Civil Service Periodical Network Selected Model Essays Model of aquaculture expertise

Selected Knowledge of Aquaculture (9)

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Chapter 1: Model of Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

Keywords Aquaculture Practicality of vocational education teaching

Vocational and technical education is an important part of China's higher education. Its goal is to cultivate technical applied professionals who support the basic line of the Party, meet the needs of the front-line production, construction, management and service, and are fully developed in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic aspects, so that students can have the necessary basic theory and expertise, Focus on mastering the basic ability and basic skills for practical work in the professional field, and have good professional ethics and professionalism. In the new social situation, aquaculture specialty has various new situations such as insufficient training and increasing social demand. The author has gradually formed a set of relatively reasonable and perfect teaching reform plan in his teaching practice for many years, and gradually matured in the reform practice. The specific methods are as follows.

1、 Clarify the talent training objectives of aquaculture specialty

At present, among the aquaculture practitioners, there are very few college and technical secondary school talents who have really received the professional education of aquaculture, especially those who are engaged in the front-line work of production. The society has a large demand for high-quality talents, which has great development potential. According to the demand for talents in the development of aquaculture industry, our professional training goal is initially determined to train those who can adapt to the needs of market economy and provide services with regional characteristics, can engage in aquaculture production of fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish and other aquatic products, and have certain professional basic theories and professional theoretical knowledge, The first line technical application talents with strong production practice application skills. The specific requirements are to master the principle and application technology of the culture technology of Chinese shrimp and river crab, to master the principle and technology of factory breeding and land incubation of river crab, to master the technology and principle of marine and freshwater fish culture, to master the diagnosis and prevention and treatment technology of common diseases of aquatic animals, and to basically master the analysis technology of conventional indicators of fishery water quality, Basically master the composition analysis and production technology of aquatic animal nutrition and feed, have certain production management skills in aquaculture enterprises, and have certain English, computer and practical writing skills. The final graduates should have the following three abilities. The first is the basic quality. Have good code of conduct, professional ethics and professionalism, healthy physical and psychological quality, be able to adapt to the more difficult conditions of the production front line, and have certain organizational management and social adaptability. The second is operation ability. Be able to independently sample, monitor and analyze fishery water quality, independently identify common species of aquatic organisms related to aquaculture, independently breed fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish and other aquatic animals, diagnose and prevent common diseases, and analyze and prepare ingredients of various aquaculture feeds. The last is the design ability, which can design the corresponding water quality monitoring and inspection according to the needs of aquaculture, regulate the seedlings, land, scale and water quality required for aquaculture, and develop in a favorable direction according to the plan. It can carry out overall investment, operation and countermeasure planning for shrimp, crab and shellfish, and has the ability to participate in management and production.

2、 The Current Situation and Problems of Practical Teaching

1. The theoretical teaching hours are overweight, and there is a tendency of "emphasizing theory over practice". At present, there is a widespread concept that practical teaching is attached to theoretical teaching as a supplement to theoretical teaching. Practice classes are conducted within the time specified in the theoretical teaching plan.

2. The teaching methods and models of experimental courses are too old and lack of new ideas. The experiment class in the traditional teaching method is generally explained by the teacher first, and the students complete the whole experiment process mechanically according to the teacher's requirements, prepared materials and the steps in the experiment guide book. In this way, students develop inertia, and their ability to analyze and solve problems cannot be exercised. They study the contents of the experiment without thinking, let alone the cultivation of innovation ability. At the same time, their learning initiative and enthusiasm are also limited.

3. The practical ability of teachers is poor. As the number of students increases year by year and the teaching workload increases, teachers are immersed in class, so they have no energy to explore the practical teaching mode, especially the practical talent training mode.

3、 Exploration of Practical Teaching Reform

On the premise of fully understanding the importance of practical teaching, in order to improve students' practical ability, cultivate their innovative ability, and make them become application-oriented talents required by society, we have explored the reform of practical teaching for the main professional courses of aquaculture specialty.

1. Practical teaching based on practice base. The practice base is the carrier of practical teaching, the "training ground" of the school, and the "training ground" of students. For example, the practical teaching of the course "ichthyology" we carried out took advantage of the opportunity of practice, based on the practice base, combined with the specific case teaching of fish diseases, extended the scope of teaching to the actual production units outside the campus, divided the students into groups of 5 to 6 people, and carried out patrols within their own scope every morning to find sick fish, and brought each fish disease found for the first time into the classroom, Teachers shall guide students to observe symptoms, identify rash, design and implement treatment plan, and observe its efficacy.

2. Open up the second classroom and strengthen practical teaching. In order to make up for the lack of classroom teaching, the second classroom is opened for practical teaching activities according to the characteristics of aquaculture professional courses. For example, in the course of Fish Diseases, the professional prevention and treatment clinic of fish diseases near the school is used as the second classroom, so that students can learn from the professional knowledge The current situation of fish disease diagnosis and treatment has obtained vivid, specific and systematic first-hand information, especially the integration of theoretical knowledge education and vocational skills training.

3. Arrange the course experiment scientifically and reasonably. Experiment class is an important means to train students' comprehensive abilities in reading materials, debugging and operating instruments and equipment, observing and analyzing experimental phenomena, processing experimental data and analyzing experimental results, and completing experimental reports. For example, when we carried out the experiment of determining the effective chlorine content of bleaching powder in the course of ichthyology, we only provided the materials and articles needed for the experiment. The whole experiment work was completed by students according to the experimental guidance. We only prompted the students to focus on the problems and precautions in the experiment, and guided them to observe the color change during titration, At the end, the experiment effect is evaluated according to the whole operation process and experiment report of students. This not only overcomes the dependence of students, but also improves their hands-on ability, and also exercises their ability to analyze and solve problems.

4. Encourage students to participate in social practice. Aquaculture is seasonal to a certain extent, but July August is also the summer vacation for students, and this is the best time for aquaculture production. For example, in order to enable students to master the knowledge and skills of fish disease prevention more systematically and skillfully, we arranged them to take the opportunity of returning home in the summer vacation to practice fish disease diagnosis and treatment in their hometown. At the beginning of the next semester, we will submit a summary report of summer fish disease prevention and treatment to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the final results of the practical assessment of the course.

Part 2: Sample of Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

1、 Determine the talent training goal of aquaculture specialty

According to the current situation of the demand for aquaculture technical talents in the west coast of Liaoning Province, we set the professional training goal as: through the study and practice of aquaculture, students can skillfully master the artificial propagation and cultivation technology of rare marine fish such as turbot and flounder; Proficient in artificial breeding and pond culture techniques of Penaeus chinensis and Penaeus japonicus; Skillfully master the soil pond ecological breeding technology and paddy field breeding technology of river crabs; Skillfully master the artificial breeding technology and pond culture technology of sea cucumber; Proficient in diagnosis and control of common diseases of aquatic animals; Basically master the analysis and detection technology of conventional indicators of fishery water quality; Basically master the composition analysis and production technology of aquatic animal nutrition and feed; Have certain production management skills in aquaculture enterprises.

2、 Construction of course system for aquaculture specialty

1. Construction of theoretical curriculum system

In the process of course construction of aquaculture technology specialty, curriculum reform and assessment method reform are carried out from the aspects of teaching outline, practical teaching guide book, etc. in combination with the actual production situation. In order to train students to have a solid professional theoretical foundation, and at the same time, the principle of practicality and sufficiency is taken as the principle, so the class hours of the original professional courses are compressed to highlight practicality. In the teaching process, we not only pay attention to the teaching of basic theoretical knowledge, but also pay attention to the cultivation of students' practical ability, fully reflecting the characteristics of running schools at the higher vocational level of aquaculture technology. At the same time, in combination with the outline of the qualification examination for aquatic licensed veterinarians, relevant adjustments are made to the teaching content of the course, the proportion of professional basic courses, professional courses and practical courses is reasonably allocated, the teaching of key and difficult contents is completed in the limited time in the classroom, and attention is paid to the comprehensiveness and systematicness of knowledge.

2. Construction of practical curriculum system

We timely adjust the teaching plan according to the development trend of the local aquaculture industry and the changes in the demand for aquatic skilled talents. At the beginning of the new semester in the spring of each year, students will be given key lectures on professional courses. Before students enter the manufacturer, they will be given centralized and comprehensive training on aquatic professional skills. After entering the enterprise, students will take paid internship, and students will directly participate in every link of enterprise production. The teachers in the school and the technical personnel of the manufacturer will jointly complete the production practice tasks in the real production process, and reform the assessment method, focusing on process assessment.

At the same time, in combination with professional practice and relying on our school's professional skills appraisal station (024 station) for specific types of work in the agricultural industry, students can choose to participate in the professional skills appraisal of marine aquatic animal fry breeders, marine aquatic animal breeders, freshwater aquatic animal fry breeders and freshwater aquatic animal breeders, and obtain the employment certificate for professional types of work, Students with double certificates are more popular with employers in the job market.

3、 Construction of teaching staff

Aquaculture specialty itself is very practical, so professional teachers, especially young teachers, must have high practical skills. The school has established a corresponding reward system to encourage teachers to go out of the school and enter the enterprise, guide and participate in enterprise production activities with students, fully improve their production skills, collect teaching cases in the production workshop, strengthen the connection between theory and practice, and guide classroom teaching.

reference:

[1] Hao Ruirong, Wang Weiwei Discussion on improving the quality of teaching, production and practice of aquatic products specialty Science, Education and Literature, 2009, (5): 91

[2] Dong Zhiguo, Cheng Hanliang, Yan Binlun Construct the "four modernizations" mode of practical teaching to cultivate applied talents in aquaculture specialty China Modern Educational Equipment, 2011, (11): 141-143

Part 3: Model of Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

[Key words] Discussion on the evaluation model of students' achievements of aquaculture major in secondary vocational schools

【 Funds 】 Education Reform Project of Guangxi Education Department, "Research and Practice of Integrated Teaching Mode of Theory and Practice of Ichthyology for Secondary Vocational Aquaculture Specialty".

[CLC No.] G71 [Document Identification Code] A [Article No.] 2095-3089 (2014) 05-0227-02

Student performance assessment is an important part of education and teaching activities and the lever of school teaching. It plays the role of incentive guidance and quality control in the curriculum. For students, it is an evaluation of their mastery of the curriculum and learning process. The specific assessment system, mode, content and method should fully reflect the training objectives of the corresponding courses. The training objective of secondary vocational education is to cultivate technical and application-oriented talents. For a long time, due to the influence of exam oriented education, just like other majors, the course performance evaluation of aquaculture majors mainly adopts the mode of comprehensive evaluation of ordinary performance (mainly including homework, experiment, etc.) and final exam results. Ordinary performance accounts for 40% of the total course score, and the final exam results account for 60% of the total course score. The forms of examination include open book examination and closed book examination, The subject of evaluation is the teacher. This kind of evaluation method obviously ignores the process of ability cultivation and learning, which is incompatible with the training objectives of secondary vocational education. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the student performance evaluation model to meet the needs of the development of secondary vocational education.

Ichthyology is a professional basic course for aquaculture majors, and an important foundation for fish breeding, fish disease, fish feed and fish fishing. It plays a guiding role in fish breeding and production, and is the most important theoretical and practical course for students before they go to production posts. However, there is no systematic research on the student performance evaluation model of this course. Therefore, in order to facilitate the cultivation of students, this paper explores an operable performance evaluation model suitable for aquaculture majors in secondary vocational schools by integrating theory and practice teaching.

1、 Advantages and Disadvantages of Current Student Performance Evaluation Model

At present, the student performance evaluation mode of ichthyology course is the same as that of most secondary vocational courses. The main assessment methods are theory examination and skill operation examination. The final comprehensive score of the theoretical exam=usual score (40%)+final exam score (60%), which is mainly determined by attendance and homework. Most of the skills tests are in the form of the same question and the same scoring standard. All are assessed by teachers. The advantages of this evaluation model include:

(1) Standards can be set for score determination, which is easy to judge and operate.

(2) The scoring standard is standard and fair.

(3) Students can easily review and prepare. As long as you are willing to bear hardships, have solid basic skills, can use common equipment and tools, and master basic skills, you can also pass the exam.

However, this evaluation has the following drawbacks:

(1) The evaluation content is single. Focusing on the content of the textbook, it focuses on the evaluation of students' subject knowledge and skills specified in the textbook, ignoring the evaluation of students' learning ability and production skills, which encourages many students to be lazy. It is believed that they can not listen to the class at ordinary times, and they can cope with the problem by suddenly reviewing before the exam.

(2) The subject of evaluation is single. The subject of evaluation is the teacher, who mainly evaluates according to the examination papers and assignments. On the one hand, it is difficult for the teacher to fully understand the students' learning situation, and the evaluation results may not accurately reflect the real learning situation of students; On the other hand, learning does not have the opportunity to participate in their own evaluation and mutual evaluation, and cannot fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students in learning, so that students can really participate in learning, care about their own learning, and summarize and reflect on their own learning, which is not conducive to the cultivation of students' learning ability and self-discipline ability, nor to mutual supervision and cooperation between students.

(3) Only evaluate the results, not the process. This evaluation model can only be evaluated according to the results of homework and examination papers, ignoring the evaluation of the learning process, and does not reflect the students' participation in the learning process and the spirit of cooperation.

2、 A Tentative Plan for the Evaluation of Secondary Vocational School Students' Achievements

The Vocational Education Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that "the implementation of vocational education must implement the national education policy, carry out ideological and political education and professional ethics education for the educated, impart vocational knowledge, cultivate vocational skills, provide vocational guidance, and comprehensively improve the quality of the educated". According to the requirements of the Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting Quality Education and Deepening the Teaching Reform of Secondary Vocational Education issued by the Ministry of Education, "Secondary vocational education" should fully implement the Party's educational policy, change the educational ideology, establish the concept of taking overall quality as the basis and ability as the standard, and cultivate high-quality workers and middle and primary specialized talents who are compatible with the requirements of modernization, have comprehensive ability, and work in the front line of production, service, technology and management, and are fully developed morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically. Therefore, the evaluation of secondary vocational school students' achievements should be diversified, and can reflect the cultivation of ability, discipline and good learning attitude. It should also play a role in stimulating students' learning enthusiasm, enhancing self-confidence and promoting the improvement of overall quality. The assessment mode shall follow the following principles:

(1) The principle of diversified evaluation contents. The goal of vocational education is to train high-quality workers with comprehensive abilities who are fully developed in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty. Therefore, the evaluation of students' achievements should not only evaluate students' mastery of knowledge and skills, but also include the learning process, that is, students' participation in learning, team spirit, discipline and other aspects. This can not only make a pertinent evaluation of students, but also restrain students from actively participating in classroom teaching. The evaluation of the learning process can enable learning to focus on the teaching process, cultivate the attitude of conscientious study and hard work, and the habit of unity and cooperation, rather than the bad habit of coping suddenly at the end of the term, or even cheating.

(2) The principle of diversified evaluation subjects. The evaluation of achievements should not only be completed by teachers, but also include students' self-evaluation and mutual evaluation. Self assessment enables students to change from passive waiting for evaluation to active participation in evaluation, always pay attention to their own learning, have a comprehensive and clear understanding of themselves, and reflect on themselves, so as to improve their enthusiasm and initiative in learning. Students' mutual evaluation takes the group as the evaluation subject, and the members of the group work together and evaluate the learning process and learning achievements. It is conducive to communication, solidarity and cooperation between students, cultivating the sense of team cooperation, and mutual promotion. Diversified evaluation methods evaluate students from all directions and angles.

(3) Principle of diversified evaluation methods. Evaluation runs through the whole teaching process, so evaluation methods should be diverse, including (1) classroom evaluation. It mainly assesses students' attendance, enthusiasm for learning, discipline compliance, solidarity and cooperation, and completion of learning tasks. (2) Performance of homework. Evaluate the students' attitude towards completing homework, the situation of completing homework and the situation of connecting with production practice. (3) Final examination evaluation. The final test is designed mainly according to the course standards, in combination with the actual life and the characteristics of students. It is mainly to assess students' mastery of knowledge and skills and application ability, including written examination and experimental operation.

3、 The Practice of the Reform of Student Performance Evaluation Mode

(1) Design of evaluation mode

In the course teaching of Ichthyology for aquaculture majors in secondary vocational schools, we divided the performance evaluation into two parts: theoretical performance and practical performance, referring to the requirements of students required for vocational skill identification.

1. Evaluation mode of theoretical achievements

The evaluation model that has been used for a long time has both advantages and disadvantages. The author has improved it on the original basis. The theoretical score evaluation model is: theoretical score=homework score (30%)+classroom evaluation (40%)+final exam score (30%).

(1) The homework scores shall be arranged according to the key points that should be mastered in the course standards, and the scores shall be evaluated according to the students' completion of the homework. In combination with integrated teaching, the "learning task list" should be used instead of homework, and the combination of knowledge and skills and production application should be completed by students while listening to the class or searching for information outside class. For example, in the teaching of "the relationship between fish and biological factors", the following "learning task list" is designed:

Task name: Relationship between fish and biological environment

1、 Learning objectives: understand the relationship between fish and biological environment, and master the measures that should be taken in production.

2、 Learning content:

1. Intraspecific relationships of fish include (1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

Attention should be paid to (1) (2) (3) in production

2. Interspecies relationships of fishes include (1)

(2) (3) (4)

Attention shall be paid during production.

3. The relationship between fish and other organisms is.

Attention shall be paid during production.

3、 Teacher evaluation:

(2) Classroom evaluation mainly evaluates the learning process of students, which is divided into six learning groups. Each group works together. Students conduct self-evaluation and group evaluation, so that students can fully understand themselves and participate in the learning and working process. The evaluation items include ① participation degree: active speech, careful notes, hands-on experiments, etc; ② Discipline: whether to observe classroom discipline, whether to play with mobile phones, doze off, chat, etc; ③ Attendance; ④ Solidarity and cooperation spirit; ⑤ Completion of tasks, including discussion and experiment.

(3) The final exam scores are designed according to the course standards and job requirements, as well as the characteristics of students, to test the students' mastery of knowledge and application ability. The teacher corrects and scores the test paper.

2. Actual operation performance evaluation mode

The main assessment is to evaluate students' practical ability and their mastery of skills that should be possessed in production. In the teaching of Ichthyology, there are three contents: the morphological structure of fish, species identification and fish ecology. These three parts all have skills that should be mastered. Therefore, in the practical examination, the skills of these three parts are used to give questions, so that students can operate and get practical results.

(2) Application effect and analysis of evaluation mode

1. The evaluation model is welcomed by students. Through the questionnaire survey, 96% of the students like this evaluation model. Students participate in the evaluation of their own and classmates' academic achievements, become the main body of their own evaluation, pay attention to their own academic achievements, and also reduce the pressure of learning. Therefore, students are willing to accept.

2. Evaluate students' learning objectively and comprehensively. This evaluation model evaluates students' learning achievements from aspects such as discipline, learning process, learning ability, and mastery of knowledge and skills, avoiding the limitation of only looking at homework and the end of exams. After a semester of practice, the passing rate of students reached 100%.

3. Mobilized students' enthusiasm for learning. The evaluation project includes independent and innovative content, as well as the evaluation of participation in learning, so that students can experience the harvest of participation in learning and the encouragement of thinking, and students are very motivated to learn. In teaching, students actively speak, actively participate in group experiments and discussions, actively consult materials and complete assignments, often thinking beyond textbooks.

4. Improve students' consciousness of observing discipline. Student discipline and attendance account for a certain proportion in the performance evaluation model, which can restrain students from consciously abiding by discipline and obtain real evaluation in abiding by discipline.

5. It is conducive to the integrated teaching of theory and practice. Through the "learning task list", the theoretical teaching and practical training teaching are integrated together, and the evaluation of students' participation, solidarity and cooperation, and task completion promotes the combination of theory and practical training.

reference:

[1] Zhou Lihua Exploration on the reform of student achievement evaluation of vocational education curriculum based on the general environment of curriculum reform, Science and Technology Public, 2012 (2)

Chapter 4: Model Articles on Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

Key words: aquaculture; Technology promotion; Realistic difficulties; Coping strategies; Research analysis

CLC No.: S966 Document ID: A DOI: 10.11974/nyyjs.20150833151

With the development of economy, the types of industries are more diverse. As an important component of the economic industry, aquaculture has created huge social and economic benefits. The premise to ensure the stable development of aquaculture is the promotion of aquaculture technology. Actively promoting advanced aquaculture technology in aquaculture can improve the production efficiency and specialization of China's aquaculture industry. However, at present, there are many difficulties in the promotion of aquaculture technology, which makes the technology promotion in an awkward situation. The current technology needs to solve the problems and actively promote the promotion and dissemination of aquaculture technology.

1 Difficulties in aquaculture technology promotion

1.1 Aquaculture farmers lack advanced farming concepts and solid farming knowledge

At present, aquaculture farmers in China generally have low educational background, insufficient farming knowledge, and weak learning ability. Based on the fact that there is quite little professional knowledge in the aquaculture industry, they are also traditional and conservative in concept. They have resistance to advanced farming technology and scientific concepts, are not enthusiastic about learning new knowledge, and have poor ability to accept new technology, During aquaculture, relying solely on previous aquaculture experience, the use of brute force has led to a low degree of aquaculture specialization, which has indirectly led to increased difficulty in the promotion of aquaculture technology, and advanced aquaculture technology has always been difficult to maintain

1.2 The country lacks professional training attention and guidance

The reason why aquaculture technology is difficult to be popularized is related to the national investment in aquaculture technology. At present, there are many farmers who want to learn advanced breeding technology, but they are suffering from the lack of publicity channels for breeding technology, which makes it difficult to promote advanced breeding technology. The relevant departments of the state lack guidance in the training of aquaculture technology, and more aquaculture personnel seek help from relatives and friends or old farmers. Access to technology and advanced scientific aquaculture technology are limited in dissemination, leading to difficulties in promotion. In terms of training, there is also a wrong training method, which is forced to promote and stimulate

1.3 Lack of accurate demonstration and formal sales channels

To a certain extent, aquaculture demonstration zones can make farmers see real benefits and stimulate their enthusiasm for learning new technologies. However, there are few aquaculture demonstration zones in China, which play a weak role in driving. In addition, the failure of sales channels to ensure the promotion of aquaculture technology has also increased the difficulty. The essential purpose of aquaculture is to obtain the best economic returns. Once problems occur in the sales link, it is easy to lead to the failure of aquaculture production. There is still much room for improvement in the market guarantee of aquaculture in China, and the marketing market provided for farmers is very limited, which has virtually become an indirect resistance to the promotion of advanced aquaculture technology.

2 Effective countermeasures for aquaculture technology promotion

2.1 Strengthen professional knowledge training and guidance for aquaculture farmers

In view of the lack of professional knowledge of aquaculture farmers in China and the neglect of aquaculture training in China, it is particularly important to actively promote the guidance and training of advanced aquaculture technology. Relevant national departments can provide free training and guidance for an advanced aquaculture technology within a specific period of time, and provide information and later guidance for aquaculture farmers free of charge, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of aquaculture farmers to learn technology, make aquaculture farmers see tangible benefits and benefits, and implement incentive policies among aquaculture farmers, Financial rewards will be given to outstanding aquaculture farmers to encourage them to learn from and communicate with each other. Properly invite experts to explain the practice of pests and diseases and aquaculture technology, timely solve the problems of aquaculture farmers, and promote the promotion and implementation of aquaculture technology.

2.2 Establish demonstration area and actively do well in aquaculture demonstration work

A good demonstration can stimulate the enthusiasm of aquaculture farmers to learn in a direct way. The reality of the current shortage of aquaculture demonstration areas in China requires us to actively promote aquaculture demonstration areas and carry out technical support and policy assistance for aquaculture farmers. In terms of production mode, we also encourage single aquaculture farmers to move closer to the demonstration zone, form a large-scale demonstration park and business entity, take the path of specialized aquaculture, realize the improvement of the quality of aquaculture industry, walk out of the scientific and standardized way of aquaculture, so as to promote the promotion of aquaculture technology.

2.3 Broaden sales channels and provide sales guarantee for aquaculture farmers

The existing sales channels in China are difficult for aquaculture farmers to try new technologies. If we solve the sales problem for aquaculture farmers from the source, the problem of technology promotion will be solved. China can investigate and analyze the current sales situation, understand the current main sales channels, and try to broaden them from many aspects. In case of difficulty in aquaculture sales, we can focus on sales and take the road of industrial integration, which not only ensures the stability of China's aquaculture industry and meets the demand of aquaculture market, but also reassures China's aquaculture farmers. With basic aquaculture sales guarantee, advanced aquaculture technology will also be effectively promoted.

With the development of aquaculture industry, China's aquaculture technology continues to improve, but the ultimate purpose of the improvement is to achieve practical implementation and aquaculture promotion. In the face of problems in aquaculture technology promotion, actively divergent thinking, broaden channels, and mobilize the enthusiasm for learning of aquaculture farmers are the primary issues that need to be considered in the current aquaculture industry. Advanced aquaculture technology has been promoted, and China's aquaculture industry will also embark on the road of standardized and professional development.

reference

[1] He Xiaofeng Problems and countermeasures in current aquaculture technology promotion [J]. China Agricultural Information, 2014 (23): 95

Chapter 5: Model of Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

Key words: China's aquaculture animals; Hazard status; development direction

CLC No.: S96 Document ID: A DOI: 10.11974/nyyjs.20170229058

The rapid development of China's aquaculture animal industry has resulted in the continuous expansion of the number, scale and types of aquaculture animals and the continuous expansion of the area of aquaculture. The potential problem is that once the disease of aquaculture animals occurs, it will affect a large area of water, that is, it will cause pollution to a large area of water, which will threaten people's health, The quality of aquaculture has declined significantly, and the income of farmers has been damaged. It is imperative to control diseases of aquaculture animals in China. The main research direction of this paper is the current situation of diseases of aquaculture animals, as well as the development trend of diseases of aquaculture animals. Based on this, we can formulate disease control measures and disease control plans for aquaculture animals in advance, and actually reduce the possibility of diseases of aquaculture animals, And ensure that the speed of disease pollution affected area can be effectively controlled.

1 Analysis of the current situation of diseases of aquaculture animals in China

The disease of aquaculture animals in China is the most important factor affecting the development and quality of aquaculture, which can actually reduce the overall quality of aquaculture and reduce the number of aquaculture, causing damage to the interests of farmers, which is extremely adverse to the further development of the aquaculture industry, It will directly lead to the corresponding impact on the market structure, the market's development will be turbulent, and it will indirectly lead to the increase of unemployment rate, which is not conducive to the stable development of society. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a detailed exploration and analyze the specific manifestations and impacts of aquaculture animal diseases in China.

1.1 The disease is difficult to cure

The scope and impact of diseases of aquaculture animals are gradually expanding, which is a relatively unfavorable signal for the society. Analyzing the current situation of diseases of aquaculture animals can actually understand the danger of diseases of aquaculture animals. One of the current hazards of aquaculture animals is that it is difficult to eradicate the disease, which is manifested in the recurrence of diseases of aquaculture animals, especially the diseases that are easily acquired by aquatic animals, or the more common diseases in aquatic animals, which occur repeatedly every year, leading to a vicious circle of aquaculture, which can not avoid common animal diseases, and losses can not be avoided, This is fatal for any industry. The main types of diseases of aquaculture animals that cannot be eradicated and controlled are bacterial infectious diseases, viral infectious diseases, and blood related diseases. The conditions for these diseases are relatively simple, resulting in a high incidence, rapid infection and high mortality. The large-scale death of aquaculture animals under these diseases will directly lead to the breeding of bacteria and viruses in the water body, which will lead to the unavailability of water and further shortage of water resources. While inhibiting the development of aquaculture industry, it will have a greater impact on the production and life of society.

1.2 New diseases continue to appear

The main reason for the continuous emergence of new diseases is the continuous increase in the types of aquaculture animals and the disease types of aquaculture animals. In addition, the lack of professional knowledge of aquaculture farmers makes it impossible to realize the scientific breeding and the rationalization of the breeding environment. The feed ratio, feed feeding rules, and the control and adjustment of environmental conditions are relatively casual, As a result, diseases of new species of aquaculture animals continue to appear. In addition, different animals also breed together in the process of aquaculture, and the conditions of animal breeding have corresponding differences, which further leads to the probability of disease occurrence of aquaculture animals. With the economic globalization, aquaculture animals are also showing a trend of globalization. The introduction of foreign aquaculture animals has led to the introduction of new bacterial species and virus species, which further led to the further increase of disease types of aquaculture animals, further out of control.

1.3 Poor breeding environment

The aquaculture animal industry can not do without the water environment, which directly affects the quality of aquaculture animals, and the quality of aquaculture animals also indirectly appears and affects the stability of the water environment. Nowadays, water environment pollution is a serious problem. The breeding environment of aquaculture animals has become worse, leading to the increasing probability and severity of aquaculture official diseases. In this case, a large number of drugs and medicaments have been invested to effectively control the occurrence of aquaculture animal diseases and achieve therapeutic effects, This further disordered the water system and destroyed the ecological adjustment, leading to the further deterioration of the water environment, the gradual improvement of the aquaculture difficulty of the aquaculture animal industry, the gradual shortage of aquaculture water resources, the gradual limitation of the aquaculture environment, and the stagnation of the development of the aquaculture industry in this environment.

1.4 Complicated breeding conditions

Due to the rapid development of society and the rapid progress of industry, the destruction of the environment is gradually expanding, which makes the climate gradually worse. Continuous haze, rainfall, high temperature often occur, while there are acid rain, storms and other extreme weather, which directly leads to the difficulty of controlling the environmental conditions of aquaculture and the complexity of aquaculture conditions. At the same time, the problem is that the awareness of cleaning up the aquaculture environment and the awareness of protecting the aquaculture environment are relatively lacking, which further leads to the decline of the sanitary conditions of aquaculture, the rapid expansion of aquaculture bacteria and aquaculture viruses, leading to the frequent occurrence, high incidence and rapid spread of diseases. The scientificity of breeding and the lack of breeding system are also one of the main reasons for the complexity of breeding conditions. The lack of professional knowledge of farmers and the weakness of management awareness lead to high risk factors of inputs in the breeding process, as well as large hidden dangers. The lack of breeding system leads to the randomness of breeding and the uncontrollability of breeding for water pollution.

2. Research on the prevention and control measures of aquaculture animal diseases in China

The prevention and control measures of aquaculture animal diseases in China need to start from the root, achieve the effect of root causes, and achieve the goal of low probability of occurrence and low impact of aquaculture animal diseases.

2.1 Aquaculture systematization

For the systematization of aquaculture, the specific operation is to regulate the aquaculture farmers, realize the clear regional division of aquaculture, and fix the scope of aquaculture, at the same time, popularize the aquaculture knowledge for aquaculture farmers, and arrange professional teams to guide the operation of aquaculture animals, so as to avoid the cross of diseases, bacteria, viruses, etc. of aquaculture animals, And realize the maximum utilization of water resources. At the same time, through the adjustment of feed feeding and the improvement of breeding conditions, reduce the probability of disease of aquaculture animals. In addition, aquaculture animal professionals guide the cleaning of aquaculture environment and the maintenance of health quality, fundamentally reducing the opportunities for diseases of aquaculture animals, while actually improving the quality and survival rate of aquaculture animals, and actually ensuring the sustainable application of aquaculture environment.

2.2 Aquaculture management

Aquaculture management means to observe the aquaculture environment regularly, determine the qualification of the aquaculture environment and conditions, control the areas where aquaculture is not allowed, prevent the spread of aquaculture and unscientific aquaculture, prevent environmental damage and waste of aquaculture resources. At the same time, manage the drug and feed supply of farmers to prevent the diversification of drug types, which will lead to the decline of water quality and drug resistance of animals, further increasing the difficulty of disease prevention of aquaculture animals. Excessive feed supply will lead to eutrophication of water, abnormal diet of animals, and serious death of animals. Disease management of aquaculture animals also includes the management of aquaculture means to ensure the optimization of aquaculture methods, and the optimization of aquaculture environment The scientific breeding scheme can actually improve the quality of breeding while reducing the cost. The breeding environment is gradually moving in a benign direction. The utilization rate of breeding resources is maximized. The scope of breeding can be gradually expanded in this case. The development of the breeding industry is gradually reduced by the limiting factors.

2.3 Drug application

Drug application: through the reasonable and small amount of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, immune enhancers, metabolic improvers, etc., the ability of aquaculture animals to resist external interference can be improved, the adaptable environment can be widened, the difficulty of breeding and the precautions for breeding can be reduced, which can actually reduce the input of human resources and reduce the content of operations, Promote the further development of aquaculture animal industry. For the diseases of aquaculture animals, isolate the infected diseases, take corresponding targeted drugs, mix the feed to ensure the scientificity of the input, conduct regular observation on the animals, continue to feed in the case of improvement and effect, and check the remaining animals in the case of irreparable conditions, Ensure that there is no hidden pathogen to avoid a one-time outbreak. At the same time, conduct a detailed investigation of the environment, determine the source of the disease, and solve it in a timely manner. The actual guarantee is that the loss will be minimized when the disease occurs. When drugs are used for diseases of aquaculture animals in China, professional guidance should be ensured to prevent misuse and abuse of drugs, so as to avoid damage to the ecosystem and practically ensure the further development of aquaculture animal industry in China.

3 Conclusion

The current situation of diseases of aquaculture animals in China is not optimistic, and the impact is large and serious, which requires timely treatment and control. According to the causes of diseases, analyze the disease prevention countermeasures and disease control methods, so as to effectively control the diseases of aquaculture animals in China, reduce the types of diseases and the probability of disease occurrence, Realize the stable development of aquaculture industry, maximize the safe use of water resources, and achieve a virtuous circle.

reference

[1] Ma Longqiang, Song Guanbi, Zhai Xuliang, etc Analysis on Current Situation of Diseases of Aquaculture Animals in Chongqing and Countermeasures for Prevention and Control [J]. China Fisheries, 2009 (3): 74-75

[2] Chen Changfu Main achievements and current problems in the research on disease prevention and control of aquaculture animals in China [J]. Feed Industry, 2007, 28 (10): 1-3

[3] Wu Zaohe, Jian Jichang Discussion on the key issues in the research and control of aquaculture animal diseases in China [C]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Frontier and Development Strategy of Aquaculture, 133-136

[4] Zhan Wenbin, Liu Hongming, Wang Yue, etc Aquaculture diseases and their drug control and aquatic product safety [J]. Journal of Ocean University of China (Natural Science Edition), 2004, 34 (5): 758-760

Chapter 6: Model of Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

The practice of aquaculture teaching under the training mode of application-oriented talents meets the actual needs of current teaching reform to a certain extent. Actively respond to the problems existing in the development process of its practical teaching. In the specific teaching practice link, pay attention to optimizing the talent training program and syllabus, improve the teaching method relying on modern science and information technology, effectively combine theoretical knowledge and practical experience, and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture teaching practice.

1、 The Necessity of Aquaculture Teaching Practice under the Applied Talents Training Mode

The aquaculture teaching practice under the application-oriented talent training mode meets the needs of the educational reform practice in colleges and universities. The application-oriented talent training mode has become the focus of the current college training, which is consistent with the quality teaching concept with the fundamental purpose of improving the national quality, aiming to promote the all-round development of students and ensure the smooth progress of education and teaching. In order to improve the teaching quality, it is urgent for the relevant teachers to change their teaching concepts, gradually improve the infrastructure and teaching equipment, and take the three-dimensional goal as the starting point to cultivate the coordinated development of students' learning ability and quality. Its teaching practice helps to accurately position the direction of talent cultivation and cultivate all-round talents with knowledge and practical skills to develop together. The cultivation concept of application-oriented talents is the specific requirement of the current aquaculture teaching practice. The aquaculture specialty involves a wide range of knowledge points and is a highly technical discipline. In the actual teaching link, teachers introduce specific cases, use a variety of teaching methods to carry out teaching, and display specific knowledge images in front of students, It is helpful to stimulate students' enthusiasm for learning, cultivate innovative thinking, and improve teaching quality. The aquaculture teaching practice under the application-oriented talent training mode is an organic combination of theoretical knowledge teaching and practical teaching. Teachers guide students to carry out experimental courses through the way of experimental training bases, strengthen cooperation with outstanding enterprises outside the school, and be guided by professional technicians to create a good learning atmosphere for students, Lay the foundation for the smooth follow-up teaching.

2、 Current Situation of Aquaculture Teaching Development under the Mode of Applied Talents

In the process of aquaculture teaching development under the current application-oriented talent model, the number of experimental bases is small, cooperation with enterprises is ignored, and the aquaculture teaching practice platform is not perfect, which to some extent can not meet the development needs of the current aquaculture teaching practice. At the same time, in the actual teaching process, affected by the traditional teaching concept for a long time, the teaching method is backward. Some teachers transfer the focus of teaching tasks to the teaching of theoretical knowledge, which is not effectively connected with practical teaching. Students are in a passive state of accepting knowledge, and the teaching effect is not obvious, which is not conducive to the smooth progress of subsequent teaching. At present, some colleges and universities in China are late in carrying out aquaculture courses, but the course knowledge is extensive. In the process of practical teaching, the proportion of confirmatory practical courses is large, the comprehensive practical courses are limited, and the off campus practice is ignored, resulting in the students' limited hands-on ability and incomplete grasp of relevant applied knowledge. The arrangement of aquaculture courses by teachers is not scientific, and they do not strictly follow the actual situation of the overall teaching development of colleges and universities. The relevant teachers are not teachers of their own majors, and the professional knowledge and skills of teachers are limited. In the experimental training link, students' subjective initiative is ignored, and students' learning enthusiasm is reduced, The support of relevant enterprises is weak, and the practice teaching mode is single, which is not conducive to improving the overall teaching effect.

3、 Teaching Practice Mode of Aquaculture under the Applied Talents Training Mode

(1) The key to improving the aquaculture teaching practice under the training mode of application-oriented talents in the course category is to gradually improve the course category. In the process of education and teaching, the first thing to do is to start with the actual situation of the economic development of colleges and universities in the region. Under the background of the concept of application-oriented talents training, colleges and universities are important places to cultivate talents. In the planning of course categories, It is necessary to study the elective courses and compulsory courses, update the concept of different types of courses, and declare the professional courses related to appreciation and reproduction, such as aquaculture, before teaching. At present, the aquaculture specialty involves rich technical and theoretical knowledge. In order to sort out the knowledge structure of students, it is necessary to scientifically divide the aquaculture discipline, understand the key connotation of the aquaculture specialty, clarify its professional development direction, do a good job in social market research, and develop training plans for students that meet the needs of society, To some extent, it lays the foundation for students' future employment and stimulates students' interest in learning. The key to cultivating application-oriented talents is to cultivate talents with comprehensive development. Starting from the actual situation of students' cognitive development, all students are actively encouraged to participate in curriculum teaching activities. Students can choose different types of courses according to their own preferences to improve teaching quality.

(2) The teaching practice of aquaculture under the mode of optimizing experimental content and cultivating application-oriented talents needs to focus on optimizing experimental content, which is conducive to improving students' innovation ability. Reform the content of aquaculture teaching practice, reasonably optimize the proportion between experimental verification and experimental experiments, start from the actual development characteristics of students' current cognitive level, timely improve the situation where traditional teachers are in the authoritative position in the classroom, and truly return the classroom to students, so that students can truly experience the fun of practical teaching, To avoid the problem of teaching experiments in the whole course in the classroom is not conducive to improving the students' subjective initiative to a certain extent. In the link of experimental teaching, when the teacher has known the experimental results, do not tell the students about the experimental results, but should pay attention to guiding them in the process of the experiment, correct the shortcomings in the experiment, encourage students to think independently, master the practical steps, and clarify the aquaculture related technology, which is conducive to improving students' learning ability. In order to improve the effect of teaching practice, we can appropriately increase the proportion of experimental experiments, give full play to students' subjective initiative, guide students to apply specific theoretical knowledge in practice, open students' minds, and master the pharmacology and disease principles related to aquaculture through experiments.

(3) Improve the practice conditions, improve the practice teaching conditions, pay attention to the construction of the practice teaching base, and improve the practice level of aquaculture teaching. The theory and practice of aquaculture are strong. Students are required to apply the relevant theoretical knowledge to the practice link accurately while mastering the relevant theoretical knowledge, vividly display the specific knowledge in front of students, help students to truly understand the aquaculture process, and clarify their job responsibilities. In the process of constructing the practice teaching base, we should pay attention to optimizing relevant scientific research and teaching equipment and actively introduce advanced aquaculture scientific research equipment.

(4) Optimizing practice resources In the aquaculture teaching practice link under the application-oriented talent training mode, we need to pay attention to optimizing practice resources, improve the aquaculture learning resource library, and have professional managers update it in real time, so that it meets the actual needs of the current teaching reform. In the process of scientific research project research, we should pay attention to improving the adjustment level of scientific research conditions, effectively integrate the resources inside and outside the school, and provide students with thesis materials by building an aquaculture case database, so as to lay a foundation for students to graduate successfully. Pay attention to optimizing the comprehensive practice module, make full use of the advantages of modern science and information technology, build an intelligent data resource sharing platform, and focus on strengthening online and offline communication with students. At this time, teachers can always provide relevant aquaculture knowledge to the platform, and students can choose appropriate materials for experiments according to their own cognitive situation, To some extent, it will help to improve the level of practical teaching. In the link of integrating practical resources, we should pay attention to analyzing the climate and weather changes in the region, grasp the key period of aquaculture, effectively integrate the teaching resources related to practical teaching, and collect relevant knowledge about intensive aquaculture and diseases, which can help students effectively deal with the problems that are easy to occur in specific experimental teaching.

(5) Optimization of training program Under the influence of the concept of application-oriented talent training, it is urgent to optimize the training program of aquaculture teaching practice. In the link of curriculum design of aquaculture specialty, it is necessary to fully combine the actual situation of the development of the current syllabus, pay attention to the reference of relevant literature, and fully combine the current cognitive ability of students and the overall development goal of the school, Build a sound talent training plan, pay attention to strengthening the construction of teachers' professional team, improve the practical teaching ability of teachers, teach in strict accordance with the syllabus, clarify the key and difficult points of teaching, and highlight the dominant position of students. Optimize the teaching objectives, take the experimental experimental teaching as the focus of teaching, and the experts from the relevant local fisheries research institute will come to guide, so as to correct the problems existing in students' practice in a timely manner. The whole process of talent cultivation can be supervised by setting up a professional guidance group, improving the professional training program, focusing on the development of professional teaching and scientific research training plans, and in the process of talent cultivation, focusing on improving students' ability to solve problems independently, which is conducive to improving students' comprehensive quality.

conclusion

Chapter 7: Model Articles on Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

(Department of Fisheries Science, College of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100)

About the author: Xiong Dongmei (1982 -), female, born in Chongqing, lecturer, doctor of agriculture, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research of ichthyology, famous and special aquaculture and other courses. Email: xiongdongmei@nwsuaf.edu.cn

Abstract: Aquaculture of Mingte is an important professional course in aquaculture professional education, and the practice course is a key link to cultivate students' professional skills and practical ability. In order to improve the teaching quality and enable students to better master the artificial breeding, seedling cultivation and artificial breeding technology of famous and special economic fish, this paper, in combination with the regional characteristics of Qinling Mountains, has carried out some reforms and explorations on the project setting and teaching methods of the practical part of the course, so that the undergraduate students majoring in aquaculture in northwest China can learn excellent techniques for the cultivation of famous and excellent fish.

Key words: Mingte Aquaculture; Reform; Practical courses

In order to train the technical backbone to meet the needs of the front-line production of the aquaculture industry, the aquatic specialty of Northwest A&F University of Science and Technology has continuously increased its teaching investment, and has carried out some reforms and explorations in the aspects of professional talent training mode, construction of curriculum reform system and other aspects in combination with the characteristics of the northwest region. Mingte Aquaculture is an important professional course for aquaculture majors, which mainly describes the biological characteristics, artificial breeding, seedling cultivation, adult feeding management technology, disease prevention and control of various famous and high-quality fish, and is systematic and practical. According to the teaching experience of the practical part of the course in recent years, and combining with the opinions of previous students, the author makes the following discussion on the reform of the course.

1. Reform the teaching content according to the characteristics of the northwest region

At present, Mingte Aquatic Animal Breeding Course takes Mingte Aquatic Animal Breeding Course edited by Cao Keju as the teaching material, which combines three courses, namely, Mingte Fish Breeding, Mingte Vertebrate Animal Breeding, and Amphibian and Reptile Breeding. This course not only avoids repetition, but also increases the time for course practice and increases the strength of practical teaching [1]. However, there is no unified textbook for practical courses. Teachers organize the project content of practical teaching based on the theoretical course textbook according to the characteristics of the practice base. As our school is located in the northwest region, adjacent to the foot of the Qinling Mountains, and there are relatively many cold water fish farming industries, the author has grasped the following two points in the process of practice teaching: ① The teaching content is highly targeted, focusing on the types and characteristics of cold water aquaculture varieties in the Qinling Mountains; ② Focus on the representative varieties with relatively stable prices and basically mature seedling and breeding technologies in northwest China. According to the above principles, the course content system was reformed, focusing on some representative varieties, such as paddlefish, giant salamander, hybrid sturgeon, fine scale salmon, yellow river carp and other local varieties.

On the basis of clarifying the cultivation plan of aquaculture specialty, the teaching process of famous, special and excellent aquaculture technology courses does not pursue systematicness and integrity, and takes "combining the actual fishery production in northwest China" as the guiding ideology. For example, when teaching the "sturgeon culture technology", the focus is on the large-scale cage culture technology of paddlefish emerging in the Han River basin; When teaching "Salmon and trout fish farming", focus on the use of streams or springs in the Qinling Mountains for cold water fish farming, such as golden trout, rainbow trout and Qinling fine scale salmon; When teaching the "breeding technology of giant salamander", we will focus on the healthy breeding technology of giant salamander for the giant salamander breeding bases in Hanyin, Hanzhong, Ningshan and other places in Shaanxi, as well as the disease prevention and control problems in the breeding process of giant salamander; When teaching the content of "breeding technology of tortoises and turtles", the content of breeding technology of selenium rich turtles in Ankang and Ziyang areas of Shaanxi Province was added.

2. Reform of practical teaching methods

2.1 Emphasize the cultivation of practical ability

In order to improve students' practical skills, Mingte Internship adopts a combination of laboratory anatomy training, off campus production practice and visiting special aquatic product farms to strengthen students' practical ability and practice. The anatomy experiment course mainly includes the understanding of the biological characteristics of Siniperca chuatsi, Polyodon spathe, Buthus barbus, Silurus meridionalis, Catfish catfish, Catfish catfish and other species, and the identification of male and female. The off campus production practice mainly arranges students to participate in the artificial breeding and seedling cultivation of Polyodon spathe in Ankang Aquatic Base, as well as the artificial breeding and seedling cultivation of Siniperca chuatsi. Students were organized to visit Shaanxi Ankang Changming Turtle Farm and Hanyin County Giant Salamander Ecological Farm. "What you have learned on paper is always shallow, and you must practice it". Students consolidate their knowledge and improve their practical ability through practical operation and personal experience.

2.2 Broaden practical teaching channels and strengthen school enterprise cooperation

At present, the internship bases for aquatic students are mainly Ankang Aquatic Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University of Science and Technology and Heyang Farm of Shaanxi Province, which basically meet the requirements for course internship. However, the internship contents of these two bases are relatively single, and the species of aquatic animals are limited. Practical teaching is an important link in cultivating students' professional skills and professional quality. In the teaching process, we should truly achieve the combination of "production, learning and research". While starting to build a good internship base on campus and off campus, we should send some students to practice in enterprises, sublimate professional knowledge, improve professional skills, and achieve a win-win situation [2]. In order to further broaden the vision of students, strengthen school enterprise cooperation, let aquatic students contact the production line, understand the industry dynamics and market demand, lay a certain foundation for adapting to the corresponding jobs in the future, and also prepare for enterprises to select excellent talents. According to the summary of previous students who went to aquatic companies and enterprises in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hainan and other places to practice and returned to school, the enterprise practice mode has greatly improved students' ability to deal with specific problems in production practice. The next step is to explore the joint development of school and enterprise teaching plans, joint development of teaching content, and in-depth cooperation in educating people.

2.3 Improve the quality of teachers and optimize the structure of teachers

The cultivation and improvement of students' skills cannot be separated from the scientific guidance of teachers. The establishment of a teaching team with modern teaching concepts, familiar with production links and strong practical ability is a necessary condition to improve the effect of practical teaching [2]. At present, the teaching resources of Mingte aquaculture courses are relatively lacking: professional teachers in schools lack practical experience and skills are not comprehensive enough. Promote scientific research through production, constantly improve teachers' professional quality, actively participate in scientific research and promotion, and participate in relevant academic experience exchange meetings [3]. In the past three years, teachers of the curriculum team have undertaken 5 scientific research projects and published more than 10 academic and teaching reform papers. We should conscientiously sum up experience on the original basis, continue to deepen reform, and strive to improve the quality of teaching. The teachers of this course actively go to the Ankang Experimental Station of the school for grassroots exercise, and participate in the promotion of aquaculture production technology and scientific and technological development; Also participated in the college organized young teachers to the enterprise grass-roots training activities to improve professional quality; Use winter and summer vacations to learn about the market and enterprise needs of famous and special aquatic product breeding companies, experience and learn new technologies of fish seedling breeding in seedling breeding enterprises in five provinces in northwest China, and improve practical teaching ability. In addition, enterprise experts or senior technicians and professional teachers can be employed to teach students in the internship, so as to achieve the effect of integrating teachers from both enterprises and schools.

3. Reform of assessment methods of practical teaching

Assessment is an effective means to test students' operational skills and abilities, and also an important indicator to measure the teaching effect. The assessment of practical teaching courses is more difficult than that of theoretical courses. It is particularly important to objectively evaluate students' practice effect and practical ability. The traditional assessment method is generally based on the practice report to score students, which has certain drawbacks. It can only reflect the level of students' theoretical knowledge, but not the actual practical level of students. For this reason, after repeated discussions and careful thinking, the author proposed to use the way of speaking while practicing and on-site assessment of hands-on ability. The internship result consists of three parts: ordinary performance of participating in production activities (30%)+practical ability and skills (40%)+internship report (30%)=100%.

Through the reform in the above aspects, students have increased their interest in learning the course of famous, special and excellent aquaculture. The course is also more in line with the characteristics of special aquaculture in northwest China, and the content is more practical for students. The author will make continuous efforts to improve the teaching quality of famous, special and excellent aquaculture technology in the future.

reference:

[1]

Zhou Benxiang, Yang Donghui Teaching reform and practice of Mingte Aquaculture [J]. Journal of Xinyang Agricultural College, 2000, 10 (2): 68-69

Chapter 8: Sample Knowledge of Aquaculture

Abstract: In view of the problems such as the traditional teaching mode of Fish Genetics and Breeding is mainly theoretical teaching, and the lack of practical teaching, since 2013, we have carried out the practical case teaching method and the integrated teaching mode of "curriculum+base+enterprise" in the course reform. The results show that the reform has improved the students' professional comprehensive ability, strengthened their professional practical skills, and cultivated their ability to comprehensively use professional knowledge to solve production and application problems such as variety breeding and fine variety breeding. At the same time, it also improves the professional comprehensive ability of teachers, and has received good practical teaching results.

Key words: fish genetics and breeding; Practical case teaching method; Curriculum+base+enterprise; Practical training; application

CLC No.: G459 Document Code: A Article No.: 1674-9324 (2017) 24-0015-02

Under the national policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" and the environment of school transformation and reform, in order to further promote the deepening of education and teaching reform of aquaculture specialty, strengthen the professional skills and professional quality of aquaculture students, and cultivate application-oriented, versatile and skilled talents with high professional practice ability, The School of Life Sciences of Neijiang Normal University, relying on the key laboratory of "Conservation and Utilization of Fish Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River" in Sichuan Province and the cooperation between schools and enterprises, has jointly built an off campus practical education base for the "Chinese white mullet" research institute, relying on the provincial quality project "Comprehensive Reform Pilot Project of Aquaculture Specialty", explored new ideas for the construction of fish genetics and breeding courses, and after nearly five years of construction, Try to build the course into a provincial quality course.

1、 Course construction

Since the aquaculture specialty was opened in our school in 2012, the construction of the course of Fish Genetics and Breeding has been carried out. So far, it has been five years of construction history. Its development is as follows.

1. The continuity of curriculum construction is strong, and a large number of backbone teachers have been able to grow. The professionalization of the members of the research team has been significantly accelerated. There are 6 backbone teachers and 2 part-time teachers, including 2 professors, 3 associate professors, 2 lecturers and 1 senior engineer. Three were promoted to associate professors, two were promoted to lecturers, project members published more than 10 teaching reform papers, and students were guided to publish more than 10 academic papers.

2. Attach importance to the construction of practical teaching platform and carry out the teaching reform of fish genetics and breeding. Since 2013, Neijiang Normal University has set up the theory and practical training course of Fish Genetics and Breeding for aquaculture majors. We have adopted the case teaching method in the setting of the practical training course of Fish Genetics and Breeding, and carried out the exploration and practice of the integrated teaching mode of "curriculum+base+enterprise". In the teaching practice of the past three years, teachers have carried out practical teaching in combination with production cases. The teaching content is rich and the image is profound. Through integrating theory with practice, they organically combine theoretical teaching, production practice and scientific experiments, so that students can truly master and master professional knowledge.

3. Attach importance to resource construction. At the end of 2016, two monographs will be published (currently in the publishing house's typesetting stage), which are respectively the Experimental Training Course of Fish Genetics and Breeding edited by the author and the teaching material Sichuan Famous Aquaculture co written by the project team members. These two monographs have been used as teaching materials for elective courses of fish breeding; The textbook "Experimental Training Course of Fish Genetics and Breeding" developed and established five practical teaching cases of school enterprise integration.

2、 Curriculum reform

1. The integration of production and education and the combination of schools and enterprises have constructed a new integrated teaching mode of "curriculum+base+enterprise" in fish genetics and breeding. Since 2013, we have carried out a new integrated teaching mode of "curriculum+base+enterprise". That is to say, the teaching content is divided into two parts, which are more theoretical and practical. The more theoretical content is taught in the school, and the more practical content is transferred to the breeding enterprises (fish breeding and breeding farms). In addition to professional teachers in the school, the instructors also invite enterprise experts to serve as instructors for students to practice in production units. According to the breeding requirements of breeding enterprises, teachers and students provide technical services for enterprises to achieve win-win cooperation between schools and enterprises and solve the employment problem of graduates.

2. In combination with production practice, guide students to carry out innovative scientific research experiments and open the second class of Fish Genetics and Breeding. In order to further improve the level of students' academic activities, cultivate their learning ability, innovative spirit and practical ability, enhance their academic atmosphere, and stimulate their initiative and enthusiasm to participate in academic activities, in the school enterprise joint teaching of Fish Genetics and Breeding, the teaching team guided students to carry out innovative research and entrepreneurship training in combination with the course content and enterprise needs, Instruct students majoring in aquaculture to apply for the national large scale innovation project "Preliminary Study on Induction, Growth and Gonad Development of Triploid Ophiocephalus argus", cooperate with Neijiang Jianglong Aquatic Cooperative, carry out polyploid breeding practice of white mullet, cultivate a large number of triploid sterile Ophiocephalus argus argus, and start experimental promotion and breeding in Neijiang area, Taking part in the first Neijiang Undergraduate Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition with the achievements of this project, we won the "Sprout Cultivation Project". At the same time, this achievement has been applied for a national invention patent, which is currently in the trial stage.

3. Attach importance to the combination of scientific research and production practice cases, and strengthen production case teaching. The bottleneck of fish genetics and breeding teaching lies in the lack of practical teaching cases. The key to breaking through the bottleneck of fish genetics and breeding teaching lies in vigorously developing practical teaching cases [1]. To strengthen the combination of schools and enterprises is to build a practical teaching platform based on the talent needs of enterprises, and establish a practical teaching system of school enterprise cooperation with the goal of cultivating students' practical ability [2]; Strengthen the combination of scientific research and production practice cases.

3、 Preliminary results of reform

At present, nearly 20 practice and training bases have been established, so that the skills learned by students can truly meet the needs of the industry. During the practice and training, students have strengthened their breeding professional knowledge and improved their professional comprehensive ability. So far, the construction of this course has achieved the following specific results: ① 1 academic monograph (textbook) has been published, and 2 monographs have been sent to the publishing house for typesetting; ② Led students majoring in aquaculture into enterprises to carry out production case training. Through the training, most of the students have mastered 3-5 excellent technologies such as variety breeding, improved variety breeding, hybrid breeding and polyploid breeding. During the internship in enterprises, more than half of the students have undertaken the task of technical backbone. ③ Five practical teaching cases and more than 10 practical teaching platforms of school enterprise integration have been established; ④ The new integrated teaching mode of "curriculum+base+enterprise" for practical teaching of fish genetics and breeding has been constructed; ⑤ The professionalization of the research team members' teachers has been significantly accelerated, with three being promoted to associate professors, two to lecturers, and two being awarded school level outstanding teachers; ⑥ The teachers of the research group published more than 20 teaching reform papers and instructed students to publish them.

4、 Conclusion

In a word, practice is the basis of innovation and invention. Reasonably adjusting the teaching content of fish genetics and breeding course and strengthening practical teaching are the preconditions for cultivating students' innovation ability. The spirit of innovation is a prerequisite for innovation and invention. The expansion of practical teaching platform and the exploration of practical teaching resources have laid a foundation for meeting students' differences and stimulating students' innovative thinking in the teaching of this course.

reference:

Chapter 9: Model Articles on Aquaculture Professional Knowledge

[Key words] Ecological sustainable development of marine aquaculture in Beibu Gulf

Since the reform and opening up, China has always regarded mariculture as the focus of fishery development. In recent years, driven by the mainland market demand and foreign trade, mariculture has entered a golden period of development. Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, as the only coastal area in western China, has a coastline of 1595 kilometers, of which 213 kilometers are suitable for aquaculture. The Beibu Gulf waters are rich in fishery resources, with a wide range of shrimp, crab and shellfish, and more than 50 kinds of fish with economic value. The development of mariculture has unique advantages.

1、 Status of mariculture in Beibu Gulf

(1) The strong support of national policies has accelerated the development of mariculture

In the chapter on industrial development of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone Development Plan officially implemented in 2008, it was mentioned that "focus on developing featured and advantageous livestock and poultry, marine fishery, actively promote ecological breeding, strictly control offshore fishing intensity, reasonably develop fishery resources in the Beibu Gulf, actively and steadily develop pelagic fishery, and improve the construction of fishery administration and fishing port facilities."

In the construction of China ASEAN Free Trade Area, agriculture is the first field to benefit. In 2002, China and ASEAN signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Agricultural Cooperation, which listed hybrid rice planting and aquaculture as long-term cooperation priorities. Now, the cooperation mode of the two sides in aquaculture has expanded to human resources development, agricultural science and technology exchanges and other fields. With the strong support of various preferential policies of the state, the mariculture industry in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone has developed rapidly. The turnover of prawn in Guangxi alone accounts for more than 60% of the total turnover in the country. At the same time, it also has a national level breeding farm for white shrimp in South America. In 2011, the total amount of aquatic products in Nanning, Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang was 2067000 tons, accounting for 71.6% of the total amount of aquatic products in Guangxi.

(2) The construction of bonded ports has accelerated the development of aquaculture export processing industry

After Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone became a national strategy, relevant national departments approved Qinzhou Bonded Port Zone, Pingxiang Comprehensive Bonded Zone, Nanning Bonded Logistics Center and Beihai Export Processing Zone. The completion of several bonded port zones has improved the bonded logistics system of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone. The advanced management services of the bonded zone have enabled investors to reduce the storage burden, control costs, and reduce a large number of taxes, enabling aquaculture processing enterprises to focus on aquaculture processing. The most important thing about seafood is the freshness of the product. The construction of the bonded port area has effectively saved the logistics time and effectively guaranteed the product quality in the processing of local seafood. At present, compared with other coastal areas, the Beibu Gulf mariculture and aquaculture processing enterprises have certain market competitiveness in terms of technology, quality, price and service.

(3) Convenient transportation conditions facilitate the transportation and trade of marine products

In the mariculture industry, the survival and freshness of marine products are the key factors in the trade of aquatic products. In recent years, Guangxi has invested more than 10 billion yuan in the construction of the intercity high-speed railway from Nanning to Qinzhou, Nanning to Beihai, Nanning to Fangchenggang, and a series of expressways from Liujing to Qinzhou, Yulin to Beihai, Chongzuo to Qinzhou, greatly improving the transportation conditions between the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone and the mainland, and promoting the facilitation and integration of trade, logistics, and tourism, In particular, after the completion of the intercity high-speed railway, the loss of aquatic products in the process of rapid transportation can be minimized, the freshness of aquatic products can be maintained, and the time for listing and trading of aquatic products can be shortened, which is conducive to seizing the market opportunity and expanding the market development space of local mariculture industry.

2、 Problems in the ecological sustainable development of marine aquaculture in the Beibu Gulf

Although there are many advantages and good achievements in the development of mariculture in Beibu Gulf, there are many problems to be solved in the realization of ecological sustainable development in the local aquaculture industry.

(1) Extensive management causes low product quality and environmental pollution

Most of the farmers lack effective management means and scientific breeding technology. They rely on accumulated experience to carry out mariculture and adopt extensive breeding methods, resulting in unstable product quality. For example, in the recent ten years, due to the dramatic increase in the number of cultured pearls, extensive and ultra dense cultivation has resulted in poor quality pearls, and a large number of low-quality pearls have entered the market. Nanzhu, a treasure among pearls in the past, has become a tourist handicraft with low prices.

Extensive aquaculture occupies a large area of water, and the number of products cultured in a certain sea area greatly exceeds the ecological capacity of the sea area, resulting in overloaded aquaculture and easy to lead to large-scale ecological pollution. During the breeding process, feed is put into large scale, and many undigested feed flows into the sea, which not only causes low efficiency, but also pollutes the adjacent sea area. The waste generated in the breeding process is improperly disposed and discarded at will, resulting in the waste of many renewable resources. Dr. Fan Hangqing, the chief mangrove expert of the UNEP Global Environment Facility "Reversing the trend of environmental degradation in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand", believes that the main cause of environmental pollution in the coastal waters of the Beibu Gulf is the over density and overload of mariculture.

(2) Abuse of drugs and feed additives, harming consumers' health

The lack of strict management of drug use in the Beibu Gulf mariculture, and the use of chemical drugs in disease prevention and control is not standardized, resulting in excessive drug use and environmental pollution. In addition, the feed additives used in the Beibu Gulf mariculture exceeded the standard, and some of them directly diffused into the water body, resulting in the concentration of elements in the aquaculture varieties exceeding the standard. It is understood that one of the main reasons for the violent death of the whelk in Beihai City in 2004 was that many coastal towns discharged a large amount of wastewater and sewage containing pesticides into the shallow sea, polluting the water quality of the offshore.

(3) The aquatic product processing industry lags behind, reducing the ability of sustainable development

At present, the aquatic product processing industry in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone is in its infancy, mainly using traditional manual processing technology, resulting in less varieties of aquatic products, backward equipment, low added value and low comprehensive utilization rate. For example, Beihai has a large number of aquatic products processing enterprises, but there are few leading enterprises in fine processing, with small scale, backward technology and single variety. The main processing methods are still relatively traditional primary processes such as pickling and freezing, which leads to 50~70% of local seafood being sold to other places in the form of raw materials, which not only causes income outflow, but also wastes a lot of valuable marine resources, It has damaged the sustainable development ability of local aquaculture industry.

3、 Countermeasures for realizing ecological sustainable development of marine aquaculture in Beibu Gulf

The sustainable development of mariculture industry and ecological environment protection are both linked and not identical. Economic development is the core and environmental protection is the foundation. To achieve mutual promotion between the two, the following measures can be taken.

(1) Formulate scientific development plans and strengthen marine ecology and resource management

Ecological environment and marine resources are the basis for the development of aquaculture. In the past, in the process of developing aquaculture, the number and speed of aquaculture were blindly pursued, while the protection of ecological environment and marine resources was ignored, resulting in overload consumption of resources and destruction of ecological environment. While encouraging the development of aquaculture industry, the government should strengthen the publicity of marine ecological environment protection, cultivate the green ecological concept of sustainable development of farmers, and let local farmers pay attention to the restoration and protection of ecological environment while improving production efficiency.

According to the development plan of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone and the local actual situation, make a long-term development plan for the mariculture industry, take sustainable development as the ultimate goal, implement the development in strict accordance with the breeding plan and environmental protection, strengthen the management of marine resources, and achieve ecological protection in daily aquaculture.

(2) Strengthen financial and technical support to realize modern and ecological development

To establish an ecological aquaculture system in the Beibu Gulf, the development of modern aquaculture technology is the key. The local agricultural department can guide farmers to optimize each step of aquaculture through advanced science and technology, such as feeding bait, improving water resource management, disease diagnosis of aquatic products, and cultivating improved varieties, so as to effectively improve the production efficiency of aquaculture The highly polluted aquaculture mode has turned to intensive and circular development to improve the marine ecological environment.

In order to change the existing aquaculture model and achieve the goal of ecological aquaculture, a large amount of financial support is needed. Most of the farmers are ordinary farmers, with small business scale and weak strength, and it is difficult to raise sufficient funds for technological transformation. To this end, the government should introduce corresponding policies and regulations to support aquaculture, improve financial support, and set up special funds and institutions, Seeking social idle funds for aquaculture, optimizing the financing environment of aquaculture, and making more banks and financial institutions willing to focus on supporting the development of aquaculture as the focus of business development. In addition, the government supports the banks to introduce some special agricultural micro loan policies with convenient loans, low interest and rapid loans, so that farmers can get the required funds from the banks more easily. Banks can also set up special financial products to raise more social idle funds for aquaculture.

(3) Cultivate a group of professionals with ecological breeding technology

At present, Guangxi Fisheries Vocational and Technical College is the only professional college in Guangxi. Other colleges and universities are short of professional personnel training in aquaculture. Vocational colleges and universities can set up courses and majors related to aquaculture according to the actual situation, focusing on cultivating students' scientific aquaculture level and awareness of ecological environment protection. The Beibu Gulf Ocean University, which serves the development of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, should be established as soon as possible, and a batch of professional education and research institutions with professional background and high quality should be established to provide a batch of high-end professional and technical talents for the local aquaculture industry.

For ordinary farmers, some social educational institutions should be encouraged to set up corresponding training courses, with the goal of cultivating modern farmers, strive to improve the professional knowledge of the breeding team, promote the concept of ecological breeding, and cultivate a number of high-quality modern farmers for the aquaculture industry.

(4) Strengthen environmental supervision and strengthen government functions