The Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Lin Annals or the History of Lin Annals, are Chinesethe Spring and Autumn periodOfChronologyHistory records the important historical facts of the State of Lu from the year of Lu Yin to the 14th year of Duke Ai of Lu.
Reported in February 2019, fromSea twilight marquisMore than 5200 bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb, and experts found that after interpretationConfucian ClassicsAnd its training and transmission.[1]
Title
spring and autumn
Foreign name
Spring and Autumn Annals
Alias of works
Spring and Autumn Annals, Lin Annals, History of Lin Annals
According to some literary worksWestern Zhou DynastySince thenTaishiRecord national events.Spring and Autumn was written byState of LuThe historiographer recorded a large number of records of the country at that timeVassals、doctor、countrymenAnd so on;The State Historian of Lu will also collect otherVassal statesThe disrespect of the dukes and officials will record the contents of the letters between the dukes and officials, such as the Jin DynastyTertiary directionAndzheng OffspringaboutCast a book of punishmentLetters from[2], which recordsQi StateThe historian was killed for keeping true records[3]wait.
Spring is at the beginning of each year. Generally, the four seasons from spring to winter should be written.It is said that the ancient calendar was divided into spring and autumn before winter and summer. Therefore, the national history record is called Spring and Autumn, which may be the reason why "Spring and Autumn" is the name of the history book.The existing Spring and Autumn Annals, fromDuke Yin of LuIt is recorded that Duke Ai of Lu, who had been the monarch of twelve dynasties for 244 years (according to《Spring and Autumn Annals Commentary by Gongyang Gao》AndGuliang BiographyIt will be 242 years until the 14th year of Duke Ai,Zuo ZhuanMore than two years), which is basicallyState of LuThe original text of history books.
Creation background
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ConfuciusThe reason for "writing Spring and Autumn Annals"《Redords of the Grand History of China》It is recorded in the book: "Yu (the Grand Historian) heard from Dong Sheng that, 'The Zhou Dynasty was defeated, Confucius was the Lusikou, and the princes hurt him, and the doctors stopped him. Confucius knew that words were useless, and the Tao was not good. It was right or wrong that for two hundred and forty-two years, he thought that the appearance of the world, demoted the Son of Heaven, retired the princes, and begged the masters to achieve the king's goal.’Confucius said, 'It is better to write clearly than to express empty words.'“Sima QianThe Spring and Autumn Annals is highly praised: "My husband's Spring and Autumn Annals is the way of the Three Kings of the Ming Dynasty, the discipline of human affairs, and no suspicion. He knows right and wrong, hesitates, good, good and evil, the good and the virtuous are unworthy, survives the country, inherits the peerless world, compensates for the poor and abolishes it, and the kingly way is the greatestTherefore, the Spring and Autumn Annals is a large part of etiquette and righteousness.Before the taboo of husband, after the practice of law;The use of law is easy to see, while the prohibition of ritual is hard to know.
Academics question the historical value of Spring and Autumn Annals.Hu ShiHe thinks: "The Spring and Autumn Annals can only be seen as a reference book for Confucian nominalism, but not as a model historical book. Later historians made a big mistake when they took the Spring and Autumn Annals as a model for history. Why? Because the purpose of history is to 'tell the truth, remember the facts'. The purpose of Spring and Autumn Annals is not to remember the facts, but to write personal judgments on the facts.”Xu FuguanThe teacher also said: "It can be concluded that the motive and purpose of Kong Zixiu's Spring and Autumn Annals is not the so-called 'historiography' today, but the solemn mission of giving play to the ancient good history and replacing the trial of God with the trial of history. It can be said that this is the mission above historiography, so it is the classics rather than history."
However, there is no doubt in the historical records of Spring and Autumn Annals.Du YuIn the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan Ji Xie Xu said:“ConfuciusBecause the history of Lu was written, the authenticity of the book was examined, and the ceremony was determined to follow the legacy of the Duke of Zhou, and the law of the future was followed. "Zhu XiHe said, "The sage wrote Spring and Autumn Annals, but he wrote the story straight. Good and evil can be seen by themselves."
The Writing Technique of History in Spring and Autumn Annals and《Redords of the Grand History of China》Different.Sima QianIt is clearly pointed out that "what I said is to tell stories in order to tidy their heirlooms, not to write them, but to compare monarchs in spring and autumn is wrong."However, the "micro words" in Spring and Autumn does not mean that its "words" are false.Zhang Jinghua said: "If 'good history' and 'true record' represent the basic principles of ancient historiography, 'subtle words and broad meanings' represent the highest realm of ancient historiography." Perhaps that's why《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》Then he said: "The name of Spring and Autumn Annals is subtle and obvious, ambitious and obscure, graceful and methodical, complete but not dirty, punish evil and persuade good, and who can fix it without saints?“
About the author
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It is said that the Spring and Autumn Annals came fromConfuciusThe hand of the old“father of the first Zhou kingAct with restraint《Zhouyi》，ConfuciusEre wrote Spring and Autumn Annals.But later generations also have different opinions,Qing peopleYuan Gufang said in "On Spring and Autumn Calligraphy" that "Spring and Autumn" is also the history of Lu.It was written by Lu Shishi, recorded by Confucius and hidden by Confucius, so that it can be passed on to later generations.Shi Yun YuThe first draft of Duxuelu Spring and Autumn Annals also says that Spring and Autumn Annals is an old article of Lu history.The Spring and Autumn Annals has a total of twelve official stories. After 240 years, there will be more than ten people who have written with their pen.How can the calligraphy of these tens of people be the same?Although the author of the Spring and Autumn Annals is controversial, it is no big difference after Confucius modified it.In fact, Spring and Autumn Annals, as a history book of the State of Lu, has already exceeded the scope of history books. The use of words and sentences in Spring and Autumn Annals has become a unique style of writing, known as Spring and Autumn Calligraphy, and has been regarded as a classic by historians of all dynasties.
As recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, it is a major event of the Spring and Autumn Annals, which has lasted for more than 240 yearsthe Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodZhang Yan of the time and Xu Yanyin of the late Tang Dynasty both said that the Spring and Autumn Annals were 18000 words (Zhang Shujian《Redords of the Grand History of China·Preface of Tai Shigong·It can be seen from the original Spring and Autumn Annalsthree countriesMore than 1000 words were revealed later.A lot of important events are missed.
Now, the original text of Spring and Autumn Annals is generally incorporated into Zuo Zhuan as "Jing", and the new content of Zuo Zhuan as "Zhuan".According to《Hanshu · Yiwenzhi》It is recorded that there are 5 biographers for the Spring and Autumn Period:
The latter two have disappeared.Spring and Autumn Annals Commentary by Gongyang GaoandGuliang ChuanIt was written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty with the official script that was popular at that time. It is called Jinwen.Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn AnnalsThere are two kinds. One is out of the wall of Confucius' former residence and written in the ancient font before the Qin Dynasty, which is called ancient prose;One is from the Warring States PeriodXun QingIt is handed down from generation to generation.
“Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn”There are differences in emphasis.The two biographies of Guliang and Gongyang focus on elucidating the "subtle meaning" in Spring and Autumn, while Zuozhuan focuses on the supplement of historical details.
Li XueqinMr. Zhang admitted: "If you want to find the 'Spring and Autumn Annals', you should look for" Ram "and" Guliang ". In my opinion, in a certain sense, this must be acknowledged today, because the study of" Ram "and" Guliang "will certainly provide us with information aboutconfucianIt may be that Zuo Zhuan could not realize many important viewpoints. "[5]
Nature of works
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The Spring and Autumn Annals is a political work containing the author's profound political thoughts, which is the same view of various schools from Meng and Xun in the pre Qin Dynasty to Ma and Ban in the Han Dynasty.After the Han Dynasty, the study of Jinwen Classics declined, and many scholars receivedClassical Chinese ClassicsUnder the influence of family opinions, Spring and Autumn Annals began to be regarded as a historical work, which led to a dispute over the nature of Spring and Autumn Annals.
Focusing on the question of whether Spring and Autumn is a historical work or a political work, the following three views have been formed for more than a thousand years:
one
traditionJinwen ClassicsFrom the viewpoint of the family, that is, the Spring and Autumn Annals is regarded as a work of political science, and those who hold this view are like people in the Qing DynastyPi Xirui, near peopleXu Fuguan、Lv Simian、Hu ShiEtc;
two
ancient Chinese proseConfucian classicsAnd the view of scholars of the modern "ancient history discrimination" school, that is, the Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical work, and scholars of ancient literature and classics are like Jin peopleDu Yu, near peopleQian Xuantong、Gu Jiegang、Liu JieOthers insist on this view;
three
The theory of reconciliation means that Spring and Autumn Annals is "also a book and a history". Those who hold this view are as followsQian Mu、Rego。As for the statement of "also classics and history", Qian Mu believes that Spring and Autumn Annals is a "statement that also classics and history", because there is no difference between ancient classics and history.However, Mr. Zhong Zhaopeng once specifically differentiated and analyzed the theory that "classics and history are indistinguishable" in a paper in the 1960s, and clarified the view that ancient Chinese classics and history are different and history precedes classics.
Later influence
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No matter from any aspect, the pioneering work of Spring and Autumn Annals is indisputable.Its chronological style is one of the three major styles of historiography. "It follows the sun and the moon, and follows the time and the year"《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》Best known.Its private nature broke the official monopoly on historiography and became scholarscontention of a hundred schools of thoughtIs the first.And“Twenty six histories”As many as one third of the private practitioners are led by them.itsa style of writing in which sublime words with deep meaning are usedNo matter how many later generations have made some comments, there is no doubt that the spirit of historiography embodied by itself is brave and selfless.
The pulse of Chinese history has continued to this day, andConfuciusThe tenacity given at the beginning is related.Sages wither, while Spring and Autumn is not old.Those who love to read Spring and Autumn Annals have many generations.Probably the most familiar one among the people is the sage Guan in the Three Kingdoms who is as famous as the sage KongGuan YuHas.Don't you hear a couplet saying: Confucius, Guan, two masters for all ages;Xiu Chunqiu, read Chunqiu, a spring and autumn through the ages.Why not learn from Guan Di and read Spring and Autumn Annals in the clear night.[4]
According to the preliminary judgment of more than 20 bamboo slips with clear characters, the researchers can see that most of the contents of the slips are found in the current version of Gongyang Biography and Guliang Biography, and some are only found in Gongyang Biography.Its content and sentence are different from the current version, and some are not seen in the current version.
Spring and Autumn Annals and Spring and Autumn Gongyang Biography are closely related. Gongyang School prevailed in the Han Dynasty and even served as the basic principle of governing the country for a period of time. The discovery of Spring and Autumn Annals isSpring and Autumn ClassicThe first discovery in the unearthed literature provides the earliest material object of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and provides valuable information for understanding this period of history.[1]
