synonymArmour protection(Old era system) generally refers to the Baojia system
Armour protectionsystemIt was the beginning of the Song Dynasty withmilitaryAdministrationHousehold registration management system.Baojia system is ChinaFeudal dynastyIt is a means of social governance that has lasted for a long time. Its most essential feature is that "households" (families) are social organizationsbasicCompany, which is different from the western individual unit.Baojia Marshalling Group takes household as the unit and sets household head;Ten households are Ahead of a group of households；In order to guarantee the top tenBaochang。Each guarantor shall set up the boundary of the original township in the area under its jurisdiction, or combine the townships as one guarantor, but shall not divide the township into one part and incorporate it into the guarantor of another township.
Chinese name
Armour protection system
Establishment period
Song dynasty
System type
Means of social governance (grass-roots administrative organizations)
Baojia system is a long-term means of social governance in the feudal dynasty of China. Its most essential feature is that "household" (family) is the basic unit of social organization, which is different from the western individual unit.The political theory of China's feudal dynasties is to integrate the state relationship and the patriarchal relationship into one, and the family concept is included in the concept of monarchy.
As a result, there were five schools in the Han Dynasty, ten schools, and one hundred schools;Four families in the Tang Dynasty were "neighbors", five families were "protectors", and a hundred families were "li". Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty proposed that ten families should be the first protectors, five protectors should be the first protectors, and ten protectors should be the first capital protectors.
the Nanjing National GovernmentThe grass-roots administrative organization system below the county level during the period.During the Anti Japanese War, in the occupied areas of North China“Campaign for Strengthening Public Security”It was also widely implemented in China.It was the old feudal system after the Song Dynasty.In August 1932, Chiang Kai shek issued the "Compilation of Counties in Bandit Suppression Area"Armour protectionAfter the Household Registration Regulations, it was officially implemented in the surrounding areas of the Red Army revolutionary base in Henan, Hubei and Anhui provinces.Later, it expanded to Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Gansu, Ningxia, Hunan, Suiyuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other provinces, as well as Beiping (now Beijing) and Nanjing.Revised by the Executive Yuan in February 1937《Armour protection regulations》, promote nationwide.
historical background
Announce
edit
Large towns and villages may be grouped into several security guards, and a joint office of the security guards shall be set up. The security guards shall mutually recommend one person as the director.The head of the household is basically the head of the household. The head of Baojia is nominally recommended by the heads of the household and the head of Baojia. However, when the county magistrate finds out that he is not "competent" or thinks it necessary to replace him, he may order the original proposer to change his name.The head of the household must sign and join in the Baojia Statute, and the head of the household in the union shall have joint insuranceLianzuoCut the knot, and declare that if there is a situation of "helping the bandits and indulging the bandits", all households will be jointly guaranteed and joint sitting will be implemented.Under the direction and supervision of the district security commander, the security commander is responsible for maintaining peace and order within the security commander.Co insurance directorsufferDistrict headCommand and supervise, and take the overall responsibility for maintaining the peace and order of each security, but the security chiefs are still responsible for the affairs of each security.The basic work of the Party A protection organization is to implement "management, education, maintenance and hygiene"."Control" includes checking household registration, checking guns, and practicing joint sittingCut knotEtc;"Teaching" includes school guarantee and training of able-bodied persons;"Raising" includes creating the so-calledcooperative, surveying land, etc;"Health" includes the establishment of placesGroup exercise, patrol, alert, etc.On September 19, 1939, the National Government announced the "Outline of Organizations at All Levels of the County", adding one deputy security director, who was also appointed as the security directorNational schoolPresident andAble-bodied youth teamCaptain, further strengthen the armour protection system.In 1949, the Nanjing National Government was abolished with the end of its rule in the mainland.
After the establishment of the Government of the Republic of China in 1912, some provinces and autonomous regions have spontaneously implemented the Baojia system;It was implemented for some time after 1923Neighboring system, but the effect is not ideal.According to research, the official implementation originated from the national government's encirclement and suppression of the Red Army led by the Communist Party at that time.The Kuomintang "Bandit Suppression Headquarters", which attacked the Red Army in 1931, believed that one of the reasons for the ineffective "Communist suppression" was that the local people did not support the government.In order to eliminate this "malpractice", the Party Affairs Committee under the headquarters set up a special local self-defence office to study and draft the armour protection system and regulations. In June of the same year, it was first tried out in 43 counties, including Xiushui, Jiangxi Province;In August 1932, the headquarters officially issued the "Instructions on Implementing Baojia by the General Headquarters of Suppressing Bandits in Henan, Hubei and Anhui Provinces" and the "Regulations on Examining Baojia Household Registration by Counties in Bandits Suppression Areas", and the Baojia system was officially established in the "suppression of bandits".1934Kuomintang Central Political ConferenceAnd the Executive Yuan shall order all provinces and cities to implement it;In 1935, Nanjing and Peiping also successively implemented the Baojia system.
The period of the Republic of China on the mainland
During the period of the Republic of China, the basic form of the armour protection system in villages was ten households, and ten households were guaranteed. The actual operation of the system in cities, villages and regions can be slightly flexible.In cities, each door number is considered as one household, just as there are more than two families in a door number, they are still considered as one household, and they are listed as the number one household, the number one household, the number one household, and the number one household.The head of household shall appoint one person from each family in this house.According to the provisions of the Draft Interim Measures of Nanjing City for Marshalling Party A, in Nanjing City, "25 households are designated as Party A, and 25 households are designated as Party A", "more than 15 households are designated as Party A, and less than 14 households are designated as Party A in the neighborhood; more than 15 households are designated as Party A, and less than 14 households are designated as Party A in the neighborhood".In February 1938, the Executive Yuan issued the "Points for Attention in Holding Joint Insurance and Joint Insurance Meetings in All Places during Emergency Times", which stipulates that "if there are many strangers in urban areas, or there are more local residents than aborigines, the good and the bad are hard to distinguish, and they are unwilling to be jointly insured, they may order five households in the insurance to sign joint insurance, or two rich businesses or rich households in the county and city, or current civil servants to issue a letter of guarantee, and their responsibilities are the same as joint insurance."
Period of Japanese Occupation in Taiwan
Taiwan under Japanese ruleTaiwan Governor's OfficeThe system used by the police to control Taiwan's society is also called Baojia system.
content
Announce
edit
Book of armour protection system
Baojia system is ChinaFeudal dynastyThe most essential feature of a social control means that has lasted for a long time is that the "household" (family) is the basic unit of social organization, which is different from the individual unit in the West.The political theory of Confucianism is to combine state relations withPatriarchal clan systemThe relationship is integrated into one, and the concept of family is included in the concept of monarchy.As a result, there were five schools in the Han Dynasty, ten schools, and one hundred schools;The four families in the Tang Dynasty were "neighbors", the five families were "protectors", and the hundred families were "li". Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty proposed that ten families should be the first protectors, the five protectors should be the first protectors, and the ten protectors should be the first capital protectors. In the Qing Dynasty, the ten-year Baojia system was very similar to that of the Republic of China“Brand A system”With 10 households as one card, 10 cards as one armour, and 10 armour as one guarantor, the feudal imperial dynasty established strict control over the country.
development
Announce
edit
the Nanjing National Government
At the beginning of the Republic of China, the Baojia system was abandoned due to the influence of the Western political concept of taking individuals as social organizational units.However, in the areas under their control, local power groups still implement similar systems, such as the "card and armour system" in Guangdong, the "village and armour system" in Guangxi, the "regiment and armour system" in Yunnan, and the "lu and neighbour system" in many northern provinces.After the founding of the Nanjing National Government, it was stipulated in the Organic Law of the County that every hundred households below the district were townships (towns), every 25 households below the township were villages, and every 5 households below the village were neighbors.
The Baojia system of the Republic of China was put forward when the Kuomintang carried out a military "encirclement and suppression" of the Workers and Peasants Red Army, and Chiang Kai shek supervised Jiangxi as the chairman of the Military Commission. He believed that one of the reasons for the ineffective "suppression" of the Communist Party was that the people did not support the government.So in“Bandit Suppression Headquarters”The local self-defence department was set up in the Party Affairs Committee to study the armour protection system and draft laws and regulations, which were first tried out in Jiangxi.In June 1931, Chiang Kai shek designated 43 counties including Xiushui in Jiangxi Province as Baojia, and abolished the original Lu Neighbors and other autonomous organizations.In the following year, the "Bandit Suppression" Headquarters of Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces, with Chiang Kai shek as the commander in chief, issued the Regulations on Compiling and Checking the Household Registration of All Counties in Bandit Suppression Districts in, stipulating that 10 households are A, 10 A are guaranteed, and joint security is required.In 1934, the Kuomintang“Central Political Council”At the 432nd meeting, it was decided that the Executive Yuan should order all provinces and cities to effectively handle local armour protection. Accordingly, the Executive Yuan notified all provinces in December of the same year to generally implement the armour protection system.As a result, the Baojia system was extended from the "bandit suppression" area to the whole country.
The specific laws and regulations of the armour protection system have been revised many times.The Legislative Yuan once formulated 42 articles of Baojia Regulations in September 1936, and amended them to 40 articles on July 2, 1937, but they were not published.When the War of Resistance Against Japan took place, the Chairman of the Military Commission in Chongqing set up and collated the Plan for Safeguarding Armour in All Counties of Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces. In 1939, the Outline of Organizations at All Levels of Counties had specific provisions on the system of protecting armour in wartime.
form
Announce
edit
Armour protection system
The basic form of the armour protection system of the Nanjing National Government of China is the 10 digit system (10 households are the armour protection system, 10 households are the armour protection system, and more than 10 households are the villages and towns).Later, in view of the different geographical, traffic and economic conditions in different regions, flexible measures were adopted when implementing the "new county system", which stipulated that "the number of A units should be ten, not less than six, and more than fifteen", "the number of A units should be ten, not less than six, and more than fifteen", and "the number of A units should be ten, not less than six, and more than fifteen"The division shall be based on the principle of ten guarantees, which shall not be less than six guarantees and more than fifteen guarantees ".The security office has two security officers, one is the chief and one is the deputy security officer, one is the civil affairs officer, one is the security officer, one is the security officer, one is the security officer, and the other is the security officer. The security officer is also the captain of the national militia team and the president of the national security school. Like the head of the township (town), it also implements the "trinity" of administration, military, and culture. The security officer is usually the local landlord, local tyrant, and villain.The Kuomintang attaches great importance to the selection of Baojia leader, and tries to firmly control the people through Baojia leader, "so that every Baojia leader canPolitical policeTask ".
essence
Announce
edit
Armour protection system
The essence of Baojia system is to turn the whole country into a big prison through the joint guarantee and sitting down method.Joint guarantee means that all households jointly guarantee to each other, and guarantee each other not to do anything in common;If one family commits a "crime", nine will report it. If not, ten will commit a crime.The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the National Government has specially issued an interim measure for joint sitting, which mainly includes: when issuing a joint sitting and closing, the head of household shall sign, seal or deposit it in a box, in duplicate, with the balance in the county and the balance in the district.Each household shall report immediately if it finds that another household is a "bandit", a "bandit" or a "bandit". If it conceals and does not report, it will be punished as a "crime of sheltering" or "crime of indulging in bandits".An official of the Ministry of the Interior, who has been engaged in compiling and checking accounts for a long time, said when talking about the reason for adopting the joint insurance method, in the past, the government used to reward whistleblowers with rewards, but the price of the rewards often could not compensate for the losses caused by the "bandits" retaliation.After the implementation of the joint protection and sitting down law, it has played a role in restraining the people, making them "fear the law but not the bandits".After the Anti Japanese War, the National Government revised the above given practice in the Plan of Sorting out the Plan of Protecting the First Class in the Counties of Sichuan Guizhou Business Province, and changed it to sitting in tandem without signing a pledge.That is to say, each household does not need to sign a pledge, but if there are cases of "bandits" or "bandits" among the residents in A, once the judicial organ finds out, each household in A will be immediately punished for sitting together.The reasons for proposing the above changes in the explanation of the law are: different from poor officials, households in A often do not want to sign a joint guarantee;However, the households willing to sign a joint guarantee agreement are always close. If a household has illegal acts, the co signers will not report them. "Therefore, it is better to make all households with Party A bear the responsibility of joint guarantee agreement, and only explain it in their doorplates.".
principle
Announce
edit
1927the Nanjing National GovernmentThe armour protection system implements the principle of "management, education, maintenance and hygiene", which makes the armour protection system not only serve "autonomy", but also benefit the so-calledself-defense。Chiang Kai shek put forward the concept of "managing, teaching, supporting and defending".On February 5, 1934, at the Memorial Week of the Zhejiang Provincial Government, Chiang Kai shek put forward the words "teach, support and defend".On May 16, 1936 and July 1937, he added the word "Guan" to the Lushan Military Training Corps."Management, education, maintenance and health" respectively represent four aspects of management, education, economy and military affairs.Chen LifuIn the Local Construction Issues (April 1941), it was explained that "governing" means autonomous governance, "teaching" means confident channel, "raising" means self support, and "defending" means defending the country.But Chiang Kai shek explained it more clearly. He said thatArmour protectionForMilitarizationService, "militarization is the fundamental spirit for us to implement autonomy practicalism in the future", "military organization is the highest model of all human organizations, and allsocial organizationIt can be said that they all originated from the army ".
comment
Announce
edit
Although the Kuomintang authorities have great hopes for the Baojia system, the implementation of the Baojia system has little effect. The reason is that "most fair people are unwilling to serve as the Baojia leader, and most unworthy people are profitable and try every means to exploit the Baojia leader". "There are only bad people in the world, and good systems become tools to exploit the people, so the peoplevoices of discontent”。This is the assessment made by Kuomintang members themselves.
