synonymChemical process(Chemical production technology) generally refers to chemical industry (chemical production technology)
Chemical industry is "chemical process"“chemical industry”、“chemical engineering”Short name of, etc.Where chemical methods are used to change the composition, structure or synthesis of substancesNew substancesAll technologies belong to chemistryProduction technology, that is, chemical process, and the products obtained are called chemicals or chemical products.At first, these products were produced byHandmade workshopLater, it evolved into a factory and gradually formed a specific production industry, namely the chemical industry.Chemical engineering is the study of chemical productsProduction processA science of common laws.Human beings have a close relationship with chemical industry. Some chemical products have played an epoch-making role in the history of human development. Their production and application even representhuman civilizationA certain historical stage.[1]
Chinese name
chemical industry
Foreign name
chemical industry、chemical engineering、chemical technology
chemical industry（chemical industry）、chemical engineering（chemical engineering）Chemical technology is called chemical industry for short.Chemical industry includespetrochemical industry（petrochemicals）、Agrochemical industry(agrochemicals), pharmaceuticals, polymers, paints, oleochemicals, etc.They appeared in different historical periods, with different meanings, but they are closely related, infiltrate each other, and haveContinuityAnd is endowed with new content in its development process.Early human life depended more on the direct use of natural materials.GraduallyInherent performanceUnable to meet human needs, various processing technologies have been developed to consciously and purposefully transform natural substances intoNew substances, and graduallyindustrial production And put it into practice on a large scale.Broadly speaking, those who use chemical methods to change the composition or structure of substances, or to synthesize new substances, belong to chemical production technology, that is, chemical processes. The products obtained are called chemicals or chemical products.
Development history
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Basic Introduction
In order to survive and develop, human beings constantly struggle with nature, and gradually deepen their understanding ofSurrounding worldSo as to master the conquest of natureTransform the worldThe ability of.After a long history of practice, human beings are more and more good at usingnatural conditionAnd created richMaterial world。
The life of ancient people depended more on direct utilization or extraction of what they needed.Because of theInherent performanceUnable to meet people's needs, various processing technologies have been developed to transform natural substances intoNew substancesAnd gradually put it into practice on the scale of industrial production.At first, these products were produced byHandmade workshop, later evolved into a factory, and gradually formed a specificProduction departmentChemical industry.With the development of productivity, some production departments, such as metallurgy, oil refining, paper making, leather making, etc., have been divided from the chemical industry as independent production departments.After the large-scale petroleum refining industry and petrochemical industry have flourished, the research will be carried out on the basis of chemistry, physics, mathematics and other engineering technologiesChemical production processChemical engineering, a discipline that solves many engineering and technical problems in the process of scale enlargement and large-scale production, has been further improved.It raises the production of chemical industry to a new level, and enters a new stage of theory and prediction from an empirical or semi empirical state (seeHistory of Chemical Engineering）, making the chemical industrycreative ability , adding a lot to mankindMaterial wealth, accelerating human beingssocial developmentThe process of.
stayModern ChineseIn China, chemical industry, chemical engineering and chemical process are all referred to as chemical industry for short. They appeared in different historical periods and have different meanings, but they are closely related and permeate each other.In people's minds, the word "chemical engineering" has traditionally become a synonym for a general category of knowledge and career. Its important significance in the national economy and engineering technology has aroused widespread interest, attracted thousands of people and devoted their life to it.The following is a brief introduction to humancivil lifeTo illustrate the colorful contents and important contributions of chemical industry.
From the data, from January to April 2013, China's crude oil processing volume was 158.683 million tons, up 3.2% year on year;The ethylene output was 5.298 million tons, up 3.0% year on year;The output of synthetic resin was 18.518 million tons, up 9.8% year on year;The output of synthetic fiber monomer was 7.368 million tons, up 1.4% year on year;The output of synthetic rubber was 1.321 million tons, up 7.4% year on year.The negative growth of ethylene output was reversed, but the growth rate was very low, and the three major syntheses also grew at a low speed.
The profitability of major petrochemical sub industries basically rebounded slightly.Among them, organicChemical raw materialsThe main business income of the manufacturing industry was 432.218 billion yuan, up 15.2% year on year,Total profit realized11.10 billion yuan, up 2.3% year on year;Realization of synthetic resin manufacturing industryMain business income242.701 billion yuan, up 13.5% year on year, with a total profit of 8.031 billion yuan, up 11.9% year on year;synthesisRubber manufacturingThe main business income was 38.833 billion yuan, up 24.9% year on year, and the total profit was 2.17 billion yuan, up 17.2% year on year;The main business income of synthetic fiber monomer (polymerization) manufacturing industry was 94.606 billion yuan,Year on year decrease4.4%, realizing a total profit of - 620 million yuan.
From the perspective of major sub industries, synthetic fiber monomer (polymerization) manufacturing industry has suffered fromCotton priceThe industry suffered losses due to the impact of factors such as sharp decline.Organic chemistryThe profitability of the two largest sub industries, raw material manufacturing and synthetic resin manufacturing, also rebounded weakly, which largely reflected thatEconomic fundamentalsCold.
From the situation in 2013, although crude oilprice steadinessAt $100/barrel（Brent）Up and down, it is beneficial to the whole petrochemical industry chain, but becauseReal economyThe declining trend of the demand side caused by the continuous weakening of will have an impact on the entire industry.The growth rate of fixed asset investment will declineOperation rateWill decline, the economic activity of the industry will decline, and the decline cycle of chemical industry will become long and the bottom cannot be determined.
Overall performance is low
On June 23, 2013, according to the relevantdata displayThe chemical industry index was 900 points, lower than the 929 point low after the international crude oil slump in July 2012.As of June 12, the prosperity of the domestic chemical industry was far lower than that of 2011, with 109 chemicals under key monitoringRepresentativenessAmong the products, there are only 19 rising varieties, accounting for 17.43% of the monitored varietiesIncreaseThe liquid chlorine and hydrochloric acid with the highest temperature increase by about 40%, but both areChlor alkali industryAnd has less influence in the industry.
Chemical marketRunning resistanceIt mainly comes from the contradiction between supply and demand. In the first half of the year, the market demand was characterized by "early start and lack of stamina". During the Spring Festival, middle and downstream enterprises prepared goods in advance, but failed to usher in the spring market as usual. By June, the market was generally trappedWhole industry chainA delicate situation.In addition,International marketAlso extremely depressed, unable to boostdomestic market, even if soda ashureaSuch products have broken the export volume record, which is also a helpless move for manufacturers to reduce inventory pressure on the basis of significantly sacrificing profits.
Structural highlights remain
Data shows that global pesticides in 2011market size About US $50.3 billion, includingChemical pesticideIt is 44 billion US dollars, with year-on-year growth of 13.4% and 14.9% respectively. It is estimated that the scale will reach 68.5 billion US dollars in 2017. The global pesticide industry is expected to grow by 5.5% in the next five yearsCAGRContinuous and sound development.The rapid development of China's pesticide industry benefits from low manufacturing costs and the resultingIndustrial transferThe stricter environmental protection requirements are also conducive to the concentration of production capacity to competitive enterprises.
Twice in the 20th centuryWorld WarOn the one hand, catalytic crackingcatalytic reforming The production of steam, coal, diesel and lubricating oil has increased significantly, especially propylene hydrationIsopropanolAfter industrialization, hydrocarbon cracking to produce ethylene and propylene and other processes have been successfulBasic organic chemical industryProduction is based on strong petrochemical technology, which can provide a large number of organic raw materials, solvents, additives, etc. for various industrial sectors.Since then, people often use hydrocarbon cracking to produceethyleneAs a sign of the development of a country's petrochemical productivity.On the other hand, the Haber Bosch methodsynthetic ammoniaHigh pressure and high temperature technology is realized in industry,nitric acidWhen put into production, a large number of nitrates will appear, especially propellants and explosives industry will develop from black powder toOctogen, explosiveSpecific energyIncreased by more than ten times.This not only solves the urgent need for war, but also is more important for civilian use in mines, railways, bridges, etcBlasting engineeringAnd has been applied.In addition, for nuclear engineeringIsotope separationAnd space industryRocket propellantThe application of chemical industry has made a key contribution.
Agricultural pillar
For a long time, human food and clothing mainly rely on agriculture.Since slash and burn farming in ancient times, agriculture has been relying on a large number of human labor, restricted by various natural conditions, and its development is very slow.In the 19th century, the use of agricultural machinery gradually improved the labor situation.However, inagricultural productionMedium,Output per unit areaThe real improvement is after the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Practical proof, agricultural itemsMeasures to increase productionThe role of chemical fertilizer is 40%~65%.On the basis of the vigorous development of petrochemical industry, the large-scale production of synthetic ammonia and urea makes the output of chemical fertilizers account for a large proportion in chemical products.In 1985, the total output of fertilizer in the world reached about 140Mt, becoming one of the bulk chemical products.Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumCompound fertilizerandMicroelement fertilizerThe development ofsoil structureThe demand of different crops.
In the early days, humans used natural crop diseases and pests.Until the end of the 19th century, after the formation of modern chemical industryParis GreenArsenic preparationPotato beetle、Bordeaux liquidprevention and cureGrape downy mildewAgriculture has just begunChemical controlNew era of.In the 1940s, organic chlorine, organic phosphorusPhenoxyacetic AcidsSuch as pesticides andherbicide, widely used in agriculture, forestryAnimal HusbandryAnd public health.However, some of the pesticides of this generation are highly residual and toxicEcological pollution, has been banned by many countries.Some new pesticides with high efficiency, low residue and low toxicity have been developedPyrethroid（PyrethrumIt is a plant with the function of disinfestation)bionic pesticide The consumption per mu is only a few grams, which does not pollute the environment and has been put into industrial production.In addition,BiopesticideIt is the most active field in pesticide research in the 21st century.
Medicine and pharmacology have always been the fields of human endeavor, and the earliest pharmaceutical works in China《Shennong's Herbal Classic》(Compiled around the 1st century AD), the performance, preparation and compatibility of 365 drugs were recorded.the Ming dynastyLi Shizhen"Compendium of Materia Medica" contains 1892 kinds of drugs.These medicines are collected fromNatural mineralOr animals and plants, most of which must be soaked to highlight the medicinal properties or eliminate toxicity before use.From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th centuryAntipyretic analgesicsaspirin、Antiplum Poison"606" (arsenic preparation)Antimalarial drugA's equality, these chemical synthetic drugs have low cost, high purity, and are not affected by natural conditions, showing obvious efficacy.In the 1930s, people used chemical analysis to identify fruits andrice branThe structure of vitamin C is produced by artificial synthesisvitamin CandVitamin B1And solved the contradiction of insufficient output and unstable quality of vitamins extracted from natural substances.1935SulfonamidesAfter being put into production, tens of thousands ofPuerperal feverpatient.penicillinIn the Second World War, the discovery and production of the medical treatment of the wounded and the sick received amazing results.streptomycinas well asSodium p-aminosalicylate、RemifengAfter the victoryTuberculosis bacteria, ending the threat of this epidemic disease to mankind in a historical period.smallpox、plague、Typhoid feverUntil the 19th century, it was one of the disasters beyond human control,antiviralAfter the vaccine was put into industrial production, these infectious diseases were basically eliminated.Vaccine is still human andViral diseaseA powerful weapon for struggle.And variousClinical chemical reagentAnd various newDrug dosage formThe constant emergence has greatly improved the medical industry and provided a more reliable guarantee for human health.
Chemical industry provides people with the following products:Rich and colorfulIn addition to producing a large number of materials for making various products for human use, there are also products with small amount but obvious effect, which make people's lives continuously improved.For example: various products used for food preservation, seasoning and nutrition enhancementfood additives；Improve vegetablesgrowth regulatorandPreservative；Promoting meat and egg productionfeed additive ；Basic raw materials and additives for the production of cosmetics, spices and flavors;Paints for decoration of houses, furniture and various tools and appliances;Pigments for various printing inks;as well asWashing suppliesSurfactants used, etc., are numerous.alsofilm stock(Photosensitive material), audio (video) tape（Magnetic recording material）, andLaser televisionCD, etc.By using these means of audio-visual communication, communication can be strengthened, historical scenes can be reproduced, and exquisite art can be performed.Expand people's vision toCosmic space, deep in the sea bottom or deep into the internal organs, or even anatomyatomic structure, in order to improve the humanSpiritual civilization, revealing the mysteries of nature and providing conditions.
Chemical materials
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Chemical production
The above industrial and agricultural production and improvement of life are inseparable from materials.According to statistics, up to 1984, the chemistry in the worldmaterialIn fact, there are about 9 million species, of which about 43% are materials.Although there are many materials, they can be summarized asMetallic materials、Inorganic non-metallic materialsandPolymer materialsThree categories.There are also generalscompound materialIt is listed as the fourth category, or regarded as a new material derived from the three categories.Generally speaking, metal removal ismetallurgyApart from the products produced by the department, the rest are chemical production materials.
Nonmetal
Inorganic non-metallic materials
Divided intoTraditional materialsandnew materials Two types.The former is mainly silicate material;The latter has diverse composition and is developing rapidly.
Silicate material
Refers to glass, ceramics, cement andenamelEtc.They are based onSilicic acidSalt ores are produced as raw materials, widely used as building materials, as well as as daily necessities andindustrial artProducts.Although the brittleness of glass and ceramics is their main disadvantage;However, due to the availability of raw materials,Production processSimple, productchemical stabilityGood. It also has the advantages of high hardness, heat resistance and corrosion resistance. It has a wide range of uses and a large output, and is still developing.
Mainly including plasticChemical fibreAnd rubber.amongsynthetic materialThere are many varieties. They are monomer produced by petrochemical industrypolymerizationAnd made of.Some haveNatural materialsThe special performance that can not be achieved is widely used in industrial and agricultural production and daily life, so it develops rapidly.The output of polymer materials in the world did not exceed 100kt in the 1930s, but reached about 80Mt in the 1980s, with plastics accounting for 3/4.Because plastic is lighter than metal, its output has already exceeded that of metal materials by volume.
Including artificial fiberChemical processingHowever, the produced ones were popular in the 1920s and 1930s, but their output was affected byNatural fiberSource restrictions.Synthetic fiber products emerged in the mid-1940s, and the raw materials are rich petrochemical products.There are many kinds of chemical fibers, including filament, stapleBristle silk、Stretch yarnAnd various profiled wires.They can be pure spunblendingTherefore, there are many kinds of fabrics, and the production efficiency is highnatural conditionAnd effectively solved the contradiction between grain and cotton.The production of 10000 tons of chemical fiber can be equivalent to the cotton produced in 300000 mu (1 mu=666.6 m2) cotton fields in a year;Or the wool cut by 2.5 million sheep a year.By the 1980s, two-thirds of the world's textiles were made of chemical fibers.Made of some polymershollow fiberbe used asSeparation membrane, in seawater desalinationGas separation、Ultrapure substancePreparation and biotechnology are of great significance.
rubber
Is a kind ofStrategic materials。Natural rubberOnly grows in the tropics andSubtropicalIn the region, countries that do not produce rubber, considering that they will be blocked in wartime, attach great importance tosynthetic rubberIndustry.There are many varieties of synthetic rubber, some of which have better heat resistance, cold resistance, oil resistance and other properties than natural rubber.The biggest consumption of rubber is to make tires, and also to make rubber tubes, tapesRubber overshoes、Die silicone rubber, andLatex products。Rubber is indispensable for all kinds of equipmentsealing material 。Since the 1970s, the output of natural rubber has basically stabilized at 3~3.5Mt, while the output of synthetic rubber has reached 6Mt in the 1970s and 8Mt in the 1980s, and there is still a trend of continuous increase.
Chemical processingThe history before the formation of industry can be traced back to the ancient times from the middle of the 18th century. Since then, human beings can useChemical processing methodMake some necessities of life, such as pottery, brewing, dyeing, smelting, paint making, paper making, and medicine, gunpowder and soap.
stayNeolithic Age in ChinaThere are fragments of pottery in the cave.Around the 50th century BCYangshao CultureHasterra-cotta、Grey pottery, black pottery, painted pottery, etc. appear (see color picture [ChinaNeolithicFiredColored pottery], [three colored pottery camels fired in the Sui Dynasty (581 ～ 618)], [made in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC ～ 25 AD)MoireLacquer], [celadon water injection made in Yuezhou kiln in the Tang Dynasty (618-907)], [Chinese ancient alchemy line drawing]).Among the cultural relics unearthed in Hemudu, Zhejiang Province, China, there are wooden shaped bowls painted outside at the same timechinese redraw lacquer.Fragments of lacquer ware are found in the ruins of the Shang Dynasty (17th~11th century BC)the warring statesThe lacquer craft of the era (475-221 BC) was very exquisite.20th century BC, Xia DynastyYuDrink wine and use it for sacrifice.In the 25th century BC, Egypt wrapped mummies with dye.In the 21st century BC, China has enteredBronze AgeIn the 5th century BC, we entered the Iron Age and made weapons from smelted copper and ironTiller, cooking utensils, tableware, musical instruments, currency, etc.Salt, as early as edible, in the 11th century BC,Zhou DynastyThere is already an official in charge of salt administration.The Phoenicians used goat fat andVegetation ashMake soap.In the first century of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Papermaking processIt is quite perfect.
Around BC, China and Europe entered alchemyalchemyDuring the period, due to refiningElixir of lifeAnd research on medicine.toQin and Han DynastiesThe earliest monograph on drugs completed in the period of《Shennong's Herbal Classic》It recorded 365 kinds of animal, plant and mineral medicines.In the 16th century,Li ShizhenThe Compendium of Materia Medica ofacademic level。In addition, from the 7th to the 9th century, there were three componentsMixingIn the early Song Dynasty, gunpowder was used for military purposes.Europe has been superstitious about alchemy since the 3rd century, and it was not until the 15th century that alchemy gradually turned into medicine, which is known as the pharmaceutical period from the 15th century to the 17th century.In pharmaceutical research, acidnitric acid、hydrochloric acidandOrganic acidAlthough it did not form an industry, it led to the development of chemical preparation methods, which prepared the conditions for the establishment of the chemical industry in the middle of the 18th century.
Energy can be divided intoPrimary energyandSecondary energy。Primary energy refers to heat energy or power obtained from nature and can be directly used, usually including coal, oil, etc.ConsumptionHuge world energy, mainlyfossil fuel。1985 WorldPrimary energy consumptionUp to 10610MtStandard coalIncluding 39.9% oil, 29.7% coal, 21.1% natural gas, 7.7% hydropower and 4.9% nuclear power;China's primary energy consumption reaches 764Mt standard coal, including 75.9% coal, 17.1% oil, 4.8% hydropower and 2.2% natural gas.The secondary energy (except electricity) usually refers to the primary energy (mainly fossil fuels) passing through variouschemical process Processeduse valueHigher fuel.For example, gasoline obtained from petroleum refiningjet fuel, dieselheavy oiletc.liquid fuelThey are widely used in cars, planes, ships, etc. They are modernTransportationAnd important military materials;Industrial gas and civil gas produced by coal processinggaseous fuel；In addition, it also includes coal andoil shalePreparedArtificial oil。
Chemical industry is closely related to energy, which is also reflected in that fossil fuels and their derivatives are not only energy, but also important raw materials for chemical industry.Based on oil, a modern and powerfulPetrochemical industryAnd produced thousands of petrochemical products.In chemical production, some materials are not only processing processes (such asSyngasThe fuel in production is also the raw material, and the two become one.Therefore, chemical production is not only a department producing secondary energy, but also a major energy consumer.
Fossil fuels, especiallyCoal processingAnd applications often produce sewage, solid waste and harmful gases, resulting in environmental pollution.The prevention and control of pollution also depends on the application of various chemical technologies.
Chineseenergy production There has been great development since 1949, but energy (especially oil) is still an important factor restricting the development of the national economy. Therefore, it is of great significance to increase production and save energy.improvementChemical production process, reduce energy consumptionproduction costs, improveeconomic performanceIt is also conducive to easing energy tension.
In the long run, worldwide, it is expected that fossil fuels will still play a major role in energy by the first half of the 21st century.As time goes by, due to the limitation of fossil fuel resourcesConventional energyIn addition, more and more attention will be paid to the development of a number of unconventional energy sources.Unconventional energy refers to nuclear energy and new energy, the latter includesWave energy、Ocean energyandBioenergy(such as biogas), etc.In the use of solar energy and nuclear energyResearch and developmentAnd large-scale application, chemical engineering andChemical production technologyIt is also of great use.
Other Technologies
The driving force for the development of chemical industry is the need for chemicals in industrial and agricultural production and people's life, which is based on chemistry, physics, mathematics and variousEngineering technology。Among them, the relationship with chemistry is particularly close, and chemistry is a subject that chemical engineering cannot leave for a moment.There were also "industrial chemistry"“Applied chemistry”And other disciplines have played a certain historical role.Chemical infrastructureIt is inseparable from civil engineering and power engineering.The manufacturing of chemical machinery can not be separated from mechanical engineering and variousMetallic materials, especiallystainless steel, and evenSpecial steel。Chemical machinery pays special attention to the reliability under high temperature and pressure, that is, the reliability of systems, equipment and components underlay down a conditionThe probability of completing the specified function.Modern chemical plants tend to be large-scale and single series production, so the research on reliability is particularly important.
The control of chemical process cannot be separated from electronics, computers and automation. These theories and instruments can not only be used in production, but also in development prediction, decision-making andOperation managementAnd so on.In the 1980s,New technological revolutionIn addition to the energy and materials mentioned above, cutting-edge sciences such as microelectronics and biotechnology have put forward higher requirements for chemical industry with their strong vitality, thus pushing chemical industry forward.
There are dozens of ultra pure gases used in microelectronics technology, including deoxygenation, hydrogen, nitrogencarbon dioxide, argon and other common gasesBorane、Boron trichloride、Dichlorosilane、Carbon tetrafluorideAnd other gases that do not exist in nature.The purity of the chemical products used has a great impact on the semiconductor products.useIndustrial gasWhen,YieldOnly 10%;Use gas with impurities less than 10ppm and corresponding high-purityChemical ReagentsThe yield can be increased to 70%~80%.In terms of water use,Integration1MbIntegrated circuitThe particle size of particles in water is allowed to be no more than 0.1 μ m.In order to make pure water close to the theory,Production methodFrom distillation and ion exchange to the combination of membrane separation and ion exchange in the 1970s, the pure water preparation technology has reached a new level.
The key to the production of microelectronic devices is photoresist.The photoresist used in VLSI is composed of aromaticAzide compoundMadePhotosensitive resin, which has the advantage of high resolution,DegummingEasy,Clear image。Liquid crystal isMicroelectronic deviceThe indispensable display material in.It is a kind ofOrganic compoundAs the single LCD with the required display temperature can not meet this requirement, multiple LCDs of the same type or different types must be used together.
As a knowledge category, chemical industry has a variety of decomposition or synthesisclassification method 。It can be classified according to the source of raw materials and the nature of products, as well as process laws and historical links.EachDivision methodIt is difficult to adapt strictly.This volume strives to reduce unnecessary crossing, adopts comprehensive classification method, and designsFuel chemical industryBranching;Inorganic chemical industryBasic organic chemical industry、Polymer chemical industry、Fine chemical industryEqual branching;There are also chemical engineering branches based on common process laws, andHorizontal connectionThe starting comprehensive branch.The raw materials of fuel chemical industry are oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale and other combustible minerals, so it is also divided intoPetroleum refining industry, petrochemical industryNatural gas chemical industry、coal chemical industryAnd shale oil industry.Among them, the petroleum refining industry has a high output valueindustrial sector Is important to the countryEconomic lifeline。Natural gas is often associated with petroleum, and natural gas chemical industry is often attributed to petrochemical industry.At present, petroleum refining and petrochemical industry are the main parts of fuel chemical industry.The products produced by fuel chemical industry include fuel and chemical raw materials, the latter is mainly organic chemical raw materials (except syngas, it is also used for productionInorganic chemical products, such assynthetic ammoniaEtc.).Therefore, petrochemical industry is also the main part of basic organic chemical industry.The petrochemical industry can produce plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, etcThree synthetic materials, which is the main product of polymer chemical industry.Therefore, fuel chemical industry, basic organic chemical industry and polymer chemical industry are organically linked.As for the raw materials used in inorganic chemical industry, there are both combustible minerals and inorganic minerals.Its products mainly include chemical fertilizers,sulphuric acid、nitric acid、phosphoric acidIsoacids,Soda ash、caustic sodaEtc. alkali, andinorganic salt, industrial gases andInorganic non-metallic materialsEtc.In inorganic non-metallic materialsSilicate material, sometimes classified into the field of traditional building materials.Fine chemicals produce chemicals in small quantities, with special functions, and mainly used for consumption.becausemarket demandSome products have become mass products, but according to custom, they are still regarded asFine chemical products。Mainly dye, pesticide, medicine, fireexplosive、Information recordMaterials, coatings, pigments, adhesives, catalysts, various additives and chemical reagents, etc.The production of medicine and explosives is often considered separately. Fine chemical industry is a comprehensive department focusing on use functions, which includes inorganic, organic and polymer.In microelectronics, biotechnology andnew materials ThrivingNew technological revolutionIn China, fine chemicals have added new vitality to the chemical industry.
Chemical engineering is also divided intoChemical thermodynamics、Transfer process, unit operationChemical reaction engineeringandChemical System Engineering。The first two are the theoretical basis of chemical engineering,Unit operationIt is the earliest concept of chemical engineeringphysical process It is decomposed into several units, such asFluid transportationDistillation, extraction, heat exchange, drying, etc.These unit operations not only play an important role in chemical production, but also are widely used in metallurgy, light industry, foodNuclear industryAnd other industrial fields with common characteristics with chemical industry.Unit operations are still developing and improving, such as those developed in the 21st centuryGranulology, as a theory of powder engineering, has been applied toCatalyst particle sizeDesign, high temperatureGas dedusting, grain drying and transportation.Chemical reaction engineering focuses on industrial scaleChemical reaction processTo solve the problem ofReactorDesign and amplification problems.As for chemical system engineering, the theory and method of system engineering are applied to solve chemical engineeringprocess optimization The marginal subject of the problem.
The core content of chemical industry can be basically summarized in the above six branches, and the summary is also composed of these six branches.But thisclassification method Not completely reasonable, such asCatalyst industryIt is listed in fine chemical industry.Although theoretically, the catalyst has a fasterreaction rateThe special function of the catalyst is a small amount of substances that do not participate in the reaction. However, in large-scale production, the output and loading of the catalyst are also quite large. China, 1985Petroleum refining catalystThe dosage of 20 kt is used.Moreover, the catalyst can be used in all fields such as fuel, inorganic, organic, polymer and fine chemicals.There are still many problems of such attribution.
In addition, environmental protection is not only a common problem that chemical industry departments are constantly solving, but also an area where chemical industry can make contributions.The modern chemical industry, which rose in the 18th century, has a history of more than 200 years, and has created numerous chemical products. At the same time, it has also discharged waste gas, waste liquid and waste residue, polluting the environment.Therefore, people require chemical engineering to do its best and become a non emission project.national economyThe development of other departments in thePublic nuisance。Go on like this and surpass natureEnvironmental self purification capacityThe emission ofenvironmentWorsening day by day.Therefore, people of insight have issued dangerous warnings about the pollution and destruction of the world's atmosphere, water, soil and organisms.In order to solve pollution,protect the environment, making the naturalecological equilibriumTowards a new harmony, chemical industry will become aMain force。
The first typical chemical plant was established in England in the 1840sSulfuric acid plant。Sulfur is used as raw material first, and thenPyriteAs raw material, the product is mainly used for manufacturingnitric acid、hydrochloric acidAnd drugs, the output was not large at that time.stayindustrial revolutionPeriod,textile industryRapid development.Alkali is widely used in glass, soap and other industriesAlkaloidandNatural alkaliUnder the reward of the Academy of Sciences, it obtained a patent, built a factory with salt as raw material, produced it, and promoted the development of sulfuric acid (one of the raw materials) industry;Produced in productionHydrogen chlorideUsed to produce hydrochloric acidchlorine、bleaching powderSoda ash, which was urgently needed by the industry, could be caustic converted into, making full use of raw materials and by-products, which was the pioneering work of chemical enterprises at that time;Filling unit for absorbing hydrogen chloride, calcining raw materials and semi-finished productsRotary furnace, and equipment for concentration, crystallization, filtration, etc., are gradually used in other chemical enterprisesChemical unit operationThe foundation has been laid.Leblanc process At the beginning of the 20th century, it was graduallysolvay process replace.Electrolytic salt appeared in the late 19th century.Thus, the production of acid and alkali, the basis of the entire chemical industry, has begun to take shape.
Organic chemical industry
After the development of the textile industry,Natural dyeCan not meet the needs;along withsteel industry，coking industry The development of coal tar, a by-product, needs to be utilized.ChemistsOrganic chemistryThe achievements of the Company have separated coal tar into anthracene, phenanthrene, etc.In 1856, the British were synthesized byAniline violetdyestuffAfter analysis, it was determined that naturalalizarinThe structure of isDihydroxyanthraquinoneThe anthracene in the coal tar was used as the raw material to imitate the product identical to the natural alizarin through oxidation, substitution, hydrolysis, rearrangement and other reactions.Similarly,Pharmaceutical industry, spice industry has also successively synthesizednatural productThe same chemicals are increasing in variety.In 1867, the Swedes invented Dynamite explosives, which were widely used in mining and military industry.
At that time, organic chemistry and chemical engineering.Established in 1895limestoneAs the first factory to produce calcium carbide by electrothermal method, calcium carbide is hydrolyzedacetylene, which is the starting point for productionacetaldehyde，acetic acidWait a seriesBasic organic raw materials。After the development in the middle of the 20th century, calcium carbide consumed too much energy, and most of the original acetyleneSeries of products, and the production is changed to raw materials.
high polymer
Sticky when heated, hard when cooled.In 1839, the United States used sulfur and heated natural rubber to make it crosslinked intoelastomer, for tires and othersRubber productsThis is the embryonic stage of polymer chemical industry.In 1869, the United States usedcamphorPlasticizingCellulose nitrateMade of plastic, very gooduse value。In France in 1891BesanconCompleted the firstRayonFactory.In 1909, it was made in the United States, commonly known asBakelite powder, the first, widely usedElectrical insulationMaterial Science.
These budding products are far from meeting the requirements of society in terms of variety, output and quality.Therefore, the production andPolymer materialsAfter the establishment of petrochemical industry, production has been greatly developed.
Modern chemical industry
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summary
From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s and 1970s after the war, the chemical industry really becamemass production The main stage and some major fields were formed in this period.andpetrochemical industryIt has been developed, developed and gradually emerged.At the beginning of this period, the concept put forward by British and American people laid the foundation of chemical engineering.It has promoted the development of production technology, and both the plant scale and product output have grown rapidly.
synthetic ammonia
In the early 20th century, a new force emergedphysical chemistryReaction ofEquilibrium theory, put forward that nitrogen and hydrogen are directlysynthetic ammoniaOfCatalytic method, and after the separation of feed gas and product, the equipment problem is further solved through the idea of supplementary recycling.So that Germany canthe First World WarThe first ammonia production plant was established to meet the needs of the war.The original raw material of synthetic ammonia is coke. After the 1940s, it was changed to oil or natural gas, making the chemical industrypetroleum industryThe two departments should be more closely linked to make rational use of raw materials and energy.
petrochemical industry
In 1920, the United States used production, which was the beginning of large-scale development of petrochemical industry.In 1939, American Standard Oil Company developed hydrogencatalytic reforming Process, which becomesaromatic hydrocarbonAn important source of.In 1941, the United States built the first system for raw materialsethyleneDevice.staythe Second World WarIn the future, due to the continuous expansion of the chemical product market, oil can provide a large amount of cheapOrganic chemical industryAt the same time, due to the development of chemical production technology, petrochemical industry is gradually formed.Even areas that do not produce oil, such asWestern Europe, Japan, etc. also use crude oil as raw material to develop petrochemical industry.For the same raw material or product, different chemical enterprises have differentRoutingOr different catalysts.becauseBasic organic raw materialsandPolymer materialsThe monomer is made of petrochemical raw materials, so people take the output of ethylene as the symbol of organic chemical industry.In the 1980s, more than 90%Organic chemical products, from petrochemical industry.For example, etc., in the pastcalcium carbideacetyleneAs the raw material, the oxychlorination method is used to produce ethylenevinyl chloride, usingpropyleneAmmoxidationTo produceacrylonitrile 。In 1951, natural gas was used as raw material to obtaincarbon monoxideAnd hydrogen.
Petrochemical industry is a chemical industry with petroleum as raw material, which rose in the 1920s.Originated in the United States.Initially attached toPetroleum refining industryLater, an independentindustrial system 。Before and after the Second World War, it developed rapidly. It rose in Europe in the 1950s, and further expanded to Japan and Japan in the 1960sCountries in the world, making the world's chemical industryProduction structureThe production of many chemicals has shifted from coal to oil and natural gas, and new processes and products in the petrochemical industry continue to emerge.In the early 1970s, various types of petrochemical production in the United StatesPetrochemical productsAs many as thousands, petrochemical industry has become an important basic industry in industrial countries.
Initial stage: with the rise of oil refining industry, more and moreRefinery gas。In 1917, C. Ellis of the United States synthesizedIsopropanol。In 1920, the United StatesNew JerseyStandard oil company adopts this methodindustrial production 。This is the first petrochemical, which marks the beginning of petrochemical development.1919Union Carbide Studiedethane, propane cracking to produce ethylene, and then Linde Air Products realizedPyrolysis gasThe ethylene is separated from the ethylene, and the ethylene is processed into chemical products.In 1923, Union Carbide CompanyWest VirginiaOfCharlestonThe firstPetrochemical plant。In the 1920s and 1930s, the US petrochemical industry mainly usedolefinProduction of chemicals.asPropylene hydrationIsopropyl alcohol production, dehydrogenation productionacetone，Hypochloric acidProcess ethyleneethylene oxide, propylenePropylene oxideEtc.In the 1920s, H. Stoudenger foundedPolymer compoundConcept;W. H. Carothers foundpolycondensationlegal systempolyamideAfter,DuPontThe company began to put polyamide fiber (nylon) into the market in 1940.surface active agent alkylsulphuric acidPrimary alcohol ester appears.These new products, originally produced by coal and agricultural by-products, have greatly stimulated the development of petrochemical industry, and created new opportunities for these fields to turn to petroleum raw materialstechnical conditions。At this time, the oil refining industry also had new development.The development of catalytic cracking technology in 1936 provided more low molecular olefin raw materials for petrochemical industry.These developments have made ethylene in the United StatesConsumptionIt increased from 14 kt in 1930 to 120 kt in 1940.
Wartime promotion: from the eve of World War II to the end of the 1940s, the production of aromatic products andsynthetic rubberAnd other polymer materials.War vsrubberThe need to promoteButylbenzene、ButyronitrileThe rapid development of synthetic rubber production technology.1941Dow ChemistryCompany fromHydrocarbon crackingSeparated from the productbutadieneAs monomer of synthetic rubber;In 1943, it establishedButeneLarge scale production unit for catalytic dehydrogenation to butadiene.In 1945, the output of synthetic rubber in the United States reached 670 kt.In order to meet the wartime requirementsTNT explosive(i.eTNT）Raw materials（toluene）In 1941, the United States successfully developed a new process for catalytic reforming of light petroleum fractions to produce aromatics, and developed benzene, toluene andxyleneAnd other important aromatics (before that, aromatics mainly came from coal coking process).At that time, the toluene produced by catalytic reforming accounted for more than half of the total amount of toluene needed in the United States.In 1943, DuPont and Union Carbide applied in the UKBenemen Chemical IndustriesTechnology constructionpolyethyleneFactory;In 1946, Shell Chemical began to use high temperatureOxidation methodproductionAllyl chlorideSeries of products；In 1948, American Standard Oil Company transplanted German technology to use hydrogenFormylChemical method (see carbonyl synthesis) to produce octacarbon alcohol;1949, Ethylenedirect methodSynthetic alcohol was put into production.With the continuous development of petrochemical industry, the ethylene production in the United States increased to 680kt in 1950, with more than 100 kinds of important products. Petrochemical products accounted for 60% of mechanical and chemical products (only 5% in 1940).
Vigorous development: since the 1950s,world economyFrom post-war recovery to development period.Synthetic rubber, plasticSynthetic fibreThe rapid development of such materials as petroleum and chemical has attracted extensive attention in Europe, Japan and other regions of the world.DevelopingPolymer chemical industryIn the 1950s, Europe successfully developed some key new technologies, such as 1953Federal GermanyChemist K. Ziegler succeeded in his researchLow pressure methodproductionpolyethyleneOfNew catalystSystem, and rapidly put into industrial production;In 1955, the Bulamen Chemical Industry Company established a large-scalepolyesterManufacturer;1954ItalyChemist GNataFurther developedZiegler catalystThe stereoisotactic polypropylene was synthesized and put into industrial production in 1957.Other aspects have also made great progress. In 1957, Ohio Standard Oil Company successfully developed propyleneAmmoniation oxidationCatalyst for acrylonitrile production, which was put into production in 1960;Direct oxidation of ethylene in 1957acetaldehydeThis method was successful, and a large-scale production plant was built in 1960.In the 1960s, other products were successively put into productionEthylene oxidationsystemVinyl acetate, oxychlorination of ethylene to vinyl chloride and other important chemical products.The continuous development of new petrochemical processes and technologies has enabled the traditional bulk products starting from calcium carbide acetylene to be transferred to the petrochemical raw material route.During this period, JapanSoviet UnionThey also began to build petrochemical industry.Japan has developed rapidly, only ten years agoPetrochemical production technologyIt has reached the international advanced level.In the Soviet Union, synthetic rubber, synthetic ammoniaPetroleum proteinAnd other outstanding achievements in production.
New petrochemical technology, especiallysynthetic materialAchievements in the production of raw materialsrequirementThe sharp increase has promoted hydrocarbon cracking andPyrolysis gas separationThe rapid development of technology.During this period, extensive exploration work was carried out around various types of cracking methods, and a variety of tubular types were developedCracking furnaceAnd various pyrolysis gas separation processes to produce ethyleneyield Greatly increase and reduce energy consumption.In Western European countries and Japan, due to the scarcity of oil and natural gas resources, the cracking feedstock is cheap and easy to transportMiddle EastnaphthaOn this basis, a large-scale ethylene production plant has been established, and the petrochemical industry has been greatly developed.So far, the production scale of petrochemical industry has been greatly expanded.As a petrochemical industryRepresentative productsIn 1980, the world's ethylene output reached 35.8Mt, the highest level in history.After 1960, the shift of organic synthetic raw materials from coal to oil and natural gas accelerated (see table).
New stageIn the 1970s, international oil prices rose sharply twice, and the price of ethylene raw materials soared,Product production costAs a result, petrochemical industry is facing a huge impact.Main ethylene in the United States, Japan and Western EuropeCountry of productionMeasures have been taken in succession, such as shutting down some production units and properly reducingUnit operating rateAt the same time, the pattern of world petrochemical industry has also undergone new changes.There are about 1000 in the worldPetrochemical complex, usedRaw oilAbout crude oiltotal output8.4%, and gas consumption accounts for about 10% of the total amount of natural gas. Most of these enterprises are multinational enterprises with rich oil and gas resourcesdeveloping countryIt is being constructed and put into use more and has obtained great development and become a new material industry.As strategic materialNatural rubberIt is produced in the tropics and is hindered by the development of Shundingbutyl, neoprene, nitrile, isoprene, ethylene propylene and other synthetic rubbers, each with different characteristics and uses.In 1937, the United States successfully synthesizedNylon 66, usingMelting methodSpinning, used asparachuteAnd tires.Later polyesterVinylon、acrylic fibresIt is also gradually occupied due to the petrochemical industry as its raw materialsNatural fiberandman-made fiberMost markets.In terms of plasticsphenolic resinLater, it was produced again,alkyd resin etc.Thermosetting resin。Since the 1930s, varieties have been constantly emerging. For example, it is still a large variety of plastics, and it was excellent at that timeInsulating material, 1939 High pressure was used forSubmarine cableAnd radar,Low pressure polyethyleneThe successful development of isotactic polypropylene has opened up a wide range of applications for civil plasticsZiegler Natta catalystIt is a great contribution to polymer chemical industry.During this period, there were also high temperature resistant and corrosion resistant materials, such asteflonIt is known as the King of Plastics.After the Second World War, some were also used forautomotive industry , also as building materials, packaging materials, and gradually become a large variety of plastics.
Fine chemical industry
Fine chemical industry is productionfine chemicals General name of industry“Fine chemical industry”。The meaning of fine chemicals is still under discussion abroad.Chemical products with the following characteristics are generally referred to as fine chemicals, namely:
Burning cooked food is a great progress in human history;Hundreds of thousands of years have passed by the time of making medicine, wine and vinegar, ceramic bricks, copper and iron smelting, oil boiling and paint making, textile printing and dyeing, paper and printing, and other chemicals.The accumulation of these skills created a valuable heritage from ancient times to the Middle Ages, and also laid the foundation for the formation of the chemical industry.(SeeHistory of Chemical Industry）
Since the 1960s and 1970s, the competition among enterprises in the chemical industry has been fiercecost reduction。At the same time, the rise of the new technological revolution has put forward new requirements for the chemical industry, which has promoted thetechnical progress, developed fine chemicals,Ultrapure substance, NewStructural materialsandFunctional materials。
Large scale
In 1963, Kellogg Company of the United States designed and built the first 540t/d (600sh. t) synthetic ammonia single series plant, which is a symbol of large-scale chemical production plant.Since the 1970s, single series of synthetic ammoniathroughputIt has developed to a daily output of 900~1350t. In the 1980s, the design of 1800~2700t/d synthetic ammonia appearedTotal energy consumptionA substantial decline.The production scale of ethylene single series has grown from 50kt/a in the 1950s to 100-300kt/a in the 1970s, and was newly built in the early 1980sEthylene plantThe maximum production capacity is 680kt per year.becausemetallurgical industry High temperature resistant pipes are provided becauseMillisecond cracking furnaceSo as to improve olefin yield and reduce energy consumption.Other chemical production units such as sulfuric acid, caustic soda, basic organic raw materials, synthetic materials, etc. are developing towards large-scale.In this way, the environmental pollution is reduced, the reliability of long-term operation is improved, and the prediction of safety and environmental protection and the rapid development of protection technology are promoted.
chemical
Since the 1960s,large-scale integrated circuitandelectronics industryRapid development requires electronicscomputerThe device materials and information recording materials have been developed.After the 1960s,polysilicon andmonocrystalline siliconThe output of.In the periodic table of the 1980sBinary compoundUsed forelectronic devicealong withsemiconductor device Development of gas sources such asphosphine(PH) is becoming increasingly important.During the preparation of large-scale integrated circuits, a variety of materials are required, with impurity content less than 1ppm, and strict requirements for moisture and dust content.Another substrate of LSI is photoresist, whose quality and stability directly affect its integration and yield.In addition, forMatrix material，sealing material The flux also has strict requirements.In 1963,NetherlandsPhilipsAfter the successful development of cassette recording, it has become increasingly popular.It is not only used for audio recording, video recording, etc., but also for calculator asExternal memoryandMemoryStorage, including tape, disk, drumMagnetic bubble、Magnetic cardAnd so on.For importantInformation materials, not only forOptical fiber communicationIn industry and medical treatmentEndoscopeMaterial Science.
In the 1950s, the atomic energy industry began to develop, requiring chemical enterprises to produceheavy water, absorbing neutron materials and heat transfer materials to meet the needs.Space industry needs high energy.solid propellantBy adhesive,Plasticizer, composed of oxidant and additive.liquidhigh-energy fuelyesliquid hydrogen、kerosene、Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, water freehydrazineEtc., oxidants includeliquid oxygen、Fuming nitric acid、Nitrogen tetroxide。These products have strict performance requirements and have formed a special production industry.In order to meet the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection, a practical membrane was trial produced in the United States in 1960 to desalinate and treat industrial sewage, and later expanded to be used in medicinefood industry。But this kind of membrane is easy tobiodegradationIt is also easy to hydrolyze and has a short service life.In 1970, developedAromatic polyamideReverse osmosis membraneIt is resistant to biodegradation, but not toFree chlorine。1977, improvedcomposite membraneFor seawater desalination, the power consumption per cubic meter of fresh water is only 23.7~28.4MJ.In addition, we also developed a membrane for mixing.polysulfoneHollow fiber gas separation membrane, used for hydrogen and nitrogen separation of synthetic ammonia tail gas and otherGas separation。This technology is superior to other industriesseparation methodIt can save energy.Fine is good for its hardness and is used as a cutting tool.1971, USAFord Motor CompanyAnd Westinghouse Electric Co., Ltd-Silicon nitride(β - SiN) is fuel gasturbineThe operating temperature was up to 1370 ℃, improving efficiency, saving fuel and reducing pollutionEnergy saving materialsHowever, after 10 years of test, there are still many problems that need further improvement.It is mainly used forCeramic engine、Turbine blade、Conductive ceramics、Artificial boneEtc.Main points of ceramicsSystemyesoxideSystem, such asalumina（AlO）、Zirconia(ZrO), etc., and non oxide systems, such ascarbide（SiC）、nitrides(BN), silicon nitride (SiN), etc.In the 1980s, silicon was developed to improve the brittleness of ceramicscarbon fibreReinforced ceramics.
Specialized chemicalsIt has been further developed. It can enhance or endow another product with specific functions with a small amount of use, and obtain high use value.Such as food andfeed additive , plastic andRubber additive, leather, paper making, oil field and other special chemicals, as well as adhesivesAntioxidant、surface active agent 、Water treatment agent, catalyst, etc.In terms of catalyst, due toelectron microscope、Electron spectrometerThe development of such modern instruments will help to understand the catalytic mechanism, thus preparing various special catalysts, marking the entry of catalystsNew stage。
The focus of chemical industry development -- fine chemical industry
Fine chemicals include medicine, pesticideSynthetic dyes、Organic pigment, coatings, spices and fragrances, cosmetics and toilet products, soaps and synthetic detergents, surfactants, printing inks and their auxiliaries, adhesives, photosensitive materials, magnetic materials, catalysts, reagents, water treatment agents and polymer flocculants, papermaking auxiliaries, leather auxiliaries, synthetic material auxiliaries, textile printing and dyeing agents and finishing agents, food additives, feed additivesAnimal medicine, oilfield chemicalsPetroleum additiveAnd refining additivesCement additive, mineral flotation agent, foundry chemicals, metal surface treatment agent, synthetic lubricant and lubricant additives, automotive chemicals, aromatic deodorant, industrial fungicide and mildew inhibitor, electronic chemicals and materials, functional polymer materialsBiochemistryMore than 40 industries and categories such as products.With the development of the national economy,fine chemicals Development andapplication area It will continue to develop and new categories will continue to increase.
The term fine chemicals has been used for a long time, originally referring to chemical products with small output, high purity and high price, such as medicine, dyes, coatings, etc.However, this meaning has not fully revealed the essence of fine chemicals.Since the 21st century, experts from various countries have gained some new insights into the definition of fine chemicals,Europe and AmericaIn some countries, the output is small and differentChemical structureChemistry for production and salesmaterial, called fine chemicals;Small output, processed, special function or finalPerformanceThe products are called special chemicals.China and Japan collectively refer to these two types of products asfine chemicals 。
Development trend
Announce
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In 2011,chemical industryComprehensive strength was further enhanced.By the end of November 2011, the national chemical industryEnterprises above designated size24125 in totaltotal output value6.0 trillion yuan,Year on year growth35.2%, accounting for 58.61% of the total industrial output value.Chemical industry in the first 11 months of 2011Investment in fixed assets861.721 billion yuan, up 26.9% year on year, 5.5 times higher than the average growth of the whole industryPercentage point, accounting for 70.12%.In the first 10 months of 2011,Chemical industryTotal profit320.898 billion yuan, up 44.4% year on year, accounting for 47.1% of the total profit of the industry.It is estimated that the annual output value of the chemical industry is about 6.58 trillion yuan, up 32% year on year, and the total profit is 350 billion yuan, up 35%.In 2011, the added value of the chemical industry increased by 14.8% year on year, and the growth rate slowed by 1 percentage point year on year.Among the main products,ethyleneThe output was 15.28 million tons, up 7.4%.The output of plastics in primary form was 47.98 million tons, up 9.3%;synthetic rubberThe output was 3.49 million tons, up 13.1%;Synthetic fibreThe output was 30.96 million tons, up 13.9%.caustic sodaThe output was 24.66 million tons, up 15.2%.The output of soda ash was 23.03 million tons, up 13.4%.Fertilizer output was 60.27 million tons, up 12.1%;Among them, the output of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer increased by 8.6%, 24.3% and 10.8% respectively.The output of pesticides was 2.65 million tons, up 21.4%.rubbertyreThe output of outer tubes was 832.09 million, up 8.5%.calcium carbideThe output was 17.38 million tons, up 22.3%.
China is accelerating industrialization and urbanizationDevelopment stageSome petroleum and chemical products still have large growth space. Private enterprises should find a good starting point and fully participate inPetrochemical industryIs developing.Product oil, potash fertilizer, etcSegmented industries、olefin, partOrganic raw materialsSuch high-end products as products with large gaps, new low-carbon materials such as natural gas and light hydrocarbon, and new specialty chemicals will be areas with large growth space during the "12th Five Year Plan" period.In petrochemical downstream industry, high-end organic raw materials, synthetic resin, synthetic rubberCoal to natural gasAccelerate the elimination of traditioncoal chemical industryBackward production capacity。During the "12th Five Year Plan" period, the scale of petroleum and chemical industries will continue to grow steadily, with total output valueAnnual average growth rateIt will reach more than 10%.By 2015, the total output value of the whole industry will grow to about 16 trillion yuan.In the past decade, China's oil and chemical industry has grown by 20.6% annually. By the end of 2010, the total output value of the oil and chemical industry had reached 8.88 trillion yuan.At present, China's industrialization process has not yet been completed. Urbanization is in a period of rapid development. The development of housing and transportation has formed a large-scale demand for energy and raw materials. In the future, the petroleum and chemical industries still have a large space for development.Petrochemical and chemical industry are key areas supported by the state.Specifically, during the "12th Five Year Plan" period, Sinopec focused on the development of residual oilFluidized bedHydrogenation, suspended bed hydrogenationFlexible coking, heavy oil catalytic cracking and other technologies, meeting the national standard VClean fuelTechnology, catalytic crackingFlue gas desulfurization and denitrification technology，Ethylene plantCracking, separationDeep cold、rectificationetc.Advanced Controlandoptimization techniqueAnd comprehensive utilization technology of by-products,aromatic hydrocarbonComplete production technology,synthetic resinHigh performance technology of synthetic rubber,Special synthetic fiberProduction technology, NewMolecular sieve material、Catalyst carrierAnd new preparation technology.
