Lu Buwei (292-235 BC), surnamed Jiang and Lu, was born in Puyang (now Huaxian County, Anyang City, Henan Province) of the Wei State.[34]One is from Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Henan).[38]
Ginger TeethTwenty third grandson.At the end of the Warring States Period, businessmen, politicians, thinkers, and prime ministers of the Qin State.[35]
In his early years, Lv Buwei bought cheap and sold expensive things, accumulating wealth.Later, I met in HandanZichuHe helped Zhao Ji ascend to the throne of the State of Qin with a thousand gold coins, and presented Zhao Ji to the throne of the State of QinYing Zheng。In the first year of King Zhuangxiang (249 BC), Lv Buwei was worshipped as the Prime Minister and granted the title of Wen Xinhou. He ate from 100000 households in Luoyang, Henan Province.After Lv Buweideng's appearance, he imitated the Fourth Young Master of the Warring States Period and attracted the world's most ambitious people. There were as many as 3000 diners, so that the diners could write books about what they had learned《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period》。In the 12th year of the King of Qin (235 BC), Ying Zheng, the King of Qin, was afraid of his betrayal, so Lu Buwei killed himself by drinking poison.[36]
Written by Lu Buwei《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period》The content includes philosophy, history, politics, morality, astronomy, geography, agriculture and other social sciences and natural sciences, especially the agricultural production technology since Houji. It is an influential and representative work during the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, summarizing historical lessons and experiences from the past and present,Ideologically, it provided a complete ruling theory and basis for the unification of the Qin State.This book is a very important work in the history of Chinese thought, a valuable cultural heritage, and also the earliest, largest and rigorous academic work in Chinese history.[37]
some goods in short supply , hoarded or cornered for making excess or enormous profit
Lu Buwei Statue[1]
Lu Buwei isYangzhai(Now HenanYuzhou City）He traveled from place to place, buying at a low price and selling at a high price, and accumulated a wealth of wealth.
In 267 BC (the fortieth year of King Zhao of Qin), the State of Qin mourned the death of the crown prince in the State of Wei, and transported him back to the state for burial in Zhiyang.In 265 BC (42nd year of King Zhao), his second sonAn GuojunWas made prince.And King An has more than twenty sons.An Guojun has a very favorite concubine. He made her his wife and called herMadam Huayang。Mrs. Huayang has no son. King An has a middle ranking son named Yi Ren, and his mother named Xia Ji, who is not loved.Aliens were sent to the State of Zhao as hostages of the State of Qin.Because of the feud between Qin and Zhao, Qin attacked Zhao many times, and Zhao did not treat strangers politely.[2]
As the grandson of a commoner of the King of Qin, he was ignored and sent to the State of Zhao as a hostage. His chariots and horses and his daily wealth were not rich, and he lived in embarrassment.
When Lv Buwei went to Handan to do business, he was overjoyed to see a strange person and said, "A strange person is like a strange product. You can stock it up for sale at a high price."（The Origin of the Idiom "Strange Goods Can Be Dwelled"）。
Then Lv Buwei returned home and said to his father, "How many times can we make a profit by farming?" His father said, "Ten times." Lv Buwei asked, "How many times can we make a profit by selling pearls and jade?" His father said, "One hundred times." Lv Buwei asked, "How many times can we make a profit by setting up a monarch of a country?" His father said, "Countless."Lv Buwei said, "Now we can't afford to live and clothe ourselves with hard work. If we support the monarch and build a country, we can benefit future generations. I decided to do this business."[3]
Persuade the stranger
So he went to visitAlien, said: "I can glorify your door." The stranger smiled and said: "You can glorify your door first, and then glorify my door again!" Lv Buwei replied: "My door will be glorified only when your door is glorified." The stranger immediately understood what Lv Buwei said, and sat down with him to have a deep talk.
Lu Buwei said, "The King of Qin is old, your fatherAn GuojunWas made prince.King An now means your brother, Son Xuan, who has his mother in the harem to take care of him. But your mother is not favored in the middle of your rank. After the death of King Qin, King An succeeded to the throne. You should not expect to compete for the crown prince's position with your elder brother and other brothers who are around the King Qin sooner or later.You are in an enemy country with unpredictable fortunes. Once Qin and Zhao fight, your life will be hard to save. "
Portrait of Lu Buwei[3]
The stranger sighed, "Yes, but what should I do?"
Lv Buwei said, "If you listen to me, I will have a way to let you return to China and inherit the throne. I heard privately that King An loves you very muchMadam HuayangMrs. Huayang has no children, but she can participate in the election of the crown prince only from her.You are very poor and you live here as a guest. You can't offer anything to your parents or make friends with guests.Although I, Lv Buwei, am not rich, I would like to give my daughter to lobby for you to go west to the State of Qin to serve the monarch An and Madam Huayang, and let them make you the crown prince. "The stranger then kowtowed and said, "If your plan is realized, I will share the land of Qin with you."[4]
Lv Buwei then gave five hundred gold coins to a stranger for his daily life in the State of Zhao and for making friends with his guests.Lv Buwei took out five hundred gold coins to buy rare toys. He took the West to the State of Qin to lobby. He decided to go from bottom to top and defeat each other.The first step is to persuade Mrs. Huayang's younger brother, Yang Quanjun, and sister.
Lobbying the State of Qin
Lv Buwei goes to visit firstMadam Huayang's brotherYang Quanjun, and then said: "You know? You have committed a crime to death! All the guests under your door are high and powerful. On the contrary, there are no dignitaries under the prince's door. Moreover, there are many treasures, horses and beauties in your mansion. To be honest, this is not a good thing. Now the king is old. Once he dies, the prince will take power, and you will be in danger, and your life and death will be in the end."
Yangquan Jun was shocked.Lv Buwei also said, "I have an expedient plan, which can make you rich and noble for thousands of years and be as stable as Mount Tai, without any worries in the future."
Lu Buwei Statue
Yang Quanjun hurriedly offered his seat and saluted, respectfully asking for advice.
Lv Buwei offered advice: "The king is old, but your sister, Madam Huayang, has no children. After succeeding to the throne, the son Xuan, who is qualified to inherit the throne, must put Qin officials' warehouse in an important position. At that time, the court of Queen Huayang will be full of artemisia weeds, and will be desolate.The young man who is now pledged in the State of Zhao has both talent and virtue. Unfortunately, no mother is sheltered in the palace. He often looks west to his family and wants to return to the State of Qin.queenIf he can make a different person as the prince, so that a different person who is not the prince can also succeed to the throne, he will certainly feel grateful for the kindness of Mrs. Huayang, and the childless Mrs. Huayang will have future dependence. "
Yang Quanjun said, "Yes, it's reasonable!" So he asked Lv Buwei to enter the palace to talk with Madam Huayang.Lv Buwei talked about the intelligence and talent of different people. He made friends with various princes and guests all over the world. He often said, "I don't think of my wife as my mother. I cry and miss the prince and his wife day and night.".Madam is very happy.Lv Buwei took the opportunity to ask Mrs. Huayang's sister to persuade her to say, "I heard that people use beauty to serve others. Once they lose color, their favor will decrease（Provenance of "those who serve others with color, color fades and love relaxation"）Now madam, you serve the prince and are very loved, but have no son. If you don't make friends with a talented and dutiful man among the prince's sons earlier, and make him an heir and treat him like your own son, then your husband will be respected while he is alive. After his death, his son will succeed to the throne and will not lose power eventually,This is what people say can get the benefits of all ages.Is it possible to say a word to the crown prince if we don't establish the foundation when our appearance is beautiful, and if we wait until our appearance is exhausted and our favorite is lost?Now Chu Xianneng, and he also knows that he is in the middle of the list. He cannot be made an heir in order, and his biological mother is not loved. He will actively attach himself to his wife. If the wife can really promote him as an heir at this time, then you will be respected in the State of Qin all your life. "[5]
Lv Buwei (12 Historical Military Generals in the History of the Three Kingdoms)
Madam HuayangAfter listening to this, I took advantage of the convenience of King An to gently talk about the extraordinary person who was a hostage in the State of Zhao, who was very talented, and the guests who came and went praised him.Then he cried and said, "I'm lucky to be able to fill the harem, but it's a pity that I don't have a son. I hope I can appoint Chu as my successor so that I can rely on him in the future."An GuojunHe carved jade charms with his wife, and sent many gifts to the stranger in Zhao. He asked Lv Buwei to teach him, so the stranger became more and more famous among the princes.[6]
Offering Ji in Handan
Lv Buwei had a beautiful concubine who was good at dancing. When someone saw her at a dinner at Lv Buwei's house, she liked her very much. So she stood up and toasted Lv Buwei and asked him to give her her.Lv Buwei was very angry, but on second thought, he had already spent a lot of money for someone else to catch strange goods, so he gave the woman away.After October (first said December), the girl gave birth to her son Mingzheng (that isFirst Emperor of QinYing Zheng), a stranger made this Ji his wife.[7]
Return to Qin as a minister
Lu Buwei Statue
Madam HuayangRequirements of King He'anZhao Repatriate the young masterthe Qin stateZhao refused to release.Lv Buwei went to lobby the king of Zhao: "The young man is a favorite son of the king of Qin, but he lost his mother's care. Now Queen Huayang wants him to be his son. If Qin really wanted to attack Zhao, he would not delay the plan to destroy Zhao because of a prince. Isn't Zhao free of hostages?However, if he is allowed to return to China and succeed to the throne, the State of Zhao will send him away with generous gifts. The childe will never forget the king's kindness, which is the practice of making friends with each other by courtesy.Now King Zhao of Qin is very old,[8]Once he died, although Zhao still had a different character, he had no qualifications to be close to Qin. "So the king of Zhao planned to send the alien back to the State of Qin, but war broke out soon after Qin and Zhao.
In 257 BC (the 50th year of King Zhao of Qin Dynasty)Wang XuanThe siege of Handan was very urgent. Zhao wanted to kill an alien.A strange man conspired with Lv Buwei to give six hundred jin of gold to the city guards, so that he could escape and escape to the camp of the Qin army, and then he could return home smoothly.State Zhao also wanted to kill his wife and son Zheng. So his wife was the daughter of a rich family in State Zhao and was able to hide. So they had to live.
Chu Fu Zhunzi
After the young master returned to China, Lv Buwei asked him to wear Chu clothes to meet Mrs. Huayang, who was originally from the State of Chu.Mrs. Huayang was very happy with his appearance. She thought he was considerate and said, "I'm from Chu." So she recognized him as a son and renamed him Chu.
Lv Buwei Statue
In 251 BC (the 56th year of King Zhao of Qin Dynasty),King Zhao of QinDeath, PrinceAn GuojunHe succeeded to the throne and Madam Huayang became the queen.One day the King of Qin ordered Chu to try to recite poetry.Zi Chu refused to say, "My child grew up in the State of Zhao, and he was not good at reciting without a master to teach him." The King of Qin just let him stay in the palace.Once, when the King of Qin was free, Zichu said, "Your Majesty once detained the State of Zhao. The heroes of the State of Zhao know that your Majesty's name is not rare. Now that your Majesty has returned to Qin as king, they all miss you, but your Majesty has not even sent an envoy to comfort them. Children are afraid that they will feel resentful. I hope that the King will open the border gate late and close it early, so as to prevent trouble before it happens."The King of Qin thought that his words were very reasonable and was surprised by his ingenuity.Madam HuayangTake the opportunity to persuade King Qin to make him prince.The king of Qin summoned the prime minister and issued an edict saying, "I have the most capable son, Chu." So he made Chu his prince.
LaterZhao He also escorted Zichu's wife and son Zheng back to the State of Qin.[9]
After succeeding the throne of Qin, King An died of sudden illness just three days after his coronation. His posthumous title was King Xiaowen.
To enslave a marquis and worship a minister
Zi Chu succeeded to the throne asKing Zhuang Xiang of Qin。Queen Huayang, whom King Zhuang Xiang worshipped as his mother, was the Empress Dowager Huayang, and her biological mother Xia Ji was honored as the Empress Dowager Xia.In 249 BC (the first year of King Zhuangxiang), Lv Buwei was appointed Prime Minister and granted the title ofWen Xinhou100000 households in Luoyang, Henan ProvinceFood manor。Lu Buwei's family has ten thousand servants.[10]
King Zhuangxiang died three years after he ascended the throne. The crown prince Zheng succeeded in establishing himself as the king, worshipping Lv Buwei as the prime minister and calling him "Zhongfu".The King of Qin was still young. The empress dowager often had an affair with Lv Buwei.[11]
a single word of gold
Lu Buwei Statue
At that time, Wei GuoguoEmperor Xinling, Chu GuoguoChun Shenjun, Zhao GuoguoPingyuan Jun, Qi GuoguoMeng Changjun, known as the "Four Young Masters", they allbe courteous to the wise and condescending to scholars, make friends with guests and become famous all over the world.In this respect, we should fight for the top and bottom.Lu Buwei believes thatthe Qin stateHe is so powerful, and he is also the prime minister of the Qin State and the Zhongfu of the King of Qin. He should not be defeated by them, so he also recruited scholars and gave them generous treatment. There are as many as 3000 diners.At that time, there were many talented debaters in various vassals, such asXun QingThat group of people, who wrote books, became popular all over the world.Lu Buwei ordered himDinersEach of them wrote down what they saw and heard, which together became the Eight Sights, Six Treatises and Twelve Periods, totaling more than 200000 words.I think that it includes the truth of all things in the world from ancient to modern times, so it is called "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals".He also wrote the contents of the book on cloth, and published it on the gate of Xianyang. There was a reward of one thousand gold hanging on it. He invited all the tourists and guests from various countries. If anyone could add or delete a word, he would give a reward of one thousand gold.But in the end, no one can do it.[12]
Chaos Palace
Lu Buwei Statue
According to the Records of the Historian,Qin Wang ZhengWhen she grew up, Empress Dowager Zhao was still "promiscuous".Lu Buwei was afraid that things would be revealed and disasters would come, so he secretly sought a man with a particularly big penis（"Great Yin Man"）PoisonAs a disciple, he often lets actors sing and dance for fun. It is said that he also lets him put his penis on the tung wheel to make it rotate（"Let the poison go with its Yin Guan Tong wheel"）, and tried to let Empress Dowager Zhao know about it and seduce her with it.After hearing that, the empress dowager really wanted to possess him secretly.Lv Buwei offered poison and pretended to be told that he had committed a crime worthy of palace punishment.Lv Buwei also said to Empress Dowager Zhao secretly, "You can let Wei Fei pretend to have been sentenced by the palace, and then you can get him from the people who serve in the palace." Empress Dowager Zhao secretly gave many things to the officials who presided over the palace sentence, pretended to punish him, pulled out his beard and pretended to be an eunuch, so that she could serve Empress Dowager Zhao.Empress Dowager Zhao secretly committed adultery with him and loved him very much.Later, Empress Dowager Zhao was pregnant. I'm afraid others knew that she pretended to be unlucky for divination. She needed to change her environment to avoid it and moved to the palace in Yongdi.Kuei has been following Empress Dowager Zhao, and has received very generous rewards, and everything of the Empress Dowager is decided by Kuei.There are thousands of servants of poison, and thousands of people who wish to become officials and voluntarily become poison disciples.[13]
In 240 BC (the seventh year of the reign of King Qin), Empress Dowager Xia, the biological mother of King Zhuang Xiang, died.Queen Xiaowen, called Empress Dowager Huayang, was buried with King XiaowenShouling Tomb。King Zhuang Xiang, the son of Empress Dowager Xia, was buried atZhiyangTherefore, the Empress Dowager Xia was buried separately in the east of Duyuan, saying, "My son can be seen to the east, and my husband can be seen to the west. In a hundred years, there will be a city of ten thousand households nearby.".
In 238 BC (the ninth year of the reign of King Qin), someone reportedPoisonIn fact, he was not an eunuch. He often had sexual intercourse with Empress Dowager Zhao, gave birth to two sons, hid them, and conspired with Empress Dowager Zhao to say, "If the King of Qin dies, he will set up his own son to succeed the throne of Qin." So the King of Qin ordered the judge to investigate the matter carefully and find out the truth of the matter. The matter involvedPrime ministerLu Buwei.In September of that year, he killed all the three clans of the Kuai family, killed the two sons born to the empress dowager, and moved the empress dowager Zhao to Yongdi to live there.[14]
Commit suicide by drinking poison
Lu Buwei and King Qin's Administration
The King of Qin wanted to kill the prime minister Lv Buwei, but because he had done a lot of service to the former king, and many guests and defenders interceded for him, the King of Qin did not have the heart to punish Lv Buwei.
In October of 237 BC (the 10th year of the reign of King Qin), Lu Buwei was removed from his position as prime minister.Wait till Qi RenMao JiaoHe persuaded the King of Qin to meet Empress Dowager Zhao in Yongdi and make her return to Xianyang, but sent Lv Buwei out of the capital to the fief in Henan.[15]
More than a year later, guests and envoys from various vassalsgo to and fro in constant streams, come to greet Lu Buwei.The King of Qin was afraid that he would start a rebellion, so he wrote to Lv Buwei and said, "What's your contribution to the State of Qin? The State of Qin granted you 100000 residences in Henan. What's your blood relationship with the King of Qin? He was called Zhongfu. Both you and your family moved to Sichuan to live there!" Lv Buwei drank when he thought that he had been gradually persecuted and was afraid of being killed in the futureWineSuicide.Lv Buwei and Kuai, whom the King of Qin hated, had already died, so Kuai's disciples who migrated to Shu returned to the capital.[16-17]
Ideology
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Lu Buwei Statue
It was the custom of the Pre Qin Dynasty that the more the number of disciples the celebrities raised, the higher the reputation of the celebrities.For example, Chu YouChun Shenjun, Zhao YouPingyuan Jun, Qi YouMeng Changjun, Wei YouEmperor XinlingThey are political celebrities who are eager to seek talents and enjoy high prestige among countries.Lv Buwei believes that as a powerful prime minister of Qin Dynasty, he is ashamed of being inferior to the above people, so he also recruits talents, treats the disciples who come to follow him with more courtesy and treats them well, and wants to compete with the disciples of the above celebrities.At that time, celebrities in various countries were often proud of their guests' ability to write books, so Lv Buwei also ordered his guests to compile what they knew. A brilliant collective creation came out and was published in his name, which was Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals.This is a great event that Lv Buwei did during his administration.
In the works of the Pre Qin philosophers, "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" was listed as a miscellaneous school. In fact, this "miscellaneous" was not disorderly, but eclectic, absorbing the strengths of various schools, and penetrating it with its own dominant ideology.This book centers on the thoughts of Huang and Lao, "combining Confucianism and Mohism, and combining name and law", and advocates the practice of inaction under the centralized monarchy, letting nature take its course, and doing nothing without exception.Governing the country with this idea is very beneficial to ease social conflicts, enable people to recuperate and restore economic development.[18]
Lv Buwei's Spring and Autumn Annals is not only his guiding principle for governing the country, but also provides a reference for Qin Shihuang, who is going to be in power.Unfortunately, due to Lv Buwei's personal fault, Qin Shihuang abandoned the book and did not play its due role.The value of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals has gradually become an important material for future generations to understand the thoughts of scholars in the Warring States Period.
Character evaluation
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Lu Buwei Statue
Sima Qian: ① "Buwei and the poison are precious. They are called Wen XinhouPoisonIt is poisonous.The King of Qin tested the left and right, but did not send it.In the Yongjiao of Shangzhi, the evil was feared to cause trouble. It was planned with the Party that the empress dowager should be sent to fight against Qi Nian Palace.When officials were sent to attack the poison, the poison was defeated and went away. After chasing and killing the good ones, they killed their ancestors.However, Lu Buwei was so embarrassed.What Confucius called 'hearing' is Lu Zi? "[19-20]；②"To tie the knot with the relatives of Chu, so that the officials of the feudal lords can compete with each other to serve the Qin Dynasty."[21]
Sima Zhen"Wei Diaoji is not a strange man, but he is entrusted with the power of Chu. Huayang sets up an heir and Handan presents a daughter. He is also called Zhongfu when he is granted Henan. He moves to Sichuan to punish slander and uses gold as a language. Once he has made his plan, wealth and honour should take it."[20]
Liu Kezhuang: "Yu Jian has no long-term concerns, and he has a heart of peddling. He will win by Lv Xiang, and follow Ma to become an ox gold."[22]
Xu Jun"Who is pregnant with his wife? It is a time of great merchants trading skillfully. Ten years of wealth will be replaced with wealth. It is even more strange that strange goods will come to disaster."[23]
Zhang Zai"The history of Lu was revised in the Qin Dynasty, and the wording was in a dilemma on that day. After the book was handed down to the west, all the scholars in the cone and mouth could not rest."[24]
Wang Shizhen"Since ancient times, those who use art to gain wealth and power are not as filthy and inferior as Lu Buwei, but none is as skillful as Lu Buwei. All the strategies of Lu Buwei are hollow to the point of difficulty, and they respond as if they were heard. Therefore, they are lucky to have their art."[25]
Wang Shizhen: "Yu Su doesn't like Li Zhi's theory《library》、《Continued collection of books》There is no allegory.In my opinion, the most harmful thing is the article on Maniac.The saying goes that the emperor is arrogant, the king of literature is arrogant, and Taibo is arrogant.Shunye, Yuye, Tang, Wuye, Taigong, Zhou and Zhao are all crazy.Emperor Gaodi of Han Dynasty was the god of madness;Emperor Wen is the saint of madness.Such fallacies are just like balderdash in a drunken dream, which was highly respected by celebrities at that time?If Li Si, Sang Hongyang, Lv Buwei, Li Yuan, Jia Xu, Dong Zhao are famous ministers, and Wen Jiao is a traitor, the so-called likes and dislikes touch people's nature.It is also a great fallacy to regard Yang Xiong, Hu Guang, Qiao Zhou and Feng Dao as officials and hermits. "[26]
Main works
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Main works
Self Cultivation Book
Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals
interpersonal relationship
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relationship
full name
lover
Zhao Ji[20]
Commemoration for future generations
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Tomb of Lu Buwei
Lv Buwei's Tomb, located about 20 kilometers east of LuoyangYanshi Nancai VillageDazhongtou VillageEast.[27]
After Lv Buwei died, his disciples were afraid of the King of Qin, who was called Lv Mu Tomb at that time. So the King of Qin sent people to look for Lv Buwei's tomb and found nothing.
There is a village named Dazhongtou in Shouyangshan Town, Yanshi City, Henan Province, because the tomb of Lu Buwei, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, is near the village.There used to be dozens of houses on the top of the mound, and the town office and the district cadre team were stationed, so we can see how tall the land was.Now the tomb is enclosed in the No. 1 High School of Yanshi. Although it is damaged, it still has its momentum.In December 1994, Shouyangshan Town set up a monument for itNorthwestern UniversityProfessor Zhang Guizhi, the president and director of the Institute of Chinese Ideological History, came to Yanshi to give a lecture, visited Lv Buwei's tomb and laid the foundation for Lv Buwei's monument. At the request of Yanshi Ancient Capital Society, he wrote the "Tombstone of Lv Buwei in the State of Qin", becoming a famous historical site.[27]
