Halley's Comet

[hā léi huì xīng]

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Halley's Comet (period Cometary table No.: 1P/Halley) is the cycle of circling the sun every 76.1 years comet , visible to the naked eye. British physicist edmond halley (1656-1742) first measured its orbital data and successfully predicted the return time, hence the name.

Harley comet Of Orbital period 76~79 years, next time Perihelion The date is July 28, 2061. Halley's Comet is the first periodic comet recorded by human beings. It was not later than 240 BC, or 466 BC, in China Babylon, Cuba There are clear records of the appearance of this comet in Europe,, and medieval Europe, but it was not known at that time that it was the reappearance of the same comet. according to Zhu Wenxin Textual research: from First Emperor of Qin There were 29 records from the seventh year (240 BC) to the second year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty (1910), which were consistent with the calculation results.

Halley's Comet is the only thing that works Naked eye Seen directly from the earth Short period comet It is also the only comet that can be seen twice with the naked eye in one's life. Other comets that can be seen with the naked eye may be more spectacular and beautiful, but they are comets that only appear once in thousands of years. Halley's Comet last returned in 1986, and the next return will be in the middle of 2061. When it returned in 1986, Halley's Comet became the first spacecraft Comets observed in detail provide first-hand Cometary nucleus Structure and Comet and Cometary tail Information on the formation mechanism. These observations support some long-standing assumptions about comet structure, especially Fred· HP Of“ Dirty snowball ”Model, correctly speculate that Halley's Comet is volatility Ice - like water carbon dioxide , and ammonia - and dust mixture. The information provided by this task also significantly reforms and reconfigures the idea of these materials; For example, it is understood that the surface of Halley's Comet is mainly covered with dust Volatile substances And only a small part is ice. Orion Meteor Shower It was caused by the famous Halley's Comet.^[1] On December 9, 2023, Halley's Comet flew over the aphelion.^[8]

Chinese name: Halley's Comet
Foreign name: 1P/Halley

Orbital period: 76~79 years
Last perihelion: February 9, 1986
Next perihelion: July 28, 2061

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Introduction to stars

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comet , commonly known as "broom star", is a kind of celestial body that revolves around the sun. More than 1600 comets have been found, but few can be seen with the naked eye. Only 20 comets can be seen with telescopes every year. Comet is solar system Haley's Comet is the largest and easiest to observe object with medium and small mass. The comet's appearance period is 76 years, which was first calculated by a British astronomer named Halley, so it is called Halley's Comet.^[2] In 1705, Halley published the "Theory of Comet Astronomy", announcing that in 1682 Big comet It reappeared in the sky in 1758 (later he estimated that Jupiter When it may affect its movement, the date of return was postponed to 1759). At that time, Haley was over fifty and knew that he would never see this big comet again in his lifetime. So he wrote in the book: "If the comet finally reappears in about 1758 according to our prediction, the just descendants will not forget that it was first discovered by an Englishman..."

Some people laugh at Harley for talking nonsense. Some people are skeptical of Harley's prediction, but there are many people who believe in Harley's prediction. French mathematician Craig made an accurate prediction before the comet returned: Jupiter And Saturn, the comet will pass a month before or after April 13, 1759 Perihelion 。^[3]

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Halley
find
Discoverer	Prehistoric era; with edmond halley To name (identify Periodicity ）
Track parameters	2449400.5 (February 17, 1994)
Apohelion	35.1 AU (December 9, 2023)
Perihelion	0.586 AU Last passing perihelion: February 9, 1986 The next passing perihelion: July 28, 2061
Semimajor axis	17.8AU
Eccentricity	zero point nine six seven
Orbital period	seventy-five point three a
Rail inclination	162.3°
Physical characteristics	-
size	15 × 8km, 11 km (average)
quality	10^15kg
Average density	0.6 (estimated range 0.2 to 1.5g/cm)
Escape speed	~0.002 Km/s
Sidereal day	2.2 d（52.8 h，?）
Albedo	zero point zero four
Apparent magnitude	28.2 (2003)

Record Naming

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In 1695, it was royal society Clerk's edmond halley He began to concentrate on studying comets. He selected 24 comets from the comet records from 1337 to 1698, and calculated their orbits in one year. It was found that the orbits of these three comets appeared in 1531, 1607 and 1682 look the same. Although the time of passing through the perihelion is one year different, it may be explained by Jupiter or Saturn Caused by gravitational perturbation. An idea flashed through his mind: these three comets may be the three returns of the same comet. However, Haley did not immediately draw this conclusion. Instead, he tirelessly searched forward and found that there were records of big comets in history from 1456, 1378, 1301, 1245 to 1066. At the time of Halley's life, no one realized that comets would return to the sun regularly. Since Harley had this bold idea, he has devoted himself to the observation and research of comets with great interest. After a lot of observation, research and calculation, he boldly predicted that the comet that appeared in 1682 would return at the end of 1758 or the beginning of 1759. Haley was nearly 50 years old when he made this prediction, and whether his prediction was correct or not still needed 50 years. He realized that he could not see the comet returning again with his own eyes, so he said in a humorous and regretful tone: If the comet did return in 1758 according to my prediction, the fair descendants would probably not refuse to admit that it was first discovered by an Englishman. More than 10 years after Halley's death, at the end of 1758, the first comet predicted to return was Amateur astronomer Yes, it returned to the sun on time. Haley's prediction at the beginning of the 18th century was finally confirmed after more than half a century. Later generations named this comet "Halley's Comet" in memory of him. In fact, there are records of every return to China since 240 BC in history. The earliest one may be King Wu of Zhou The year when Zhou was conquered was 1057 BC. Halley's Comet returns on time every 76 years or so. When Halley's Comet returns, a lot of Observational research 。 The last return of Halley's Comet was in 1986. China, like other countries, has made a lot of observations on it, and its return will be around 2062.^[4]

Regression validation

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On March 6, 1986, the spaceship sent back pictures of Halley's comet

In early 1758, France observatory Of messier I started to observe, hoping to be the first one to confirm comet Returned people. On January 21, 1759, he finally found the comet. Unfortunately, the glory of observing the comet return for the first time does not belong to him. It was a farmer near Dresden, Germany, on Christmas Eve in 1758 Astronomer We have got ahead of the others and found the returning comet.

On March 14, 1759, Halley's Comet passed the perihelion, just one month before the prediction of Craig. By this time, Harley had been sleeping for more than ten years. Scientists' life is limited, but they Contribution of science But forever. Just as Haley hoped, we did not forget Haley and named this comet Haley's Comet.

Yes, Harley comet The observation and research of not only confirmed the existence of periodic comets, but also greatly promoted the Cometary astronomy Development of. In addition, Halley's Comet Itinerant ambassador Review the solar system periodically Megaplanets It also experiences various environments and brings back rich information. Therefore, every return of it has aroused great interest of astronomers.

Halley's Comet returns once every 76 years. Most of the time, it lives in the edge of the solar system. Even with the largest telescope in modern times, it is difficult to find its shadow. People on the earth can only see it for three or four months when it returns. Generally speaking, the life span of a person is only about 70 years old, so a person rarely sees Halley's Comet twice. Only some "old people" have this opportunity. The first time they see it, they are in the infancy of babbling, and the second time they see it, they are in their twilight years.

What needs to be explained here is that although Messier did not become the first person to confirm the return of comets, he did not lose heart, but began to systematically search for comets. He observed them year after year, day after day in the early morning and after dusk. A total of 21 comets were found in his life, and 46 comets were observed by him. once, King of France Louis XV He jokingly said that he was "the detective of the comet". Although this was a joke, it was the highest praise for Messier's work in finding the comet all his life.^[5]

Comet characteristics

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introduction

Most comets keep circling the sun in long, flat orbits. Comets in elliptical orbits are called periodic comets. Revolution period Usually between three years and several centuries. The cycle is only a few years comet Most are small comets, which are hard to see with the naked eye. Comets that do not follow an elliptical orbit can only be regarded as passers-by of the solar system. Once they leave, they will disappear. Most comets travel from west to east in the sky. But there are exceptions, Halley's Comet runs from east to west.

cycle

The average revolution period of Halley's Comet is 75 years or 76 years, but you can't use 1986 plus several 76 years to get its exact return date. The gravitational action of the main planet causes it to change periodically, falling into one cycle after another. Non gravity effect (near Solar time Massive evaporation) also plays a role in making it Periodic change The important role of. From 239 BC to 1986 AD, the revolution period changed from 76.0 (1986) to 79.3 (451 and 1066). The closest perihelion is in 11 BC and 66 AD.

Revolution track

The orbit of Halley's Comet is reverse, with an 18 degree inclination to the ecliptic plane. In addition, like other comets, Eccentricity Larger.

Cometary nucleus

Orbital Map of Halley's Comet

Halley's Cometary nucleus It is about 16x8x7.5 km. Contrary to previous predictions, the nucleus of Halley's Comet is very dark: its reflectivity Only 0.03, making it darker than coal and one of the darkest objects in the solar system.

The comet nucleus of Halley's Comet is an ugly and dirty guy. The skin is full of cracks, wrinkles and scars, and the degree of dirt and blackness is unimaginable. It has a maximum length of 16 kilometers, a maximum width of 8.2 kilometers and a maximum thickness of 7.5 kilometers, with a mass of about 300 billion tons and a volume of about 500 million tons Cubic kilometer 。 The density of Halley's comet nucleus is very low: about 1g/cm3, indicating that it is porous, probably because most of the dust remained after the ice sublimation. The surface of Halley's Comet is darker than coal ash, which makes it absorb a lot of solar radiation and make the temperature 30~100 ℃. At least 5 to 7 places on the surface of the comet nucleus are continuously ejecting dust and gas.

Cometary tail

The core of Halley's Comet

The comet nucleus gradually approaches the sun, and the surface begins to be heated and vaporized, so the hibernating comet enters the life Active period 。 Reflecting sunlight and self stimulated luminescence make it put on a brilliant coat. The bright and dense group in the middle Agglomerate It's a comet nucleus, a hazy and fluffy gas Cladding yes Comet There is also a circle of dim and thin hydrogen clouds on the edge, which together form the Cometary head 。 The sun, which is sprayed by the flame, shines on every inch of the area under its jurisdiction, and at the same time, it throws out a continuous stream of subatomic atoms, forming solar wind 。 The weak dust and volatile matter on the comet dragged out a bright tail under the wind of the sun and the pressure of light. No wonder the closer you are to the sun, the longer your tail is. Wherever you go, your tail always points to the side away from the sun. When it said goodbye to its master and traveled again, its tail had become a light to illuminate the journey. When Halley's Comet came back in 1910, many places held doomsday gatherings. People waited for the encounter between the earth and Halley's Comet with irresistible terror. Until May 19, the earth passed through safely Cometary tail This kind of unnecessary worry is over. It turns out that a comet tail is a thinner gas that is more empty than the vacuum created in the laboratory. Scientists compare the comet to an "empty bag", "invisible nothing".

mass loss

The trek of Halley's Comet across the solar system is not a leisurely walk. Once it comes to the sun, it will be peeled off. This kind of gone and gone Material wastage Will lead to the demise of Halley's Comet in the distant future.

Halley's Comet continuously ejects dust and gas during its journey in the vast universe. Since its last return, Halley's Comet has lost a total of 150 million tons of material, Cometary nucleus Its diameter has shrunk by 4-5 meters. If it goes on like this, it can circle the sun for 2-3 thousand times, and its life span may not reach 1 million years.

Halley's Comet returns to the core of the solar system every 76 years, losing about 6 meters of ice, dust and rock each time. Halley's Cometary tail It is composed of these fragments and scattered in Comet orbit The debris on the top of the Aquarius π meteor shower And the biggest one on October 21 Orion Meteor Shower 。

luminescence

Comets are reflected sunlight And luminous. Generally, comets are very dark, and their appearance is only astronomer use Astronomical instrument Can be observed. Only a few comets, which are very bright by the sun and have long tails, can be seen by us.

Related disputes

Halley's comet is the first famous comet that has been confirmed through prediction that it will reappear. When it appeared in 1682, the British astronomer Halley noticed that its orbit was similar to that of the comets that appeared in 1607 and 1531, thought it was the same comet that appeared three times, and predicted that it would reappear at the end of 1758 or the beginning of 1759. Although Haley died in 1742, he could not see its reappearance, but in 1759 it came back. This is History of Astronomy Last amazing achievement. This comet was named Halley's Comet. Its revolution period is 76 years, and the perihelion distance is 88 million kilometers (0.59 Astronomical unit ）， Telehelion 5.3 billion kilometers (3.531 astronomical units), Track eccentricity Is 0.967. The appearance of Halley's Comet is recorded in detail in Chinese history books. In terms of the early recording time, Spring and Autumn Annals was first published. Spring and Autumn Annals says: Lu Wengong "Autumn" in the 14th year (613 BC) July , Yes Star Polo Enter Beidou. " This is the first accurate record of Halley's Comet in the world. In terms of the early recorded content, the Western Han Dynasty was the first《 Writings of Prince Huainan 》。《 Huai Nanzi, Military Training 》Said:“ King Wu attacked Zhou , facing the east to welcome the new year, reaching the flood, falling down together, the comet came out, and gave Yan people its handle. " According to Chinese astronomer Zhang Yuzhe, this is the record of the return of Halley's Comet in 1057 BC. Since 240 BC, China has recorded every appearance of Halley's Comet. The number of times and details of the record are unprecedented in other countries. The original mass of Halley's Comet is estimated to be less than 10 trillion tons. If Approximate value The average density of the cometary nucleus is 1g per cubic centimeter, so the radius of the cometary nucleus should be less than 15km. It is estimated that its mass will be reduced by about 2 billion tons per revolution Total mass A small part of the, so it will exist for a long time.

Comet composition

Water, ammonia, nitrogen methane 、 carbon monoxide 、 carbon dioxide ... and incomplete molecular Free radical Halley's Comet Cometary tail The main components of.

The composition of the comet nucleus Water ice Mainly, accounting for 70%, and other components are carbon monoxide (10-15%), carbon dioxide Carbon oxides 、 Hydrocyanic acid Etc. The density of the whole comet nucleus is 10~40% of that of water ice, so it is just a loose snow pile. In the deep layer of the comet nucleus are primitive substances and relatively volatile ice blocks, surrounded by silicate and hydrocarbon And the outermost layer is Honeycomb A refractory carbon layer.

For Haley's comet ultraviolet rays And radio observations have provided the first direct evidence , certifying that nucleus It is mainly composed of ordinary water ice. Astronomers have detected Hydroxyl radical It is the comet that receives Solar ultraviolet radiation Decomposition products of water during irradiation. When Haley's comet approaches Solar time The heat of the sun is enough to make its frozen matter evaporate to form a huge gas head, namely Huifa. Recently, I used lapalma Newton telescope The spectral observation shows that there is evidence of CN, C2 and C3 bases in the Huifa, and its total extension is 10 arc minutes (1/3 of the moon's apparent size). In the cold and deep space, they are frozen together with dust and gravel into hard Lump 。

The average density of cometary nuclei is 1 gram per cubic centimeter. Comet and Cometary tail Is extremely thin, and its mass only accounts for Total mass 1%~5%, or even less. The comet material is mainly composed of water, ammonia, methane, cyanide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., while the comet nucleus is composed of water and carbon dioxide condensed into ice（ dry ice ）, ammonia and dust particles, scientists vividly call the comet“ Dirty snowball ”。

Ancient records

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From 613 BC to the beginning of the 20th century, there were 31 records of Halley's Comet recorded in Chinese, the earliest of which was in 1057 BC.

Chinese people to Harley comet The earliest records of the Shang Dynasty can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. “ King Wu attacked Zhou To the east, we greet the new year, to the west, to the water, to the same head and fall. The comet came out and gave Yan the handle. There are comets from time to time, and the handle is in the east, which can sweep westerners! " （《 Huai Nanzi, Military Training 》）According to Zhang Yuzhe It is estimated that this is the record of the return of Halley's Comet in 1057 BC. 《 The Book of Songs 》It refers to the occurrence on September 6, 776 BC solar eclipse This is the first solar eclipse record with an exact date in Chinese history. More precise Halley's Comet Record It was in 613 BC (Spring and Autumn Period Lu Wengong In autumn and July Star Polo Enter Beidou. " (The Spring and Autumn Annals, Fourteen Years of Lu Wengong) This is the first accurate record of Halley's Comet in the world. From 240 BC (Warring States Period First Emperor of Qin Since seven years ago, China has recorded every return of Halley's Comet. The records of Halley's Comet are sometimes very detailed. The most detailed record is "July" in 12 BC (the first year of the Han and Yuan Dynasties) Xin Wei , You Xing Bo Yu Dong Well Five princes He Shubei led the way to Xuanyuan, Taiwei, more than six degrees, Get out in the morning East. On the 13th, I saw the West at night Second Concubine , Changqiu, Dou, Tian, Fengyan Ran Guanzi Palace. After the fire, it reached the Tianhe River, except for the imperial concubine. Southern Death and Delinquency arcturus 、 Photographic lift 。 Go slowly according to the festival when you arrive at the sky market, and then go west after ten days; The 56th and Canglong All of them fall. " (Hanshu Wuxing Zhi) The comet records in ancient China are accurate and reliable.

Observation record

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Records of the Historian in 240 BC· History of Qin Shihuang 》"In seven years, the comet first came out of the east to see the north, and in May to see the west."

The second half of 164 BC Babylon Recorded in clay plate of

August 87 BC

In October of 12 BC, some scholars called it the Bible New Testament Star Of Bethlehem

January 66

March 141

May 218

April 295

February 374

June 451

September 530

March 607《 nihon shoki 》There are records in

It was recorded in the 12th year of Tianwu in the Japanese Book in October 684

May 760

February 837

July 912

In September 989, both Japan and China had records, so Japan changed the year number to Yongzuo

In 1066, normans The eve of the invasion of Britain coincided with the return of Halley's Comet. At that time, people with complex feelings looked at this drag in the night sky grow a tail It is believed that the strange celestial body is a kind of war warning and prediction given by God. Later, the Norman Conquest In England, the wife of Norman commander embroidered the scene of Halley's Comet's return on a tapestry to commemorate it. Chinese people refer to comets as "broomsticks"“ jinx ”、“ Disaster star ”。 The appearance of comets and human wars, famines, floods plague There are many things in Chinese and foreign history that are connected with disasters.

April 1145

September 1222

October 1301

November 1378

June 1456

August 1531

October 27, 1607

1682 is the year when Halley's Comet was discovered

On March 13, 1759 AD, Harley's prediction was successfully confirmed, when China was in the 24th year of Qianlong's reign

November 16, 1835

It reached - 3.3 on April 20, 1910 the magnitude

From the end of 1985 to May 1986, Halley's Comet returned to the Earth (the closest to the Earth on April 11, 1986, about 63 million kilometers)

Historical value

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the British Cromillin and Cowell used to use ancient China Halley's Comet Record , compared with the calculated time and period of passing perihelion each time; The oldest record dates back to 240 BC. The comparison results are all in good agreement, which proves the reliability of ancient records. In the 1950s, after completing the Comet Orbit Collection, which studied 1428 comets, the Frenchman Baldai concluded that "the best comet records (with very few exceptions) should be based on China's records." In 1955 Soviet Union Shklovsky Praise: "The appearance of Halley's Comet has been recorded without omission in China's historical records for nearly 2000 years". Because of the rich, continuous, accurate and reliable historical data of comets in China, they played an important role in the exploration of celestial bodies in modern times, showing a huge modern Scientific value 。 In 1850, J.R. Hind calculated according to the historical data of Chinese comets and found Halley's comet Track surface And ecliptic plane Angle of intersection It is gradually changing, thus helping to study the origin and evolution of comets. In 1972, Brady of the United States used the Chinese comet records to explore the comet movement in 1682 years, to explore the return of Halley's comet in 1986, and thus proposed that there is an unknown existence in the solar system Tenth planet Assumptions of. In 1971 Ireland Jiang Tao, a Chinese of, reviewed the relevant records again, and although he denied the hypothesis of the existence of the tenth largest planet, he confirmed the existence of non gravitational effects. 1978 Zhang Yuzhe Using these comet records in China to study, it is concluded that this may indeed exist Extraterrestrial planets , or 50 from the sun Astronomical unit With a ring Total mass A cometary cloud roughly equal to the Earth. All these facts show that the records of Halley's Comet in ancient China are of great scientific value, and they provide valuable information for solving problems related to modern literature. "

Historical records

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the Spring and Autumn period

Fourteen years ago, Duke Wen of Lu 613 Spring and Autumn Annals

In autumn and July, there are stars in the Big Dipper.

Qin and Han Dynasties

Duke Qin Li Ten years ago 467《 Redords of the Grand History of China ·Chronology of Six Countries

After ten years of Qin Li's public service, we can see the comet.

First Emperor of Qin Seven years ago, on May 15, 240· History of Qin Shihuang 》

In the seventh year of Qin Shihuang, the comet first came out of the east and saw the north; May, see the West, 16th.

Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty May 12, 163, the second year after the Yuan Dynasty《 The History of the Han Dynasty ·Astronomical Records

In the first month of the second year of the second year of the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Renyin went out to the southwest on the eve of the day.

Martial Emperor The Book of the Han Dynasty Astronomical Annals on July 10, 1987, two years ago

In the beginning of Xiaozhao's Yuan Dynasty, Liang Chenghui, a Han official, and Wu Moru, a star waiting for the King of Yan, saw Peng Xing coming out of the West Tianshiyuan East Gate, cross the river drum, enter Barracks Medium.

Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty Yuan extension The Book of the Han Dynasty - Five Elements Annals on December 9, the first year

July of the first year of Yuanyan Xin Wei There are stars in Dongjing Five princes He left the north of Hexu and led the Xuanyuan too little. He could spend more time in the next six days, Get out in the morning East; On the 13th, I saw the West at night Second Concubine , the sharp inflammation penetrates the purple palace again; After the fire, it reached the Tianhe River. Except for the realm of empresses and concubines, it died in the south and committed crimes arcturus Take photos, walk slowly according to the festival when you arrive at the sky market, burn into the market, ten days later go west, and on the 56th Canglong All of them are volt.

Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty Astronomical Annals of the Later Han Dynasty, 66 February 20, the eighth year of Yongping

June, the eighth year of Yongping Ren Wu ， Long Star Going out of Liu and Zhang for seventeen degrees, offending the Xuanyuan, stabbing the boat in the sky, Lingtaiwei, and going to Liu on the fifty sixth day.

Emperor Han Shun Astronomical Annals of the Later Han Dynasty, April 10, 141, the sixth year of Yonghe

February, the sixth year of Yonghe Ding Si The comet is six or seven feet long in the east, blue and white in color, and refers to the camp and tomb star in the southwest. Ding Chou The comet is six feet long at Kuichi, Gui Wei When I fainted, I saw the northwest and experienced the Pleiades. Jiashen was in Dongjing, so he went to Guiliu Qixing Zhang, Guangyan and Santai, to Xuanyuan Zhongmie.

Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty Astronomical Annals of the Later Han Dynasty, May 28, 218, the 23rd year of Jian'an

In March of the 23rd year of Jian'an, the eastern side was seen from the stars, and the western side emerged more than 20 days later, committing five crimes: Wuche, Dongjing, five princes, Wenchang, Xuanyuan, empress, Taiwei, and Fengyan Throne 。

Wei Jin Period

Jin Huidi On April 23, 295, the fifth year of Yuankang era, Jinshu Astronomical Annals

In April of the fifth year of Yuankang, there were stars Yu Kui To Xuanyuan, Taiwei, via Santai and Daling.

Emperor Xiaowu of the Jin Dynasty Ningkang Jinshu Astronomy Annals, February 13, 374, 2002

At the end of the first month of the second year of Ningkang's reign, a comet was seen in Nuxu.

Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty Yuanjia On June 26, 451, the 28th year, the Book of the Song Dynasty Astronomical Annals

In May of the 28th year of Yuanjia era, when the comet saw its tongue rolling, it entered Taiwei, forced the throne seat, offended the emperor, brushed the screen, went out of the gate, and destroyed the wing bar.

September 27, 530, the third year of Yong'an, Emperor Zhuang of the Northern Wei Dynasty《 Wei Shu ·Astronomical Annals

At the first noon of July in the third year of Yong'an, a comet appeared in the northeast in the morning. It was ten feet long in the middle of Dongtai. It was white, moving northeast and pointing southwest. Ding You One foot to the northwest of the star on the stage, and fall in the morning. On the evening of Gengzi, he saw the northwest, with a long foot, pointing southeast, and gradually moved into the Di until August Ji Wei Gradually, Gui Hai Extinguish.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty March 18, 607, the third year of Daye《 Sui Shu ·Astronomical Records

March of the third year of Daye Xin Hai When the stars see the west, they can see the sky. They can see Kui and Lou, but they can't see the horn and resound; At the end of September, when I turned to the south, I saw the sky, dry corners, and hyperactivity Throne The culprits are staying at home, but they can't get into the well.

Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty Guangzhai October 7, 684, the first year《 New Tang Dynasty Book ·Astronomical Records

In September of the first year of Guangzhai, Ding Chou had a star like a half moon, which was seen in the west.

Tang Suzong May 22, 760, the third year of Qianyuan reign《 New Tang Dynasty Book ·Astronomical Records

At the end of April in the third year of the Qianyuan era, a comet was seen in the east, between Lou and his stomach. It was white in color and four feet long. The comet traveled fast in the east, passing through Pleiades, Bi, Kou, Tuo, Shen, Dongjing, Yugui, Liu, Xuanyuan, and the right side of the road to the west. It was not seen for more than fifty years.

Tang Wenzong On February 28, 837, the second year of its inauguration, the New Book of Tang Dynasty Astronomical Annals

In the middle of February of the second year, a comet was seen in danger. It was more than seven feet long and pointed to the South Dipper in the west. Wu Shen In the southwest, the glory is more and more prosperous. Gui Chou In the void, Xin You It's more than ten feet long, heading west and pointing south. Ren Xu In Wunu, it is more than two feet long and three feet wide. The longer and wider the Kuihai, in March Jia Zi In Nandou. Yi Chou Five zhang long, no difference, pointing north, seven degrees in the Kang. Ding Mao goes northwest and points east. Ji Si More than eight zhang long, in Zhang. Guiwei is three feet long, and can't be seen on the right side of Xuanyuan

Liang Taizu On July 17, 912, the second year of Qianhua's reign, "Si Tian Kao, the History of the New Five Dynasties"

In April of the second year of Qianhua Reign, the comet came from Zhang, and Shen Xu came from Lingtai.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

Song Taizong End arch September 3, 1989《 History of the Song Dynasty ·Astronomical Records

End arch July 2 Wu Zi There is a comet coming out of the east well and standing water in the west. It is bluish white and its light grows gradually. It can see the northeast in the morning, the northwest in the morning, and the northwest in the evening. It can be seen on the right every 30 days.

On March 20, 1066, the third year of Zhiping, Song Ying

govern the nation and bring peace to the world At the end of March, three years ago, the comet was in the camp. In the morning, he saw the east, about seven feet long. He pointed to the danger in the southwest, moored the grave, and moved eastward at a high speed. In recent days, he fell. At the end of Xinsi, you can see the northwest with stars but no light. Huiyi is heading east White gas 1、 It is about three feet wide and runs through the purple micro polar star room , turbid from head to tail. Yidongxing, Wenchang, Beidou, Guanwei. At the end of the day, the star was shining again. The comet was more than ten feet long and more than three feet wide. It pointed to the northeast and experienced five chariots. The white air was different. It crossed the sky and ran through the Beihe River, five princes, Xuanyuan, Taiwei Five Emperors The five internal princes, Jijiao, Kangdi, Di and Fangsu. Kuiwei Comet is five feet long. It has a star like a litre of gas. It can be seen from the camp room to Zhang. If it is fourteen sheaves, it will disappear in 67 days.

Song Gaozong The History of the Song Dynasty · Astronomical Annals, April 18, 1145, the 15th year of Shaoxing

April of the 15th year of Shaoxing Wu Yin The comet sees the east. Bingshen was found again in the reference. Ding Si in May, turned into Guest star , its color is bluish white. Renxu stayed at Zhang until June Ding Hai It is a sale.

Song Ningzong Chronicles of Astronomy, History of the Song Dynasty, September 29, 1222, the 15th year of Jiading

On the first day of August in the 15th year of Jiading, the comet appeared on the right Photographic lift It has a light of about three zhang or more, and its body is as small as Jupiter. In every two months, it goes through Di, Fang and Xin.

The History of the Yuan Dynasty Astronomical Annals on October 27, 1301, the fifth year of Dade, Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty

In August of the fifth year of Dade, the comet came out of Dongjing at twenty four degrees and forty minutes, such as Nanhe Star, white in color, five feet long, straight to the northwest, then swept the sun in the south through Wenchang and Doukui, and then swept Beidou, Tianji Purple Placanticline , Sangong, Guansuo, the star is more than ten feet long, to the Tianshiyuan, Bashu To the east, to the south of Liang and Chu, and to the stars of the Song Dynasty, it is a long and abundant ruler, which will disappear in 46 days.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty Ming History, Astronomy and Guest Star on November 11, 1378, the 11th year of Hongwu

In September 1898, the 11th year of Hongwu's reign, the guest star was seen in the northeast of Wuche Internal order , in Ziwei Palace , Scan North Pole Five Stars , offend Dongyuan Underkill , enter the sky city wall, offend the sky city, and the clouds will disappear before October.

Ming History Astronomy Annals, June 9, 1456, the seventh year of Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty

In April of the seventh year of Jingtai, the comet was seen in the stomach in the northeast, two feet long, pointing to the southwest. May Gui You Gradually grow more than ten feet. Wuzi is seen in Liu in the northwest, more than nine feet long, sweeping the Xuanyuan Star. It was seen in Zhang at Jiawu, more than seven feet long. It was swept slightly north and south-west. June Ren Yin , in Taiweiyuan , more than a foot long. December Jia Yin The comet reappeared at Bihai, five inches long, heading southeast, gradually growing, and disappeared at Guihai.

Ming Shizong On August 26, 1531, the 10th year of Jiajing, the Ming History Astronomy

Ten Years of Jiajing Leap June Yisi, the comet was seen in Dongjing, more than a foot long. It swept the first star of Xuanyuan, its awn gradually grew, and its wing was more than seven feet long. It swept the sky in the northeast, entered Taiweiyuan, and swept the Langwei Cornucopia In the southeast, the second star in the north sweeps away the strong, gradually converges, and disappears in 34 days.

Ming Shenzong Astronomical Annals of the Ming Dynasty, October 27, 1607, the 35th year of Wanli

In August of the 35th year of Wanli, the comet was seen in Dongjing, pointing to the southwest and gradually to the northwest. After noon, my heart will die.

September 15, 1682, the 21st year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty《 General Textual Research on Qing Dynasty Documents 》

In July, the comet saw the north and east, white, wake More than two feet long, referring to the southwest well North Hebei. Ren Shen Traveling northeast, the trail is more than six feet long.

General Examination of Qing Dynasty Documents, March 13, 1759, the 24th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty

At the first noon of March 24, the comet was seen in the second place of Xusu. It was pale and its wake was more than feet long, pointing to the southwest every night Anterograde For more than ten days, I could not see it. April Wu Chen He came back to Zhangsu, where he was very weak. He moved eastward and hid in early May.

On November 16, 1835, the 15th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty

The comet appeared on June 11 of the 15th year of Daoguang Reign.

On April 20, 1910, the second year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, the General Examination of the Continued Documents of the Qing Dynasty

On the second day of April in the second year of Xuantong, at the beginning of Yinchu, the comet appeared in the clouds in the northeast, and the tail of Halley's comet pointed to the southwest. I failed to take the test because I was in the clouds. At the moment of the fifth day of the lunar month, the comet was seen in the northeast. To the north of the screen, the tail pointed to the dangerous land officials in the southwest. The comet was measured to be four degrees high, and 15 degrees north by east. It disappeared on the sixteenth day.

At the third quarter of the eighth day of April Westward deviation The comet appeared in Nanliusujian, with its tail pointing to the southeast and between Yisumingtang, and the comet was measured to be twenty-six degrees high and twelve degrees south of due west. It is getting smaller and smaller, and will not be seen until May 30.

Mr. Zhang Yuzhe, in his article "The Evolution Trend of Halley's Comet Orbit and Its Ancient History", believes that the earliest record of Halley's Comet in China is《 Huai Nanzi, Military Training 》In:“ King Wu attacked Zhou To the east to welcome the new year. At the same time, they will fall down together. The comet gave Yan the handle. When fighting, ten days of chaos, wind and rain hit. " The appearance of Halley's Comet should be in the first 1057 or 1056. If it is listed as the first return of Halley's Comet (no earlier record has been found in the world), by 1986, Halley's Comet had returned 41 times, of which 33 times were recorded in China. There were 5 times from the previous 1057 or 1056 to the previous 613, and 1 time from the previous 613 to the previous 467, From 467 to 240 times ago, there were 2 times without records (there was no literature to supplement these missing records worldwide). The world's oldest and most reliable record is《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》The first 240. Western Europe Halley's Comet was first recorded in 66 years.

《 Zheng Xiaoxu's Diary 》On April 20 of the second year of Central Xuantong (May 28, 1910), it was recorded that "Haley's Comet in the middle of the sea, in the southwest of the Beidou, is more than ten feet tall."

detector

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overview

On December 15, 1984, Soviet Union Launch the first Halley's Comet detector.

Soviet launched Vegard The probe was the first human envoy to visit Halley's Comet. Six days after the departure of Wega 1, Wega 2 was launched on December 21, flying to Halley's Comet for investigation.

equipment

The two Vega are of the same structure, with a mass of 4 tons, and both have a dish antenna and instrument platform. Installed on the platform spectrometer 、 Spectrograph And cameras, 4 pieces Solar panel Provide energy for the detector. The detector is Three-axis gyroscope Keep it stable and point it in any direction. Its main task is to detect the gas composition and outflow velocity of the comet during the return of Halley's comet, take infrared and spectral photos of the comet nucleus, so as to obtain the temperature of the comet nucleus, the properties of dust particles and gas molecules density distribution And other data.

Observation record

In June 1985, Vega 1 first arrived at Venus by the way, dropped a landing capsule on the surface of Venus, and then turned into the planetary orbit of Halley's Comet under the gravity of Venus. In 1986, five ships from the Soviet Union, Japan European Commission Our aircraft visited Halley's Comet; ESA's Giotto spacecraft got pictures near Halley's core. On March 4, 1986, Wega 1 began to investigate Halley's Comet 14 million kilometers away, and took dozens of high-quality photos of Halley's Comet; On March 6, only 8900 kilometers away from Halley's Comet Comprehensive investigation 。 On March 9, 1986, Weiga 2 flew 8200 kilometers away from Halley's Comet and sent back more than 700 photos of Halley's Comet, and sent back information about the nucleus of the comet physical chemistry New information on characteristics, gas and dust around the comet nucleus, etc.

The last time Halley's Comet was found in photography in the 20th century was on January 10, 1994 Chile 3.58m New technology telescope (New Technology Telescope) observation. On March 6, 2003, astronomers Southern Europe The three 8.2m VLT telescopes of the Observatory hydra It was photographed again on the head (81 photos, 9 hours exposure in total), 27.26 away from the earth AU (4.08 billion km), luminosity of 28.2, etc; Astronomers believe that with current observation technology, even if it is beyond 2023 Apohelion (35.3 AU) is 2.5 times darker, and its image can also be taken.

According to calculations, Halley's Comet will pass the perihelion (the closest point to the sun) on July 28, 2061. When it passes the perihelion, Halley's Comet will be broken down into comet heads and tails under the effect of solar radiation, like a broom, and people will have a look at it at that time.^[9]

Visual observation

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Halley's Comet in 1910 was very bright, reaching - 3.3; Halley's Comet in 1986 was very dark and almost invisible.

Halley's Comet Next time Perihelion July 28, 2061.

meteor shower

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From October 21 to 22, 2018, before sunrise, the Orion Meteor Shower will be very big. The Orion meteor shower is caused by the famous Halley's Comet, which returns every 76 years solar system The debris is scattered in the core area of Comet orbit The Orion meteor shower was formed.^[1]

On May 6, 2021, Halley's comet Aquarius η meteor shower When reaching the earth, the speed of entering the atmosphere can reach 66 km/s.^[6]

May 1, 2022, according to Zijinshan Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences It is reported that a star "carnival" will be held in May. In addition to the bright star show, the Aquarius η meteor shower Tau meteor shower of Hercules It will bring the curtain party to a climax this month. The parent of the η - meteor shower in Aquarius is the famous Halley's Comet.^[7]

Special stamp

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abstract

During the period from the end of 1985 to May 1986, the mysterious Comet Halley appeared over the earth. This return, on April 11, 1986, was the closest to the Earth, about 63 million kilometers away. People can see this Halley's Comet with a long tail with the naked eye.

Stamp information

In order to commemorate the return of Halley's Comet, on April 11, 1986, the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a set of 1985-1986 Halley's Comet Return Special stamp , a complete set, with a face value of 20 cents. Designed by Yuan Jia. from Beijing Stamp Factory Printing.

The pattern shows the magnificent brilliance of Halley's Comet. In the boundless Cosmic space Halley's Comet is like a shining lightning, dragging a beautiful long "tail", with a grand posture and a bright face. Placing the earth where people live at the bottom of the picture not only leaves a vast space for Halley's Comet, showing its momentum and style when it returns, but also makes people feel as if they are standing on the earth and looking forward to the magnificent trail of Halley's Comet.

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