The historical backgrounds of the five Nordic countries are closely linked, with lifestyle, religion, society andpolitical systemSimilar.Although not a community politically, they are all involvedNordic Council ，Pan ScandinavianismThe movement tried to bringDenmark，NorwayandSwedenUnite into one country.
With the beginning of the 20th centuryFinlandIndependence and the mid 20th centuryIcelandThe movement expanded to establish a modern Nordic Cooperation Organization, includingNordic Council 。
In general, the terrain of the Nordic region is relatively low and flat, except that the Scandinavian Mountains are relatively high.Terrain is mostly platform and eroded mountain,Glacial lakeGroupSheep backed stone、Serpentine hill、Colliculus tympaniInterlacing is the mainGeomorphic features。Scandinavia is the highest area in Northern Europe,Scandinavian MountainsIt runs through the western part of the peninsula, and is located in Norway andSweden，mountain rangeThe south section is the highest, the north section is higher, the middle section is lower, and the south section extends intoNorwayTerritory, with a peak of more than 2000 meters.The west slope of the mountain is steep, approaching the coast of Norway Weihai, and the east slope is gentle, gradually moving towardsGulf of BothniaLower.
Norway is the highest country in Northern Europe. The terrain is mainly mountainous, and there are many coastal areas in the westfjordTerrain.
Denmark is a gentle rolling lowland.The Dan lowlands extend eastward to the southern plain of Sweden, and then northward to connect with the central lowlands of Sweden, and then crossGulf of BothniaAnd FinlandLow plainConnect.The plain is distributed in the southeast of the Scandinavian Mountains in an arc.
Iceland is a bowl shaped highland, surrounded by coastal mountains, with a plateau in the middle. There are more than 100 volcanoes on the island, including at least 30 volcanoesActive volcano。This terrain is conducive to navigation and developmentoverseas trade。At the same time, the unique scenery is conducive to the development of tourism.
The Scandinavian Mountains were once Europequaternary glaciation The main center of,Continental glacierCovers the whole Nordic region, so Nordic can be seen everywhereGlacial erosionAndAccumulation landform。There are many lakes and short rivers.Finland has the title of "the country of thousands of lakes".Iceland is not only a Quaternaryice sheetAnd there are still modern glaciers on the plateau.
climate
Nordic plants
As Northern Europe is located at the junction of the northern temperate zone and the northern cold zone, the temperature in most places is low all year round.
Because temperate continental climate zone is affected byPolar ocean air massandPolar continental air massAnd is the source of polar continental air mass.Often affected in winterArctic air massInvasion, sometimes invaded by tropical continental air mass in warm season.
The winter is long and cold, and the monthly average temperature is below 0 ℃;Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10 ° C.The annual precipitation is 300~600mm. Due to weak evaporation,relative humidityHigher.annual temperature range Large.This is because this area is the source of polar continental air mass with high latitude, long dark nights in winter and noonSolar altitude angleSmall, snow covered, groundRadiation coolingSevere, unable to bearMarine air massAdjustment of.It extends into a wide belt from east to west. Because of its high latitude, the winter is long and cold;The warm season is short, and the annual temperature range is especially large.Precipitation is scarce and concentrated in summer, but the temperature is low, evaporation is weak and relative humidity is high.natural vegetation byconiferous forest。
Temperate marine climateGeneral distributionThe west coast of the mainland between 40 ° and 60 ° north latitude in this area.For example, Denmark, the capital of Norway, etc.Its climate is characterized by mild winter, cool summer, small annual temperature range, moderate annual precipitation, rain throughout the year, more autumn and winterCyclonic rainMainly, with more clouds, less sunshine and more rainy days.The temperature is generally above 0 ℃ in winter, and the highest in summerthermidor The temperature is generally between 10 ℃ and 20 ℃, and the annual precipitation is generally between 600 mm and 800 mm.[1]
Cooling hot salt cycle
There is a theory thatglobal warmingIt may lead to local cooling in the North Atlantic Ocean by closing or slowing down the oceanic thermohaline cycle, resulting in a decrease or less warming of the local average temperature.Its influence covers ScandinaviaGreat Britainas well asIreland, because they are affected byNorth Atlantic Warm CurrentHeating of.The possibility of this change is still uncertain, and there is some evidence thatGulf StreamAnd the North Atlantic Warm Current shows signs of weakening.However, there is still no evidence that the waters in or around northern Europe are cooling down, while the reality is just the opposite.
The heat of the tropics can pass throughocean currentTo transport, hot water flows close to the surface and cold water flows deep.The North Atlantic Warm Current is a part of the thermohaline cycle, bringing heat further north to the North Atlantic, where it heats the wholeNorthwest Europe。The evaporation of the North Atlantic sea water and the decrease of the water temperature at the same time lead to the increase of salinity (relative salinity), which increases the water density on the surface.At the same time,sea iceThe formation of also further concentrated the salt in seawater.Therefore, the heavier surface seawater settles downward, while sneaking southward at the same time.
Global warming may causegreenland ice sheet Melting, increased precipitation, especiallySiberiaThe strengthening of the river.Thus, the amount of fresh water injected into the northern ocean increases.However, it is not clear whether the increased amount of fresh water is enough to cut off the thermohaline cycle——Environmental modelA negative conclusion is given, but the research continues.
according toNASAThe data of the Pathfinder satellite altimeter from May 1992 to June 2002 support the slowdown of the cycle.Some people in NASA even worry that global warming will reproduce a phenomenon of large temperature mutation that occurred in the last ice age: a series of Dansgaard Oeschger eventsevents）。This is a rapid fluctuation of climate, which may be caused byHigh latitudeThe stop of heat salt exchange caused by the increase of fresh water flow.YoungerFairy maidenhairYounger Dryas may also be the case.However, it is believed that these events were caused by the large amount of fresh water melted from the Laurentide ice sheet, rather than the polar melting sea ice caused by global warming or the fresh water produced by the change of precipitation.In addition, in the coupled model of atmosphere ocean cycle, the heat salt exchange tends to weaken rather than interrupt, and even in a small area of Europe, the warming trend is stronger than the cooling trend:IPCCThe third annual report pointed out that "even in the model of weakened heat salt exchange, Europe still shows a warming trend".
In April 2004, a retrospective analysis of US satellite data seemed to show thatGulfstreamThe hypothesis that the Gulf Stream will be cut off is strongly supported because of the weakening of the North Atlantic circulation and the northward gyration of the Gulf Stream.
In May 2005, Peter Wadham sent《times》The weekly reported the results of a deep-sea exploration carried out under the ice layer of the Arctic Ocean, which aims to measure the giant water column formed by dense cold waterSurface waterInstead, it sinks to the bottom, forming one of the driving forces of the North Atlantic Warm Current.He and his team found that the water column had almost disappeared.Normally, there should be seven to twelve huge water columns, but he only found two, and they are extremely weak.
Measurement report
The news agency NewScientist. com reported on November 30, 2005 that the British National Oceanographic Center foundMexicoThe warm current northward of the Gulf Stream is more than the last one in 1992measured data It should be reduced by 30%.The author said that the changes he observed were "uncomfortably close" to the uncertainty of the measurement.However, the North Atlantic is hotter than the last measurement.This indicates that either the cycle has not weakened, or it does not have the cooling effect expected in theory, or there are other more overwhelming factors that make cooling impossible.
December 6, 2005, University of Illinois at Urbana ChampaignAtmospheric scienceThe research team led by Professor Mike Schleshaunger said that "the stop of the thermohaline cycle was once considered to be a high-risk and low probability event. Our analysis, although there are still uncertain components, shows that it is a high-risk and high probability event." This is still a minority view based on unpublished research.
On January 19, 2006, a news report titled "Climate Change: Changes from the Ocean", written by Quirin Schiermeier, appeared in theNatureThe magazine (439256-260) detailed the response to Brighton's results, including the following points:
This result is a surprise to scientists working in the field.
The conclusion given by the model is that fresh water is enough to terminate the thermohaline cycleIncreasestayOrder of magnitudeIt is larger than expected, and this increase seems unlikely to reach a critical level in the 21st century, which is difficult to reconcile with Brighton's measurement.
If their results are correct, the weakening of heat salt exchange may not bring about the expected significant cooling effect in Europe.
Although the previousCycle stop(For example, the Younger Dryas event) caused cooling, but its overall climate is completely different;Especially due to the impact of global warming, the formation of sea ice is not as active as before.
However, the interruption of the hot salt cycle may lead to other important consequences, such as:big floodAnd the increase of stormsplanktonCrisis of reserves, tropical or Alaska andantarcticChanges in warming or rainfall that occur.
Mainly iron ore, mainly distributed inSwedenNorth and Central.The North Sea continental shelf is also rich in oil and natural gas.
water resource
Nordic rivers are short, rich in water, and many lakes are connected, forming natural reservoirs.The rivers on the Scandinavian mountains have large drop and abundant water power.
This area is rich in geothermal resources, especially Iceland's many hot springs.These resources provide power and raw materials for the development of the Nordic economy. At the same time, Europe is short of resources, especially energy.Northern Europe has a vast export market for resources.
(1) As a concept of physical geographyscandinavian peninsula, including Denmark, Sweden, Norway and northern Finland.
(2) As a linguistic and anthropological concept, it refers to the Scandinavian branch (i.eNorth Germanic ）Including Danish, East Norway, West Norway, Iceland, Faroe and Swedish speaking nations.
council
Nordic Council
Political terms refer to the Nordic Council countries.
Nordic is a term of human geography, which generally refers to all the territories of the Nordic countries, including the five Nordic countries andbaltic states In addition, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Norway are the territories in the north-south level.Connected together, only considering the boundary, it can be concluded that: BeiluApproximately equal toThe Northern Court includes Northern Europe, Scandinavia, northern Sweden, Europe, Northern Europe, Scandinavia and Sweden.
The Kingdom of Denmark is located inContinental EuropeNorthwest end,Jutland PeninsulaOn.East to the Baltic Sea andRussiaFacing each other across the sea, it borders the North Sea to the west and Scargrak Strait to the northKattegat StraitandOresund StraitWith NorwaySwedenAcross the sea, Germany borders on the south.The mainland consists of Jutland Peninsula andPhilippine Isle、Xilan Island、Bornholm IslandIt is composed of 406 islands of different sizes, with an area of 43096square kilometre。In addition, Greenland (with an area of 2.175 million square kilometers) andautonomyThe Faroe Islands (covering an area of 1399 square kilometers and composed of 21 islands).The coastline is 7314 kilometers long.
natural resourcesRelatively poor.Except for oil and natural gas, there are few other mineral deposits, and all coal needed is imported.the north seacontinental shelfpetroleumReserveIt is estimated to be 290 million tons, and the natural gas reserve is about 200 billion cubic meters.Since 1972, it has been exploiting oil. In 2010, it produced 12.32 million tons of oil, making it the third largest oil exporter in Europe.8.09 billion cubic meters of natural gas, provedligniteThe reserve is 90 million cubic meters.The forest covers 486000 hectares,CoverageAbout 10%.Beihai andthe BalticIt is an important offshore fishing ground.
Norway(Kongeriket Norge), the full name of the Kingdom of Norway, means "the road to the north".be locatedscandinavian peninsulaIn the west, it borders Sweden in the east, and in the westAtlantic。CoastlineMeandering, forming a unique fjord scenery in Norway.In addition, Norway andFinlandAnd Russia.Norwegian territory also includesSvalbard IslandsandJan Mayen Island, the capital isOslo。
On June 7, 1905, Norway announced its independence from Sweden and the Norwegian Union.
Norway covers an area of 385252 square kilometers (includingSvalbard Islands、Jan Mayen IslandEtc.).Located in Northern Europescandinavian peninsulaWest, eastSweden, bordering Finland and Russia in the northeast, Denmark across the sea in the south, and Denmark in the westNorwegian Weihai。The coastline is 21000 kilometers long (including the fjord), with many natural harbors.Scandinavian MountainsThroughout the whole territory, plateau, mountain and glacier account for more than 2/3 of the whole territory.The southern hills, lakes and marshes are widely distributed.Most regions belong toTemperate marine climate。
Norway's economy is characterized by market liberalization andGovernment macro-controlExamples of successful integration.The government controls major economic sectors, such aspetroleum industry。Norway is rich in natural resources, mainly in oil, water conservancy, fisheries, forests and minerals. Norway's economy largely depends on the oil industry andInternational oil priceFor example, in 1999, Norway's oil and natural gas accounted for 35% of its total exportsOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesNorway's oil output is second only toSaudi ArabiaandRussia。
Finland
Finland Scenery
FinlandIt is located in northern Europe.It borders Sweden, Norway and Russia, and faces the southGulf of Finland, on the westGulf of Bothnia。The coastline is 1100 kilometers long.The terrain is high in the north and low in the south.Inland watersThe area accounts for 10% of the national area. There are about 179000 islands and 188000 lakes“A country of thousands of lakes”It is called.
One third of the country's landarctic circleInside.genustemperate continental climate 。Average temperatureWinter - 14 ℃ - 3 ℃, summer 13 ℃ - 17 ℃, annual average rainfall 600mm.The winter is cold, and only the south is mild.From south to north, the average temperature in January is about - 4 – 16 ℃;The temperature in July is 16 – 13 ℃.The annual precipitation is about 400 – 600mm.
The first inhabitants of Finland were Lapps, so Finland was also called Lapland. Later, the Finns moved in and established FinlandGrand Duchy。It was ruled by Sweden in the second half of the 12th century.1809Russian Swiss WarLater, it was incorporated into Russia and became the Grand Duchy.The Republic of Finland declared independence in December 1917.
forest coverageAccounting for 71% of the total areapineandSpruceMainly.Water resourcesRich.There are copper, zinc, gold, chromium, cobalt, titanium, vanadium and other minerals.
In 2003, 4.33 million foreign tourists came to Finland,Tourism income1.655 billion euros, accounting forgross domestic product1.15%.Tourists mainly come fromSweden, Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, etc.The main tourist attractions areHelsinki、Turku, eastern lake area, northern Rabbi area andOran Island。
Polar nightAndpolar day: Due to the FinnishLapland ProvinceMost of the are located inarctic circleSo we can see the polar night and the polar day. In the polar day, the sky at midnight is not gray. Even on the southern coast, there is 19 – 20 hours of sunshine.
Finland is a highly industrialized and liberalized market economy. Its per capita output is about the same as that of Britain, France, Germany orItalyFlat.The main pillar of the economy is manufacturing - mainly timber, metal, engineering, telecommunications andelectronics industryMainly.Finland's communication industryNOKIAIn order to represent a very developed country, Finland boasts the highest proportion of Internet access and per capita mobile phone holdings.Trade is very important for Finland,gross domestic productAbout a third of them come from exports.In addition to timber and a few minerals, Finland relies on imports of raw materials, energy and some industrial components.
Sweden
Scenery of Sweden
Sweden is located in the southeast of Scandinavia in northern Europe.It covers an area of about 450000 square kilometers.The coastline is 7624 kilometers long.The population is 9.68 million, 90% of which live in the south and middle.SwedeAbout 90%, andFinn、sami 。96% of residents believe in ChristianityLudezong。currencySwedish。
Controlled by Denmark since 1397Kalmar UnionMembers.Independence was regained in 1523.Neutrality was declared in both world wars.It established diplomatic relations with China on May 9, 1950.
The Kingdom of Sweden is located in the eastern half of Scandinavia in Europe, with Norway in the west and northwest, Finland in the northeast and Finland in the eastGulf of Bothniaandthe BalticThe southwest is adjacent to the North Sea.It covers an area of 449965 square kilometers, almost twice the size of Britain, and is rated as the third largest country in Europe.It is 1600 kilometers from Skona in the south to Rapp in Sweden in the north.Nearly half of the country is located in the south of 60 ° north latitude, and the terrain inclines from northwest to southeast.
Sweden sufferedNorth Atlantic Warm CurrentAnd the Baltic Sea, winter is not too cold.Most areas belong to temperate coniferous forest climate, and few areas in the southernmost area belong to temperate coniferous forest climatetemperate hardwood forest Climate.The average temperature in February is – 12.9 ℃ in the north and – 0.7 ℃ in the south;In July, it was 12.8 ℃ in the north and 17.2 ℃ in the south.The average annual precipitation is 555mm.
Swedennatural environmentDifferent, it can be divided into three regions: the north, the middle and the south.
North of 60 ° north latitude is the northern region, which is called Norland by Swedes.It covers an area of 2441461 square kilometers, accounting for 60% of the national area, and its population only accounts for the whole countryTotal population15%.This is the main forest area in Sweden, and the forest area accounts for 57% of the national forest area;It has important iron ores in Sweden, and the iron content of iron ore deposits is very high, ranging from 35% to 63%.Most of the ore is transported to Ruhr, Germany.Northern Sweden is the main ore source of Ruhr.
This area has the largest underground iron ore mine in the world.Water resources are abundant, accounting for 77% of the country's hydropower generation.This area includes Yeffleborg, West Norland, West PotenNorrbotten , Yemtran and other provinces.The whole northern regionPopulation densitySmall, only 4 people per square kilometer, mostly concentrated in coastal and river valley areas.This area is also inhabited by Swedish Lapp people, who are engaged in agriculture and grazingreindeerMake a living.
Major cities in SwedenStockholm(Capital)GothenburgIt's in this area.This area has developed industries, including steel, machinery manufacturing, chemistry, paper making, printing, textile, shipbuilding, automobile, oil refining, food and other industries.Gothenburg is also the main port of Sweden.Central regionIt can also be divided into three regions: the west, the east and the north.The total area is 109539 square kilometers, accounting for 27% of Sweden, and the population accounts for 56% of the national population department.
Iceland
IcelandRepublic（Icelandic: Í sland), short for Iceland, isNorth AtlanticAn island country in the North Atlantic andarctic oceanIt is one of the five Nordic countries, with a land area of 103000 square kilometers and a population of about 320000. It is the country with the smallest population density in Europe.The capital isReykjavikIt is also the largest city in Iceland. The southwest area near the capital accounts for two-thirds of the population of the country.Iceland is located in the Atlantic OceanMid ocean ridgeIt is a country with many volcanoes and frequent geological activities.Inland is mainly plain landform, with sandy land and coolLava plainAnd glaciers.Although Iceland is located on the edge of the Arctic CircleGulf Stream So the temperature is moderate.
IcelandGeothermal resourcesAbundant hot springs are widely distributed.Fishery, water power and geothermal resources are rich, while other natural resources are scarce, and petroleum and other products need to be imported.Annual exploitable water powerPower generation64 billion kWh,geothermal energyAnnual power generationIt can reach 7.2 billion degrees.
According to the book of colonization, the history of European settlers can be traced back to 874 A.DIngólfr Arnarson One group was the first permanent settlers in Iceland, and other earlier settlers only spent the winter in Iceland.In the following centuries,ScandinaviaPeople settled in Iceland, they also broughtGaelicSlaves.
Between 1262 and 1918, Iceland became part of Norway, and laterDanish Royal FamilyAdminister.
Iceland declared its independence in 1918 and established a republic in 1944.
Iceland is a highly developed capitalist country, and its citizens own thehealth insuranceandHigher EducationAnd other Nordic welfare systems.
Rock ChurchLocated in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is one of the most famous churches in Europe. The exact address is at Tampeli Rock Square in Helsinki,Grand SquareIt is covered by a huge rolling rock. The rock is 8 – 13 meters above the ground, and the local people have kept it intactNatural landformThe church uses local materials, and the walls are piled with unmodified rocks. It seems strange and chaotic, but in fact each rock is carefully stacked to form an orderly pattern, bringing the original flavor to the church. The rock walls around the church also improve the sound effect of the church. The church is very artistic, and was built in 1969 with the dedication of the Siomarane brothers.The rock church can accommodate up to 940 people to pray together at the same time. It is also scheduled to be held herechoir，Church RockWall uniqueechoThe effect makes the churchSound effectIt has reached a high level, so many concerts will be held.
Opening Hours: The Rock Church has different opening hours. Please pay attention when visiting.
Arrival mode: availabletram3B, 3T, get off at Tampere Rock Square.
Gailongell FjordIt is one of the most mysterious places in Norway. The peaks on both sides of the fjord are towering, and many waterfalls in the cliffs flow down into the fjord.As the most popular scenic spot in northern Europe, Gallangell Fjord andNarouyi FjordOne was listed by UNESCOWorld Heritage Site。The famous scenic spots in the west areThe seven sister But there are more than seven waterfalls flying into the fjord, and the scenery is spectacular and beautiful.The surrounding area is suitable for fishingcanoe, horseback riding, rafting and other activities. You can also take the sightseeing boat "Seven Sisters" and "Bride's Veil" to enjoy the magnificent scenery flying down three thousand feet and the farmhouse on the steep cliff. The journey is about an hour.For local accommodation, you can choose campsiteslog cabinYou can also stay in hotels and restaurants that can see the beautiful scenery of the Seven Sisters Waterfall.
Tourism strategy
There is a time difference of six hours between Beijing and Helsinki. In July and August, it is Nordictourist seasonThe climate is cool and the days are long.
The first stop starts from Helsinki, the capital of Finland, which is a seaport city close to the Baltic Sea, perhaps along the coastUrban climateIt is very humid and extremely cold. It is only about 10 ℃ below zero. It is totally different from northern Finland. Helsinkiforest coverageQuite high, like a city built in the forest, suburbanvirgin forestWell preserved, looking acrossSpring is everywhere.The scenery of Helsinki adds to the expectation of Helsinki, and then comes to the railway station. The local railway station has a long history and is one of the landmarks of Helsinki in the 20th centuryEuropean ArchitectureTake the subway and go straight to the hotel to set up camp.At noon, I wandered around the center of Helsinki and found that European cities have one feature:City centerIt must be a cathedral. There will becity hallAnd the building facilities of the square. There is a statue in the center of the squareczaralexander ii In memory of the right of autonomy granted to the Finns by the emperor, there are many street performers performing in the square, and shopping in the surrounding souvenir shops sells wood products, knives, leather goods, etcsmall commodities, but the prices are on the high side. Maybe Nordic economies are developedprice levelIt is also very high. People here live very comfortably. Both material life and spiritual life have reached a high level, leading tocrime rateVery low people can live in harmony.
Finland, a member of the European Union and a non NATO member, is a euro country.
Norway is not a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and a non euro country.
Iceland is not a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and a non euro country.
Economics
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Model World
Finland isglobal economy Competitiveness champion frequent visitor, Denmark is the best businessinvestment environmentNorway and Iceland won the championship and runner up of the happiest countries, and Sweden has the most livable cities.
Future World
Sweden calls for becoming the first oil-free country in the world by 2020, and the whole country is striving to developalternative energy sourcesAnd become a new global competitive force.
American Institute of Global Competitiveness Nordicinvestigation report, learn from small countries and great wisdom for you.Look at the future energy sources of converting sludge into biogas and wood chips into alcohol, the future cars with low carbon dioxide emissions and horsepower, and the future cities.
In terms of economic competitiveness, the five Nordic countries often lead the world.World Economic ForumFinland, Sweden and Denmark ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th in the 2006 – 2007 World Competitiveness Ranking List, while Norway and Iceland ranked 12th and 14th respectively.Before that, Finland had won the championship for three consecutive years.In recent years, Norway has become the country with the highest average national income in the world, about 60000 US dollars.
In science and technologyInnovationThe five Nordic countries are also far ahead.The Economist Information Unit (EIU) surveyed the world's most innovative countries (regions) from 2002 to 2006. Sweden, Finland and Denmark ranked fourth, fifth and seventh respectively, and ChinaTaiwanThe region ranks 8th.
stayQuality of lifeOn the one hand, although the natural conditions are bad, and there is ice and snow for half a year, the Nordic countries still win the championship.The world's most livable and happy country selected by the United Nations in 2006（Human Development Index Best country), according tohealthy life、Knowledge level、living standardAccording to the three indicators, Norway, which has won the championship for six consecutive years, continues to rank first, Iceland ranks second, and the three Nordic countries are also in the top 15.
These "awards" all reflect that the Nordic countries are not only economically competitivebusinessIt is not an exaggeration to say that "the strongest competitiveness in the world is in Northern Europe" because it is innovative, the people live happily and the environment is suitable for living.But why can these five small countries, located in the corners of the world, today become national competitiveness benchmarks in the global spotlight?
1. The total population of the five countries is 25 million, but the horizon and the cape have a global mind
According to the size of the five Nordic countries, except Denmark, which covers an area of 43000 square kilometersTaiwanIn addition to the larger province, the area of the other four countries is several times that of Taiwan Province.The reason why they modestly call themselves "small countries" is mainly because of their small population.Sweden, with the largest population of more than 9 million, and Iceland, with the smallest population, even has only 310000 people. The population of the five countries combined is only 2 million more than Taiwan's 23 million people.
Because they consider themselves small countries and few people, the five Nordic countries do notLock the countryOn the contrary, they are neither arrogant nor inferiority, and they are more aware of the need to open their arms to embrace the world, and cannot be outsideglobalizationEconomics.
In The Viking Menifesto, two authors, Steve Strid and Claes Andreasson, mentioned that Northern Europe, which grew up in the smallest country, should be a disadvantage, but because of its small population and small local market, the more motivated it is to look abroad.This makes the five small Nordic countries very international;For example, people learn languages quickly, adopt new technologies quickly, and integrate into other cultures quickly.
Huang Shijia pointed out that people in the five Nordic countries can speak three languages on average. In addition to their own mother tongue, they are also proficient in English and learn another European languageSecond Foreign Language。
2. Deepen education and research and development,knowledge economyReplace resource dependence
In fact, the five Nordic countries have also facedTraditional industriesMove out due to cost considerationsEastern EuropeIndia and China.In order to become knowledge dependentEconomiesAll five Nordic countries actively invest in high-quality education and innovative research and development.
For example, research and development in Sweden（R&D）The proportion of expenditure reached 3.7%, Finland 3.5%, Iceland 2.9%, etcR&D expenditureThe proportion is not only higher than that of the 25 EU countriesaverage value1.86%, more than Britain, the United States, Germany and other major countries.Finland also said that the R&D expenditure would reach the target of 4% in 2010.
Former Finnish Prime Minister Liponin once said frankly that Finland's development from a country relying on resources to a country relying on knowledge is the result of education and investment in research and development.
There is one in the north of DenmarkAalborg(Alborg), yestelecommunicationsKey research cities of the Internet, including Nokia in Finland, Siemens in Germany, and South KoreaSamsungUnder the fierce competition in the market, other important international telecommunications companies are still willing to join this joint research community.
aalborg university Radio communicationPeter Koch, director of the Software Center, said that the purpose of the joint research was to attract domestic and foreign talents, stimulate each other's ideas of innovation, and fill in the hollowing crisis of the outward migration of Denmark's traditional industries.
In fact, Nordic technological strength includes telecommunications, heavy industry, military technologyAutomobile industryFor example, EricssonNOKIA、VOLVOSAAB and other brands have long been world-famous.In addition to the continuous R&D energy, the competitiveness of the five small Nordic countries comes from the big pattern of opening up to win, and they are willing to investR&D expenditureDeep ploughing strategy.
The five Nordic countries are typical societieswelfare state, high income, high tax, but also high welfare.Because the Nordic government took the people's hard-earned money, corruption and corruption rarely spread, but instead established a solidSocial safety netThe process of caring for each citizen from cradle to grave has basically realizedRitual and Lucky Datong ChapterThose who have raised children and died in old ageUtopiaRealm.
It is not difficult to find out from many relevant surveys in Northern Europe that the source of their happiness is nothing more than abstract family, health, friendshiptrustInstead of having a lot of wealth.
Wu XianghuiOn《Amazing Finland》It is mentioned in the book that about 30% of Finland's countriesgeneral budget, used for social welfare.Finlandschool-age children, on average receiving 10000 euros a yeargovernment grants By the age of 24, the average person spent more than 160000 euros on national social welfare funds;Almost lifelongfree education，Education expenditureIt only accounts for 1% of household expenditure, and education expenditure is shouldered by the government.
Chairing the World Economic ForumGlobal competitiveness rankingAugusto Lopez Claros, an economist in the survey, said that the five Nordic countries had "economic environmentSound,public sector Transparent and efficient,government budget It is very consistent with the priority of governance, "so that we can always be among the best in the competitiveness evaluation.
yesAndersenDenmark, the birthplace of the Little Mermaid, Norway, the hometown of Santa Claus, Iceland, which has more than 200 volcanoes, and Sweden, where Nobel was born.
NORRON
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NORRONOriginating from the worship of the sun and the generating ability of nature, it is a unique myth system in ScandinaviaFormation timeRelatively later than other major myth systems in the world, Nordic mythOral communicationIts history can be traced back to the 1st – 2nd century A.D., and it was first popular in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and other places, and then spread to Iceland and other places with a group of immigrants going north around the 7th century A.D.In the Middle Ages, Christianity was prevalent throughout Europe. Due to its strong political attack, most of the works recording Nordic myths were considered heretical and burned down. Until now, the relatively complete Icelandic epics have been preserved《Ada》AndGermanicEpic《Song of Nibelungen》Etc.
Nordic mythology is a multi god system, which can be roughly divided into four systems: giant, god, spirit anddwarf。The giant created the world and gave birth to the gods, but it is also the biggest enemy of the gods, which can be understood as the personified natural force.God is divided into two tribesMain GodOdinChieftainAsa Protoss(Ashir tribe) and the god of the seaNeoldChieftainWarner Protoss(Vanil tribe), of which there are twelve main gods.Elves and gnomes belong toDemigodTheir specific origin is still vague, and they belong to a special creation in Germanic region.
There are many very special parts in Nordic mythology, such as the creation of human beings. The first thing created is women, and the material created is not the soil shown in most myths, but a branch.A more prominent feature is thatgeographical positionIt is decided that because Scandinavia is located in the extreme north and cold all the year round, the ice giant has a high position in the myth, which often makes the gods feelheadacheContinuously.Secondly, the view of death and rebirth has the greatest impact. Unlike other mythological systems, the gods in Nordic mythology also have to face the fate of death. For example, Odin sacrificed his left eye in order to obtain knowledge, was hanged on a tree for nine nights, and received a long gun symbolizing his power after suffering trauma.On the other hand, the Nordic myth believes that when everything dies, new life will form again. Everything in the world is cyclical, but this is notIndian mythologyBuddhistReincarnation。
The Nordic myth is a myth that has been forgotten for a long time. The descendants of the ancient Nordic people abandoned this treasure for centuries.Nordic mythology first spread in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland, and even inNorth AmericaandGreenlandAll have their traces, yesGermanic nationalityWas created by the Scandinavian people (the ancestors of the Vikings)Imperium RomanumAt this time, the Navvia took the opportunity to develop (invade) to other parts of EuropegulfThe term "harbor people" began at this time, and the Nordic myth gradually became complete.The descendants of the heroes in Nordic mythology, namely, the modern Scandinavian Peninsula andGermanyThe Germanic people in the Northeast lowlands.They were born in a desolate and harsh natural environment, and developed a brave and aggressive personality.Wandering, fighting and hunting are their daily ways of life. They often travel to other countries under the leadership of bold and enterprising leaders, and foreign countries win positions and wealth that they do not have at home.
The original culture of these victorious countries may not be superior to the countries they conquered, and their weapons and equipment may not be superior to each other.But they have the spirit of fearless adventure and the courage to face death, which is the important reason why the Germanic nation can invade the whole Europe.These fearless German warriors gradually expanded the scope of the expedition.
In 400 AD, they usedRhine、the danubeIs the boundary, andImperium RomanumAdjacent.When Rome became weaker, they constantly invaded the territory of the Roman Empire.
By the middle of the fifth century, the Germanic nationality had received the Fin nationality (namelyHan EmpireDefeat the westward migrationNorthern Hun）As a result, it led to a raging national migration.This is it.germanic peopleIn the so-called heroic era, most of the heroes in the Nordic legends are heroes of this era.As a result of this great migration, it extends to Russia in the east, to the coast of France in the west, to Breeden Island, and to the southSpain、Italian Peninsula、Sicily、North Africa, were invaded by Germanic people, even as far away as Greenland and parts ofAmericaThe mainland has their footprints.The Nordic myth that has been handed down to this day is the product of this nation.
From the eighth century to the eleventh century, the Vikings were the most terrible pirates in Europe. They could even rival the national army, even ifLanding operationIt was no less than the sea. The Vikings were the strongest soldiers at that time. It was the dark period of Europe. Because they often had to go out to fight and were influenced by Christianity, words and art, the Vikings began to have prayer, complex ceremonies, exquisite sculptures and poetry works. This was the heyday of Nordic mythology, butChristian ChurchIt is regarded as a cult.However, the records of mythology no longer exist in today's Germanic countries.Instead, it's in BeihaiMedium fullnessBukushan andglacierThe isolated island of Iceland has been preserved.The Germanic gods were completely forgotten by the Germanic people. The most important reason was the contact with the Roman Empire and the assimilation of Christianity through contact.Add natural and man-made disasters, especially in 1618 – 1648“Thirty Year War”As a result, the inherent German culture is incomplete and desolate, and the legends of heroes fall into the abyss of oblivion and become trapped in the long river of history.
After the 13th century,VikingsThe potential is small,European ChurchAs the power of the British Empire increased greatly, the Nordic myth began to be lost and banned in various parts of Europe, and the Vikings were forced to convert to Christianity and Catholicism. Only ice and snow Iceland spread among the island's bards in the form of poetry and prose.These bards are called "Sijard". They were originally the descendants of the lost Viking nobles, and their knowledge level is quite high. They can freely use various complex similes and metaphors to record and create the stories of Nordic myths and heroes, and they are growing with the times, some scholars saidNORRONThe reason why people feel so sad, yet strange and heroic, can be said to be their masterpieces. Because they were the descendants of lost nobles who had been exiled here, their hearts were naturally filled with the grief of national destruction and exile in foreign lands. In addition to Iceland's ice weather and snow all the year round, Iceland itself was formed by volcanoesislandThe land is rocky and barren, and the island's volcanoes erupt from time to time, forming a strong contrast with the cold weather, so it is not difficult to imagine how beautiful and heroic the Nordic myths written by these poets are full of tragic hero stories.
At that time, only Christian clergy could read. They were in charge of recording and keeping documentsPaganismLegends, transcripts, songs, etc. are naturally detested and cleaned up;Only a few materials survived: British "Beowulf" - Beowulf, German“Song of Nibelungen”– Nibelungenlied and some fragments of fragments – Saga (heroic legends), and two collections of Icelandic mythological poetry“Aida Sutra”–Edda（Poetic AdaandProse Edda ）。Plus what the Germanic people think was originally usedAncient writing– Runenschrift is a magic spell. If the language is shaped into words, it is equivalent to conferring mysterious power on the enemy.Therefore, it is difficult to verify today not only the belief of the ancient Germanic people, but also the way of life.
Iceland is the last northern country to be Christianized. The missionaries seem to be milder, or they may have less influence.LatinNot expelling the Northern Kingdomliterary language。People still tell old stories in Mandarin, but the author and time are not tested.
After the 13th century, the old and new "Ida"（Poetry anthology）And "Fersenga Saga" (collection of essays) were excavated one by one, and new characters were used again [because the Nordic first used an ancient character called "Fordhak", also known as "runa", which is said to be created by Odin, one of the three pillar gods, and belongs to the ancientGermanic languagesOne, in the ninth centuryLatinIt was introduced into Northern Europe, but the Nordic people incorporated it into "Fordhalk" and wrote poetry and prose with it, so it could not be read directly in the seventeenth century, and needed to be translated]. It was only in the seventeenth century that it was re spread in Nordic, German and other Germanic countries, and became the treasure of the study of Nordic mythology today.
The oldest "Old Ida Sutra" - Elder Edda (Poetic Ida) manuscript was written in about 1200 A.D., that is, 200 years after the spread of Christianity, there were 29 ancient ballads in the book, together with similar ballads found in other places, to form 34.These ballads have no titles, and the names of the authors and editors are unknown. Scholars determine that they are very old, and they were written between 850 and 1150 AD.That's when“Viking Age ”These pirates transmitted the legendary songs heard by the residents in the lower reaches of the Rhine River back to Scandinavia and Iceland, and then they were chanted and polished by bards into the form handed down today. These oral songs were not written until the middle of the 13th century, which is the origin of the "Old Aida Sutra".
The prose style "New Ida Sutra" - YoungerEdda was written by Snorri Sturluson at the end of the 12th century.The main body is a technical paper that teaches people to write poems, plus something that the "Old Aida Sutra" does not haveAncient mythologyInformation.
The "Old Ida Sutra" is more important and consists of many poems. It usually describes the same story but is not connected with each other.There are great epic materials in it, which may be greater than the content of the Greek "Iliad", but there is no Nordic poet like itHomerThe same is true for rewriting the stories before "Iliad".
There is no genius in Northern Europe to weld all poems into one, turning them into beautiful and grand epics;No one even threw away the crude and ordinary content and deleted the childish and annoying repetitive parts.Sometimes the "Old Ida Sutra" lists several pages of names.Despite the poor style, the story itself still shines.The poets of the "Old Ida Sutra" seem to have great concepts, but no expressive skills.Many stories are wonderful.Apart from a few stories rewritten by tragic poets,MYTHOSIt is incomparable.
The best Nordic stories are very solemn and stirring. They describe men and women who are determined to die, or even deliberately choose to die, and have long planned well."Heroism" is the light in the darkness.Throughout all this is the miserable world view of fighting, which forms a strong contrast with the Greek mythology in the south.The battle of eternal doom envelops the whole myth. The world of Nordic myth was created and destroyed by the battle.The myth of any nation has the legend of creation, but the Nordic myth tries to describe the destruction of the universe.
Nordic mythology and southern Greek mythology are in sharp contrast in all aspects.Greek mythology is a world of literature, art and music, and a paradise of supreme happiness.Nordic mythology is the opposite.
The Nordic myth is the most impressive, and the image of the sad and pathetic world described in it should be deduced.From the giant tree of lifeYggdrasilWhat a strange and heroic look the universe is supporting. At one end of the universe is the extremely hot world where the flame giant lives, the "hometown of fire" Muspelheim（Musbelheim）The other end is sealed by ice and snowCold fogNiflheim, the world's "hometown of fog"（Nifulheim）。
The middle of these two worlds is the dwelling place of gods and people. Sometimes fire and lava come from the south, and sometimes ice, snow and frost come from the north, threatening both mankind and gods forever.This kind of description of "heaven" is so sad, which is not found in other national myths.
In the world of Greek mythology, there are only a few herding gods who are half human and half animal, and their appearance is also pastoral, and the existence of monsters is just waiting for the conquest of gods and heroes.
But in the Nordic mythology, there are all kinds of strange creatures. There are huge giants. The gloves he takes off will be mistaken for tall houses;A strange wolf that can devour the world with an open mouthFenrir；Jormungandr, a snake with its tail in its mouth, encircles the "atrium" of the human world;There are gnomes who fear the sun, live in the ground, and have black faces and long noses;Hela, the goddess of death, is half green and half flesh.
The myth of any nation has the legend of creation, but the Nordic myth focuses on describing the destruction of the universe, which is the most different feature between the northern Germanic myth and the myth of other nations.Moreover, Nordic mythology depictsCosmic annihilationThe fantasy is so sad and solemn.
The "birth" and "death" of such a small existence as human beings are really insignificant.In the great flame of the end of the universe, there was a huge force fighting with the madness of force. In the extremely tragic and heroic final battle, even the gods of Asgard, the "kingdom of gods", were destroyed. These fantasies have reached the limit of human thinking.
The main god in Nordic mythologyOdinIt is the god of storm, the god of battle, and the eternal liberator.It is a multi god world, but in Greek mythologyZeusThe gods headed by Zeus have an eternal and unshakable status. The giant who resists the gods, after a tragic defeat, is thrown into the eternal dark hell, and has no chance to rise again.
On the contrary, the Nordic gods have to constantly communicate withGiantsIn addition to being strong enough to fight against gods, giants are also the earliest creators of the universe. Giant is the embodiment of nature, and each giant represents a kind ofnatural phenomena, Yesflame, ice and snow, thunder and lightning, trees, earth, coal, thinking, aging, etc. Even the materials used by the gods in the creation of the world are made of giant's flesh and blood, and the giant's blood is also made of the godsvascularIt flows in.
Except the Lord GodOdinOfGun of EternityAnd ThorThorThunderhammer and harvest god Frey'sSword of VictoryIn addition, in terms of force, the gods are often not the enemy of giants, and in terms of intelligence alone, the gods may not be superior to the giants.The fountain of intelligence is a branch extending from the tree of life to the giant countryUnder the rootThe giant is responsible for guarding the springMimir。Even the sagacity that should belong to divinity is wrapped in the Nordic myth world, and its root is also owned by giants.
It is the fate of the Germanic nation to fight against enemies who are superior to themselves in everything.From the era of great migration of nationalities, through the pirate periodLifestyleIt means fighting, moving and fighting again.This is a turbulent life full of ups and downs. They put their national destiny in the fight, survive from adventure, and fail repeatedly without regret. The root of this attitude to life can be found in myths and legends.
education
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The Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Denmark) have much in common.They are all welfare countries and have a long history of cooperation.But different Nordic countries have differentCourse structure。Only in junior Nordic countriesGeographyOnly separate classes are provided.Geography classes in Norway, Iceland and Sweden aresocial sciencesPart of.In Finland it is part of the biology and geography class.
In Norway and Iceland,Citizenship course、HistoryAnd geographySocial StudiesBut these three courses have their own systems.The same structure also appears in Sweden, but Swedish social studies courses cover a wider range, includingReligious courses。
In Finland, geography, biology, physics, chemistry, and health education are jointly used as thecontent of courses。In grades 5 – 6, geography and biology constitute biology and geography.In grades 7 – 9, geography and biology still belong to biology and geography, but both disciplines have their own disciplinary status.
In Denmark, geography, biology, physics and chemistry form a natural and technical course together for grades 1-6, and geography for grades 7-9 is a separate course.
In Norway, after the curriculum reform in 2006, geography is still used asrequired courseAppear in middle school.In 2005, the position of geography in Swedish secondary schools was questioned, and geography was replaced by a new course, "sustainable development".Secondary schools in Finlandphysical geographyandhuman geographyEach course is required.In Iceland, all geography related courses are compulsory.In Finland, geography is no longer a required course in middle school.
It is very interesting that geography is a social science in Norway, Sweden and other countries.In Denmark, it is included in natural science.In Finland, the geography course is mainly natural science, except for the humanities geography course in middle school.In Iceland, geography (including geography and geomorphology) belongs to both natural science and social science.
Human geography and physical geography?Or a traditional geography course?
In all the Nordic countries, the geography class in junior high schools is a complete geography class.In high school, complete geography classes appear in Norway and Sweden.In Denmark, physical geography is emphasized.In Iceland and Finland, geography courses are divided into physical geography and human geography.
Norway: followingCalifornia, USADeclaration of recognition of gay marriage, Norway, June 17, 2008The House of LordsThe law allowing homosexual marriage was voted through.
Sweden: Sweden from May 1, 2009Formal recognitionHomosexual marriage has become the seventh country in the world to recognize same-sex marriage.[2]
Iceland: On June 12, 2010, the Icelandic Parliament unanimously passed the law on gay marriage, which came into force on June 27.
Denmark:Blued June 7: The Danish parliament voted to pass the same-sex marriage bill today, making Denmark the 11th country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.
Finland: Light Blue Network, November 28, comprehensive news: The Finnish Parliament passed the Marriage Equality Act today with 105 votes in favor and 92 against.
Entry rules
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1. Nordic nationals travel across borders in Northern Europe without any documents.(NoFrontier inspection）；
