WHOpurposeIt is to enable people all over the world to obtain the highest possible level of health.The main functions of WHO include: promotingepidemicandEndemic DiseasesPrevention and control of;Provide and improvePublic HealthTeaching and training of disease medical treatment and related matters;Promote the determinationBiological productsOfinternational standard。[1]
On the evening of January 30, 2020 local time, the World Health Organization announced that it would list the new coronavirus epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern[2]。On February 10, the advance team of the international expert group on the new coronavirus led by the World Health Organization has arrived in China and will cooperate with Chinese personnel to contribute expertise and answer practical questions[3]。
On May 27, 2020, WHO announced its establishmentWHO Foundation[4]。On March 30, 2021, the China WHO joint research report on the traceability of COVID-19 was released in Geneva.[28-30]
On May 25, 2021 local time, WHO emergency experts told ministers of health that due to lack of funds, WHO was facing the risk of "paralysis".[31]
Chinese name
United Nations World Health Organization
Foreign name
World Health Organization
Headquarters
Geneva, Switzerland
member state
194 (2015)
Date of establishment
April 7, 1948
Organization
General Assembly, Committee, Secretariat, Regional Organization
The predecessor of the World Health Organization can be traced back to its founding in Paris in 1907International Public Health BureauAnd founded in 1920GenevaOfLeague of NationsWHO.After the war, the United Nations Economic and Social Council decided that representatives of 64 countries held an international health conference in New York in July 1946 and signed the Constitution of the World Health Organization.On April 7, 1948, the law obtained 26Member States of the United NationsThe World Health Organization was established after its ratification.Every April 7 will become a global“World Health Day”。On June 24 of the same year, the first session of the World Health Organization was held in GenevaWorld health AssemblyOfficially established on, headquartered inGeneva, Switzerland。
In 1851, the first International Health Conference was held in Paris with the aim of formulating an international health convention, but it was unsuccessful.
In 1892, the International Health Convention for the Control of Cholera was adopted.
In 1902, the International Health Bureau was later renamed the Pan American Health Bureau and later changed toPan AmericanWHO, atWashingtonEstablishment.It is the predecessor of today's Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization.
In 1907,International public healthThe Office (OIHP) was established in Paris, with a stable secretariat and a stable committee composed of senior public health officials from member governments.
In 1919,AlliesAmong other tasks, it is responsible for solving disease prevention and control issues of international concern.The Allied Health Organization was established in Geneva in parallel with (OIHP).
In 1926, it providedsmallpoxThe prevention of typhus and typhus is enshrined in the International Health Convention.
In 1935, the International Health Convention on Aviation came into force.
In 1938, the last international health conference was held in Paris.The sanitary and navigation quarantine of Conseil in Alexandria was transferred to Egypt.(The Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of the World Health Organization is its immediate descendant.).
In 1945, at the United Nations Conference on International Organizations, Brazil and China unanimously approved the establishment of a new autonomous international health organization.
In 1946, the International Health Conference in New York adopted the World Health Organization (WHO)Charter。
In 1947, the WHO Committee organized a trip to Egypt to help contain the cholera epidemic.
In 1948, when the 26th member of the 61 member countries signed the endorsement signature on April 7, the WHO Charter (as the annual World Health Day) came into force. Later, the first World Health Assembly was held in Geneva, with representatives of 53 governments participating, and later became a member of the World Health Organization.
In 1951, the text of the new international health regulations was adopted by the Fourth World Health Assembly, replacing the previous international health convention.
In 1969, these renamed international health regulations eliminated lice borne typhus and relapsing fever. Only cholera, plague, smallpox andyellow fever。
In 1973, the report from the Executive Committee showed that there was widespread dissatisfaction with health services and that fundamental changes were needed.The 26th World Health Assembly decided that WHO would cooperate with its member countries rather than help them to jointly develop practical guidelines for national health care systems.
In 1974, WHO initiated to protect children fromPolio、measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus andpulmonary tuberculosisAnd other diseases.
In 1977, the 30th World Health Assembly set the goal of achieving health care by the end of this century and the beginning of the next century: health care for all by the year 2000.All people will live a life of social and economic prosperity.
In 1978, WHO/UNICEF（United Nations Children's Fund）The Soviet Union Almaty Joint International Conference adopted a policy on Israelprimary health care Statement on the key to achieving the goal of health care for all by the year 2000.
In 1979, the General Assembly of the United Nations and the 32nd World Health Assembly emphasized health as a powerful lever for socio-economic and peaceful development.
In 1979, the world approved the world's eradicationsmallpoxThe last natural case of smallpox occurred in 1977.
In 1981, the Global Strategy for Health Care for All in 2000 was adopted and signed by the General Assembly of the United Nations, requesting other relevant international organizations to cooperate with WHO.
In 1987, the General Assembly of the United Nations expressed concern about the AIDS epidemic.AIDS relatedGlobal AgendaInitiated within WHO.
In 1988, the 40th anniversary of the founding of WHO was celebrated.The 11th World Health Assembly decided to eradicate polio in 2000.
In 1996, WHO Health Development Center in JapanKobeEstablishment.
The 50th anniversary of the signing of the World Health Organization Convention in 1998.
The 62nd World Health Assembly was held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland
On December 12, 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) jointly adopted two new vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), which provided an opportunity for the promotion and use of the vaccine in developing countries.HPV is the culprit of cervical cancer in women.
On January 4, 2007,margaret chan Doctor was formally appointed Director General of WHO.On January 9,margaret chan Dr. Anarfi Asamoa Baah was appointed as the new Deputy Director General of WHO.Dr. Anarfi Asamoa Baah has been a senior official of WHO since 1998.
On January 16, 2007, the World Health Organization reported that an HIV control project in Kenya had made significant progress.The project uses an electronic registration system to record the detection and treatment information of HIV patients in real time, which has revolutionized the treatment mode of HIV.With the assistance of WHO, Moi University in Erdlit (place name in Kenya) and Indiana State University in the United States completed the treatment of nearly 70000 patients with this system.
In May 2012, the priority setting procedure of WHO occupied the first place in the discussion of reform issues in the World Health Assembly. Member States recognized the results of the February meeting of Member States on planning and priority setting, and recognized that special attention should be paid to the determinants of health.Many reforms in the governance and management planning cluster have been approved and the secretariat has been asked to move forward, including implementation.In other areas, such as funding for WHO, Member States requested the Secretariat to discuss this issue again at the special meeting of the Planning, Budget and Administration Committee (PBAC) scheduled for early December.
In May 2014, the 67th World Health Assembly adopted the strategy of traditional medicine for the period from 2014 to 2023, urging governments to attach importance to the role of traditional medicine in medical care and further improve the standardization and safety of traditional medicine.This measure will promote the development of Chinese medicine.[7]
The World Health Organization announced that Liberia has not seen any new Ebola cases in the past 42 days, and the Ebola epidemic in Liberie has ended.[8]
On January 15, 2016, according toVoice of China《News》The World Health Organization recently announced that,LiberiaLast exampleEbolaThe virus test of the patient was negative. At the same time, there were no new cases of Ebola virus infection in the country for 42 consecutive days, which is twice the longest incubation period of Ebola virus of 21 days. Therefore, the epidemic can be declared to be over.
It also marks that theEbola virusThe epidemic is all over.[9]But just a few hours later,sierra leoneHealth officials confirmed that,sierra leoneAnother person died of Ebola virus.[10]
On May 23, 2017, the 70th World Health Assembly elected Dr. Twandros Adanom, the former Foreign Minister of Ethiopia, nominated by the Ethiopian Government, as the new Director General of the World Health Organization.[11]
On May 27, 2020, Director General Tan Desai of the World Health Organization announced thatWHO FoundationFormally established to raise funds to address the most pressing global health challenges.[4]
On May 25, 2021 local time, Mike Ryan, an emergency expert of the World Health Organization, told ministers of health that WHO was in a financial shortage, which had hindered the operation of the agency.[31]
On May 31, 2023, the 153rd session of the Executive Board of WHO was held in Geneva. At this session, China was unanimously elected as the chairman of the Planning, Budget and Administration Committee of the new Executive Board of WHO.[35]
purpose
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So that people all over the world can enjoy the highest possible level of health.
world health organizationHealth is defined as "the perfect state in physical, mental and social activities".
emblem
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Margaret Chan, former Director General of the World Health Organization
The emblem of the World Health Organization was chosen by the first World Health Assembly in 1948.The emblem is coiled by a snakewandUnited Nations logo covered.For a long time, the scepter coiled by snakes has been the symbol of medicine and the medical community.It originated from the story of Asclepios,ancient GreekPeople respect it asGod of medicineAnd its worship involves the use of snakes.
GreeceyesSnake emblemThe birthplace ofGreeceall places.In modern times, the United States, Britain, CanadaGermanyAnd the World Health Organization of the United Nations uses the snake emblem as its medical symbol.China before 1950sChinese Medical AssociationThe emblem also has a snake emblem.Published in April 1948《Chinese Medical Journal》The cover is a striking snake emblem.[12]
WHO Objectives
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Our goal is to create a better and healthier future for people around the world.
WHO has six regions and 194 Member States, and its staff work in more than 150 offices, working together to improve the health of everyone around the world.
We work together to prevent and treat diseases, including infectious diseases such as influenza and HIV, and non infectious diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
We help mothers and children survive and prosper, so that they can look forward to a healthy old age.We ensure that people breathe safe air, eat safe food, drink safe water, and use safe medicines and vaccines.[13]
Organization
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an assembly
The General Assembly of the World Health Organization is the highest authority of WHOGenevaHold one meeting.The main tasks are to consider the Director General's work report, plan the budget, admit new Member States and discuss other important topics.The Executive Committee is the executive body of the World Health Assembly, which is responsible for implementing the resolutions, policies and tasks entrusted by the Assembly. It is composed of 32 qualified technical experts in the field of health. Each member is selected by its member country, approved by the World Health Assembly, and has a three-year term of office, with one third being re elected annually.According to the Gentleman Agreement of the World Health Organization,security council5Permanent membersIt is an inevitable member of the Executive Committee, but the seat will be vacant for one year after the third year.Permanent establishmentThe Secretariat consists of Africa, the Americas, Europe and the Eastmediterranean sea6 regional offices in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.
committee
The Committee is the highest executive body of WHO and holds two plenary meetings every year[14]
secretariat
The WHO Secretariat is the permanent body of WHO.
Regional organizations
WHO is divided into 6 regional committees and regional offices:
WHO Africa Region, WHO Americas Region, WHO Southeast Asia Region, WHO Europe Region, WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and WHO Western Pacific Region.
representative
The professional organizations of the World Health Organization include consultants and temporary consultants, expert committees (47 advisory missions, more than 2600 members, including 96 in China), global and regional medical research advisory committees and cooperation centers.[15]
member state
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All acceptedWHO CharterAll the member states of the United Nations can become members of the World Health Organization.Other countries can become members of the World Health Organization after their applications are simply voted by the World Health Assembly and most of them are approved.Where an area cannot assume responsibility in international relations, it may enter the World Health Organization as a preparatory member according to the application made by the member states of the World Health Organization or other authorities that can assume responsibility for international relations in the area based on its own interests.WHO member states are distributed by region (193 member states, 2 associate members, 6observer）。
6、Li Zhongyu(Lee Jong wook) Korean July 21, 2003 May 22, 2006
Agent Anders Nordstr ö m, Swedish, May 22, 2006 - November 8, 2006
7、margaret chan (Margaret Chan Fung Fu chun) Hong Kong, China January 4, 2007 July 1, 2017
8、Tandesse(Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus) Ethiopian nationality July 1, 2017 - present[5]
Source of funds
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The funding source of WHO: the contributions paid by Member States constitute the "normal budget".
Pan American Health Organization, Promotion Organization Voluntary Fund, UNICEF, Drug Abuse Control Fund, UNEP, Emergency Activities, Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, Disaster Relief AgencyWorld BankSpecial funds provided by, etc.[18]
WHO Planning Budget 2014-2015
1. Approves the budget of 3.977 billion US dollars for all funding sources, namely assessed contributions and voluntary contributions, for the financial period 2014-2015.
2. Allocate the budget for the financial period 2014-2015 to the following six categories:
(1) 841 million dollars for infectious diseases.
(2) US $318 million for non communicable diseases.
(3) Health promotion in the whole life is 388 million dollars.
(4) Health system $531 million.
(5) US $287 million for prevention, monitoring and response.
(6) Promotional functions, organization wide services of $684 million and emergency budget of $928 million
Yuan.
3. Decides that the funding channels for the budget are as follows:
The total net assessment of Member States of $929 million, adjusted for the estimated non assessed income of Member States.
Voluntary contributions totalling $3048 million.
4. The Director General proposes to increase the 2016-2017 planning budget by 236.6 million dollars.[19]
publication
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Monthly Report of the World Health Organization, 6 issues per year, in English, French, Arabic, Russian and other languages;The monthly report focuses on a specific theme every year.Contains expert assessments of global health, including statistics.
Epidemic Weekly, English and French;Epidemiological information on infectious disease cases and epidemic situation.
World Health Statistics, quarterly, in English, French, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Spanish and other languages;
World Health, a monthly magazine in English, French, Russian, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Arabic and other languages.[20]
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Domestic Fuel Combustion
This guide is the third part of a series of guides (the first and second parts are the guide for indoor air quality of some pollutants, humidity and mold respectively), which is a technical proposal specifically for the characteristics of household fuels and combustion technology.
Prevention of second-hand smoke exposure: policy recommendations
Second-hand smokeExposure has no so-called "safe level" and can cause many diseases to adults and children.Implement "100%smokeless"Environment" is the only effective means to protect people from second-hand smoke.Several countries and regions have successfully implemented corresponding laws, requiring that work and public places be "completely smoke-free".According to their experience, smoke-free environment is not only feasible, but also popular before and after implementation.[21]
On March 30, 2021, the China WHO joint research report on the traceability of COVID-19 was released in Geneva.[28-30]
Relations with China
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China is one of the founders of WHO.From April 25 to June 26, 1945San FranciscoAdopted at the founding conference of the United Nations“Charter of the United Nations”There is no mention of the content of health work or the establishment of an international health agency.Shi SimingYesSan Francisco ConferenceHead of the Chinese delegationbetter known as TV SoongSecretary of the World Health Organization, who took note of this detail, thus triggered the birth of the World Health Organization.The "Declaration on the Establishment of an International Health Organization" submitted by China's representative Shi Siming and Brazil's representative Su Zha laid the foundation for the establishment of the World Health Organization.
On May 10, 1972, the 25th World Health Assembly passed a resolution, restoring China's legitimate seat in the World Health Organization.Since then, China has attended successive sessions of the General Assembly and regional committee meetings of the World Health Organization (WHO), and was elected as a member of the Executive Committee, and signed a memorandum and basic agreement on health technology cooperation with the WHO.In October 1978, the Chinese Minister of Health and the Director General of the World Health Organization signed the "Memorandum of Understanding on Health Technology Cooperation" in Beijing, which is a milestone in the history of friendly cooperation between the two sides.In 1981, the World Health Organization set up a representative office in Beijing.1991 Minister of Health of ChinaChen MinzhangHe was awarded the gold medal of "Health Care for All", the highest honor award by WHO. He is the first health minister in the world to be awarded this award.
China and the World Health Organization have held 18 technical cooperation coordination planning meetings, and the World Health Organization has provided China with various assistance of about 96 million dollars.In 1981, the World Health Organization set up a representative office in Beijing.
in the light ofTaiwanThe request and desire to participate in the World Health Organization. After communication and coordination between the relevant parties on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, the Chinese government agrees that Taiwan should use the World Health OrganizationobserverIn the capacity of“Chinese Taipei”Join WHO in the name of.In April 2009, the Director General of the World Health Organizationmargaret chan The Chinese Taipei Department of Health was invited to attend the 62nd WHO General Assembly in Geneva from May 18 to 27, 2009 as an observer.
China has 69 World Health Organization (WHO) cooperation centers, many of which rank first among countries in the Western Pacific region of the World Health Organization.At present, there are more than 30 disciplines.As a window for China to carry out health technology cooperation with the World Health Organization, the World Health Organization Cooperation Center has played an active radiation and demonstration role in promoting international and domestic health technology exchanges, personnel training and other aspects, and is an important force for health care goals.[22]
On the afternoon of July 5, 2017, the World Health Organization awarded the Chinese government the "Outstanding Social Health Governance Award" to commemorate the 65th anniversary of China's patriotic health campaign and commend the brilliant achievements of the patriotic health campaign.[23]
On April 15, 2020, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian held a regular press conference.A reporter asked that the US side has announced that it will stop funding WHO. Is China ready to provide more funds to fill the funding gap?Zhao Lijian: China has always supported WHO in playing a leading role in the international fight against the epidemic.China has donated US $20 million to WHO and will continue to provide support and assistance to WHO within its capacity.[24]
Relations with the United States
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U.S.AIt is one of the founding countries of WHO.On September 16, 2014, the US government will greatly increase its response to Ebola in West Africa on the original basis, and WHO welcomes this contribution.This new commitment provides support for the United Nations and other international partners to assist the governments of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Senegal in their efforts to control the epidemic.Dr Margaret Chan, Director General of WHO, said, "This vigorous expansion of support from the United States is a fundamental change we need to control the epidemic and start to turn the situation around."[25]
On April 14, 2020, Trump announced at the White House press conference that the United States would suspend funding to the World Health Organization. He accused the World Health Organization of not sharing epidemic information in a timely manner, not providing epidemic prevention policy recommendations in a timely manner, and not announcing the "global pandemic" in a timely manner.Trump said that "after such a long time, it is time for them to take responsibility".
Earlier, Trump had criticized the way WHO responded to the COVID-19 epidemic and threatened to stop paying the organization's membership dues.
Tan Desai, Director General of WHO, said on the 8th, "Please do not politicize this virus. It is taking advantage of the differences between different countries. If you want to (be used by it) like this, if you want to have more body bags, well, you can do so." This remark is widely regarded as a response to Trump's remarks.[26]
On July 7, 2020, a senior official of the US government confirmed that the White House had officially withdrawn the US from WHO.The official said that the withdrawal of the United States came into effect on July 6 and had informed the Secretary General of the United Nations.[27]
60th anniversary
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WHO 60 Activity Framework
Subordinate departments, countries and regions can contribute to WHO 60 by organizing and promoting various activities under the framework of WHO 60.
The overall activity framework of the whole year is as follows:
History review: January to March 2008
In January, the WHO Executive Committee held activities and launched the WHO 60 photo exhibition.Relevant activities continued in February and March, focusing on the major achievements in public health in the past 60 years.
Looking ahead: April to December 2008
Since April 2008, a series of communication and exchange activities have outlined the future work direction of the World Health Organization, highlighting the most cutting-edge themes, such as tackling climate change, protecting human health, the future development of primary health care and information and communication technology.The two major milestones during WHO 60 are World Health Day on April 7, 2008 and the World Health Assembly held in May 2008.
event
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On March 4, 2022, the leader of the WHO emergency medical team, Flavio Serlio, said that the first batch of WHO supplies were being transported to the Ukrainian border and would soon be sent to Ukraine.
WHO spokesman Christian Lindmire said that WHO is considering setting up field hospitals in Ukraine to support the local medical system.[32]
