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Central Plains, also known as Huaxia, Zhongtu and Zhongzhou, meansbasin between the Yellow River and the River LuoCentricYellow RiverMiddle and lower reaches[1]When corresponding to the foreign nationality, the Central Plains also refers to China in general and Henan in a narrow sense.[2-5]
The original meaning of the Central Plains is "the best wilderness in the world"Excellent Chinese Traditional CultureThe important place of origin ofChinese Civilization It is the cradle of the Chinese nation and is regarded as the center of the world.[70]Central PlainsChinese nationAnd the expansion of the Central Plains civilizationCentral Plains CultureAs the core of the communication between the Han people and various ethnic groups, the Central Plains cultureChinese civilization In the process of integration of multiple origins, it occupies the core position.[53]。The Chinese nation with relatively advanced culture is called different from the Siyi peoplethe chinese people。[6-9]
Central Plains is the area with the largest number of capital building dynasties, the longest history and the largest number of ancient capitals in ChinaXia DynastySince then, there have been businessesweek、Chinese, Wei, JinSui Dynasty、Tang DynastyIn more than 20 dynasties, including the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, more than 300 emperors established or moved their capitals here. The Central Plains has long been China's political, economic, cultural andTransportation CenterSince ancient times, there has been a saying that "those who win the Central Plains win the world". Only by chasing the Central Plains can the world be established.
Youchao Family of the Ancient Emperor of the Central Plains
The word "Central Plains" appeared very early. Yin RuinsOracleThere is the word "medium" in,Western Zhou DynastyInscriptions on bronzeThere is the word "original" in.According to the analysis of ancient characters, "Yuan" is a place with abundant springs and suitable for survival;The original meaning of the word "Zhong" is the emblem.Most inscriptions on oracle bones have the words of "standing in the middle", which means building the flag.It can be seen from this that China is the place where the central government and all parties come together, and where people gather to make decisions.[62]
The word Zhongyuan first appeared in《The Book of Songs》, which means in the wilderness.Heluo area was regarded by the ancients as "the best wilderness in the world"[67]。For example, "Xiaoya · South Jiayu · Jiri": "From the Qi Ju, the place of the emperor. Looking at the Central Plains, Qi Kong has" Xiaoya · Jienanshan · Xiaowan ":" There are Shu in the Central Plains, and the common people pick it ";The Book of Songs·Xiaoya · Jiri》Said: "Look at the Central Plains, and there are Qikong"."Guoyu · Yue Language Part 1": "I don't know how weak I am, but I also stand against a big country to expose the bones of the people in the Central Plains, which is my crime." These are the earliest sources of the word "Central Plains", which means "wilderness".[6][10]Central PlainsChinese civilizationIn the process of multi origin integration, it occupies the core position of integration.[53]
evolution
The word "Central Plains" originally meant "wilderness".The first time to specify the geographical position of "Central Plains" was《Shang Shu, Yu Gong》。The Shangshu Yugong divides the world into“Kyushu”，YuzhouIt is among the nine states in the world, so it is called Zhongzhou, also known as "Central Plains".
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people consciously used the Central Plains as a regional name.《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals·In the 23rd year of Xi Gong, it is recorded that "Jin and Chu governed the army and met in the Central Plains."geographical positionThey are located in the south and north of the Central Plains respectively. "Encountering the Central Plains" is the middle zone between them.The meaning of "Central Plains" is still in the specific geographical appellation andgeneralityThe ambiguous situation between the two fields.[62]
In the Han Dynasty and later, the word "Central Plains" also existed in the history books of the wilderness people, coexisting with the geographical concept of Central Plains.For example,Sima XiangruWhen he was sent to the Southwest Barbarians, he said: "In order to pass on the land to the descendants and become famous in the future generations, it is a wise man and a gentleman who use their liver and brain to besmear the Central Plains,OintmentRun the weeds without hesitation.The Central Plains here still refers to the "wilderness".[11]
Western Han DynastySima Xiangru《Yu Bashu》: The word "Central Plains" in "Liver and Brain smears Central Plains, and ointment moistens wild grass" still means wild.
《Redords of the Grand History of China·Biographies of the Lord's Father of the Marquis of Pingjin: "However, you can't be a bird in the Central Plains because you can't fight in the west.".
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the term "Central Plains" was used as a specific termGeographical regionThe meaning of "is finally clear and recognized by the whole society.".Zhuge Liang《Memorial on Sending Out the Troops》"Today, the south has been determined, and the number of soldiers is enough. When the three armies are rewarded, the north will be determined." Here, the Central Plains refers to the Central Plains, which is basically the same as today.It directly refers to a geographical region centered on Luoyang.[62]
Stereotype
Scribes on pottery unearthed from Erlitou Site
Selected Works·Xie Lingyun》Poem: "The Central Plains was in turmoil in the past, and the chaos could not be solved." Li Shanzhu: "The Central Plains is called Luoyang."
《History of the Song Dynasty·Biography of Li Gang: "Since ancient times, the leader of Zhongxing has started in the northwest, which is enough to base on the Central Plains and southeast".The meaning of the word "Central Plains" is further expanded to refer to a large area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.[12]
Song dynastyLu You: "Wang Shi set the Central Plains in the north,funeral service attended by the members of the bereaved familyDon't forget to tell Naiweng. "As a famous sentence handed down through the ages, it containsSouthern Song DynastyThe complex of people's obsession with the Central Plains can be compared with that of people in the Six Dynasties.[13]
brightZhao Zhenyuan"Sacrifice to Master Li Yuan Shi and Imply the Constitution": "When the public heard of the national change, he became angry with his canthus, bent over the Central Plains, gathered to meet his needs, and returned to Jinling." The "Central Plains" refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Zhong Hua Book CompanyPhotocopy of the 1936 edition《unabridged dictionary》The explanation of the word "Central Plains" goes: "Henan and its nearby areas were called Central Plains in ancient timesEastern Jin DynastyThe Southern Song Dynasty also had a unified referenceLower Yellow RiverThey belong to the Central Plains. "[7]
The Commemorative Edition of Ciyuan (two volumes in total) published by the Commercial Press in 2009: "In the narrow sense, the Central Plains refers to the current Henan area. In the broad sense, the Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, mainly Henan Province."[3]
Center of Civilization
Duan Hongzhen made a systematic clarification of the concept of "Central Plains".He believed that China means the Central Plains,physical geographyIt means the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,human geographyIn the sense of including relative to the surroundingall kinds of barbariansIn general, the central region refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River where Chinese ethnic groups live.In the narrow sense, the Central Plains refers to the areas on both sides of the Yellow River in the present Henan area, and in the broad sense, the Central Plains refers to the surrounding areas with Henan as the center.fromarchaeologyFrom the perspective, the Central Plains refers to the Central Plains Archaeological Cultural Zone.From 6000 BC to 2000 BC, the Central Plains was locatedGestation periodThe Central Plains was initially formed in the Xia Dynasty from 2000 BC to 1600 BC.[53]stayChinese civilization In the initial period, the regional names of "in the world" and "Heluo" specifically refer to the Heluo areaXia Shang ZhouFoundations were laid for three generations,Heluo CultureAnd become more and more popular in the Central PlainsHeartland。Pre QinThere was a saying that Luoyi (now Luoyang) was the center of the world.
Geographical scope
Announce
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Central Plains topography
In the north, west and south of the Central PlainsTaihang、Ambush cattle, bear ear, foreign partyTung cypressSurrounded by Dabie Mountains, the central and eastern parts are endlessNorth China Plain, known asChinese nationBassinetYellow RiverIt crosses the border from west to east.Huaihe River SystemandHaihe River SystemAndYangtze River systemA tributary ofDanjiangIt also flows through here.Central Plains has been an important place since ancient times, and is regarded as "the pivot of China and the world"[4]。《unabridged dictionary》The "Central Plains" is interpreted as "the name of the region, namely, Zhongtu and Zhongzhou, which are different from the border areas." In the context of historical documents, the Central Plains has the following meanings: in a narrow sense, the Central Plains refers to todayHenan ProvinceOne Belt;In a broad sense, the Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the whole areaYellow River Basin。According to historical facts,Central Plains DynastyMeansNorthern Song DynastyIts former capitals were in the Central Plains and enjoyed historical status.[55]The Central Plains region we are talking about mainly refers to the region starting from Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province in the west, reaching Kaifeng in the east of Henan Province in the east, reaching the Huaihe River in the south and the Yellow River in the north.From the Erlitou Kingdom to the Li Erligang Kingdom, the Yin Ruins Late Shang Kingdom, the Western Zhou Dynasty Kingdom, the Qin and Han Dynasties, and even the Tang and Song Dynasties, the capital cities and the core areas under the rule of all dynasties in China are in the Central Plains.In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, although the capital of the country was not in the Central Plains, they all followed the basic political etiquette system, cultural ideology and the policy of pacifying the country that had been formed and developed in the Central Plains from the Erlitou Kingdom to the Tang and Song dynasties.[69]
The excavation of Nanzhao Ape Man in September 1978 shows that humans lived and multiplied in the Central Plains 500000 years ago.
Excavation representatives in 2007Paleolithic AgeThe "Xuchang people" of the "Xuchang people" show that the ancient people who lived 80000-100000 years ago had made good use of stone tools, and found for the first time in China the dental buttons, needles and dyes used by the ancestors to make clothes 15000 years agoOchre(pigment) and other clothing relics.
About 8000 years agopeiligang culture OfJiahu Site, unearthedNeolithic AgeThere are nearly 5000 cultural relics, indicating that there are developed agricultureAnimal HusbandryAnd pottery makinghandicraft industry。Especially the earliest and best preservedJiahu Bone Flute, rewriting the world music history;The unearthed wine relics, copied by the American formula, produced the ancient wine 9000 years ago, causing a world sensation.
7000 years agoYangshao CultureA large number of painted pottery and polished stone tools have been unearthed, which fully reflects the production and living conditions of our ancestors in the Neolithic Age.
The middle and late Neolithic and ancient civilizations in various regions, including the Central Plains, made different contributions to the origin and early development of Chinese civilization, whether big or small, early or late, strong or weak, long or temporary,However, some characteristics of the early culture in the Central Plains represented by the Wuyang Jiahu Culture and the Yangshao Culture Miaodigou type were not only inherited by the later Shang and Zhou civilizations and later Chinese civilizations, but also unique compared with other civilizations in the world.These characteristics of the Central Plains may have been gradually formed since the late Paleolithic Age, because of its central location advantage, which can easily accept people from all directions and various fresh cultural factors.[69]Central PlainsTheocracyBeliefs have always been underdeveloped, while witchcraft and theocracy beliefs in surrounding areas have generally been very prosperous.From late Yangshao era toHenan Longshan CultureDuring this period, the development of ancient culture really entered a relatively dark stage.And the ancient Hongshan countryLingjiatanAncient countriesLiangzhu Ancient Country, Shimao Ancient Country andTao TempleCompared with the quasi kingdom, the development of the Central Plains in this period was relatively lagging behind.There are various reasons for this, but the underdeveloped belief in theocracy may be one of the important reasons.People's secular needs are generally relatively mild, and only irrational belief in theocracy can "stimulate" people's creativity to the greatest extent.For example, all kinds of large-scale artificial ceremonial buildings, exquisite jade ritual vessel systems and large-scale funeral facilities in the aforementioned ancient countries are the result of the flourishing belief in theocracy.The Central Plains paid more attention to secular affairs, and the theocracy was controlled at a moderate level, which made the progress of its civilization origin relatively slow and would take a long timeChieftain-stateormilitary democracy Phase.[54]
Xia Dynasty
Jiuzhou Map
Over 4000 years agoerlitou culture(The first wide area monarchical country in Chinese history), the Central Plains entered the era of combining stone and bronzeprivate ownershipAnd class, and then the firstSlave stateXia DynastyThe establishment of the Xia Dynasty was a historic turning point in Chinese civilization from the starry sky to the starry sky (the moon is bright and the stars are rare), which created the earliest Chinese dynasty with monarchy, family and country as one. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty meant the formal formation of the country and affected the history of China in the next 4000 years.Luoyang areaXiahouThe hinterland of the country.[15]
Xia DynastyJianduYangcheng(Now HenanDengfeng）, moved its capital to Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Xuchang)Pour(today's Luoyang Yanshi)Anyi（Yuncheng）、Luncheng(TodayShangqiu YuchengWest)Laoqiu(now Kaifeng Chen Liu)Xihe River(TodayTangyinXihe River) and other places.
Shang Dynasty
Shang DynastyOriginated in HenanShangqiu, its capital, Bo (now HenanShangqiu）、Xibo(Now Luoyang, HenanYanshi）, Xiao (now HenanZhengzhou）, Yin (now HenanAnyang）AndMorning Song(Now HenanQi County）They are all located in Henan Province, among which Yin is the first document in Chinese history that can be examined, and it is also an archaeological andOracleThe confirmed capital is the earliest capital in Chinese history whose exact location can be confirmed.Shang DynastyIt was also a period of highly developed slavery society in China.
Zhou Dynasty
Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment
King Wu of the Western Zhou Dynasty settled in Duyi (planned Luoyang as the capital) and his sonKing Cheng of ZhouBuild Beijing Teachers in successionWeek-longLuoyang(Now HenanLuoyang）The capital cities of many states are also here.Eastern Zhou DynastyKing Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan)Wei (Daliang), South Korea (Xinzheng)Zhao (Handan), State of Song（Suiyang）The capitals of Wei (Chaoge), Chu (Chen, Shouchun) are all located in the Central Plains.[14][16]
Eastern Han DynastyDynasty established its capitalLuoyang, with Wan (Nanyang) as the southern capital, and moved to the capital at the end of the Eastern Han DynastyXuchang。
Formed after the Eastern Han Dynastythree countriesA tripartite confrontation,Cao Caostaypublic ferryA crushing defeatYuan Shao, holding the emperor to order princes, Cao Cao rose fromWeijunOfYecheng(Now HenanAnyang）So it was called "Duke Wei"XuchangAs the capital, Cao Pi established the capital after he became emperorLuoyang。
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains region began to be widely accepted as a geographical concept.Yes, laterJiangnanThe Song, Qi, Liang, Chen and other dynasties in the region have all followed the geographical concept of the Central Plains since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, indicating that the Central Plains region has emerged as a relatively complete geographical concept since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and every subsequent dynasty has followed the geographical category of the Central Plains region.
Sui Dynasty
the Grand Canal
Sui DynastyLuoyang is the eastern capital.Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyTime shifting capitalLuoyang, and the communication between the north and the south has been built with Luoyang as the centerthe grand canal。The Central Plains has once again become the political, economic and cultural center of the country, moving towards another cultural peak.
Tang Dynasty
Luoyang
Established in the Tang DynastyHenan Road, withLuoyangEast Capital, Tang GaozongXianqingIn the second year, the capital was moved to Luoyang and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in power in Luoyang for a long time.
Tang TaizongLi ShiminHe ordered the repair of the capital city of Luoyang, known as Luoyang Palace. During the reign of Li Shimin, he came to Luoyang three times to deal with government affairs and lived in Luoyang Palace for two years.Promulgated by Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty in the second year of Xianqing (657)《Jiandong Capital Imperial edict》Luoyang is said to be "a cosmopolitan city in China, which pays tribute to the four sides and is connected with the wind and rain, and all of them are imperial servants of all countries." So Luoyang was established as the capital, and the two capital system was implemented. Luoyang, the eastern capital, is another national political, economic and cultural center besides Chang'an[65]Since then, he has lived in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and received the imperial court.along withTang EmpireWith the rising strength, Luoyang has gradually become the center of the world.It is recorded in history that "Luoyang is prosperous and prosperous, far from Chang'an."
During the Kaiyuan period, Tang Xuanzong worked hard to create“Kaiyuan heyday”So that the national strength of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak.Xuanzong also stayed in Luojing to receive envoys from various countries, and formed "three years and one year"the best way out, all countries follow the trend of HeluoProsperous situation。
Jin StateTake Kaifeng as Nanjing.In 1214, Zaijin receivedMongol Empire After frequent invasion, the capital was moved to Kaifeng, and then moved to Kaifeng in 1232Guide Mansion(Shangqiu).The 1234 annuity was destroyed by the joint forces of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongol Empire.
the Republic of China era
Beijing GovernmentDuring the period, Luoyang was oncewarlord head of the Zhili military factionThe base of.In 1926,feng yu-hsiangParticipated in the Northern Expedition and settled in Henan.It broke out here in 1930Modern Chinese HistoryThe largest and longest warlord scuffle——Central Plains War。[24]
Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "those who win the Central Plains win the world". Only by chasing the Central Plains can the world be established.There are historical records or archaeological evidence in China that the Central Plains area occupies four of the eight ancient capitals of the main political power for a long time, namely Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Thirteen Dynasties, and the ancient capital of the Eight DynastiesKaifeng、Ancient Capital of Seven DynastiesAnyang, Zhengzhou, the ancient capital of Xia and Shang dynasties, andShangqiu、Nanyang、Puyang、Xuchang、Dengfeng、Xiayi、Yanshi、Yucheng、Huaiyang、XinzhengAnd other ancient capitals.
During the period of civil strife in China, when the heroes "fought for the Central Plains", the Central Plains was always a place of contention, and the name "China" came from the country centered in the Central Plains.Since the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in Chinese history, established its capital in the Central PlainsLuoyang、Kaifeng、Anyang、Zhengzhou、Shangqiu、Nanyang、Puyang、Xuchang、Dengfeng、Xiayi、Yanshi、Yucheng、Huaiyang、XinzhengAnd other famous ancient Chinese capitals at home and abroadAncient Capital of ChinaThe most densely populated areas.Luoyang(Ancient Capital of the Thirteen Dynasties)Kaifeng(Ancient Capital of Eight Dynasties)Anyang(Ancient Capital of Seven Dynasties)Shangqiu(Ancient Capital of the Six Dynasties)Zhengzhou(Ancient capitals of five dynasties) and so on are ancient capitals with thousands of years.[2][9][28]
In China's first historical dynasty, the capital was moved many times, and the major countries were:Pour(today's Luoyang Yanshi)Yangcheng(Dengfeng, Zhengzhou today)Anyi(Yuncheng)Luncheng(now west of Shangqiu Yucheng)Laoqiu(now Kaifeng Chen Liu)Xihe River(TodayTangyinXihe)
The Eastern Han Dynasty established Luoyang as its capital and set Nanyang as its southern capital.Moving the capital to Xuchang at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty
In 1932, the Republic of China moved its capital to Luoyang
1、 Summer Capital
Xia DynastyIt is the first dynasty in Chinese history.According to《Bamboo Chronicle》According to the records, the Xia Dynasty existed from the 21st century BC to the 16th century BC, with a history of more than 470 years and 17 emperors.
Luoyang area is the hinterland of the Xia nation.Yu, the first king of the Xia Dynasty, was the capitalYangcheng, move backwardYangzhai。Yangcheng is in Dengfeng, and Yangzhai is in Yuxian County, not far from Luoyang.The first emperor of the Xia DynastyTaikang(Son of Kai) DuPour。Ancient editionThe Bamboo Chronicle records that "Taikang Juzhen". The current Bamboo Chronicle also contains:“ZhongkangThat is, the throne, according to the emperor. "According to the Records of the Historian, Xia Benji, "Taikang lives in the village of Zan Gui, Yi lives in it, and Jie lives in it".Yi namelyHou Yi, a leader of the Oriental Yi nationality, who took advantage of Taikang's immorality and the resentment of the Xia people, entered the house and took power, rejecting Taikang.Tai Kang's pawn, Fu Zhongkang, who was the king, still lived in the tomb, and was later trusted by his followersCold milkweedKill.
According to the National Language of Zhou Dynasty, "Xi Yi and Luo Jie died in the summer," which proves that Jin Xuan is in Yiluo District.According to Records of the Historian, Biographies of Sun Tzu Wu Qi, "XiaJieHome, Zuohe Jiyou Taihua,YiqueIn the south, sheep intestines are in the north. "Luoyang is in this position.
In 1959, the Chinese Institute of Archaeology conducted an archaeological excavation in Erlitou, Yanshi, Luoyang, and found that Erlitou was a large capital site, named“erlitou culture”。throughCarbon14Its absolute age is equivalent to the Xia Dynasty, with a history of more than 4000 years.
2、 Xibo, the capital of the Shang Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty was the second dynasty in Chinese history, and it was also a period of highly developed slavery society in China.Shangben is an ancient tribe in the lower reaches of the Yellow RiverDongyiA branch of the family.It belonged to the Xia DynastyVassal states。The Shang tribes often migrate.There were eight migrations from Qi to Tang XIV.The main areas of Shang tribe activities are the north of Henan, the south of Hebei and the southwest of Shandong. Tang's final settlement is Shangqiu in the east of Henan, known as Nanbo in history.
About the 16th century BC, the Xia Dynasty perished and the Shang Dynasty was established.Shang TangAttackSummer CapitalPourLater, it was decided to build a new capital near Xiadu.After the completion of Xindu, Shang Tang moved from Nanbo to Xibo in history.
Historical Records·Yin Benji》Justice said: "Bo and Yanshi are also cities. Tang is located in the south of Bo and moves back to the west of Bo."《Hanshu · Geography》As the saying goes, "Tang stands in the south of Bo and moves back to the west of Bo, 14 miles west of Yanshi." As another saying goes, "Yanshi in Henan is the west of Bo,DikuAnd soup shops,Pan GengAlso moved to the capital. "The Xibo is in Yanshi, LuoyangCorpse village。
《Bamboo Chronicle》It says: "Tang lives in Xibo,ZhongdingThe first yearXin ChouThat is, the throne was moved from Bo to Xiao. "The Chronicle of Yin in Records of the Historian also said: "When Emperor Pan Geng was in power, Yin had already made its capital in Hebei, and Pan Geng crossed to Henan and lived againSoupsThe former residence. "Youyun "Emperor"GengdingCollapse, ZidiWuyiLi, Yin Fu moved to Hebei without a trace. "From then on, we can see that the Shang Dynasty had two capitals in Xibo.for the first timeCommercial capitalXibo, from about 1711 BC to 1482 BC, 230 years ago, went through the process of making soupExternal propyl、Zhongren、Taijia、Wading、Tai Geng、Concha、Yong already、Terpentine, Emperor Zhongding 10.The second capital of the Shang Dynasty, Xibo, was from 1310 BC to 1140 BC, 170 years in totalXiao Xin、Xiaoyi、Wuding、Zu Geng、ZujiaThe nine emperors of Zixin, Gengding and Wuyi.Xibo was the capital of the Ming Dynasty twice, with a total of 19 emperors for more than 400 years.
The Shang Dynasty began to implement the dual capital system from Pangeng, with both the southern capital Xibo City and the northern capital Yin City.Luoyang and Anyang became sister cities in the Shang and Yin dynasties.
3、 Luoyang, capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Zhou nationalityFormerly a tribe with a long history in western China, it is called China together with the Xia and Shang nationalitiesPrimitive societyThree tribes at the end of the period.During the Xia and Shang dynasties, Zhou belonged to themDependent country。
At the end of the Shang Dynasty,King ZhouWhen King Wu was in his stupor, Zhou was already powerful and determined to destroy business.In 1066 BC,King Wu of ZhouTake the opportunity to lead people to the east, passing the north of LuoyangMengjinCrossing the river overthrew the rule of the Shang Dynasty.It was called the Western Zhou Dynasty.King Wu wanted to build a capital in Luoyang after he destroyed the Shang Dynasty.According to Zuo Zhuan · Xuangong Three Years:“Wu Wang Keshang, moved to nine tripodsLuoyang”The nine tripods are a national heavy weapon. Where they are moved, they mean where they are built as capitals.King Wu came to Luoyang first after destroying the merchants, and decided to build one here immediatelycities and towns, named: Luoyang.It is located in the southeast of White Horse Temple.Nine tripods were moved to this town.
According to Records of the Historian, Zhou Benji, "King Wu camped in Luoyang and then left." Between the camps and cities, King Wu once went to Mount Song to worship heaven.thisWu Wang KeshangThe pickaxe was not immediately returned.Instead, they lived in Luoyang to observe the terrain, built the residence of Zhou people, offered sacrifices to heaven on Mount Song, and moved nine tripods.At the same timeDuke ZhouBuild LuoyangPreviously, Luoyang had been called Luoyang, which is probably not a big city.Although King Wu wanted to make the capital of Luoyang, he did not move it. He did not move it until he arrived at the city king.
King Wu died of illness the second year after the destruction of the Shang Dynasty, and King Cheng ascended the throne.Because Cheng Wang was young, his uncle, Duke Zhou, assisted him in his administration.In the year when Cheng Wang came to power, "Zhao Gong"Re operating Luoyang" sent Zhao Gong, who came to Luoyang one after another. After actual measurement, he started large-scale construction projects.The construction of Luoyang was completed from March to December.Since then, there were two capitals in the Western Zhou Dynasty.HesperianHaojingbe calledZong Zhou, the eastern Luoyang is calledWeek-long。It is divided intoroyal cityAnd Xiadu.Xiadu was later called Zhou.During the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang had many names and often changed.After the completion of Luoyang, "the king settled down in Jia".Jia is the King City of Zhou.After five years in power, King Cheng moved his capital to the royal city of Zhou.《He Zun》It is recorded in the inscription: "Only the king first moved to his residence in Chengzhou, and reported to King Wu the ritual, blessing himself from heaven. Only the king offered five sacrifices."
Since the Western Zhou Dynasty became king, all kings came to the Zhou Dynasty to occupy their positions and govern.This is recorded in the inscriptions on Zhou vessels.Among them, there are 8 objects recorded as kingZhaowang7 devicesKing Mu1 piece of "Gong Wang", 14 pieces of "Gong Wang"I-Wang 4 pieces of jade, 3 pieces of jadeYi King1 unit ofKing Li15 pieces of jade, 2 pieces of jade, and 2 pieces of jade,Kang WangNot foundInscription records.Other kings often deal with state affairs in Guluo.Neither Luo nor Hao had the highest official office of the central government. Duke Zhou lived in Luo and Duke Zhao lived in Hao.After Duke Zhou died, his sonJun ChenHe also inherited the position of Duke Zhou and continued to guard here.Luoyang, as the eastern capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, lasted 295 years from the fifth year of King Cheng to the second year of King Ping.After Cheng Wang, Zhao Wang, Mu Wang, Gong Wang, Yi Wang, Xiao Wang, Yi Wang, Li WangKing Xuan, Youwang 10 emperors.During the Western Zhou DynastyOne country, two capitalsSystem.
4、 Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
King Xuan of ZhouDeathKing You of Zhoustand.A big earthquake occurred in Guanzhong, causing serious disaster.Shixiaoya at the Turn of October says:“SanchuanExhaustion, Qishan collapse.Hundreds of rivers are boiling, mountains are crumbling, high banks are valleys, and deep valleys are tombs. "In addition, the internal affairs are corrupt, the society is dark, and the court is divided.In 771 BC, Youwang was killed and Haojing was robbed.In 770 BC, the second year after King Ping ascended the throne, he decided to abolish the Western Capital and move to the Eastern Capital, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.Luoyang was the only capital in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were still two cities: the first was the imperial city, built by striking the government, and then was the residence of the emperor.One was built by King Wu of Cheng Zhou, and the camp was restored by the Duke of ZhouMilitary stronghold。The capital of Qiudong Bureau of Wangcheng People has 310 years, fromKing Ping of ZhouBeginningKing Huan、Zhuang WangLi Wang, Hui WangKing Xiang, King Qing, King Kuang, King Ding, King Jian, King LingKing Jing14 emperors mourn King Nan.As the capital city of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 205 yearsKing Jing of Zhou, Yuan WangKing Zhending, King Ai, King Si, King KaoKing Willy、An Wang, King Lie, King Xianwang, King Shenliang 11 emperors.Luoyang has been the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for 515 years and has experienced 25 emperors.
5、 Luoyang, the capital of the early Western Han Dynasty
On the third day of February in 202 BC,Liu BangstayDing PotteryEmperorWestern Han DynastyOr Qianhan.Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperorFrom Dingtao to Luoyang in the same month《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》Record:“Emperor Buying Wine Luoyang South Palace。”He was a civil servant and military general, and everyone was happy, so he made Luoyang his capital.In May, Qi RenLou JingPassing Luoyang, he persuaded Liu Bang to move his capital to Chang'an.Liu Bang's minister of civil and military affairs, most of whom are from Guandong, is unwilling to move westward.After a debate, Liu Bangcai decided to move the capital west to Chang'an.
6、 Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty
25 years in Luoyang,reigned as Guangwu DiIn HebeiBaixiangTo be crowned emperor is to serve the Han DynastyGuangwuIn the same year, the emperor attacked Luoyang and made Luoyang the capital.It was called the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty.Guangwu Liu Xiu has completed the great cause of unifying the whole country after more than ten years of war.Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty was a famous capital in the world. Luoyang was the political, economic and cultural center of the country, and also the largest industrial and commercial city in the country.Its city site is on the east side of the present White Horse TempleThe Old City of Han and Wei DynastiesRuins.It took 196 years for Liu Xiu, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to set up the Emperor Xie in AD 26 and to arrive in AD 220.The Eastern Han Dynasty had Luoyang, Xuchang and Chang'an as its three capitals.Among them, Luoyang was the capital for 165 years, Xuchang for 26 years, and Chang'an for 5 years.In LuoyangEmperor Guangwu、Emperor Ming, Zhang Di, He Di, Shao Di Shang Di, An Di, Shao Di (Liu Yi), Shun DiChong Di, Zhidi, Huandi, Lingdi, (Liu Bian)Consecrate the emperor14 Emperors.
7、 Luoyang, the capital of the Cao and Wei Dynasties
Emperor Xian of the Han DynastyInitial levelingAfter the first year, the world fell apart,carving up of a country by warlords, years of scuffle,Eastern Han DynastyThe dynasty existed in name but died in reality.The situation of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu is gradually forming.Cao CaoFighting and suppression among warlordsInsurgent armyAt that time, the power gradually grew, and finally took control of the power of the Eastern Han Dynasty.In 207 AD, Cao Cao basically unified northern China.In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty granted Cao Cao the title ofDuke Wei。In 216 AD, Cao Cao was appointedKing of Wei。In 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang, his sonCao PiSuccession.Soon, Cao Pi abandoned the Han Dynasty and offered it to the emperorShan Yanggong, to establish oneself as emperor, is toEmperor Wei Wen, changed the Han Dynasty to Wei Dynasty, and set Luoyang as its capital.It was called Cao Wei in history.From 220 AD to 265 AD in the Cao Wei DynastyMarsitisLuoyang was the capital of Wei for 46 years.After Emperor Wen of WeiEmperor Wei Ming、King of QiNoble Xianggong and Yuandi had 5 emperors.
8、 Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty
In the late period of the Cao Wei Dynasty, the politics was dark, and the Cao Wei Dynasty went into decline.In 265 AD, Sima Yan succeeded to the throne of Jin, and then repeated the trick of Cao Pi in the Han Dynasty, forcing Yu Huan to abdicate and become emperorEmperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, changed the country name to Jin, known as the Western Jin Dynasty.Luoyang was still the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty.For 51 years in Duluo, the Western Jin DynastyHuidi, HuaidiEmperor Min4 Emperors.The city is located at the site of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties east of Baima Temple.
After the Western Jin Dynasty unified the country, the society was once stable, and the economy was recovered and developed,Material wealthIncreased.However, the rulers were extremely corrupt, and Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty had more than 10000 concubines, who indulged in extravagance.Empress Jia was so obscene that she stole a man into the palace on the street to be a concubine.External relativesWang KaiWith the Great NobleShi ChongIt's amazing to be richer.So on, finally“Rebellion of the Eight Kings”It lasted for 16 years.Luoyang has suffered serious damage.In 494 AD (the 18th year of Taihe), the Northern Wei Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, unified the north and moved its capital to Luoyang.northEmperor Xiaowen of WeiHe was an emperor with great achievements. He insisted on reform, rectified the administration of officials, severely punished corrupt officials, restored the economy, and developed production.Advocate learning Chinese and speakingChineseWearing Han clothes has promoted the integration of northern ethnic groups.The destroyed Luoyang has been restored and developed.Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, has experienced Emperor XiaowenEmperor Xuanwu, Emperor XiaomingEmperor Xiaozhuang, King Chang Guang, Emperor Jie Min, King AndingEmperor Xiaowu8 emperors.
10、 The Sui Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang
Yang GuangAt the end of the year when he ascended the throne, he personally came to LuoyangMang Mountain, view the terrain.He believed that the south of Mang Mountain and the north of Yique,Chanhe RiverThe west of the water and the east of the Jianhe River are excellent military places. He decided to build the eastern capital here.In March 605, he ordered the ministerYang SuTo build Dongdu eunuch,an official in charge of transmitting and receiving ordersYang DaweiDeputy supervisor、Yu Wenkaibyarchitect of the imperial palacesEvery month, 2 million workers were recruited for large-scale constructionLuoyang, East CapitalProject.The East Capital was built in the first month of the second year.Is patrolling in the south of the Yangtze RiverEmperor Yang of the Sui DynastyAfter hearing that, we set out from Jiangdu and arrived in Luoyang, the eastern capital, in April.Then six palace officials also moved to Luoyang.Luoyang thus became the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country.With a population of more than one million and tens of thousands of rich businessmenXiyuanIt is the largest and most beautiful flower pavilion in China.In 618 AD, the general of the Sui DynastyYuwen HuajiHe mutinied in Yangzhou, broke into the palace and killed Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty.King YueYang DongHe became emperor in Luoyang,Wang ShichongbyTaiwei, monopolizing the government.YiningIn April of the second year (AD 619), Wang Shichong abolished Yang Dong asDuke of Lu, established himself as emperor, with the country name of Zheng.Later, he was destroyed by Tang.In the 15th year of Duluo in the Sui Dynasty, there were two emperors.
11、 The Tang Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, ordered the repair of Luoyang City, known as Luoyang Palace.He came to Luoyang three times to deal with government affairs and foreign affairs, and lived in Luoyang Palace for two years.In the 23rd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (649 AD), Gao ZongLi ZhiEnthronement.In the sixth year of Yonghui's reign (657 AD), they came to Luoyang together to deal with national affairs, with Luoyang as the eastern capital.In fact, the capital of the Tang Dynasty has moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.Tang DynastyXuanzongHe has been in power for 44 years and has been in Luoyang for 10 years.After the An Shi Rebellion, the power of the Tang Central Committee was greatly weakened,governor of one or more provincesIs becoming more and more powerful.In 904,Xuanwu Festival EnvoyZhu Wen, sent troops to Chang'an, and took the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (Zhaozong) to move his capital to Luoyang.In 907 AD, Zhu Wen abolished the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (Aizong) and the Tang Dynasty died.Since then, there have beenFive Dynasties and Ten KingdomsThe split situation.In the Tang Dynasty, both East and West were equally important. Luoyang and Chang'an were famous capitals in the world.Luoyang, the capital of the Tang DynastyTang Gaozong, Zhongzongyejong , Xuanzong, Zhaozong and Aizong, more than 30 years ago.
12、 Luoyang, the capital of Wu and Zhou Dynasties
Wu Zetian played a certain role in the development of Chinese history.She is famous for her beauty. She entered the palace at the age of 14 and became a talented person.Tang GaozongLi ZhiUpon accession to the throne, she was granted the title of Queen.Li ZhibinghypertensionSick, Empress Wu participates in political decisions.After all the officials were proclaimed emperor“Second Sage”。Heaven grantOn September 9 of the first year (AD 690), Empress Wu came down from heavenLi DanHe became the heir of the emperor, established himself as the emperor, honored himself as the Holy Emperor, changed the country name to Zhou, and changed the eastern capital toChina。In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD), Empress Wu Zetian, 82 years old, was forced to abdicate to Tang Zhongzong in illnessLi Xian, restore the country name Tang.Empress Wu has been in power for 50 years and has been the emperor for 15 years, with Luoyang as the capital.
13、 Back Liang moved to Luoyang
In 907 AD, Zhu WenfeiTang AizongAfter Li Qi, he established the Liang Dynasty, known as the EmperorRear sill。Kaifeng, the capital of Chu.After moving to Luoyang, the history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began.Zhu Wen was lustful. In 912 AD, Zhu Wen's third sonZhu YouguiIn order to fight for the throne, he killed Levin and established himself as emperor. Luoyang is still the capital.February 913,Zhu YouzhenKill Lie Yougui, establish himself as emperor, and then move the capital to Kaifeng.In the 4th year of Duluo in the Later Liang Dynasty, there were two emperors.
14、 Later Tang Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang
In 923,Li CunxuEradicate the regime of Houliang in Kaifeng, establish oneself as emperorTang Zhuangzong, the country name is Tang, which is known as the Later Tang Dynasty in history. All underpants were moved to Luoyang after Kaifeng.Change Xidu toLuojingLater, it was also called the East Capital. After Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang Dynasty became emperor, he restored the Tang system and made great achievements.Later, during the overhaul of the central office, beautiful women were widely selected. They were arrogant, extravagant and frivolous. They ignored political affairs, collected exorbitant taxes and levies, and the people could not make a living.In 936 AD, Taiyuan Jiedu EnvoyShi JingtangWith the help of the Khitan nobles, Luoyang was captured and the Later Tang Dynasty died.In the 13th year of the later Tang Dynasty, there were four emperors.
15、 Luoyang, the capital of the Later Jin Dynasty
Shi JingtangWith the help of 300 thousand Qidan troops, we can destroy the Later Tang Dynasty and become the emperorEmperor Gaozu of Jin Dynasty, known as the Later Jin Dynasty.Duluo moved to Kaifeng after 2 years.To sum up, there were 15 dynasties and 105 emperors in Luoyang, which lasted 1650 years.Luoyang isSix Ancient Capitals of ChinaIt is a world-famous ancient capital with the earliest, longest and most dynasties in China.
16、 Luoyang, the capital of the Republic of China
In 1932,128 IncidentAfter,National GovernmentThe capital was once moved to Luoyang.On January 29, 1932, Chiang Kai shek returned as a member of the Military Commission of the National Government (ChairmanOn March 6), on the same day, Jiang formulated the principle of dealing with Japan as "one side prepared for negotiation, one side extremely resisted", which was the general policy of the National Government in the period of Songhu Anti Japanese War in December 28.On January 30, the National Government issued the Declaration on Moving the Capital to Luoyang, saying that it would never yield.
Central Plains Culture
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Main entry:Central Plains Culture
Central Plains culture is both aHistorical concept, is also aSpatial concept。The Central Plains culture is based on the Central Plainsmaterial cultureAnd spiritual culture, which can be traced back to about 6000 BC to about 3000 BCNeolithic Age in China。The Central Plains culture, with Henan Province as the core and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the hinterland, radiates outward layer by layer, and its influence extends overseas.Ancient Chinese CivilizationThe characteristics of origin and formation are diverse, and the Central Plains was first formed and became the national center.Central Plains is the cradle of Chinese civilization. Central Plains culture isChinese cultureThe important source and core component of.Central Plains was not only Chinese politics in ancient timeseconomic center, alsomainstream cultureandLeading cultureThe birthplace of.[29]The Central Plains culture is thick, diverse and classic, which is a typical "saint" culture, "blessing" culture and "soul" culture.[30]Archaeological discoveries prove that from Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Han and Tang dynasties, the Central Plains was a "Chinese civilization"“Huaxia nationality”The central activity area of the Chinese nation with the Han nationality as the main body.During this historical period, all branches in the Central PlainsArchaeological cultureThe social "community" belongs toSocial historyIt plays a leading role in development.[56]
Heluo Culture
mystical diagrams symbolic of the universe and believed in myth to be related to the origins of writing
It refers to the culture of Heluo area in ancient China.Heluo area refers to LuoshuiYishuiandSongshan MountainSurrounding areas, includingYingshuiupper reachesDengfengAnd other places, roughly including areas between 34 ° to 35 ° north latitude and 110 ° to 114 ° east longitude.To the south of Heluo areaWaifang Mountain、Funiu Mountainmountain range, the Yellow River in the north and the Yellow River in the westQinling Mountains, eastEast HenanThe Great Plains, which connects Youyan in the north and reaches the Yangtze Huaihe River in the south, dominated the Central Plains in ancient times, and was called "China" (Western Zhou DynastyHe Zun Mingwen）It was the transportation hub of ancient China.[31]
Shenlong Culture
The first Buddhist temple in China - White Horse Temple
Shenlong is a symbol of wisdom, courage, auspiciousness and dignity.go by the name ofHumanistic AncestorTai Hao ofFuxi, todayZhoukouHuaiyang area "named after dragon teachers" has createdDragon Totem, implementedancient timesThe first integration of several tribes in the period;Yellow EmperorAfter unifying all tribes in the Yellow River basinXinzhengThe area also uses the dragon as the totem of the new tribe, so the Chinese are called "descendants of the Chinese" and "descendants of the dragon".PuyangMussel dragon6400 years ago, it is the earliest dragon image in China and is praised as“No.1 Dragon in China”；On“The First Capital of China”Erlitou Site in YanshiThe large turquoise dragon shaped vessel discovered at least 3700 years ago was named by scholars as“Chinese dragon”。[32]
Chinese character culture
Laozi, founder of Taoism
Chinese characters are an important carrier for inheriting and carrying forward the Chinese culture, a basic symbol of the Chinese nation, and have a huge and far-reaching impact on the written culture of North Korea, South Korea, Japan and other countries.Chinese characters for more than 4000 consecutive yearscultural historyIt can be said that it is a history of Chinese characters in the Central PlainsDevelopment stageAlmost all occur in the Central Plains.Yellow Emperor eraCang Jie creates characters、AnyangOraclebe unearthed,ShangcaipeopleLisshelpFirst Emperor of Qin“A book is a prose”Formulate standard writing“Xiaozhuan”，LuohepeopleXu ShenHe wrote the world's first dictionary, summarized the rules of Chinese character generation, and unified word meaning analysis, which he completed in his hometown《Analytical Dictionary of Characters》This great work of Chinese philology;Normative fonts still used by Chinese“Tahoma”The word is produced in HenanKaifeng, famousMovable type printingIt was also invented here.[33]
Sage culture
Chinese people advocate sages. As an important birthplace of Chinese culture, Central Plains has emerged many cultural sages, such as LaoziZhuangzi、Mozi、Han Feizi、Su Qin、Guiguzi、Shang Yang、chief counsellor of Liu Bang、Jia Yi、Zhang Heng、Du Fu、Han Yu、Bai Juyi、Liu Yuxi、zhen 、Li Shangyin、Li He、Wu Daozi、Yue FeiSuch historical celebrities created a large number of classic works with their rich knowledge and profound thinking, which has become an immortal monument in the history of the development of Chinese culture.[34]
Rooting culture
In the history of Chinese immigration, from the Pre Qin Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Central Plains was the main base and transit place for exporting population to the south.Southeast immigrants have a permanent "Central Plains Complex", and their memory of their ancestral land is“KwangjuGushi”；Many people in Fujian and Taiwan agreebasin between the Yellow River and the River LuoThe region is their ancestral land, so they call themselves“Heluolang”。The Multiple Emigrations from the Central Plains to the South in History and the "Kaizhang Saint King" of the Tang DynastyChen Yuanguang"King of Fujian" in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five DynastiesWang ShenzhiAfter entering Fujian twice for dozens of generations, the descendants have spread to Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and other places as well as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and other countries.This culture is a kind of kinship culture where blood is thicker than water. It is the embodiment of Ye Luogui's thought in another way, and also conforms to the ethical concept that Chinese people always attach importance to family.[64]
Surname Culture
Chinese surnameBoth the beginning and a large number of derivatives are closely related to the Central Plains.《Grand Ceremony of Chinese Surnames》4820 ofHan surnameAmong them, 1834 originated from Henan in the Central Plains, accounting for 38%;Among today's 300 surnames, 171 have their roots in Henan Province of the Central Plains, accounting for 57%;In accordance withpopulation sizeAmong the 100 surnames, 78 have their origins and part of their origins in Henan Province of the Central Plains. Whether they are the four Chinese surnames represented by Li, Wang, Zhang and Liu, or the four southern surnames represented by Lin, Chen, Zheng and Huang, their roots are all in Henan Province of the Central Plains.Surname CultureIt is unique to Henan in Central PlainsCultural phenomenon。[63]
Ideological culture
Han Feizi, a master of Legalism
Central Plains ideology and culture is the core of Chinese national ideology and culture.ConfuciusyesConfucianismAlthough he was born in Shandong, his ancestral home isSong State(Today ShangqiuXiayi）[35]Moreover, the main activities of Confucius' lectures and lobbying were in the Central Plains.Luoyang peopleCheng Hao、younger brother of Cheng Hao and forerunner of Zhu XiPioneeringSong Dynasty Neo ConfucianismAnd pushed Confucianism to a new ideological peak, which has been in the dominant position since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing DynastiesMainstream ideology。
Laozi's《The Scripture of Ethics》To explain the evolution of everything in the universe with "Tao" has had a profound impact on the development of Chinese ideology and culture for more than 2000 years.[36]Mozi's "loving each other at the same timeCross advantage”,Zhuangzi"Heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me",Han Feizi"Law" centered“Method, technique and potential”The ruling thought of the three in one has been valued by the rulers of all dynasties, and has also had a great impact on ordinary people.
Business culture
According to the consensus of the archaeologists and historians, Chinese merchants, commodities and commerce originated from the Central PlainsShangqiu, Shangqiu NaiThree quotientsOrigin of the Shang Dynasty[37]。Since ancient times, there have been relatively consciousBusiness awareness, has produced many firsts of Chinese commercial culture.[30]
Figure of Wang Hai's Business
1. The ancestor of commerce——Wang Hai，Shangqiu, HenanPeople, "Zhao led a car, Niu Yuanfu Jia", was regarded as the ancestor of commerce.
3. Merchant saint——Fan Li，Nanyang, HenanPeople, help the King of YueGou Jian Destroys WuAfter the restoration of the country, he retired to business and was enthusiasticPublic welfare undertakings。
4. The first patriotic businessman——Chord height, HenanXinzhengMan, on his way to business, met the invasion of Qin Shi, and withdrew the Qin army at the cost of his 15 cattle.
5. The first industrial businessman with strategic thinking——Bai Gui, from Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty《The History of the Han Dynasty》China said that he was the originator of the theory of trade and production development.
6. First business theorist——Ji Ran, from Shangqiu.
7. The first advocate of mercantile theory——Sang Hongyang, from Luoyang in the Western Han Dynasty.
Business Saint Fan Li
8. A word is worth a thousand gold——Lu Buwei(292-235 BC),defend one's countryPuyang (now HenanHuaxian County）He was also a famous businessman, politician and thinker in the late Warring States PeriodFirst Emperor of QinHe ascended the throne of God, served as the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, and organizedDoormanThe famous《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period》, alsoMiscellaneousA representative figure of thought.
9. The first batch of professional businessmen in Chinese history was born in Luoyang during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
10. The first law issued by the government to protect the interests of businessmen, the Pledge, was born in Xinzheng during the Spring and Autumn Period.
11. The earliestTariff collectionIt happened in Shangqiu during the Spring and Autumn Period.
12. The earliest commercial litigation regulations took place in the Spring and Autumn Periodzheng (Today Zhengzhou)
13. Tang DynastyLuoyang CityThe "head of three cities" in the management of the market is the earliest "mayor".
14. The first real place in the world with a population of more than one millioncosmopolitan city It was Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng), with a population of more than 1.5 million. It was a famous painter in the Song DynastyZhang ZeduanOf《Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival》It is a true portrayal of this grand occasion, and one of the oldest and most developed cities in EuropeLondonAt that time, there were only 50000 people.
15. Qing DynastyGongyiKang Baiwan's family wrote the business myth of "being rich for over 12 generations and surviving for 400 years".
It can be seen that the Central Plains commercial cultureChinese cultural systemIt plays an important role in.
celebrity culture
The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
Celebrity is a special person whose peak is sagesocial groups 。CelebritiesCultural literacy, cultural style andCultural CreationIt affects the society and forms asocial cultureEffects and cultural trends.According to statisticsTwenty Four HistoriesThere are more than 5700 historical figures handed down by Zhongli, including 912 historical figures from Henan, accounting for 15.8% of the total.Among the more than 2000 writers who remained famous in the Tang Dynasty, Henan accounts for 20%.In the Jin Dynasty, there was a saying that "there are more than half of the celebrities in Zhongzhou",Qian ZhonglianZeng Yun: "Xu, a great poet of Tang Dynasty, left Zhongzhou".[38]
Hero culture
Loyal to Yue Fei
The Central Plains is a land where heroes are admired and produced, as well as a hot land where heroes are loved and created.the goddess patching the sky, Kuafuzhuriking yu combating the flood, Yugong Yishan, and other myths and legends extolling heroes, all came into being and spread in the Central Plains.In historyJing KeyesHebiPeople, the leader of the first peasant uprisingChen Sheng, is Dengfeng people.Heroine who took her father's place in the armyHua Mulan, YesYuchengPeople.Famous General of Tang DynastyZhang XunyesDengzhouPeople, who "guard one city and defend the world", are regarded as gods by later generations.Patriotic generals of the Southern Song DynastyYue FeiyesTangyinPeople, national heroes in the late Ming DynastyHistorical methodHe is from Kaifeng, and Yang Jingyu, the national hero of the Anti Japanese War, isQueshan CountyPeople.
folk culture
Statue of painting saint Wu Daozi
Central Plainsfolk culture Distinctive features, such as food, clothingDaily living、Production activitiesEtiquette, belief, festival, assembly, etc.Wedding Ceremony Formed in the Central Plains during the Western Zhou Dynasty“the six ceremonies of betrothal and marriage”Gradually evolved into fixed marriage customs such as marriage proposal, betrothal, wedding reception, etc.Seasonal customs closely related to production and life, such as offering sacrifices to stoves, keeping watch, eating dumplings and paying New Year's greetings during the Spring Festival, celebrating the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month, offering sacrifices to ancestors and visiting tombs in March, planting wormwood leaves during the Dragon Boat Festival in May, watching the stars in July and AugustMid Autumn Moon AppreciationClimbing high in Chongyang in September, most of them originated in the Central Plains and passed through the country.Because of its "standing in the middle of the world", folk culture has widely influenced the surrounding areas and even the Chinese and world ethnic groups.
Wushu Culture
Shaolin Kung Fu
“The world's Kung Fu comes from Shaolin”, "Shaolin" becameChinese martial artsAnd become the brand of Central Plains culture and even Chinese culture.HenanWenxian CountyChenjiagouTaijiquan, founded by human beings, is another important school of Chinese martial arts culture. It is characterized by the combination of hardness and softnessbuild up a good physique and improve one's health, cultivation of mind and character as the main purpose, has been promoted tothe five continentsAnd become an important part of the lives of hundreds of millions of people.
Dietetic culture
Luoyang water mat
Henan cuisineIt is the oldest cuisine in China and the mother dish of China's eight famous dishes. Henan cuisine began in Xia and Shang dynasties, and by the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, it had formed an important cuisine with unique flavor.Four thousand years ago,XiaqistayYu CountyBanquet for princes, known in history“JuntaiThe Pavilion is the earliest banquet in China.According to the Book of Rites, Wang Zhi: "The Yu family used Yan as a gift to provide for the elderly,XiahouTo offer gifts... ","Yan RenyiFood gift... "This is an ancient banquet system in China.The Youyu family in the article is in HenanYucheng County。King Zhou of YinstayMorning Song(Now Hebi CityQi County）"Wine is the pool, hanging meat is the forest... it is the drink of the night".This is the earliest and largest palace frolic party in history.summerShaokangcoverYi nationalityChase and escape to the banquet systemYouyu FamilydoChef Officer, later recoveredXia DynastyShaokang became the king of the country, which can be called "king chef".The founding minister of the Shang capitalYi Yin, born in HenanYichuan CountyThis area is good at cooking. It can be called "Prime Minister Chef".Yi Yin was honored as the ancestor of cooking by future generations.Historically famous“King of ZhouEight Treasures”It has a great influence on Henan cuisine. Through the inheritance and development of successive chefs, the content is constantly enriched and the skills are constantly improved.the tang dynastyWu ZetianIt was called by the imperial court, changed the name of the country to Zhou, and set its capital in Luoyang. Folk soup and vegetables in the nearby mountain areas entered the court, and were processed and sublimated by experts, becoming customized“Luoyang water mat”, YesHenan cuisineA wonderful flower.
cultivation culture
Central Plains Agriculture
Chinese AgricultureIt was first established in the Central Plains.central plainscultivation culture It contains many featuresfarming technique、Scientific Invention。peiligang culture Unearthed agriculturetool of production, which provided a foundation for the development of early farming culturePhysical evidence, especially refinedMillstoneGreat, become the earliest discovered in Chinagrain processingTools.Three EmperorsPrimalFuxiTeach people to "make a net" and openFishing and hunting economyEra;Emperor YanKnown as "Shennong", it teaches people to sow and harvest, creating an agricultural era.the third of the three legendary emperors who created the Chinese stateWater control by means of dredging has promoted Chinawater conservancy undertakingThe development of mathematics, surveying and mapping, transportation, etcRelated technologiesProgress.According to archaeological findings, millet and millet had been cultivated in the Yellow River basin about 10000 years ago, and around 8000 years ago, dry farming in northern China, with millet and millet as the main crops, was developedJiahu SiteFound inDomestic pigSigns.[39]During the Warring States Periodzheng Presiding over the construction“Zhengguo Canal”, greatly improving the local agricultureProduction conditions。With the integration of nations, advancedagricultural technologyAnd the idea spread to the south, which promoted the improvement of the agricultural level in ancient China.It can be said that the origin and development of China's agriculture, the invention and creation of agricultural technology, and agricultural systems and ideas are closely related to the Central Plains.
Poetic culture
Poet Du Fu
Henan isChinese literatureThe birthplace of.China's first poetry collection《The Book of Songs》Among them, more than 100 Henan bibliographic works account for more than one third.Historically, there was a saying that "the Han and Wei dynasties wrote half of Luoyang",Zuo Si"Ode to Sandu" has created a good story of "Luoyang's paper is precious".There were two of the three poets in the Tang Dynasty“Poet saint”Du Fu、“one who has an obsessive love for poetry”Bai JuyialsoCai Wenji、Pan An、Xie Lingyun、Jiang Yan、Han Yu、Liu Yuxi、zhen 、Li He、Li ShangyinEtc.[6]
science and technology culture
Scientific Saint Zhang Heng and the armillary sphere
Four Great InventionsIt was bred and invented in the Central Plains.Anyang "Simuwu" Dafang Ding is the largest and heaviest bronze ware ever found.Eastern Han DynastyDu ShiInvented“Water drainage”blastTechnology, more than 1000 years earlier than Europe.《Stork Fish Stone Axe Figure Pottery Jar》Known as the "earliest Chinese painting", it has a history of 6000 years and is listed as 67 pieces of national cultural relics by the State Administration of Cultural HeritageImmovable Historical RelicsFirst.“Yangshao painted pottery”Beautiful shape“Tri colored glazed pottery”Famous at home and abroad, it represents the highest level of porcelain production technology in history."Scientific Sage"Zhang HengInvented“Seismograph”1700 years earlier than the West;Created“Huntian said”。Tang dynastyMonk and his entourage, not only invented the world's first automatictimerAnd put forward the idea of "star's self motion" 1000 years earlier than the British astronomer Halley
Chinese medicine culture
Medical Saint Zhang Zhongjing
Central Plains medical culture is famous for its holistic treatment idea, multi angle observation of pathology, unique treatment techniques, and harmonious medicationtraditional cultureThe essence and quintessence of China.The Yellow Emperor is regarded by later generations as the founder of traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicineCultural originIt is also developed in the Central Plains, where TCM masters gather, and where TCM masterpieces were born.[40]Written by Zhang Zhongjing, the medical sage《Treatise on typhoid and miscellaneous diseases》It is the first medical monograph in China to establish the principle of syndrome differentiation from theory to practice.Hua TuoCreatedgeneral anesthesiaLaw enforcementsurgical operationHe was honored as the "originator of surgery" by later generations.
Henan Opera is famous for its sonorous singing, cadence, fluency, clear enunciation, mellow charm, liveliness, flesh and blood, and good at expressing the inner feelings of characters. It is widely welcomed by people from all walks of life because of its high artistic quality.For its musical accompanimentjujube treeBangziIt was called Henan Bangzi in its early days.
according toMinistry of CultureStatistics, China's cultural sectorDirect managementThere are more than 220 Henan Opera troupes under preparation.exceptHenan ProvinceOutside,Hubei、Anhui、Jiangsu、Shandong、Hebei、Beijing、Shanxi、Sichuan、Gansu、Qinghaias well asXinjiang、TaiwanThere are professional Henan opera troupes in provinces, cities and districts, and there are countless private Henan opera troupes.Henan Opera andGezi OperaBeijing Opera presents a tripartite confrontation situation.In 2006, Henan Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
Civilization communication
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In the history of the Chinese nation, the Central Plainsancient civilization It is also the birthplace of ancient Chinapopulation distributionWhere the center of gravity is.[41]
Anyang Oracle
Chinese Civilization Its origin is in the Central Plains, that is, the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the present Henan Province.This zone is located in the center of east, west, north and south infiltration, which makes it superior to other regions in terms of adsorption and diffusion.The Central Plains is also a region where wars and disasters are most concentrated in Chinese historycontrol power, chasing the Central Plains.At different times in history, a large number of people in the Central Plains moved to other places to escape the war, which greatly promoted the development of many places and the spread of Chinese civilization.Therefore, it is the Central Plains in a broad sense that is directly adjacent to the origin of Chinese civilization.along withChinese cultureExpanding from the source to the surroundingsQin and Han DynastiesLater, the Chinese cultural circle gradually became clear and stereotyped.In the early days,Central Plains CultureThe northward and westward expansion was relatively smooth, and later passed the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynastyethnic minorityThe established dynasties further brought them into the Chinese cultural circle.When the Central Plains culture spread southward in the early days, it encountered strong resistance, such asKing Zhao of ZhouThe failure of the war against Chu shows thatZhou CultureThe setbacks encountered in spreading southward.Chinese cultureIt also radiates to some of China's close neighbors, North Korea and Japan in the northeast, Mongolia in the north, andCentral Asia, SouthernSoutheast AsiaThese places constitute the periphery of the Chinese cultural circle.[42]
Migrants from Central Plains
Central Plains CultureThe radiation to the outer edge of the Central Plains cultural circle is also related to immigration. For example, when it comes to the influence of Han culture on Korea and Japan, it involves the legendaryDustpanandXu FuAfterKorean PeninsulaandShandong Peninsula A large number of Chinese immigrants have been migrating to other countries without interruption, which has extended the Chinese civilization to all corners of the world.It is not difficult to find out from the process of the expansion of the Chinese cultural circle: immigrants' influence on cultural exchanges, cultural diffusionCultural communicationIt has an important impact.[42]fromYongjia RebellionLater, "I went south in my clothes,JiangzuoOverseas Chinese establish prefectures and counties, and there is no mulberry. "[43]The refugees from Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in Huaibei have successively crossedHuaihe River、Yangtze Rivermove south.According to the current location, the largest number of immigrants areJiangsu Province, in today's NanjingZhenjiangChangzhou is the most concentrated area, while in northern JiangsuYangzhou, Huaiyin and other places.[42]
Chinese historyOnPopulation migration, based on the Central PlainsHan nationalityThe southward migration has the largest scale and the greatest impact.The first large-scale southward migration started fromWestern Jin DynastyYongjia period lasted until the Southern Dynasty.The second wave of southward migration began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty“An Shi Rebellion”。In 1126 AD, the Jin army captured Kaifeng, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished“Jingkang Rebellion”。This war led to the third large-scale southward migration of people in the Central Plains.The migration process of residents in the Central Plains to other regions is often advancedEconomic cultureOfCommunication process。A large number of immigrants not only bring sufficient labor force to the immigrants, but also bring advancedProduction technologyAnd experience have greatly improved the local productivity.[62]
Although China is not necessarily a virtual "immigrant society", as Chen Chunsheng said, many families' immigration histories are forged.The legends of ancestors and immigrants in the border areas mostly describe themselves as coming from the Central Plains with a long history.The immigration legends in the hinterland have different characteristics, and they have no motivation to shape the identity of the Central Plains.In the Central Plains society, the population classification is different from that of the border areas (in fact, in the earlier historical stage, the same is true when these areas are not necessarily in the heartland). The latter can be divided into "internal" and "external" groups according to dialects, beliefs, livelihood patterns, etc., or called "household Qi people" and "undocumented people", that is, "Han" and "Yi";But in the former, there is basically no such distinction: everyone is a "native", all are registered people, and even Mandarin, which replaces dialect, is very popular.The immigration legends in the border areas have been discussed in depth. These legends often take a place in the Central Plains as their hometown, aiming to establish some orthodox identity.The legend of Shibi Village in Ninghua, Hakka, also has a premise of Central Plains identity, which forms the regional identity of various mountain development groups around the Nanling Mountains.During the period of boundary moving and boundary restoring during the reign of Kangxi, people who spoke Fulao dialect in the coastal areas first entered the Hakka mountains, and then people with different dialects moved into the plains and coastal areas. Then a large number of clans were built. In many genealogies, the story of ancestors moving from the Central Plains to Ninghua Shibi, and then moving to their current residence appeared.It was not until the armed struggle between Tujia and Hakka in Xiantong, the rise of cities in the late Qing Dynasty, and the spread of evolutionism that Hakka in the sense of "modern race" was created.Before the late Ming Dynasty, there was no such ethnic group classification as "Hakka" or "Hakka". This group, later called "Hakka", like Yao and She, was an aborigine living in the Nanling Mountains.The legend of Nanxiong Zhuji Lane is widely spread in the Pearl River Delta region. Many places here believe that their ancestors migrated from Nanxiong Zhuji Lane.In order to obtain legal identity, local aborigines and untouchables tried every means to hope that the government would include them in their household registration, so they adopted the statement that Nanxiong Zhuji Lane moved here to prove their identity in the Central Plains and their legitimacy.[68]
Immigration to Central Plains
When the Central Plains emigrated to the outside world, it was accompanied by the arrival of immigrants. These immigrants included merchants from overseas, foreign invasion and other nationalities.After the Qin and Han Dynasties, imperial subjects and China almost becamesynonym, at least in the concept of rulers and historical writers.Accept the rule of the Chinese Empire, "added by the five policies and supported by the seven fu"（Yang Xiong《Legalism》）Is recognized as "Chinese", andXu ShenIn Shuowen, it was claimed that "Xia is the Chinese", which reflects the understanding of Han people on the concept of "Huaxia" and "Chinese".As time went by, those "alien" new to the rule of the Chinese Empire, both inside and outside the border, gradually gained recognition of imperial rule by paying rent, undertaking conscription and military service, and even becoming officials, and internalized the Chinese Empire from an external political identity to a psychological oneSelf identification。[57]
1. After the Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains from time to time and merged into the Han nationality on a large scale.three countriesIn the later period, due to the sharp decline of the population in the Central Plains, the Wei and Jin Dynasties continued to "appease"five nomadic northern tribes”。Western Jin Dynasty“Rebellion of the Eight Kings”Later, the total population of the north was 15 million, with Han people accounting for one third.[58]Yongjia RebellionAfter the great migration of northern minorities, the situation of mixed residence of Hu and Han in the Central Plains was caused.The deepest impact isEmperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei DynastyThe capital was moved to Luoyang.A series of reforms he carried outXianbeiThe measures of the old customs are aimed at consolidatingNorthern Wei DynastyPolitical power, but objectively promotedxianbei Integration with Han people in Central Plains.
2. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy in the Central Plains was developed, and there were numerous merchantsBirdsongAll the countries will follow the trend of the sun and arrive after a long journey. "[44]The Central Plains is incomparableInclusionMongolia, UygurHui nationalityAs well as the integration of Jurchen, Khitan and Dangxiang people, minorities in the northwest and foreigners in Central Asia, Japan and the Korean Peninsula live in Luoyang for a long timenational cultureThe integration ofCultural developmentTo a peak.
3、Jin StateAfter the extermination of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers of the State of Jin "considered that the central state had two or three intentions, and began to set up a garrison army, not only to stop Nvzhen, but also to the Khitan and Xi families. They moved to the central land from their own headquarters, mixed with the people, and counted on their household registration to give them official land, so that they could sow seeds to fill their mouths."[45]The migration of Nuzhen people, especiallyJin XuanzongRelocation of the capital due to the oppression of the MongolsBianjing, Nuzhen people and Han people live in a mixed house, and they are married to each other, and they useHan surname, advocating Confucianism, and the national characteristics of Nuzhen people have gradually lost.The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty listed Nuzhen people, Han people and Khitan people as Han people with the same political treatment, which objectively eliminated the national boundaries between Nuzhen people and Han people, and promoted Nuzhen people to become more Chinese.
4. At the end of the Yuan DynastyMongolian nobilityAnd the cruel exploitation and oppression of peasants by feudal landlords,class contradictionsAndNational contradictionThe plague of flood and drought locusts has become increasingly intense, and natural and man-made disasters have made Henan, Shandong, HebeiNorthern AnhuiCentral Plains areas such as "all roads are blocked and people are cut off",[46]"To make Henan, ShandongNorthern JiangsuPeople in northern Anhui perished in ten years[46]"Most of them are uninhabited"[47]。Zhu YuanzhangIt is well known that: "After the chaos, the Central Plains is verdant and the people are scarce. The so-called opening of fields and the increase of household registration are the urgent affairs in the Central Plains."[46], which has determined the war path decision of resettlement and land reclamation.From Shanxi in the Hongwu year of the Ming DynastyHongdong Big Pagoda Tree10 large-scale immigrants,YongleDuring the year, there were 8 immigrants, 18 in total.[46]
the Grand Canal （Return to Luocang、Hanjiacang、Tongji CanalLuoyang City Section of the Luohe River in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luokou Section of the Tongji CanalLuokou CangZhengzhou Section of Tongji Canal Bianhe RiverXingyang Old City, Kaifeng Tokyo City in Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng Tokyo City Section of Tongji Canal Bian River, Shangqiu Nanguan Wharf Section of Tongji Canal Bian River, Shangqiu Xiayi Section of Tongji Canal Bian RiverShangqiu Ancient CityTongji Canal Bianhe River Shangqiu Jiyang Town Section, Yongji CanalBaiquanBaiquanhe River, Weiyuanmiao, Hehe Shiqiao, Hebi Junxian Section of Yongji Quwei RiverLiyangcangYunxi BridgeFangcheng Weir, Anyang Huaxian Section of Yongji Quwei River)
Religious celebrities：HuikeXuan Zanginspired and elegant、Monk and his entourage、Sima Chengzhen、Cheng Xuanying
Contemporary
Military and political circles：high Qing official、Xu ShichangZhao Ziyang, Deng Yingchao, Xu Shiyou, Li Desheng, Xi Zhongxun, Hou Jingru, Zhang Siqing, Yuan Baohua, Wei LiuchengZhang ChunxianSong Zhaosu, Ji BingxuanWang RulinRen ChangxiaShi Xiushi、Chen QuanguoWu Huanxian, Yang JingyuYe Chenghuan、Gao JingtingHong Xuezhi, Peng Xuefeng, Ji Hongchang, Zhang Shutian, You TaizhongWan HaifengCao Gangchuan, Wang JunPeng Liyuan
