修正量对transform prostate cancer treatment

At Novartis，we are harnessing the innovation of our world-class scientists，strategic partnerships，and one of the industry’smost competitive pipelines to explore the portential of new，targeted therapies and precision medicine platforms to address unmet needs in prostate cancer。

Through the science of targeted therapies，our goal is to reduce the global disease burden and extend the lives of patients with prostate cancer。

地下停车场

欠负荷保护cancer

What is prostate cancer？

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues.Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems。1个

When cancer starts in the prostate，it is called prostate cancer。2The prostate is a small，walnut-shaped gland，located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum，and part of the male reproductive system.The prostate gland surrounds the urethra（the tube that empties urine from the bladder）and produces fluid that makes up part of semen。2 

What are prostate cancer survival rates？

Prostate cancer can either be localized（there is no sign that the cancer has spread outside the prostate），regional（the cancer has spread outside the prostate to nearby structures or lymph nodes），or advanced（the cancer has spread to parts of the body farther from the prostate）。3

Incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer vary greatly，with more developed nations generally having higher incidence of prostate cancer but lower mortality.For example，the lifetime risk of prostate cancer in the United States（US）is nearly4times greater than the global risk。4个

Approximately74%of patients with prostate cancer in the US have localized prostate cancer at diagnosis，while approximately13%have regional prostate cancer.For people with localized prostate cancer，the5-year survival rate is nearly100%。5

However，for the approximately7%of patients who have advanced（distant）prostate cancer when they’re diagnosed，the5-year survival rate is around30%。5

Who is affected？

With more than1.4 million new cases and 375000 deaths in 2020alone，prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in over50%of countries（112/185）。6,7

二次移动式起重机4,8：

  • Are obese
  • 专用cancer
  • 防风罩，防风罩

The greatest risk factor，however，isage:The average age at diagnosis is66。9

What are biomarkers and what is their potential role in prostate cancer？

Biomarkers—which are found in blood，other body fluids，ortissue—act as signals for various bodily processes，conditions，or diseases。10They may show if a disease has progressed，providing valuable information to health care professionals and helping them to make more informed disease management decisions。

What is the PSA biomarker？

Prostate-specific antigen（PSA）is a protein made by cells in the prostate gland（both normal cells and cancer cells）。11It is a biomarker people living with prostate cancer are likely familiar with.PSA—which can be measured with a blood test—has been used to test for prostate cancer since the 1980s。7,11 

What is the PSMA biomarker？

Prostate PSMA depiction

Prostate-specific membrane antigen（PSMA）is another important biomarker high ly expressed（present）in more than80%of people with prostate cancer。12,13It is referred to as aphenotypic（observable）biomarker and can be detected using noninvasive diagnostic tests，mainly through PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography（PET/CT）。PET imaging involves a needle procedure called a tracer injection。14,15 

PSMA PET/CT may be used to tell whether prostate cancer has metastasized，or spread throughout the body，and，importantly，where in the body it has spread。15,16 

In addition to its diagnostic attributes，PSMA is also a potential target for new treatments in prostate cancer，such as precision medicines。第十七节：

Novartis and others have ongoing clinical trials investigating the use of molecules that target PSMA in this way。

参考，参考

  1. National Cancer Institute.NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms。https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cancer.Accessed Octover112021。
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prostate cancer。https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/basic_info/what-is-prostate-cancer….Accessed August302021。
  3. National Cancer Institute.Cancer staging。https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging.Accessed August302021。
  4. Barsouk A，Padala SA，Vakiti A，et al.Epidemiology，staging and management of prostate cancer.Med Sci（Basel）。2020；8（3）：2-5。doi:10.3390/medsci8030028。
  5. National Cancer Institute.Surveillance，epidemiology，and end results program。http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html.Accessed August302021。
  6. Ferlay J，Siegel RL，Sung H，et al.Global cancer statistics2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for36 cancers in185 countries.CA Cancer J Clin.2021；71（3）：225-227。doi:10.3322/caac.21660。
  7. Bott S，NG K，Giona S.The epidemiology of prostate cancer.In:Prostate Cancer.2021:1.doi:10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.epidemiology.2021。
  8. Chang B，Devesa S，Rebbeck T，et al.Global patterns of prostate cancer incidence，aggressiveness，and mortality in men of African descent.Prostate Cancer.2013；560857:1-4.doi:10.1155/2013/560857。
  9. Rawla P.Epidemiology of prostate cancer.World J Oncol.2019；10（2）：63。doi:10.14740/wjon119。
  10. National Cancer Institute.NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms。https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bioma….Accessed August302021。
  11. American Cancer Society.Screening tests for prostate cancer。https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-stagi….Accessed August302021。
  12. Hupe MC，Philippi C，Roth D，et al.Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen（PSMA）on biopsies is an independent risk stratifier of prostate cancer patients at time of initial diagnosis。Front Oncol.2018；8（623）：3。doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00623。
  13. Armstrong W，Calais J，Czernin J，et al.J Nucl Med.2020；61（3）：405-411。doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.230318。
  14. Albala D，Knopf K，Sant C.Live-single-cell phenotypic cancer biomarkers-future role in precision oncology？Prec Oncol.2017；1（21）：1-7。doi:10.1038/s41698-017-0025-y。
  15. Bluemel C，Rauscher I，Schwarzenboeck SM，et al.PSMA ligands for PET imaging of prostate cancer[published correction appears in J Nucl Med.2017；58（11）：1881]。J Nucl Med.2017；58（10）：1545-1548。doi:10.2967/jnumed.117.19103。
  16. Bouraoui Y，Ben Jemaa A，Sallami S，et al.Co-expression and impact of prostate specific membrane antigen and prostate specific antigen in prostatic pathologies.J Exp Clin Cancer Res.2010；29（171）：1-3。doi:10.1186/1756-9966-29-171。
  17. Haberkorn U，Eder M，Kopka K，Babich JW，Eisenhut M.New strategies in prostate cancer:prostate-specific membrane antigen（PSMA）ligands for diagnosis and therapy。Clin Cancer Res.2016；22（1）：9-15。doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0820。