.However, the Japanese government refused, and mobilized for three times to prepare for a decisive battle at home.
Areas ruled and occupied by Japan during World War II
On August 6 and 9 of that year,U.S.ASuccessively in JapanHiroshimaandNagasakiDrop one eachAtomic bomb。On August 8,Soviet UnionSummon the Japanese ambassador to the Soviet Union and inform the Soviet Union to participate《Potsdam Announcement》And declared war against Japan.On August 9, the Soviet Union sent troops to Northeast China andNorth KoreaIn the north, we launched a comprehensive attack on the Japanese Kwantung Army.On August 14, the Japanese government notified the governments of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China to accept the Potsdam Proclamation.On August 15, Emperor Hirohito of Japan broadcast《Imperial edict to end the war》Japan's unconditional surrender was officially announced.
On September 2, 1945, the signing ceremony of Japan's unconditional surrender was parked in JapanTokyo BayAmericaUSS Missouri Was held at.At 9:04, the Foreign Minister of JapanChongguang SunflowerOn behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese government and the Chief of StaffMei Jinmei ZhilangFirst sign the surrender on behalf of the Japanese army base camp.At 9:18,Douglas MacArthurIn the capacity of the supreme commander of the Allies, the representatives of the nine Allies who accepted Japan's surrender signed on behalf of their own countries in turn.After the signing, thousands of US military aircraftTokyo BayThe sky roared past to celebrate this historic moment.The signing of a surrenderJapanese MilitarismAnd the final victory of the world anti fascist war.
Since then, Japanese troops stationed overseas have successively surrendered to the Allies. The surrender ceremony in the Chinese theater of war was held on September 9, 1945NanjingHeld.Commander in chief of Japanese Chinese troopsOkamura Yasuji He signed the letter of surrender and handed over his sword to show that the Japanese invaders formally surrendered their arms to China.
After Meiji Emperor ascended the throne in 1867, he moved the royal residence from Kyoto to the next year in the name of "Xingxing" (the emperor's tour)Edo(Historically, Japan called it "Tokyo Xingxing"), and changed the name of Edo to "Tokyo" in the name of "Kyoto in the East".After that, the Japanese court and government also moved to Tokyo.Meiji EmperorEdo Period OfEdo CityAs a new residence, the new imperial palace used to be named "Tokyo City", "Miyagi City", etc., and changed its name to“Imperial residence”So far.Tokyo is often called the "imperial capital" because it is the "capital of the Great Japanese Empire".
Japanese laws do not specify the location of the capital. Only the Imperial Rescript after the Great Kanto Earthquake (the Imperial Rescript after the Great Kanto Earthquake) issued on September 12, 1923 (the 12th year of Taisho) mentioned that "Tokyo is the capital of the empire" (the capital of the Imperial Tokyo).In fact, the "high throne" of the emperor, which symbolizes the location of the emperor, did not move with the move of the imperial court to Tokyo, but continued to stay in the imperial palace in Kyoto (the old imperial palace in Kyoto). The ceremony of the emperor's accession was also held in Kyoto (except for Emperor Akihito), which made Kyoto still have part of the capital function.
In addition, it is worth noting the "Northern Territory" located in the northeast of Hokkaido.Although Japan claims that it has been its territory since ancient times, after the end of World War II, that is, the Soviet Union (now Russia) occupied and actually ruled today, Japan and Russia still have territorial disputes over this.
Field
Different from the mainland.Although non local areas are colonies in nature, they are still part of Japanese territory in legal principle, so some laws of Japan are applicable to non local areas.After Japan surrendered in 1945, Japan was forced to give up all its foreign domination.
During the Japanese Empire, Japan gradually established nine cities in the central cities of the country and overseas coloniesImperial University, as the highest academic institution in China.[4]
Imperial ParliamentIt is the highest legislative organ of the Japanese Empire, and was also issued by Japan from 1889《Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire》Released in 1947《Constitution of Japan》The name of the Congress for the period.Its history includes the first imperial parliament on November 29, 1890, and the 92nd imperial parliament on March 31, 1947.
The Imperial Parliament is composed ofHouse of RepresentativesandNoble HouseMembers of the House of Representatives are elected by the people, while members of the House of Lords are composed of unelected members of the royal, Chinese and imperial families.The House of Lords is not dissolved, so most of the members are for life.The two houses have equal powers, but the House of Representatives has the right to discuss the budget first.On November 29, 1890, the first House of Representatives and the House of Lords held a meeting;On March 31, 1947, the 92nd House of Representatives was dissolved and the House of Lords was suspended.On May 3, 1947, the Constitution of Japan came into force. Since then, the "Imperial Parliament" has been renamed "National Assembly".
After 1947, the number of sessions of the Japanese Congress began to count after the name change in 1947, but the number of sessions of the House of Representatives was still counted from the period of the Imperial Parliament.
party
The new situation after the First World War further pushed Japan to a crossroads. The political forces of various factions were combined and divided, and new political groups were constantly created, and various solutions were proposed.varioussocialist、AnarchismGroup andCommunist Party of JapanAdvocate democracy and oppose war;Bourgeois democratsIn terms of political parties, there areIshibashi Tanzan Put forward "small Japanese doctrine", advocate abandoning overseas colonial territory and oppose militaristic expansionism;A dog breeds perseveranceAnd others advocated "building the country through economy" andShidehara Kijuro They advocated "coordinated diplomacy", which not only had ideological and theoretical influence, but also implemented the foreign policy of adapting to the "Versailles Washington" system and coordinating with Britain and the United States and other countries through the party cabinet, participated in negotiations and concluded the international community's non war conventions and disarmament agreements.The activity and achievements of democratic parties formed the "golden age" of Japanese party politics in the 1920s.
The biggest political achievement of the democratic parties in this period is that they once reduced the force of the military headquarters in the adjustment of the national system.The political parties require the implementation of the civil service system of military ministers, which has created considerable pressure on the military forces.In response to the political level, there is also a common social psychological tendency of "disdain for soldiers" and "low social status of soldiers". The military posts that have always been admired have become looked down upon. Even on the bus, officers' boots occasionally touch others, and they will hear the curse. Some officers dare not wear military uniforms to go to and from work.
2、 The 1930s was the "golden age" of Japanese party politics,socialist、democracyThere are many groups and schools of thought, especially those based on "people-oriented", "coordinated diplomacy", "small Japanese", etc.However, they were eventually overwhelmed by fascist absolutism. The expansion theory of fascism has gradually become the mainstream of social and ideological circles, and has become the theoretical pillar of the foreign policy of the military and political authorities.
Military headquarters
Imperial Flag
After the "226" incident in 1936, the Japanese Fascist Military Headquarters completely controlled the national government, formulated the National Policy Benchmark, and announced that "on the one hand, it would ensure the empire's position in the East Asian continent, and on the other hand, it would develop towards the southern ocean".The basic direction of launching the world war and implementing the strategy of moving north and south was determined.Finally, it was approved to launch the“July 7th Incident", 1941"Attack Pearl Harbor", pushing the whole Eastern Hemisphere into a sea of fire, and successively naming the regions it is going to occupy and control as" North China Economic Circle "," Japan Manchuria China Economic Circle ","Greater East Asia Co prosperity Circle"Wait a minute. A series of aggressive war actions of Japanese fascist militarism were launched under the guidance of various expansion theories with oriental characteristics, such as" living space "," omnipotence theory of war "," national harmony "," chemical crystallization theory "and" colonial liberation theory ". Until today, we continue to hear that these historical echoes are being renovated or replayed.
Population area
Announce
edit
land
population
region
the measure of area
1920
1930
1940
Japan
382,560.83
55,963,053
64,450,005
73,114,308
Taiwan
35,961.21
3,655,308
4,592,537
5,872,084
Karafuto
36,090.30
105,899
295,196
414,891
North Korea
220,788.44
17,264,119
21,058,305
24,326,327
total
675,400.78
76,988,379
90,396,043
103,727,610
Kanto Prefecture
3,462.45
688,130
955,741
1,367,334
Manchurian railway auxiliary ground ①
two hundred and ninety point three zero
231,438
372,270
-
Nanyang Islands
2,148.80
52,222
69,626
131,157
① In 1937, the administrative power was returned to the puppet Manchukuo (the puppet Manchukuo was actually ruled by Japan)
