Information Management IM is a way for human beings to effectively develop and utilize information resourcesmodern information technology To plan, organize, lead and control information resourcessocial activities。
In short, information management is about peopleinformation resourcesandInformation activitiesManagement of.Information management is a general term for the information that people collect, process, input and output in the whole management process.The process of information management includes information collectioninformation transmission、information processingandInformation storage。
Chinese name
information management
Foreign name
information Management IM
Alias
Information organization
Application means
modern information technology
Process
Information collection, transmission, processing and storage
information management（Information Management,IMInformation management (ICM) is the comprehensive use of technological, economic, policy, legal and humanistic methods and means to control information flows (including informal and formal information flows), so as to improveInformation utilizationIt is an activity aimed at realizing the utility value of information efficiently and to the maximum extent.
informationIt is the manifestation of the existence state and movement attribute of things."Things" generally refers tohuman societyThinking activities and all possible objects in nature."Mode of existence" refers to the internal structure andexternal relations。"Movement" refers to changes in all senses, including mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, thinking and social movements.“motion state ”It refers to the characteristics, trends and laws of things in time and space.
Information is generally transmitted from the information producer to the information user in two ways.One is generated by the information producerdirectFlow to information users, calledInformal information flow；The other is that informationinformation systemOfUnder controlFlow to information users, calledFormal information flow。
The so-called information management refers to the process of scientifically planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating various relevant factors (mainly people, information, technology and institutions) of information activities in human society to realize the rational development and effective utilization of information resources.It includesmicrocosmicManagement of information content - organization, retrieval, processing and service of information, including macro managementInformation institutionsAnd information system management.
To ensure the effective operation of the information system by formulating a sound information management system and adopting modern information technologyworking process。ExistingStatic management, andDynamic management, but more importantly, dynamic management.It not only ensures the integrity of information data, but also ensures that the information system“Information input- Information output ".
Information management is carried out by human beings to collect, process and use informationsocial activities。It is the development of science and technology,social environmentThe inevitable result and trend caused by the change of human thought and the progress of human thought.
Definition understanding
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The rapid development and wide application of information technology, such as computers, global communications and the Internet, are making profound changes in science, technology, economy, culture and society.Since the 1990s, mankind has entered the stage of "informatization", "networking" and“globalization”In the new era of economic development characterized by information, information has become an important resource supporting social and economic development after material and energy. It is changingsocial resourcesThe way of allocation of is changing people's values and ways of work and life.Understanding informationinformation science, IT andinformation societyGrasping information resources and information management is like graspingEnterprise financial management、Human Resources Managementandphysical distribution managementAnd so on.
The object of information management is information resources and information activities;Information science is a science that studies the laws of information movement and application methods;Information technology is about the generation, transmission, reception, transformation, identification and control of informationapplied technologyIt is the general name of information science, which bridges the gap between information science and production practice;Information ManagementIt is a science that takes information resources and information activities as the research object and studies the basic laws and methods of various information management activities.[1]
For the above definition, we should pay attention to the following aspects:
Objects of information management
(1)information resources
Circular information management
It's informationproducerInformation and information technologyOrganism。The fundamental purpose of information management iscontrol informationFlow direction, realizing the utility and value of information.However, information is not all resources. In order to make it a resource and realize its utility and value, we must use "human" intelligence and information technology and other means.Therefore, "human" is to control information resources and coordinateInformation activitiesThe subject of isMain elementsInformation collection, storage, transmission, processing and utilization are all inseparable from the support of information technology.Without the powerful role of information technology, it is impossible to achieve effective information management.Since information activities are essentially for the production, transmission and utilization of information resources, information resources are one of the objects and results of information activities.Information producer, information and information technology form oneOrganic entirety——Information resources are the basic elements of any information system and one of the research objects of information management.
(2) Information activities
Production management of information management
It refers to the management and service activities carried out by human society around the formation, transmission and utilization of information resources.Information resourceFormation stageIt is characterized by the generation, recording, collection, transmission, storage, processing and other activities of information in order to form available information resources.The development and utilization stage of information resources is characterized by the transmission, retrieval, analysis, selection, absorption, evaluation and utilization of information resources, with the purpose of realizing the value of information resources and achieving the purpose of information management.Simply manage information resources while ignoring those closely related to information resourcesInformation activitiesThe research object of information management is not comprehensive.
Information management is a kind of management
The basic functions of management activities "plan, organize, lead and control" are still the basic functions of information management activities, but the basic functions of information management are more targeted.
Information is no stranger to each of us.In real life, everyone is constantly receiving information, processing and using information, and dealing with information.
Modern managersmanagement styleOne of the important characteristics of the above is that they seldom deal with "specific things", but more deal with "information about things".management systemThe larger the scale and the more complex the structure, the stronger the desire for information.In fact, if any organization wants to form a unified will and pace, all elements must be able to accurately and quickly transmit information to each other.Manager'sEffective controlMust rely on all kinds of information from inside and outside the organization.Information, like talents, raw materials and energy, is regarded as an important resource for the survival and development of an organization, and has become a prerequisite for management activities. All management activities are inseparable from information, and all effective management is inseparable from information management.
Information management is a general term for the information that people collect, process, input and output in the whole management process.The process of information management includesinformation gathering、information transmission, information processing and information storage.
information gatheringIt is the acquisition of original information.
information transmissionIt is the transfer of information in time and space, because information can play a role only when it is delivered to the people who need it in time and accurately.
information processingIncluding transformation of information form andinformation contentProcessing of.InformativeFormal transformationIt refers to the informationTransmission processBy changing the carrier, the information can be accurately transmitted to the receiver.
The content processing of information refers to the processing and sorting of original information to reveal the content of information in depth.Through the processing of information content, the input information can become the information needed and can be used timely and effectivelyhead-hunting companyIt's also important.When information is sent to users, some are not useless after use, and some still need to be kept for reference and retention after work. This is information storage.It can be revealed from the storage of informationRegularityCan also be reused.
With the development of science and technology, especially information engineeringcomputerWith the rapid development and popularization of technology and other high-tech technologies, the world has entered the information age.Enterprise and organization requirementsinformation processingThe number of is getting larger and faster.To makecontrollerTo grasp accurate and reliable information in time and form true feedback after implementation, a fully functional and efficientmis。The information management system adoptselectronic computerMainly technical equipment, through automationCommunication network, connected with various information terminalsCommunication networkAnd communicate with all parties to ensure rapid, accurate and timely collection of information and issuance of orders.
features
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（1） Management characteristics
Information management is a kind of management, so it hasgeneralityfeatures.For example, the basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The object of management is organizational activities, and the purpose of management is to achieve organizational goals. These are also available in information management.However, as a specializedManagement type, but also has its own unique characteristics:
1. The objects of management are information resources and information activities;
2. Information management runs through the whole management process, has its own management, and supports other management activities.
along witheconomic globalizationThe political, economic and cultural exchanges between countries and regions in the world are increasingly frequent;The relationship between organizations is more and more extensive;There are more and more connections between various departments within the organization, so that a large amount of information is generated.At the same time,Information organizationAndStorage technologyRapid development makes information storage and accumulation reliable and convenient.
4. The research field involved in information management is expanding
From a scientific perspective, information management involves management science, social sciencebehavioral science, Economics, Psychologycomputer scienceEtc;Technically, information management involvescomputer technology, communication technology, office automation technology, testing technologyMicrofilm technologyEtc.[2]
5. Classified by information content: economic information management, scientific and technological information managementEducational information management, military information management, etc.[3]
Information management requirements
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timely
information management
The so-called timeliness means that the information management system should discover and provide the information needed for management activities sensitively and rapidly.There are two aspects: on the one hand, we should find and collect information in a timely manner.The information in modern society is complex and fast changing. Some information is fleeting and cannot be recalled.Therefore, the information management must reflect the progress and dynamics of the work in the fastest and most agile way, and record the situation and problems that have occurred in a timely manner.On the other hand, information should be delivered in time.Information can only play a role when it is transmitted to the people who need it, and it has a strongTimeliness。Therefore, useful information should be provided to relevant departments and personnel by the most rapid and effective means, making it the basis for decision-making, command and control.
accuracy
Information must not only be timely, but also accurate.Only accurate information can make decision makers make correct judgments.Distorted or even wrong information can not guide the management work, on the contrary, it will lead to management mistakes.
In order to ensure the accuracy of information, the original information must be reliable first.Only reliable original information can process accurate information.information workersCollecting and sortingRaw materialsWe must adhere to the principle of seeking truth from factsattitudeTo overcome the subjectivity and arbitrariness, the original materials should be carefully verified so that they can accurately reflect the actual situation.The second is to maintain the unity and uniqueness of information.Each link of a management system is both interrelated and mutually restricted, and the information reflecting the activities of these links is rigorousrelevance。Therefore, many information in the system can be shared in different management activities, which requires that the information in the system should be unified and unique.Therefore, when processing and sorting out information, we should pay attention to the unification of information andUnit of measurementSame to avoidInformation useSometimes it causes confusion.
management system
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brief introduction
information management
Not perfectmanagement systemAny advanced methods and means cannot play a full role.To ensuremisWe must establish a complete set of information management system asinformation work To standardize information management.The establishment of a sound information management system mainly includes the following aspects:
Establish original information collection system
All information related to organizational activities should be collected accurately and without omission.To this end, it is necessary to establish a corresponding system, assign special personnel or set up a special organization to collect original information.In organizational information management, necessary rewards should be given to units and individuals with outstanding work performance, and necessary punishment should be given to those who delay and distort information due to irresponsibility, or fabricate and provide false data for some purpose.
Specify information channels
In information management, it is necessary to clearly define the verticalInformation channelAt the same time, the horizontal information channel between peers should also be clearly defined.Establish necessary systems, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of each unit and department in providing information to the outside world, reasonably divide the work within the organization, and avoid repeated collection and collection of information.
Improve information utilization
The utilization rate of information, which generally means that effective information accounts for allOriginal informationOfpercentage 。The higher the percentageinformation work The greater the effect.On the contrary, it not only causes waste in human and material resources, but also makes useful information unable to get normal circulation.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen information processing institutions and improve the professional level of information workers, improve the information management system, and make information workers haveIdentification informationAbility.At the same time, we must attach importance to the use of scientificquantitative analysis method , find out rules from a large amount of data, and improvescientific managementLevel, so that information can play a full role.
Establish information feedback system
information feedbackIt refers to timely discovery of plans andDecision executionAnd effectively control and adjust the organizationUnresponsive, which will bring loss to the work.Therefore, the organization must place tracking inspection, supervision and feedback in management at an important position, strictly stipulate the supervision and feedback system, regularly conduct in-depth analysis of various data and information, and establish fast and sensitive information through multiple channelsfeedback system。
Basic mode
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Introduction to mode
Four Modes of Information Management: From Dictatorship to Democracy
According to the research on the information application and development history of many companies, there are four typical types of informationmanagement model ：
(1) Information dictatorship only a few people have the right to access information;
(2) InformationAnarchyEveryone can build their own information system, which is in a state of chaos;
(4) Information ambassadors go beyond the scope of a single institution, and information is more democraticEnterprise boundaryInformation established“embassy”。
Information dictatorship
Information dictatorship refers toInformation privilegesConcentrated in the hands of a few people.Although a few senior managers can get some useful information, they often need to use expensive information systems——Manager Information SystemEIS，To get.This EIS system is very complex, difficult to program, and inconvenient to use.The more serious and profound problem is that because all decisions are made by a few people, the wisdom of many employees is not used.
In addition, there is a more subtle information dictatorship model, namely, enterprise managers and otherservice managerWe don't have any EIS system, but the enterprise has trained a group of experts and installed special report, analysis and statistics software in their computers.This concept, called "information center", expands the use of information to moreBusiness personnelHowever, unknowingly, these technical elites have become another form of informationdictator。
In these two information dictatorship models, the middle and lower level employees are deprived of the right to information, so there are two kinds of people: the information privileged class and the information isolated class.The information isolation layer may be put more pressure to make betterWork performance, but without giving them information
information management
It is very difficult in the case of emotional power.So they may launch an information rebellion and demand to establish their own datamanagement system。This is what causedData overloadThe foundation of.
Information anarchy
Information anarchyIt comes from the fact that individuals or departments have included the required information into their own hands.The result is the rapid generation of data "territory" or "underground" databases that are independent of each other.Because these "underground" databases are built on incompatible software and hardware platforms and application bases, they can not be connected at all. The inherent chaos and other shortcomings of this anarchy have caused serious damage to internal communication and enterprise profitability.
Similar to many short-lived anarchy events in history, information anarchy is often just a short carnival process.The department establishing its own underground database can only be satisfied with the solution in an instant, because onceSenior managementWhen receiving reports of inconsistent data from different departments, they will question the authenticity of the data.In this way, these underground databases of unknown origin will be unified sooner or later.
Information democracy
Many companies have come to understand that sharing information among all employees in an enterprise can greatly increase the value of information.They also understand that in order toenterprise behaviorMore agile and efficient, we can't shut most employees out of the information door and let them work blindly.
The information analysis model of chewing numbers, acting independently and decentralizingly will gradually give way to information democracy.The latter improves accurate information to employees and delegatesDecision making powerAnd give enterprises the ability to act faster and more agile.According to the survey, the greater the degree of democratization and empowerment, the greater the value of information.The more inclined they are to break institutional boundaries, the greater the value of information.DruckerIt also believes that "decision-making should be made at the lowest level of the organization and as close as possible to the executor of this decision."
Information Ambassador
Information democracy does not need to be limited to enterprisesfirewallLi.adoptInternet，Information democracyThrough the enterpriseInternetIt extends to customers, suppliers and partners.containBusiness IntelligenceThe enterprise extranet should be a secure website, and users outside the enterprise can obtain and analyze information.Because they represent the frontier of the company's communication with the outside world, they are called information ambassadors.Visionary enterprises use e-commerce to establish information ambassadors, with the purpose of providing external users with the means to obtain, analyze and share relevant information.With this information ambassador, customers, suppliers and partners will also make their business more intelligent.The enterprise extranet mainly includes the following threeapplication area Formation:Supply chainType extranet, user relationship extranet andInformation intermediaryType extranet.
suchInformation AmbassadorIt will be the main difference between the future Internet companies and other companies.These companies that can use value-added information to improve their products and services will be able to provide customers with more valuable suggestions and ultimately winCustomer loyalty 。
Correlation
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Relationship Introduction
corporate cultureThere is a natural connection between innovation and information management, such as human nature, knowledge, innovation, etc.Information management is inseparable from enterprise culture. Information management is the era coordinate and criterion of enterprise culture. Information management construction also needs the support of culture, which is precisely for efficient information management.
Soft resources
Enterprise resourcesIt can be divided into hard resources andSoft resources。Enterprise informationAnd corporate culture are soft resources of enterprises.Corporate information and corporate culture have the following characteristics:
Hard resources are limited and non renewable.While enterprise information andCorporate culture innovationRelatively speaking, it is infinite and renewable.Knowledge, culture, ideas, ideas, etc., are not used less but used more.in useChina CouncilIt keeps growing.Knowledge, technology, culture and ideas can be constantly innovated, developed and increased.Information resources have a lifetime. As time goes onuse valueGradually reduce or even completely disappear.However, information has different meanings at different times, places and purposes.So as to show the new use value.
Hard resources generally haveexclusivity And exclusivity, there is a clear boundary.But enterprise information andCorporate culture innovationIt is different and shared.Knowledge, technology, culture, ideas, etc. can be learned and mastered without boundaries, relying on a learning ability, which is also a soft resource and can be created through training.Enterprise information can also be used by many parties.
Hard resourcemarginal cost Is incremental.However, enterprise information and enterprise culture innovation are different, which will not increase the cost with the increase of usage, but decrease the cost with the increase of users and usage.The more knowledge, technology and culture you learn, the more you accumulate, the lower the cost of relearning, and the faster and more you can master new technologies and knowledge.Knowledge, technology and culture can be continuously improved, and their marginal benefits are increasing.
Products based on hard resources are easy to learn and imitate. With the increase of output, the more they are sold, the lower the profit will be, forming a "small profit but quick turnover".andInformation productsBut it is different becausetechnical contentMultiple, high cultural tasteSocial effectsLarge, difficult to learn and imitate, with certainMonopolyEtc.stayEnterprise servicesAnd management, goodCorporate culture innovationIt is reflected in good marketing relationsMarket effectMedium.
Enterprise environmentIt is the most important factor in shaping corporate culture innovationProduction and operationSociety andBusiness environment, including market, governmentTechnical environmentAnd so on.These factors are the direct reasons that affect the implementation of information management.The rapid development of information technology has arousedknowledge economyThe emergence of the, and the world's continuous voice for the knowledge economy has promoted enterprises to highly integrate and refine information resources, and achieve full sharing, which is actually information management.
The core position of values in corporate culture is whether corporate culture innovation canenterprise operation The key to playing a positive role.The values of an enterprise are actually the ideology and culture of the enterpriseideologyThe core content of the system is also the spirit, belief, motivation and pursuit of the enterprise.For example, many domestic and foreign enterprises have their ownCore valuesMoreover, these values are guiding the culture and development of the enterprise, and have received good results.Enterprises that implement information management adhere to the value of knowledge as the core, which is also the value of people-oriented, because knowledge mainly exists in the human brain.This is similar to the traditionindustrial ageDifferent values will encourage enterprises to advocate knowledge,respect intellectualOfCorporate culture innovationAtmosphere.And put this guiding spirit and specific informationManagement thoughtAnd methods into the daily management and employee behavior of the enterprise, so that employees show unusual enthusiasm in their work and are willing toEnterprise developmentMake every effort to promote the smooth implementation of information management subjectively.
（3） Motivating cultural factors
In information management,Knowledge workersIn paying attention toMaterial incentiveAt the same time, pay more attention to reputation and other spiritual things.Enterprises should try to add more effective new incentive content according to these new characteristics and needs.
（4） Corporate culture network factors
Cultural networkIt refers to the innovation of corporate cultureinformation transferThe main channels and paths ofCorporate ValuesAnd the "carrier" of hero anecdotes is the channel to spread corporate culture innovation.Enterprise managers oftenFormalityAnd informal cultural network channels to disseminate relevant information conducive to the development of information managementEnterprise spiritAnd other cultures to promote and educate, so as to achieve a subtle effect.
Cultural innovation
To successfully implement information management, enterprises must carefully study the characteristics of corporate culture innovation under information management, and actively build theCorporate culture systemAnd ultimately promote the management level of enterprise operation and improve the ability of enterprises to create value.
（1） Emphasize the people-oriented corporate culture
The important characteristic of "people-oriented" enterprise culture innovation is to attach importance toHuman value, correctly understand the position and role of employees in the enterprise, and stimulate employees'Holistic consciousnessAnd fundamentally mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of employees.Knowledge workers exert themselvesSelf-development、The need for self realizationOnly in the "people-oriented"Corporate culture innovationEnvironment.
（2） Corporate culture that encourages innovation
Encouraging innovation and supporting change are the distinctive features of promoting the innovation of corporate culture in information management. In the context of information management, enterprises not onlyKnowledge resourcesTransform into new products, new processes, newOrganizational managementIn addition to the middle, we should also try to produce and market the innovative results quickly, which must be assisted by corporate culture innovation to promote the consensus of innovation and change within the enterprise.Enterprises will encounter various setbacks on the way of innovation. To be indomitable, they must establish a system that encourages continuous learning and tolerates failureCorporate culture innovation。
（3） Create a learning enterprise culture
Enterprises must improve their ability to acquire knowledge and effectively apply knowledge, and learnresearch and developmentIt is the basic way to acquire this ability.The enterprise should create a learning environment for all employees, provide opportunities for common learning, encourage employees to be good at learning, master the latest knowledge, improve learning ability and execution ability, and put learning throughout the wholeCareerAnd create something.
（4） Building a shared corporate culture of harmony and trust
The exchange and sharing of knowledge is not unconditional and freeKnowledge exchangeAnd sharing requires oneHarmonious environmentandMutually trustinginterpersonal relationship。The enterprise should create an atmosphere of knowledge exchange and sharing, and establish aSenior managersFriendly and cooperative sharing between ordinary employeesCorporate culture innovation。Of course, such shared corporate culture innovation must be guided and constrained by corresponding incentive and punishment mechanisms, and corresponding knowledge should also be adoptedInformation exchangeMethods, such as throughE-mailBBS forum, real-time information exchange toolQQOr blog to ensure implementation.
Enterprise information and enterprise culture v are very important soft resources for modern enterprises to enhance their competitive strength.A good corporate culture will effectively promote the enrichment and efficient use of corporate information.Therefore, constantly enrich and innovate the corporate culture and strengthen the enterpriseInformation constructionAnd become an area where enterprises continue to explore theory and practice.[4]
