The Antarctic Peninsula is also called Palmer Peninsula, Graham Land or Oikins Territory.
Located in the westAntarcticaIs the largest in the Antarctic continent and the farthest northward into the ocean（South Latitude63 °), bordering the Weddell Sea andBelins GaojinhaiThere is a wide continental shelf near the sea, and there is Filchner marginal ice to the east.Drake, 970km to the northstraitFacing South America, it borders rugged mountains, ice and snow in the southplateau。The Antarctic Peninsula is the mostwarmThe place with the most rainfall has an annual rainfall of 500-600 mm, and sometimes 900 mm in some places. It is known as the "marine Antarctic".
The Antarctic Peninsula belongs toCenozoic eraFolded belt, undulating bedrock, 5140m above sea levelMount VincentIt is the highest peak in Antarctica.The coast is winding and there are many offshore islands.The Antarctic Peninsula - South Orkney Islands -South Sandwich Islands - South Georgia Island - the Andes Mountains in South America form a continuous and connected mountain system like a dragon.The peninsula and nearby islands are rich inmanganese、copper, nickel, gold, silverchromiumAnd other minerals.The Antarctic Peninsula is the mostwarmThe place with the most rainfall has an annual rainfall of 500-600 mm, and sometimes 900 mm in some places. It is known as the "marine Antarctic".There are many“oasis”, a small number of higher plants andmoss and lichenLichen and algae,animalAnd there are many birds, so the Antarctic Peninsula is called "Antarctic Green Island".[1]
geographical position
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Mount Vincent
The Antarctic Peninsula is also called Palmer Peninsula or Graham Land.be locatedSouthwest Antarctica, YesAntarctic continentThe largest peninsula that stretches northward into the ocean farthest (63 ° south latitude) and is close to the east and westWeddell SeaandBelins GaojinhaiThere is a wide continental shelf near the sea, and there is Filchner marginal ice to the east. There is a continental shelf 400-600 meters deep and more than 550 meters wide.To the west is the Bellingshausen Sea, and the continental shelf is also wide.Some are frozen all the year round.The Drake Strait is 970km away from South America in the north.To the south is Ellsworth Heights, a rugged mountain and plateau.Drake Strait, 970km away from South America in the north, is bordered by rugged mountains and snow plateau in the south.The Antarctic Peninsula belongs to the Cenozoic fold belt, with undulating bedrockMount VincentIt is the highest peak in Antarctica.The coast twists and turns into a fjord, with many offshore islands.It is a mountainous peninsula, the east bank is more steep and steep, the mountain glaciers are developed and seed plants are found, the vegetation is the greenest, and there are many animals and birds, so the Antarctic Peninsula is called "Antarctic Green Island".Some minerals in the central part of the peninsula include manganese, copper, etc., and the coastal islands include nickel, cobalt, chromium, etc.[1]
the measure of area
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The Antarctic continent covers an area of 13.66 million 1000 square kilometers, accounting for about 10% of the world's land area.It is about 1.8 times that of Australia, 1.5 times that of the United States and 380 times that of Taiwan, making it the fifth continental block in the world.The Antarctic continent looks bigStingrayIt is roughly circular, with a diameter of about 4500km.It is also the most remote continent, about 1000 kilometers away from the nearest South AmericaTasmaniaAnd South Africa are about 2500, 2720 and 3800 kilometers away respectively.The average altitude of the Antarctic continent is 2300 meters, which is the highest continent. It is much higher than 720 meters in North America and 340 meters in Australia. There are many mountains more than 4000 meters high in the Trans Antarctic Mountains.[2]
Geological resources
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The Antarctic Peninsula, originally an extension of South America, has a geological condition very similar to that of the Andes Mountains in South America. It contains traces of volcanic lake erosion and many sedimentary rocks.The climate of its west coast is not harsh, so it has more soil and is younger. It also contains rich humus due to the activities of more wild animals.
Permafrost
Because only about 0.4% of the total area of the Antarctic continent is exposed without being covered by the ice cap, direct geological research is more difficult. Only through modern remote sensing technology and wireless response sensing, can the truth of the Antarctic continent under the deep ice cap be revealed. Because the Antarctic continent is cold and dry, the weathering process of its rocks is extremely slow,The soil there is very limited and very old.Unless bird manure is contained in animal habitats in coastal areas, it usually contains high salinity. Due to the lack of organic matter, most of them are extremely barren and geologically belong to "primitive" soil. Coastal areas are "warm", and 1 meter underground may reach 4 ℃, which is wet and has more animal activities, so there are more humus containing soil. On the Antarctic continent,Some soils are permanently frozen under the surface of the earth, calledPermafrost(Permafrost) mineral deposit.
mineral resources
As the mineral veins of the Antarctic continent are buried deep under the ice cap, only a few deposits have been found. It is preliminarily estimated that there are 50 billion barrels of oil, as well as coal, copper, iron, uranium, plutonium and other precious metals. James Ross Island, at the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula, has oil and gas deposits, and the Prince Charles Mountains, at the southeast Antarctic continent, has primary iron ores,The Antarctic Trans Antarctic Mountains may contain the largest amount of primary coal deposits in the world. Plutonium and cadmium are found in the Dufek Massif. The Southeast Antarctic continent.
Rocky land
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The Antarctic longitudinal mountains divide the Antarctic continent into two parts: East Antarctica or Greater Antarctica, and West Antarctica or Lesser Antarctica.The rocks in the East Antarctic continent belong to the crystalline rocks of the paleogeological era. They are hard and fossil free, with an age of at least 3 billion years. The oldest rocks in the Antarctic continent in the Ndebi Territory are known to be - 3.93 billion years old, and they are known to be associated with western AustraliaearthThe oldest 4.3 billion year old rock is close to.The average height of rock strata in the East Antarctica continent is close to sea level.[1]
The Antarctic continent was originally a part of the so-called Gondwana landmass. It is a rocky land. Its oldest rock stratum can reach more than 3 billion years. There are several well-known ice free regions with great scientific research value.
Antarctic Peninsula at dusk
In 1912, Alfred L. Wegener, a German meteorologist, put forward the "theory of continental plate drift".He believes that there was a supercontinent called "Gondwana" originally in the south of the earth, which includes today's Antarctic continent, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, South America and India. Today's geologists believe that about 18 million years ago, the Gondwana landmass began to slowly split and drift away, forming the continents above today,The sub Antarctic landmass and islands, etc. The Antarctic continent drifted to form near the South Pole about 45 million years ago, and surrounded by strong southern ice ocean currents, separating it from the warmer northern ocean, and began to be extremely frozen into the so-called "glacial permafrost". New Zealand and Australia finally split from Gondwana about 96 million years ago. Today,Still continue to drift away at the rate of 1-6 cm per year.
Scientists have found the same rocks, minerals, animal and plant fossils, and even the geomagnetic pattern of submarine land on the land. On the coast of Enderby Land in the Antarctic continent, there are crystal rocks very similar to those on the east coast of the Indian Peninsula and Sri Lanka. New Zealand,The same beech forest has been found in Tasmania, Australia, and Argentina, South America. In today's Antarctic continent, the Antarctic Mountains can be found with the same animal and plant fossils as Australia, New Zealand, India, South America and South Africa.In addition, on the above different lands, when the glaciers recede, the same sediments left over from the Ice Age 350 million years ago can be found.[1][3]
Antarctic Treaty
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The treaty, also known as the Antarctic Club, is now signed by 42 countries accounting for about 90% of the world's total. Among them, the 12 "original signatory countries" mentioned above and the signatory countries with research bases and active scientific research activities in the Antarctic region are composed of "Antarctic TreatyConsultant Countries (ATCP), who have the right to vote in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Conference. Today there are 27 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Countries, of which 15 are not original signatories, as follows: (The year when they signed and joined the Consultative Countries in parentheses respectively)poland(6/1961, 7/1977), Netherlands (3/1967, 11/1990), Brazil (1975, 51983.9),Germany(former West Germany) (1979.21981.3), Uruguay (1/1980, 10/1985),Italy(3/1981, 10/1987), Peru (4/1981, 10/1989),Spain(3/1982,9/1988)，China(6/1983, 10/1985), India (8/1983, 9/1983),Sweden(4/1984,9/1988)，Finland(5/1984,10/1989)，the republic of korea(11/1986,10/1989)，Ecuador(9/1987, 11/1990), Romania (9/1971, 5/1998), of which the Netherlands is the only and first country engaged in active scientific research, but has no research base. There are also 15 "non consultant countries (NCPs)", who are only observers without voting rights in the aforementioned meetings: (the date of signing is in parentheses) Czech Republic (6/1962), Slovakia (6/1962), Denmark (5/1965),Bulgaria (9/1978), Papua New Guinea (3/1981), Hungary (1/1984),Cuba(8/1984), Greece (1/1987),North Korea(1/1987)，Austria(8/1987)，Canada(5/1988)，Columbia(1/1989), Switzerland (11/1990),Guatemala(7/1991)，Ukraine(10/1992). Since 1996, he has set up a research station and actively engaged in scientific research, but did not apply to become a consultant country. 59 points were obtained.
Biology
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Marine Life - Whale
The main animals are:penguin、Seals, sealKrill、whaleBirds and some insects.Although there are more than 150 species of Antarctic land animals, most of them are parasites on seabirds and sea animals, not real land animals.The real Antarctic land animals are insects and spiders, which are indigenous people in the Antarctic continent, such as ticks, mites, pointed tail insects and midges.
Mites are also calledAptera antarcticaIt is the largest land animal in the Antarctic continent, only 2.5-3 mm long.It is distributed in the narrow zone between 64 ° - 65 ° 30 'south latitude on both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula and lives on moss, lichen and other debris.
Collembola
Sharptail (also called Collembola) and mites are most widely distributed in the Antarctic continent, from the coast to the plateau at an altitude of 2000 meters, and even as far inland as 84 ° south latitude.Acanthoptera is mostly found on the surface of the rock where lichens grow, and often lives together with lichens. Sometimes it is also found under rocks or in small crevices of crushed stones, but it is not common.Mites are mostly found under rocks, rarely on the surface of rocks, and mainly live with mosses.Mites can tolerate low temperatures.The sickle stinging mites of Cryptoonychiaceae are Antarctic mites that live together with algae. They feed on algae and can live in frozen sand.
In addition, freshwater ponds, streams and lakes in Antarctica are home to a few species of flatworms, rotundites and other crustaceans such as water fleas.In mossy shoals, marshes and freshwater pondsTardigradeIt is only 0.1-0.8mm long, reddish brown, covered with cuticle, tentacles, short legs, oviparous, and feeds on moss and blue-green algae.
Chinese biologists found a spider animal in the crack or under the rock near the Great Wall Station in China's Antarctic. It is several millimeters long, pink, soft, transparent and easily broken. It usually grows on rocks with lichens and may live on lichens[2]
dispute
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UKArgentinaAnd Chile.The UK claims that it isbritish antarctic territory (British Antarctic Territory) is part of the Falkland Islands.Peninsula compositionAntarcticaThe part extending northward toward the southern end of South America.It is 1300 kilometers long from north to south.It is mountainous and covered with ice.The highest point, Mt. Jackson, is 3050 meters above sea level.It is separated from the South Shetland Islands by the Bransfield Strait in the north.On January 30, 1820, William Smith, a seal hunter, and Edward Bransfield of the British Navy sailed through what is now BronsfieldstraitWhen I saw the peninsula.This is what humans seeAntarcticaOne of the earliest recorded persons of.[1]
