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Part 1: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
1.1 Risk analysis on quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products assessment Build of
Experts are responsible for collecting, sorting out and analyzing the risk information of quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products, and scientifically evaluating the possibility and severity of adverse effects caused or to be caused by the acquired hazardous factors. The government will weigh and make scientific decisions on the management plans provided by experts according to the evaluation results and suggestions of experts, launch early warning in a timely manner, and reduce the risk impact. Risk assessors, risk managers, producers, consumers, government authorities and other relevant groups exchange information and opinions on risks, inform consumers of the measures taken by the government, guide them to respond scientifically and eliminate panic.
1.2 Determination of early warning factors for quality and safety risk assessment of agricultural and livestock products
The risk factors of the quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products should mainly include the construction of the quality and safety supervision organization system of agricultural and livestock products, the construction of laboratory monitoring capacity, the construction of supervision and law enforcement capacity, and the work information submitted by the quality and safety supervision institutions of agricultural and livestock products at all levels, the information obtained from market research, the information fed back by the production units, the information fed back by domestic and foreign groups or consumers Information of international organizations or foreign institutions, information broadcast by news media, etc.
1.3 Establishment of risk assessment and early warning system for agricultural and livestock products
The risk assessment and early warning system for agricultural and livestock products shall be composed of animal husbandry and veterinary administrative departments, institutions undertaking specific tasks of risk assessment and early warning, expert committees, risk information reporting units or individuals and risk exchange units [3]. The specific objectives are shown in Figure 1.
2. Early warning countermeasures for quality and safety risks of agricultural and livestock products
2.1 Strengthen publicity and supervision of production links
First, guide and standardize the management of farms. Improve the management systems of farm households, strengthen the sanitary management and disinfection management of farm households, further promote the harmless treatment technology of feces, promote the breeding mode of green ecosystem, and reduce the risk of microbial pollution in agricultural and livestock products. Second, standardize the use of veterinary drugs. Strengthen the rectification of the order of veterinary drug production and management, and prevent illegal drugs and substandard veterinary drugs from flowing into the breeding link from the source. The third is to strengthen law enforcement in the aquaculture sector. Illegal farmers who use banned drugs in the breeding process and seriously affect the quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products shall be dealt with in accordance with the law. Fourth, improve the quality and safety awareness of farmers. Strengthen the publicity of relevant laws and regulations such as the Law on the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products and the Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs, and improve the quality and safety awareness of farmers [4].
2.2 Strengthen scientific and technological support and promote the construction of standardization system
The layout of quality monitoring institutions for agricultural and livestock products should fully consider the regional layout of advantageous agricultural and livestock products and the characteristics of livestock production in various regions. We should continue to give full play to the absolute technical advantages of provincial monitoring institutions in their provinces, highlight the training, driving and demonstration roles of provincial testing institutions, and continue to favor them with funds and policies. If conditions permit, prefectures should establish institutions with local advantageous agricultural and livestock products as the main monitoring objects to avoid the guiding ideology of small and comprehensive. The counties and cities where conditions permit should establish testing institutions with the guiding ideology of rapid screening, low cost, simple operation, and being suitable for work in the field to promote the standardization of the quality and safety monitoring system of agricultural and livestock products.
2.3 Strengthen regulatory measures and strictly control market access
First, focusing on the implementation of fixed point monitoring of agricultural and livestock products, improve the routine monitoring system for the quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products; Second, strictly control the market access of veterinary drugs and other inputs by means of strict use license approval system; Third, take animal epidemic prevention management as the center, and resolutely prevent agricultural and livestock products with epidemic diseases from entering the market.
2.4 Establish prevention mechanism and timely inform early warning countermeasures
Part 2: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
Key words: fishpond expropriation; Identification; Compensation valuation; Price
CLC No.: S955 Document Identification Code: A
Due to the continuous adjustment of agricultural production structure, many fish pond aquaculture professionals have been added on the basis of the traditional farming land. They have made full use of the local terrain and water resources, and established a professional fish pond aquaculture production mode through environmental transformation by digging ponds on their own contracted land, wetland reconstruction, contracting to rent abandoned ponds, borrow pits and other forms, Some management modes such as paid fishing and leisure have increased the diversity of fish pond aquaculture income and the complexity of compensation collection.
1 Identification of fish ponds and facilities
The collection of fish ponds and aquaculture water surface must be a farming method and corresponding facilities that pay manual labor, which is different from natural water bodies or very simple and extensive farming methods. To determine the aquaculture pond, we should analyze and identify from several aspects:
1.1 Must have a certain area and storage capacity
In the north, the water surface area is not less than 1hm2, and the average depth is not less than 3m, so as to form a certain scale and volume of aquaculture capacity;
1.2 Independent system
It has independent water intake, storage, drainage and water regulation facilities, is relatively far away from residential areas, has natural or artificial ecological barriers, and has vegetation to conserve water sources and strengthen slope building. The water body is naturally pollution-free, and aquatic plants such as reeds and aquatic plants near the water coordinate with the ecology of the water body. There are special production facilities, storage facilities, processing facilities and care management facilities.
1.3 Fine production process and management measures
It includes breeding varieties and quantity, feeding, seedling incubation and introduction, production and marketing channels and brands, as well as production management details such as water purification and circulation, pond bottom treatment, water body functional zoning, pond bottom shape and slope, regular dredging, weeding, killing, maintaining normal water level, wintering oxygen penetration, etc.
1.4 Complete production facilities
It includes power facilities, deepwater pump wells, pumps, ships, nets, cages, concealed pipes, gates, oxygen increasing equipment, reservoirs, and the combined structure of islands, beaches, and slopes.
2 Identification of intensive care
Whether it constitutes a precision fish pond has a great impact on its value. The breeding methods are generally divided into intensive breeding, semi intensive breeding and general breeding, which are not easy to distinguish and grasp and are highly subjective. As the essential difference and index to distinguish between intensive care and non intensive care, the following aspects should be considered in practice:
2.1 Perfection of breeding facilities
Including water production facilities, management and care facilities, transportation facilities and other facilities are complete and intact, with appropriate scale and land occupation ratio. Especially for water production facilities, the water surface should be open and ventilated, the pond body and dyke should be firm, the pond bottom treatment process should be reasonable, there should be no waterlogging, the sediment nutrients should be rich, the plankton and suspended organic matter in the water body should be appropriate, and the algae should be rich and diverse.
2.2 Diversity or scarcity of breeding varieties
It includes conventional crucian carp, grass, carp, silver carp, catfish and other food fish, as well as water ecosystem composed of different varieties, specifications, diversity, close placement, and polyculture, and other aquatic organisms. For the specialized cultivation of fine ornamental fish species such as color crucian carp and koi carp, the intensive cultivation degree can also be judged from the variety because of their high requirements for the breeding environment.
2.3 Precision of manual management
Including introduction of fish fry, feed fineness and feeding rules, rotation of catch and release, physical, chemical and biological methods for regulating water quality, daily records and account management of pest control and epidemic prevention technology, cycle and mode of water purification, oxygen increasing frequency, daily inspection and sampling supervision, etc., as well as manual inspection of the topography and topography of fish ponds, separation of various functional pools, artificial island design The layout is scientific and reasonable.
2.4 Continuity and sustainability of production
It includes the safety and stability of pond structure and dam body, constant water level maintenance and water body renewal, reasonable and continuous breeding operation process, continuous investment and maintenance, reasonable proportion and quantity of fish species, reasonable fishing suspension and non shutdown free range breeding, etc., and corresponding records and evidence shall be kept. The sustainability of production also includes the stability of land rights. No matter the contracted land or the transferred land, there should be formal contract documents that specify the land use life, the rights and obligations of the parties, etc.
2.5 Environmental and ecological soundness
It includes the ecological environment that is far away from or keeps necessary distance from residential areas, factories, roads, especially railways and waste transportation roads. The environment is relatively quiet, the surrounding area is relatively open, and there is no water body (surface, groundwater) pollution, domestic waste pollution and other environmental pollution, and no disturbance. There is an ecological environment where there is a pond of wet plants and vegetation along the bank, and surrounding farmland and canals.
3. Appraisal route applicable to profitable land
In the past, the compensation for requisitioned fish ponds was determined by referring to the output value of cultivated land (mainly paddy fields) or increasing a certain amount based on the output value of cultivated land as the output value of fish ponds, and then combining the multiple of "two fees". This traditional way has shortcomings, mainly because it ignores the essential differences between fishery production and farmland farming, which are two different production methods and products, does not reflect the added value of fishery and its products as agricultural products transformed by food, and treats fishery production as simple rather than three-dimensional land use, Too much emphasis is placed on the natural productivity of land and water bodies without seeing the complexity, repeatability and daily nature of biological breeding projects, ignoring the commodity value of modern breeding methods and ornamental fish species, and ignoring the derivative value of recreational fishing facilities. Fish ponds with sufficient scale and production capacity shall meet the provisions and conditions of the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture in the "land for production facilities of livestock and poultry houses for commercial breeding, factory crop cultivation or aquaculture and corresponding ancillary facilities", and shall be treated as agricultural land for facilities, and managed as agricultural land according to the Classification of Land Use Status (GB/T21010-2007), The nature is different from that of non-agricultural construction land. However, as an overall production facility and profitable land, it is still applicable to the evaluation route of profitable land, that is, the income reduction method can be used for the overall evaluation, which also respects the objective facts of business, profitability, factory farming, and the traditional compensation concept of combining the output value of cultivated land with multiple.
As fish pond farming belongs to a special production mode, many constraints need to be considered when adopting the income reduction method. The most important issues include objective income, income period, risk factors, reduction rate, etc. The objective market unit price should be used accurately. According to the current situation and trend of breeding varieties, alternative varieties and market prices, carefully analyze the cost, supply and demand, and deduce the objective unit price or unit price range in the future. The objective unit price is the commodity price recognized by the market, which combines the average labor intensity and scarcity. The output and production cost of various varieties under the existing and improved production mode should be reasonably determined. Both individual factors and the average level of conventional feeding should be considered when determining the yield and cost. Generally, fishery and fishery management departments or industry professionals should be employed to comprehensively judge the output according to the general breeding laws of local conventional fish species, technical regulations for pond fry and fish species cultivation and wintering, conventional water storage volume and effective growth space, growth period, survival rate, feed coefficient, sanitation and epidemic prevention. For ornamental fish that are not used for instant food, the effective sales quantity available for market launch should also be taken as the output according to the growth law, screening and retention, marketing methods, and the average cycle of complete growth, sales, and retention of various specifications. At the same time of determining the output, according to the labor intensity of normal and reasonable operation, the input fry, bait, epidemic prevention, screening, purification, inspection, management, facilities, depreciation and loss, etc. shall be reasonably included in the fixed cost and current cost, and shall be apportioned annually. Due consideration should be given to the benefits and landscape value of fishing leisure. When determining the objective benefits, the additional benefits and comprehensive utilization value of the site operation behavior can be taken into account, especially for the large fish ponds with good ecological environment, quiet and non-interference, and relatively convenient transportation. On the basis of the main aquaculture industry, there are additional functions, which need to be reasonably reflected in the value. However, due to the uncertainty and instability of fishing leisure income, it is difficult to measure it. Generally, the proportion can be increased by about 5% on the basis of basic income. However, for the production and operation mode with leisure fishing as the main function and aquaculture as the auxiliary, it is necessary to decompose the overall income into operating income and aquaculture income in proportion with the effective income days, charging standards, rental income of tools and equipment, operating costs, vacancy rate and other indicators, so as to determine the evaluation route with site operating income and operation mode as the main.
When using the income reduction method to evaluate the price of fish pond facilities, in addition to focusing on the objective income, we must always pay attention to the risk factors. In addition to taking full account of risk factors in the determination of future market price fluctuations, supply and demand analysis, survival rate of each species, and return rate, the reduction of risk to value must be considered for fishery production, which is a rational consideration of the high risk and relative vulnerability of fishery production. These risks mainly come from disastrous climate and extreme weather, the natural characteristics of open-air fishing operations, the self adjustment and protection ability of functional divisions of fish ponds, disease and insect pest prevention and infectious diseases, cultural and technical quality of managers, unpredictable external interference, etc. The impairment of risk factors shall be at least 20%.
It is more objective and reasonable to use the income reduction method to evaluate the price of fish pond facilities. It also inherits the basic idea of determining the compensation price according to the combination multiple of agricultural output value, but it is more scientific and reasonable than this method. The income reduction method is not to compensate the original production capacity by multiplying the annual output value of the previous three years by the compensation multiple. It is to determine the income loss caused by abandoning the operation under the premise of continuous operation and optimal use by scientifically judging the future market price. It is not based on the present, but a scientific and reasonable simulation of the future, and reflects the expected income level based on the best use of land, thus more reflecting the compensation for losses, which is more easily accepted by farmers.
4. How to fully reflect the price of fish pond facilities by using the comprehensive land price of land acquisition area
The comprehensive land price of the land requisition area is a comprehensive and uniform treatment of various production modes, agricultural product types, average labor intensity and income levels in the area. It belongs to the set price and is also the lowest price in reality. Due to the integration and homogenization, the comprehensive land price of the land acquisition area takes more consideration of the output and income level of planting industry, especially the cultivated land, giving due consideration to the land location and local economic conditions, but for special ways of land use, such as all-weather greenhouse production, fungus production and breeding industry The proportion considered by more complex production modes such as aquaculture is extremely limited. The comprehensive land price of the land requisition area reflects the basic output capacity of land and the input of natural labor and social production, but does not deny the labor input and objective price of specific products in specific regions, specific production modes and formed products.
For fish ponds, the comprehensive land price of the land acquisition area is only the base point of the land price based on the horizontal plane or pond base. As a fishery breeding facility, a fishpond is a three-dimensional mixture composed of pond body, water body and fish school. It has not only a floating part in the plane, but also a solid part fixed below the plane, as well as fish school organisms growing from the plane to the bottom of the pond and attached to the space. That is to say, to judge a basic fishpond production facility, we should start from the pond body, water surface The way and perspective of three-dimensional integration of fish are used to understand and identify. Because of the combination of dynamic and fixed, biological and physical characteristics of fish ponds, a dynamic thing should be defined by a relatively scientific, reasonable, constant and stable index, that is, the pond body of a fish pond is fixed, and its surface area and volume are constant; The water body is fluctuating and flowing. It can neither be said that there is no water in the empty pond nor that the pond is full of water. It should be judged by the normal water level, the maximum safe production water level and the volume, so that it can change from dynamic to measurable relative static; The fish herd organisms are determined by the current visible and recorded release, sampling analysis or maximum theoretical breeding capacity.
For fish ponds with natural water surface, the main difference from artificial fish ponds is the naturalness or permanence of the pond body, or the directness (reconstruction of borrow pits). For artificial fish ponds, the formation of fish ponds includes daily labor such as manual excavation, layout design, water storage, water quality maintenance, fish species growth, feeding, weeding, pond cleaning, epidemic prevention and inspection, which can be measured and reflected in the price of fish products. While the artificial formation process of fish ponds, that is, the labor input for the formation of fixed assets, should be reflected and compensated, then the comprehensive land price in the land acquisition area is generally aimed at the planar object structure, but for the three-dimensional structure and object of fish ponds from bottom to top, the use and direction of land price is not normally extended upward, but downward. The price base should be projected on the bottom of the pond or the bottom of the pond as the physical support and starting point of the land price. The water body and fish shoals are used as attachments, and the pond body is used as artificial facilities. The comprehensive compensation is based on the regional land price, while the water body and fish shoals are used as attachments, and the pond body is used as artificial facilities. The cost of artificial fish pond shall be determined according to the original landform and construction technology, actual excavation volume, embankment construction, drainage ditch construction, etc. In combination with the local construction engineering valuation quota, construction engineering cost quota and the current market labor cost, the replacement cost is assessed according to the current price and process level. The water body shall be converted into the value of fish products according to the comprehensive consideration of groundwater extraction, cleaning and treatment cycle, renewal method, etc., focusing on qualitative and non repetitive calculation according to the current water resource environment, productivity value, and the stability and balance of physical and chemical properties of the water body. For fish stocks, the current price shall be determined by variety and specification based on the overall consideration of fry delivery, growth period, survival rate, survival rate, average yield per unit area and market price.
5. Compensation for partially requisitioned fish ponds
In general, the construction project is to occupy the fish pond as a whole, transform and use it as a green environment, and part of the land acquisition is mainly through and across the land, supported by the space or bottom of the fish pond. Taking the special railway line of the thermal power plant crossing the fishpond as an example, the compensation for land acquisition is not only a superficial problem, but also involves a series of complex problems such as dam (foundation) construction at the bottom of the pond, water cutting, mechanical vibration, environmental reconstruction, etc. The main technical problems include the calculation of land acquisition area, compensation for secondary damage, etc.
5.1 Calculation of land acquisition area
Generally, the land acquisition area of the line crossing the fishpond is based on the surface area of the visible objects on the water surface, including the road line, auxiliary road, and flood prevention dike. The area can be directly determined, but it does not reflect the actual land occupation. As the fishpond is a three-dimensional structure, the land acquisition of the line depends not on the water surface and water body, but on the bottom of the pond. In order to achieve water surface traffic supported by the bottom of the pond, the dam type foundation must be built. Generally, for safety and stability, the isosceles trapezoidal structure with a bottom angle of 30 °~45 ° is used, thus changing the water volume structure and underwater traffic structure of the fishpond, This kind of land acquisition is reflected intuitively and truly through the sectional drawing. If the surface area of the dam body above the water surface is taken as the compensation area for land acquisition, it is obviously unacceptable to farmers. This approach itself ignores the three-dimensional structure of the fish pond, water body media, the volume and water level changes brought by the dam body, and the changes in the production space of underwater aquaculture. To solve the relationship between the physical changes of underwater space and the surface appearance, a reasonable transformation relationship between underwater, underwater, and water surface must be established, making full use of the plastic media characteristics of the water body. There are two main methods. The first method is to use the proportion of the total building area shared by the above ground buildings according to the building area of their respective purposes as the proportion coefficient of the shared land area, take the proportion of the line submerged dam body to the volume of the newly formed existing fishpond as the proportion coefficient of the shared water surface area, and take the area obtained as the compensation area for land acquisition, That is, volume proportional allocation method. This method respects the changes in the engineering environment and breeding environment above and below the water, makes full use of the water medium and buoyancy principle, and solves the problem of how to understand the submerged dam body and the floor area of the line quantitatively, which can be accepted by farmers and land acquisition units. The mathematical calculation meaning of this method must be trapezoidal structure, not rectangular structure. The second method is to directly take the projection area from the bottom area of the underwater dam body to the water surface as the floor area. This method is in line with the perspective principle. By taking advantage of the relatively shallow water depth of the fishpond and the visual characteristics of the basement, the underwater surface area is separated and transmitted, and the space is transposed to truly reflect the actual land occupation of the underwater dam body. This method can be better explained when clearing the empty bottom of the pond. It is equivalent to taking the bottom of the pond as the starting point of land occupation. It conforms to the dynamic changes of the water body in the fishpond, has the characteristics of attachment properties, and makes full use of the perspective reflection characteristics of the water body. The disadvantage is that it does not make full use of the integrity, medium and variability of the water body.
5.2 Secondary damage to the overall environment of the fishpond
Part 3: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
This paper first introduces the current situation of aquaculture diseases in China, then discusses the current situation of aquaculture disease prevention and control in China, and finally explores the development trend of aquaculture disease prevention and control technology in China, which is only for exchange and reference.
key word:
Aquaculture; Disease status; Control technology; Development trend
With the rapid development of aquaculture in China, the task of disease prevention and control is also extremely arduous. This paper analyzes the current situation of aquaculture diseases and their control methods in China, and expounds the main development trend of aquaculture disease control technology in China in the future.
1 Current situation of aquaculture diseases in China
1.1 There are many kinds of diseases. In the world, China has a large amount of aquaculture, which is the only country that exceeds the catch. There are many kinds of aquaculture, mainly fish and aquatic plants. Shellfish and crustaceans, etc. At the same time, there are more than 60 kinds of large-scale aquaculture, but each kind of aquaculture product will be affected by diseases. According to the statistics of relevant departments, there are more than 200 kinds of diseases that damage the aquaculture aquatic products in China, including dozens of common diseases. Viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi are common pathogens of aquatic products diseases. In 2006, viral diseases accounted for 11.02% of biological diseases, and bacterial diseases accounted for 57.63% of biological diseases Fungal diseases accounted for 4.24% of biological diseases, and parasitic diseases accounted for 24.58% of biological diseases.
1.2 Complicated morbidity. Due to China's vast territory and relatively large land area, aquaculture in China has a large span. On this basis, the aquatic environment for aquaculture also presents various types, mainly including oceans, lakes, ponds and reservoirs. From this situation, the aquatic environment for aquaculture in China is really complicated, Diseases of aquatic products can also present many types, resulting in complex phenomena. Because different breeding conditions and methods, as well as different climatic conditions, will lead to different diseases of aquatic products. In addition, the seeds and seedlings of aquatic products can be exchanged across the country, and they are more frequent, which increases the diversity of diseases. The time and frequency of disease onset are not fixed, and the original seasonal disease turns to annual disease, which has a serious impact on the quality of aquaculture in China.
1.3 Outbreaks and epidemics of major epidemics. For the aquaculture industry, the outbreak and prevalence of major diseases is a fatal blow, reducing the survival rate of aquaculture, causing serious economic losses to the aquaculture enterprises in China. During the onset of major diseases, it has a high mortality rate. For example, grass carp is the largest type of aquaculture in China, However, due to the attack of hemorrhagic disease, the number of grass carp in China has dropped sharply, and a large number of deaths have occurred, and the mortality rate has exceeded 90%; However, the main type of aquatic products exported by our country, prawn, will also die in large numbers when suffering from white spot syndrome or Taura syndrome virus, with a mortality rate of about 85%. In this way, not only the number of prawns will be reduced, but also the export benefits of our aquaculture aquatic products will be seriously affected, The mortality rate of mandarin fish, a special breed of culture, is more than 90% if it is attacked by infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. In view of this situation, an important factor restricting the development of China's aquaculture industry is the invasion of diseases.
2 Current situation of aquaculture disease control in China
2.1 The concept of disease prevention and treatment is relatively backward. The aquaculture personnel in our country often have a certain fluke mentality. In the process of aquaculture, they do not strengthen the prevention of aquatic diseases, but take prevention and treatment measures after the aquatic products are infringed. In this way, not only the prevention and control effect is not obvious, but also costs a lot of drugs and labor. In a sense, the disease prevention and control awareness of the aquaculture staff is poor, and they also do not comprehensively grasp the formation and development of aquatic diseases, resulting in a low level of prevention and control of aquatic diseases, which is still in the primary prevention and control stage. Chemical drugs are mainly used in the process of controlling aquatic diseases, However, the ability to predict and manage the disease risk of aquatic products is relatively lacking.
2.2 The pharmaceutical industry is backward and the R&D ability is not high. In the process of preventing and controlling aquatic diseases, the drugs used are usually transplanted from pesticides and veterinary drugs, lacking certain theoretical basis, including pharmacology and toxicology. In the process of preventing and controlling aquatic diseases, the degree of drug use and the dosage of drugs can not be well understood, and the use of drug therapy is not targeted, It does not have any curative effect. Not only that, it will also cause serious environmental pollution and drug residues. There are many drawbacks.
2.3 Lack of ability to quickly diagnose diseases. Due to the limitation of scientific and technological level, the rapid diagnosis technology of aquatic diseases in China is not very perfect, lacking technical guidance and basis. It is the way of disease detection workers at the grass-roots level to act with naked eyes and experience, and there is a widespread phenomenon of misjudgment and misdiagnosis. However, the professional quality of the talent team of the county aquatic animal epidemic prevention station is relatively low, the equipment is not very perfect, and the rapid disease diagnosis technology is seriously lacking.
3 Development trend of aquaculture disease prevention and control technology in China
3.1 Disease risk assessment. In the process of aquaculture, it is necessary to carry out disease risk assessment on aquatic animals, and then formulate risk management measures according to the assessment results, so as to control the spread of aquatic animal diseases and narrow the epidemic scope of diseases. Risk assessment is mainly based on the needs of decision-making, taking science as the process of judging those uncertain events, making logical judgments, and then combining modern mathematical methods and the experience of experts, so that the risk assessment index system is established. Through the determination of index values and weights, a comprehensive evaluation model can also be established, When determining the risk degree, it is mainly to use the appropriate threshold value to determine, and effective risk prevention and control measures can also be taken according to the weight proportion of risk factors. The government has effectively applied risk assessment in the prevention and control of major diseases, and as a support system, it has also effectively applied disease risk assessment in many international epidemic prevention research fields, and its application value is still very high.
3.2 In terms of remote diagnosis technology. The establishment of aquaculture disease remote diagnosis system provides a platform for rapid information transmission and hierarchical management for the early warning, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of aquaculture diseases. The fish disease remote monitoring, early warning and diagnosis system developed by using Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a new way for the prediction of aquaculture animal diseases. The remote diagnosis platform of aquaculture diseases in China is built on the Web browser platform based on B/S structure. It combines advanced information processing technology and aquatic disease prevention technology to collect, analyze and feedback information in time. Using the research achievements and diagnosis technology of aquatic disease experts for many years, the database of aquatic disease experts and the database of aquatic disease literature have been established, Through the business application subsystem, management subsystem and video collection subsystem deployed by points established by the "remote diagnosis technology system of aquatic diseases", data transmission, self-service query, online communication and other functions are realized, and electronic question answering, medication guide and other consulting services can be provided to realize the self-service diagnosis and expert remote diagnosis of diseases in a visual and interactive manner.
3.3 Immunomodulator. The main purpose of applying immune enhancers is to enhance the disease resistance of the body. The main role of immune regulators is to promote the defense response and induce the host's defense response, especially for the non-specific immunity of high and low invertebrates. Congenital immune enhancers are still widely used in aquatic animals in China. At present, a batch of immune prevention and control agents have been formed, including seaweed polysaccharide, glycoprotein and chitin. The most typical one is Chinese herbal medicine. These prevention and control agents have been widely used in aquatic animals. For example, after being stimulated by stress, the biochemical indicators and antioxidant capacity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii will change. If the anthraquinone extract of rhubarb is used, it can play a certain role in alleviating the stress. When feeding grass carp feed containing chitosan, the level of thyroid hormone can be adjusted, and the lysozyme activity and NO content in head kidney and spleen of grass carp can be significantly increased; Algae sulfated polysaccharide and chitosan have significant effects on the main tissue enzyme activities of S. japonicus, which can be used as immune enhancers of S. japonicus; Lentinan and astragalus polysaccharide can significantly promote the activity of carp immune cells and promote the expression of interleukin gene.
4 Conclusion
In a word, the seeds and seedlings of aquatic products can be exchanged across the country, and show a relatively frequent situation, increasing the diversity of diseases. The time and frequency of disease onset are not fixed, and the original seasonal incidence has changed to the annual incidence, which has a serious impact on the quality of aquaculture in China.
reference
[1] Kang Anna. Research on the Prevention and Control of Aquaculture Diseases in Heilongjiang Province [J]. Heilongjiang Fisheries, 2012 (6)
[2] Fang Chaohui, Xu Xiaoya. Status and prospect of aquaculture disease control [J]. Agriculture and Technology, 2012 (10)
[3] Zhang Zhihua. Hebei Province Launches the Pilot Work of Accurately Measuring and Reporting Aquaculture Diseases [J]. Hebei Fisheries, 2009 (7)
[4] Wang Jianping. Brief Introduction to the Network of Aquaculture Disease Prediction Report in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province [J]. Scientific Fish Culture, 2007 (5)
Part 4: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
At present, the construction of each park has made progress to varying degrees. For example, Pingtung Agricultural Biotechnology Park is located on 233 hectares of land belonging to Taitang Company in Changzhi Township, Pingtung County. There are many famous science and technology universities and agricultural research institutions around the park, such as Daren University of Science and Technology, Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Banana Research Institute, Kaohsiung Agricultural Improvement Farm, Kending Park, Beida Wushan, Tropical Agriculture Expo, etc. The park focuses on 8 key industries, including plant seedlings, functional food, breeding livestock and poultry, aquatic seedlings, biological pesticides and fertilizers, animal vaccines, animal and plant disease and insect pest testing reagents, and agricultural biotechnology value-added services. It is planned to become both R&D, production and marketing, processing and transportation functions, so as to accelerate the formation of agricultural science and technology industry clusters and expand the export of high-value products, It also helped neighboring farms to become satellite farms and develop into high-tech agricultural industry centers. Since the official opening of the park in December 2006, infrastructure construction has been completed, including roads, five major pipelines (water, electricity, gas, optical fiber communication and waste discharge) underground burial, living functional facilities, enterprise dormitories, community parks, ecological lakes and green landscape planting. Longtenglou Biotechnology Standard Plant, Tiger Leap Hall Biotechnology Standard Plant Animal vaccine plants have also been completed and put into use. In addition, in order to cooperate with the Taiwan authorities to promote the policy of ornamental fish and aquatic seedlings, the park actively plans to set up an Asia Pacific Aquarium Operation Center. The factory building project was completed in October 2013, and relevant hardware and software supporting measures and commissioning operations were continuously prepared. In August 2014, it was put into operation. Through a large-scale aquarium production and marketing base integrating research and development, quarantine, import and export logistics and marketing, Drive industrial development. By the end of 2013, 77 agricultural biotechnology enterprises had invested and settled in the agricultural biotechnology park, including 29 leased and self built plants, and 60 enterprises had actually settled in and operated. The total investment amount was about NT $7.3 billion, the number of employees was about 800, and the annual output value was about NT $4 billion.
Enterprises settled in the park include scientific and technological Chinese herbal medicine, functional food, biotechnology cosmetics, biological pesticides, biological fertilizers, animal vaccines, animal and plant disease and insect pest detection reagents, biotechnology services, functional feed additives, ornamental fish and aquatic seedlings, etc., and in combination with the research and development capabilities of the experimental improvement sites affiliated to Taiwan's "Agriculture Committee" and more than 30 colleges and universities across Taiwan, At present, a number of distinctive agricultural biotechnology products have been successfully developed, forming Taiwan's unique agricultural biotechnology industry cluster in the world. The Agricultural Biotechnology Park provides broad land for agricultural biotechnology enterprises to invest in the construction of plants and related operating facilities. At present, there are more than 18 hectares of land available for investment in plant construction. It is estimated that 120 agricultural biotechnology enterprises will invest in 2017, which will drive the output value of NT $18 billion. Among the enterprises in the park, Xingyifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. developed a greenhouse combined with an underground irrigation system to effectively control the mint production environment and irrigation problems, so as to achieve an organic production mode that does not use pesticides and fertilizers and can effectively save energy and water. The Shengcao Phenol extracted from lemon peel by Hailin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has the effect of preventing the generation of free radicals in cells, and uses existing equipment to process lemon peel. With new biological transformation technology, the acid of lemon peel can be transformed into Shengcao Phenol that is easy to absorb, and new active food additives and new products can be developed. Shennong Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has developed the mass production technology of spore producing probiotics that meets the economic benefits. Through the design of animal experimental feed formula, animal experiments have been carried out, and the analysis of changes in pig intestinal and gastric microflora and the evaluation of growth benefits have been completed. Dayi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. develops and applies products with unique microbial carriers to increase the number of microorganisms retained in the medium and improve the microbial effect. As the benefit of microbial action is improved, the effect of chemical fertilizer application is further improved. In addition, the "Agriculture Committee" also advised local authorities to plan and establish the "National Flower Park" in Changhua County, "Taiwan Orchid Biotechnology Park" in Tainan County (now Tainan City), "Vanilla Herbal Biotechnology Park" in Jiayi County and "Marine Biotechnology Park" in Yilan County according to their environmental and industrial characteristics. Changhua County is the first place to plant flowers in Taiwan. In order to develop Taiwan's potential flower industry, Taiwan's "Agriculture Committee" has guided Changhua County to gradually develop a "national" flower industrial park that combines flower production, trade, exhibition, sightseeing and other functions. The planned area is 82 hectares, with an investment of NT $1.25 billion. The development period is from 2003 to 2007. The development projects include handling flower fairs, building flower production zones, landscape nursery stock production zones, and flower exhibition and trade centers. Taiwan Orchid Biotechnology Park is located in Wushulin, Houbi District, Tainan City. It covers a total area of 175 hectares and has been developed in five phases. The development of the whole zone was completed in 2012, including about 95 hectares of land available for lease. The business projects of enterprises settled in the park are mainly orchid seedling export trade, including organization cultivation contract work, production of seedlings (bottle seedlings, young seedlings, medium seedlings, large seedlings) Flower production and cut flower production. At present, the park has gradually formed an orchid production settlement and become an important base for global orchid production. The 2014 Taiwan International Orchid Exhibition was held in the park from March 7 to March 17, with more than 330000 visitors, 36 countries (regions) participating, about 3000 foreign guests and about NT $9.53 billion in export orders. By the end of March 2014, a total of 76 enterprises had signed contracts to settle in, 55 of which had completed the construction of facilities and production operations. The total number of employees of the enterprises settled in was about 927. The turnover in 2013 was about NT $1.491 billion.
From 2004 to 2012, the cumulative investment in the construction of agricultural facilities was about NT $2.544 billion, the cumulative investment in management and marketing expenses was about NT $4.691 billion, and the cumulative turnover was about NT $6.835 billion. Among the business achievements of enterprises in the park, Tailin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. mainly produces cut flowers of phalaenopsis and sells them to Japan. It is the largest enterprise in the park, with a greenhouse area of about 7 hectares; Renlan Garden Company is a Japanese enterprise invested in the production of seedlings, with a greenhouse area of about 3 hectares; Longding Biotech Co., Ltd. is invested by Longyan Group and is building a greenhouse with an area of about 2.5 hectares; Qiaopu Agronomy Co., Ltd. and Golden Cabinet Co., Ltd. provide the media and pots needed for the production of orchids, and improve the industrial chain of the park. The "Herb and Herbal Biotechnology Park" in Chiayi County has a planned area of 86 hectares and an investment of about NT $1.5 billion. The "Agriculture Committee" has guided the local people to take herbs, herbs and health food as the main development projects of the park. The feasibility assessment and advance plan proposed to promote private participation in public construction have been approved in principle by the administrative department in charge. The "Marine Biotechnology Park" in Yilan County is an important step for Taiwan to develop agricultural biotechnology and its industrialization. The park plans to focus on fish breeding, seaweed application, reuse of aquatic waste, aquatic detection and trial production, with an investment of about NT $2 billion and a planned area of 220 hectares. The "Agriculture Committee" plans to build an agricultural biotechnology park, improve the business technology trading platform, combine the vitality of the private industry and the government's R&D energy, so that biotechnology can be industrialized. It is estimated that the annual output value of Taiwan's agricultural biotechnology industry in 2012 can reach the target of NT $29 billion from the current NT $4 billion, and increase 17000 jobs. After the operation of the park, because the surrounding area has become a satellite farm production area, it is conducive to ensuring farmers' income and implementing Taiwan's agricultural restructuring and industrial upgrading. The planned "Lentinus edodes professional biotechnology park" in Chiayi reflects the idea of "refined agriculture". Covering an area of 24.31 hectares, it will build a modern mushroom production base of 40 buildings, each covering an area of about 1800 square meters. It will mainly plant new varieties such as salmon mushroom and ox tongue mushroom successfully cultivated by biotechnology, and can accommodate 400000 "space bags" (mushroom planting bags). The total investment will be 1.8 billion NT dollars by using advanced environmental control mushroom houses, using modern equipment to create an environment with appropriate temperature and ventilation, as well as R&D management departments, waste disposal sites, land preparation and public facilities. After the completion of the park, the annual income can reach 470 million Taiwan dollars, and the investment can be recovered within a few years.
2、 Promote the industrialization of agricultural biotechnology
The "Agricultural Biotechnology Industrialization Development Plan" implemented since 2009 is jointly promoted by Taiwan's "Agricultural Commission", "Ministry of Economy", "National Science and Technology Council" and other departments, with the purpose of further integrating the research and development capabilities accumulated by the "National Science and Technology Plan for Agricultural Biotechnology", from the agricultural system, forward-looking planning, laws and policies, technology development, talent cultivation, support of key industries Establish a commercialization platform, guide agricultural related enterprises, fund layout, market development and other aspects to create an environment suitable for the development of agricultural biotechnology industrialization, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of catalytic agriculture, and then achieve the maximum benefits of agricultural biotechnology industry development. In 2013, the Taiwan authorities approved a total of 22 industry university cooperation plans of the "Agricultural Biotechnology Industrialization Development Program", 20 individual plans and 2 integrated plans (a total of 6 sub plans), attracting 24 enterprises to participate and contributing to an investment of NT $9.973 million. Its implementation achievements include publishing 12 SCI papers and 3 technical reports, obtaining 23 patents, and signing 3 technology transfer projects. The licensing fee for technology transfer is NT $1.08 million. Important achievements in 2013 include: Chaoyang University of Science and Technology has developed a biochip system for rapid identification of crop viruses. Its biochip detection system can simultaneously detect the infection of three economically important banana viruses and five potato viruses in a single step, improving detection efficiency and reducing costs, At present, there is no similar product on the market that can achieve the same detection efficiency. Taiwan is the first region to commercially use biochips in crop disease detection; The development and research plan of producing oral vaccine for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) with bananas carried out by Taiwan University, and the strategy of preventing and treating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) with bananas as oral vaccine, has successfully applied the key platform technology established to the prevention and treatment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is the first case in the world; The plan of using genetic engineering to improve local bacteria to produce astaxanthin on an economic scale implemented by Tsinghua University in Taiwan, starting from improving local strains in Taiwan, produces natural astaxanthin with international competitiveness. The quality and purity of the preliminarily extracted natural astaxanthin has exceeded the international market specifications, and has successfully built a small bioreactor system, with a large potential for economic scale production.
From 2009 to 2013, the "Agricultural Biotechnology Industrialization Development Plan" achieved many important results, with 339 patents applied inside and outside the island, 176 patents obtained inside and outside the island, 282 technology transfers, a total amount of NT $210 million in technology transfers, 368 times of enterprise cooperation, and nearly NT $500 million in enterprise R&D investment, It also created 1938 person times (including postdoctoral research and full-time assistants) to invest in agricultural biotechnology related work. In terms of quantitative performance, the average recovery rate of technology transfer reached 8.7% of the total funds, about 33.8% of the industrial application plan funds; Based on the enterprise contribution rate, the average amount is 20.8% of the total funds, about 84.5% of the industrial application plan funds; A total of 169 enterprises participated in the industrial application plan, of which 15 enterprises won 23 important biotechnology awards in the island, which shows their excellent performance in promoting agricultural biotechnology industrialization and guiding agricultural biotechnology enterprises. The derivative benefits of the results of the scheme to Taiwan's economy and society are estimated by the Taiwan Economic Research Institute to be about NT $16.7 billion. In terms of driving Taiwan's overall agricultural biotechnology output value, the agricultural biotechnology output value in 2013 was about NT $19.55 billion, 22.4% higher than the target.
3、 Construction of safety management system for genetically modified organisms
In order to build a management framework for biosafety assessment of genetically modified plants, the Taiwan authorities announced and recognized five field test institutions of genetically modified plants, including "China Academy of Sciences", Asia Vegetable World Vegetable Center, ZTE University, Youkeli Agroforestry Science Company and Taiwan "Agriculture Commission" Agricultural Test Institute, and allowed them to carry out legal field tests of genetically modified plants and form a technical guidance team, In addition to providing necessary technical advice through on-site visits and education and training, we formulated technical reference documents such as the Guidelines for the Setting of Isolation Facilities in Transgenic Plant Field Test Institutions according to the current situation of isolation facilities in field test institutions, for reference in the future development, maintenance and management of relevant facilities, and to strengthen the operational capacity of field test institutions. Yunshui Workstation under the Zhongpu Research Center of the Forestry Experimental Institute of Taiwan's "Agriculture Commission" is currently establishing the infrastructure for the forest genetically modified isolation field. The second phase of the forest isolation field laboratory planning has been completed to develop transgenic trees that regulate cellulose synthesis as the specialized agency for the isolation field test of transgenic trees, To meet the raw material demand of pulp and paper industry and biomass energy.
In order to cooperate with the Taiwan authorities in formulating and implementing the Management Rules for the Field Test of Genetically Modified Aquatic Animals and Plants, the Marine Breeding Research Center of the Taiwan "Agriculture Commission" Aquatic Testing Institute is currently constructing the island's first field isolation test facility for genetically modified aquatic organisms. The main buildings include the freshwater aquaculture hall, the marine aquaculture hall and the safety biological assessment hall. Among them, the freshwater aquaculture house was approved by the competent authority in September 2011, and the mariculture house submitted an application for approval in December 2013, which is currently under consideration by the "genetically modified aquatic animals and plants review group". In order to implement the safety management of field isolation test facilities, the "Agricultural Commission" Aquatic Products Test Institute has formulated the "Management Rules for the Field Test Operation of Genetically Modified Aquatic Animals and Plants", and conducted the commissioning of the technical platform for risk assessment of freshwater aquaculture farms in accordance with the aforementioned rules, including the cultivation and conservation of genetically modified experimental fish seeds, the establishment of the cultivation process of experimental fish seeds and the stable cultivation system of basic data, Strengthen the functions of software and hardware equipment and testing technology laboratory; In addition, the Charging Standard for Field Test of Genetically Modified Aquatic Organisms was formulated to institutionalize the charge for external services, which is conducive to the sustainable operation of field test institutions.
At present, the Taiwan Agricultural Commission has accepted two applications for genetic traits investigation of four strains of genetically modified ornamental fish. Its field test plan has been reviewed by the Biosafety Team of the Aquatic Products Test Institute of the Taiwan Agricultural Commission, and the agency can carry out the genetic traits investigation of field tests. It will actively guide enterprises to complete the application for field test projects. Taiwan authorities entrust the Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute to maintain and operate the field test site for isolation of genetically modified livestock and poultry. The test site will continue to meet the ISO9001 certification specifications to ensure the quality of facility maintenance and operation. Although there is no field test application project accepted according to law at present, in order to use the activation facilities and carry out trial operation, there have been cases of research isolation field experiments in cooperation with the needs of the research institutions, including the isolation field experiment of a double transgenic pig, and a two-year biological safety assessment has been carried out to confirm that the transgenic pig is not harmful and there is no horizontal overflow of transgenic genes; In addition, the experimental animal model of type 2 diabetes in pigs was established by gene marker screening. In the current situation where the prospect of the international trend of the development of genetically modified livestock and poultry is not clear, in order to further activate the utilization of facilities, it is expected to expand the scope of service business in the future, including undertaking special or high-risk livestock and poultry isolation field test projects, or pig and animal tests required for the development of the vaccine industry, to make full use of existing facilities and equipment resources. In addition, the Animal Production Test Institute of Taiwan's "Agricultural Commission" has also built a "transgenic livestock and poultry research molecular ranch" since 2007 as a follow-up laboratory to produce transgenic and replicated animals for performance and performance tests, so as to facilitate the research and testing of transgenic animals, and hopes to be in line with international standards in the future. The facility has passed the UK Royal Accreditation Service (UKAS) certification in 2011, and successfully obtained ISO14001:2004 and ISO9001:2008 certification. In 2012, the biosafety assessment of genetically modified sheep was carried out, and the biosafety assessment of genetically modified animals on environmental soil and water sources and the detection of foreign genes in molecular pasture waste were completed. The results showed that no foreign genes were detected in the surrounding environment when genetically modified sheep were raised under the environmental conditions of "genetically modified livestock and poultry research molecular pasture".
4、 Construction of new drug management system for animal drugs
Part 5: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
Over the past two years, under the correct leadership of the school party committee and the campus party working committee, with the joint efforts of all party members and comrades, with the goal of building a standard grass-roots party organization and high-quality party members, hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, maintain the educational achievements of the advanced nature of Party members, promote the party building, and effectively strengthen and improve the ideological and political work; With the strong cooperation of the faculty and staff of the department, we adhere to the guiding ideology of focusing on education and promoting education through party building, give full play to the political core role and supervision and guarantee role of the party organization, promote the smooth development of the party building work and education and teaching work, and provide a strong guarantee for the reform and development of the aquaculture department. Now, the main work of the General Party Branch Committee since its establishment is reported as follows: 1. Strengthening Party building and enhancing the cohesion and combat effectiveness of the Party 2. Constantly improving the responsibility system for organizational construction. The General Party Branch of the Fisheries Department carefully breaks down the work objectives of the branch, and the members of the branch perform their own duties. They not only divide the work but also cooperate to do a good job in all aspects of the Fisheries Department, timely understand the ideological situation of the party members and faculty, carefully analyze the new problems encountered in the party building under the new situation and the difficult and hot issues that the party members care about, listen to the opinions of the faculty and staff with an open mind, and help the faculty and staff solve their problems. Further implement the principle of democratic centralism, adhere to collective leadership, and convene a group meeting to collectively study and decide on all major issues, ensuring the correctness of work decisions. The democratic life meeting was held on time. The members of the team were strict with themselves, linked with their own thoughts, worked hard ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ and self-criticism. Everything started from the collective interest. The members of the team exchanged views and communicated ideas, strengthened unity, and played an exemplary and leading role in their work, Actively fulfilled the tasks undertaken, both division of labor and cooperation, played the core role of grass-roots party organizations. 3. Strengthen the ideological construction of the Party and improve the Party spirit cultivation. The General Party Branch of the Fisheries Department, in combination with the arrangement of specific work, adhered to the system of studying political theories, studied the basic theories and knowledge of the Party, studied Marxism Leninism, ideology, Deng Xiaoping Theory, learned the important thought of "Three Represents" and put it into practice, focusing on the main contents of Selected Works, the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee, and the report of the Seventeenth National Congress, Deeply carried out activities such as "establishing a socialist concept of honor and disgrace", "special work to control commercial bribery", "commemorating the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up, singing red songs for the motherland, reform and development" and "emancipating the mind, expanding opening up", earnestly implemented the scientific concept of development, built a harmonious society, and improved the ideological quality and party spirit cultivation of all party members, To contribute to the building of a new socialist countryside. Over the past two years, more than 40 meetings of Party members' organizational life or faculty and staff of the whole department have been held. Learning the guidelines, policies and various laws and regulations of the Party and the government, and organizing the faculty and staff of the whole department to participate in the law popularization examination, improved the ideological awareness and political concept of the faculty and staff of the whole department, enhanced the consciousness and sense of responsibility of teaching according to law and managing according to law, deepened the understanding of the Party's guidelines and policies and current political affairs, and enhanced the cohesion and centripetal force of the staff. 4. We will strengthen the Party's work style and work hard to improve our ability to serve the people. We always regard the Party's fine tradition and fine style of work as the most basic requirement for educating Party members, and always require each Party member to maintain the Party's advanced and exemplary nature. Actively carry out education activities on Party spirit and Party conduct. While learning the Party's theory, we should strengthen the study of professional knowledge, master solid and excellent professional skills and basic skills, and strive to improve our ability to serve the people.
5. In order to improve the decision-making procedures of the Department of Fisheries, I, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China, the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on the Work of Grass roots Organizations in Ordinary Colleges and Universities, the Rules of Procedure of the Joint Party and Government Meeting of Southwest University College (Provisional), and the Rules of Procedure of the Joint Party and Government Meeting of Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, and in combination with the actual situation of the Department, The Rules of Procedure for the Party Government Joint Meeting of the Department of Fisheries of Rongchang Campus of Southwest University and the Management System for the Meeting of the Department of Fisheries of Rongchang Campus of Southwest University have been formulated. It is clear that the decision-making form of the Department of Fisheries is the party government joint meeting. It is proposed to "clarify the division of responsibilities to people, coordinate and cooperate for common development" for the party and government team, and adhere to "one goal, two teams, and three arrows" for the development of the Department of Fisheries The guiding ideology of the General Party Branch has given full play to the guiding and core guarantee role of the General Party Branch, actively participated in discussing and deciding important issues in the teaching, scientific research and administrative management of the department, and supported the dean of the department to carry out work independently and responsibly within the scope of his duties. II Organize and carry out a discussion on educational ideology, propose the development goals and school running ideas of the Department of Fisheries 1. Organize and carry out a discussion on educational ideology. In combination with the needs of the construction and development of the Department of Fisheries, a series of activities for the discussion of educational ideas were launched in an all-round way. The faculty and staff of the department were organized to learn from Minister Zhou Ji's speech at the Shanghai Sino foreign University Presidents Forum, which made us clear the connotation of university spirit and innovative culture. These spirits guide us to run a good university and a university education satisfying the people. Through the relevant documents on the evaluation of undergraduate teaching level, we have clarified how to standardize college education and how to ensure the quality of college education. The faculty and staff of the whole department fully understand the significance of this activity, extensively collect data around the theme, and write relevant materials. All teachers and staff participated and made a serious speech with a positive attitude of being the master around the development of Rongchang Campus and the Department of Fisheries, the renewal of educational concepts, the improvement of teaching, the promotion of evaluation and the work based on their own duties. Through the discussion, we have improved our ideological understanding and achieved the goal of updating our ideas, unifying our understanding and improving our work. It further clarifies the school running idea of teaching as the center and education as the fundamental, and comprehensively improves the education and teaching level. 3. Consolidate the achievements of teaching evaluation, actively formulate the rectification and construction plan, revise and complete the new talent training plan in three directions of aquaculture, nutrition and feed, and education for the 2006 and 2007 aquaculture majors, and complete the preparation of basic teaching documents such as the theoretical syllabus and experimental program for the 2006 aquaculture majors. 3、 Promote the development of disciplines and strengthen the construction of talent team 1. Promote the development of fisheries disciplines. The Department of Fisheries is striving to build the discipline of aquaculture into a discipline with distinctive advantages. The discipline of aquaculture will further give play to the characteristics and advantages of the discipline of aquaculture based on the four stable and distinctive development directions of aquaculture, disease prevention and control of aquatic animals, nutrition and feed of aquatic animals, fishery resources and water environment. In recent two years, our department has presided over 2. Strengthening the construction of talent team. The talent team that is people-oriented and has both ability and political integrity is the foundation of the school. We regard the construction of talent team as an important measure of the strategy of strengthening the system. According to the needs of discipline development, we have strengthened the construction of talent team by introducing, cultivating, hiring and other ways. In combination with the teaching evaluation, our department has hired four teachers with senior professional titles, introduced four teachers with master's degrees, and this year proposed to introduce one professional doctor, one master grade instructor, and six teachers are studying for doctoral and master's degrees. It has laid a talent foundation for building a reasonable teaching team and a high-level characteristic fishery department. The general party branch of the Department of Fisheries focuses on building a team of student management cadres, and solicits part-time head teachers and counselors among professional teachers. At the same time, two grade directors are employed externally. At present, all the faculty members of our department have served as the head teacher.
4、 Take teaching as the center, and constantly deepen teaching reform 1. Ensure the normal operation of teaching order. The party and government leaders of the department attach great importance to the improvement of teaching quality, seize the opportunity of undergraduate teaching evaluation, and organize all teachers to actively carry out teaching reform. On the basis of completing the pre evaluation of undergraduate teaching level, the daily management of teaching was further strengthened. In strict accordance with the requirements of the talent training program and the syllabus, we successfully completed the teaching tasks of more than 40 courses. Arranged and completed the teaching and production practice of Grade 04 Normal University of Aquaculture; We have completed the thesis defense of 89 undergraduate graduates in 2007 and the topic selection and opening of more than 100 graduate projects in 2008. 19 teaching classes were given to the undergraduate majors of aquaculture at all levels and famous and special aquaculture colleges, and nearly 600 students were taught basic theoretical knowledge and basic skills in various disciplines, ensuring the normal progress of teaching. 2. Standardize teaching management and deepen teaching reform. A teaching steering committee was established. By going deep into classroom teaching, graduation practice, graduation defense and other teaching links, participating in various teaching guidance, teaching awards, and supervising the implementation of relevant teaching rules and regulations of the Department of Fisheries, the teaching quality of the Department of Fisheries was effectively guaranteed. The regular inspection system of teaching work has been consolidated. In strict accordance with the regulations of the campus, the leadership listening system is carried out, peer evaluation of teaching and student evaluation of teaching activities are carried out, regular or irregular teaching inspections are carried out in various forms, and the classroom teaching quality of teachers is monitored and evaluated. Every year, teachers' teaching work shall be comprehensively and strictly assessed. Pay attention to feedback of teaching information, collect students' opinions regularly, report to functional departments in time and assist in solving problems.
Relevant issues. Give full play to the role of the teaching and research section, and strengthen teaching management and research. The Department of Fisheries has two classrooms: Aquabiology and Aquaculture. We pay attention to the role of grassroots academic organizations, constantly deepen teaching reform and research, and strengthen the standardized management of classroom teaching, course examination topics, experimental teaching links and graduation thesis (design). All teachers carefully study teaching materials, write teaching plans and lecture notes, and actively use multimedia teaching methods according to the requirements of the syllabus. Strictly manage the examination, carefully analyze the quality of the course examination, and constantly improve the teaching level of teachers. Adhere to the mentoring system for young teachers. The Fisheries Department designates a tutor for each new young teacher, which plays a good role in the growth and improvement of young teachers.
Part 6: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
1. Breeding risk assessment and control
During the breeding process, the risks and benefits should also be reasonably assessed and analyzed, including whether the geographical location of the selected business site is reasonable; Whether there are pests such as snakes and rats; Whether the chicks survive in high quantity; Whether the prevention and treatment of diseases are in place; Whether the market is unblocked; Whether the price of feed and other items is low, whether the actual investment exceeds the budget and whether the management system is perfect, and take corresponding measures to improve it. (1) When selecting breeding sites, field investigation must be carried out. Select more points and propose more plans. Experts should be invited to evaluate and select the best plan; (2) The chicken house shall be set scientifically and reasonably to prevent snakes and rats; (3) Adopt high-quality chicken seedlings, improve the staff's brooding technology, and establish a scientific and high-quality brooding room; (4) Employ professional disease prevention and control technicians of native chickens, and put disease prevention and control work of native chickens in an important position; (5) Establish cooperatives, expand their influence and open up markets; (6) Stock up feed, compare with many companies, purchase reasonably, conduct economic accounting for each investment, and make the budget loose or complementary; (7) Adopt advanced management system and establish a cooperative farmer employee combination model.
2 Economic benefits
After scientific breeding, the weight of chickens reaches about 2.5kg. Based on the current market price of 10~12.5 yuan/kg, the average selling price of each chicken is not less than 100 yuan. After deducting the breeding cost of 66 yuan (4 yuan/chicken, 12 yuan/chicken, 3 yuan/chicken, 40 yuan/chicken for half a year, and 7 yuan/chicken for sales and other expenses), the net profit of each chicken exceeds 34 yuan. 10000 chickens can achieve an output value of more than 340000 yuan in half a year, which is quite considerable.
3 Ecological benefits
After hatching, they are put into the tea garden for free breeding. The chickens feed freely on grass and insects in the tea garden, and the excrement is scattered in the tea garden, promoting the growth of tea trees and grass. However, there are many wild insects in the tea field, and chicken feeding on insects can sharply reduce insect pests. Let chickens return to nature, and increase the "wild" nature of chickens. This feeding method can not only reduce the feed cost, make the ecological chicken products more fresh, tender and fragrant, but also ensure the green ecological quality of chickens, and provide more high-quality green food for the society.
4 Social benefits
Part 7: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
Key words: animal husbandry; environmental pollution; Command control; Economic incentive; Integrated nutrient management; Environmental carrying capacity; Monitoring and early warning
CLC No.: X506 Document ID Code: A DOI Code: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2017.03.003
Developing Tendency in Animal Husbandry in China and Its Control Countermeasures over Environmental Pollution
ZHAO Run， QU Qingbo， FENG Jie， ZHI Suli， DU Huiying， LI Aixiu， ZHANG Keqiang
（Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture， Tianjin 300191， China）
Abstract： Started from three different scenes of region， species， yielding approach， developing state and environmental contamination characteristics in national animal husbandry were systematically elaborated. Two main causes led to the pollution， namely， lacking of scientific formulation and layout， separation and out of balance between planting and breeding together with simple and rough operation and management ways were analyzed. In line with 2 policy varieties， order control and economic motivation， different scales of pollution precaution and control measures in combination with 4 issues were overviewed， which involved of shortage on environmental load criteria in terms of comprehensive nutrient management， unclear basic data of pollutant， weak implementing force and unavailability in normalization， incomplete long-term evaluation mechanism. Four proposals including scientific industrial formulation and layout， setting up the system integrated informative administration in animal husbandry environment with contamination monitoring and warning， increasing policy support and sound economic motivation mechanism， improving the comprehensive technical system of precaution and control over the environmental contamination were put forward finally.
Key words： animal husbandry； environmental contamination； order control； economic motivation； comprehensive nutrient management； environmental load； monitoring and warning
With the new normalization of China's social and economic development, under the market pull and policy guidance, the comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry has continued to rise, the production mode has accelerated the transformation, the industrial status has continued to improve, and the overall trend is large-scale, intensive and standardized. However, due to the rapid growth of aquaculture quantity, the adjustment of aquaculture structure, the increase of labor costs and other factors, environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, especially in the eastern coastal aquaculture intensive areas with dense population, developed economy and limited arable land. Some scholars pointed out that the main causes of environmental pollution problems are irrational regional layout, disjointed planting and breeding, backward production mode, and low comprehensive utilization rate of waste [1-4], but it is rare to systematically sort out and analyze the characteristics of environmental pollution and the national pollution prevention policy system from the perspective of national animal husbandry development. In view of this, the author attempts to analyze from three aspects: regional layout, main livestock species and production mode, summarize the development trend of animal husbandry, compare and analyze the characteristics of environmental pollution, clarify the main causes of pollution, prevention and control policies and existing problems, and propose countermeasures based on years of research and practice, to provide reference for the next step of China's animal husbandry environmental pollution prevention and control policy practice.
1 Development trend of animal husbandry in China
1.1 Intensive aquaculture distribution in the region
It is easy to see from the distribution of livestock and poultry breeding across the country (Figure 1) that from north to south, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Yunnan are the eight provinces where the number of major livestock breeds (pigs, cattle, and poultry) is the largest, and the total scale of these large breeding provinces accounts for more than 50% of the total in the country. Among them, pig breeding is concentrated in Sichuan, Henan, Hunan, Shandong, Yunnan, Hubei and other provinces, of which Sichuan's annual live pig stock in 2014 accounted for 10.73% of the national total, ranking first; Cow breeding is mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan and other provinces, of which Inner Mongolia accounted for 15.42% of the total number of cows on hand at the end of 2014, ranking first; Beef cattle breeding is mainly concentrated in Yunnan, Henan, Sichuan, Hunan, Liaoning and other provinces, of which Yunnan's beef cattle on hand at the end of 2014 accounted for 9.68% of the national total, ranking first; Poultry breeding is mainly concentrated in Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Hebei, Sichuan, Hubei and other provinces, of which Henan's poultry on hand at the end of 2014 accounted for 11.85% of the national total, ranking first.
1.2 Scale of industrial development trend
Over the past decade, with the adjustment of breeding structure and the transformation of breeding methods, large-scale breeding has become the main production body of China's animal husbandry [5]. It is mainly reflected in: First, the number of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding households has increased significantly. In 2014, the number of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding households with more than 500 live pigs, more than 100 dairy cows, more than 50 beef cattle, more than 2000 laying hens and more than 10000 broilers sold annually increased sharply compared with 2002 (Figure 2); Second, the degree of large-scale breeding has significantly improved. In 2014, the proportion of large-scale breeding of pigs, cows, beef cattle, laying hens and broilers reached 42%, 45%, 28%, 69% and 73% respectively, an increase of 32%, 33%, 10%, 41% and 36% over 2002.
1.3 Accelerated transformation of production mode
The rapid development of large-scale breeding has also promoted the accelerated transformation of production methods, which is mainly reflected in the improvement of the automation of feeding and cleaning systems, especially the development of fecal collection methods towards mechanization and environmental protection. Zhu Qili et al. [6] surveyed 144 standardized pig farms across the country and found that dry cleaning accounted for the highest proportion, 63 0%； The second is water flushing feces, accounting for 23.6%; The method of vesicular feces only accounted for 3.4%, and no case was found in a small pig farm. Zhu Ning et al. [7] investigated 402 large-scale laying hens farms in five major laying hens producing provinces (Hebei, Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei and Sichuan) in China. The results showed that the manual method accounted for 50.50%, and the scraper method accounted for 49.50%. The proportion of the two methods was the same. Dong Xiaoxia et al. [4] investigated 65 large-scale dairy farms in China's dominant dairy producing areas, and the results showed that 48.4% of dairy farms used mechanical dejection, 43.8% of dairy farms still used manual dejection, and 7.8% of dairy farms used both manual and mechanical dejection. The continuous improvement of production mode is of great significance for improving production efficiency, improving breeding environment and promoting sustainable development of animal husbandry.
2. Environmental pollution characteristics of animal husbandry
2.1 Unbalanced regional distribution of pollutant production
Many scholars have made statistical estimates around the relationship between livestock and poultry manure production, pollutant load and environmental carrying capacity. According to Lin Yuan et al. [8], in 2009, the output of livestock and poultry manure in Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Yunnan exceeded 1.10 × 109 t pig manure equivalent, accounting for 42.33% of the national total. The central and eastern regions represented by Hebei, Henan and Shandong have become the largest breeding intensive areas and pollution sources in China. Yang Fei et al. [9] counted the nitrogen pollution load of livestock and poultry breeding in various provinces in 2009, and the results showed that the nitrogen pollution of livestock and poultry in North China, Central China, South China and Southwest China was large, with Henan, Sichuan and Shandong provinces being the most prominent, significantly higher than other provinces; The nitrogen pollution load per unit cultivated land area in central China, southern China and southwest China is the heaviest, and the farmland and water source environment in these areas are facing greater pollution threats. Qiu Huanguang et al. [10] made statistics on the discharge and pollution of livestock and poultry manure in various provinces in 2010, and the results showed that the three provinces with the most serious livestock and poultry manure pollution were Henan, Sichuan and Shandong, accounting for 28% of the total pollution in China. The statistical results of Zhang Xumei [11] also show that the livestock and poultry scale breeding and pollution center is still in the eastern and southern coastal areas.
Of course, the pollution of livestock and poultry manure depends not only on the total amount of pollution, but also on the amount of livestock and poultry manure pollution per unit cultivated area. For provinces with small cultivated land area, even if the total amount of livestock manure is small, the pollution load of livestock manure per unit cultivated land area may still be large. Qiu Huanguang et al. [10] pointed out that although the total amount of livestock and poultry manure pollution in Zhejiang Province is only 0.05 × 109 t, the amount of livestock and poultry manure pollution per unit cultivated land area is as high as 2.72 t • hm-2 due to its small cultivated land area; However, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang have less developed animal husbandry and large cultivated land, so the pollution degree of livestock manure is relatively light. Zhang Xumei [11] concluded that Beijing, Guangdong and Fujian are the three provinces (cities) with the greatest environmental pressure. The above research shows that the total amount of livestock manure in China is large, especially in the eastern coastal and central breeding intensive areas where large-scale breeding is high; Provinces with prominent pollutant production amount are also breeding intensive areas; The pollution load per unit cultivated land area is large, and the fecal sewage is produced in a wide range, but the distribution among regions is uneven, with large differences.
2.2 Large difference in pollutant production among livestock breeds
According to the Handbook of Animal Husbandry Source Production and Emission Coefficients of the First National Pollution Source Survey and the 2015 China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Yearbook, the output of major pollutants such as feces, urine, chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of pigs, beef cattle, cows and poultry nationwide in 2014 was estimated (Figure 3). In 2014, the feces and urine production of pigs, beef cattle, cows and poultry in China were 3.75 × 109, 2.59 × 109, 0.81 × 109, 2.18 × 109 t, respectively, and their proportions are shown in Figure 4. Compared with other breeds, poultry produces the largest amount of feces, but the sum of feces produced by beef cattle and cows is greater than other breeds; The amount of urine produced by pigs is the largest, nearly 2.5 × 109 t. This is similar to the statistical results of Lin Yuan et al. [8] on the feces production of various livestock and poultry in China in 2009.
Taking cows and pigs, the two livestock species with the most prominent pollution production, as an example, the amount of feces, urine, COD, TN and TP produced in various provinces of China in 2014 was calculated, and the following results were obtained: as shown in Figure 5, the amount of pig breeding pollutants produced in Sichuan Province is the highest, accounting for nearly 1/10 of the national total, followed by Henan and Hunan; As shown in Figure 6, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Heilongjiang have a large amount of dairy cattle breeding pollutants. The total amount of dairy cow feces in the three provinces and regions accounts for 45% of the country, followed by Shandong, Xinjiang and Henan. The amount of dairy cow feces accounts for 28% of the country. This result is consistent with the previous statistics of the distribution of aquaculture in various provinces.
2.3 Significant difference of pollutant output in different production modes
In addition to the large differences in the amount of pollutants produced by different regions and livestock breeds, different production methods have different degrees of impact on the generation of pollutants, production and discharge paths, and the end treatment and utilization of feces. Guo Weiguang et al. [12] found that 71.1% of the pig farms in Sichuan Province used dry cleaning in 2013, followed by 27.6% using water to flush manure. The load of CODCr, TN, TP and NH3 -- N entering the water body by dry cleaning is (20.28, 4.58, 0.81, 1.07) g ・ d-1 ・ h-1; The load of CODCr, TN, TP and NH3 -- N entering the water body by flushing feces with water is (314.60, 26.29, 7.67, 12.27) g ・ d-1 ・ h-1, with obvious difference. The dry dejecta cleaning process is relatively ideal for its low nutrient loss, high fertilizer efficiency, low pollutant content and easy end purification treatment. In large-scale dairy farms, mechanical scrapers or forklifts are usually used to clean the feces, but the feces, urine and sewage are all mixed and cleared, which increases the sewage production and pollutant concentration, but correspondingly reduces the frequency of fecal cleaning and reduces labor costs. Dong Xiaoxia [4], through the investigation of large-scale dairy farms in Yili and Yichang, found that the content of pollutants in urine and sewage produced by manual dejecta clearing was far lower than that of mechanical dejecta clearing. Zhu Ning [7] found that there are mainly three ways of cleaning the feces of laying hen farms in China, namely, manual cleaning, scraping board and conveyor belt, and the pollutant concentration of manual cleaning is much lower than that of other methods.
3. Main Causes of Animal Husbandry Environmental Pollution
It is not difficult to find out from the overall development trend of China's animal husbandry and the characteristics of environmental pollution: First, from the perspective of regional distribution and environmental capacity, the eastern coastal economically developed areas and the areas adjacent to the central big cities are densely distributed areas of livestock and poultry farms, which is obviously the most prominent area of pollutant production; 2. From the perspective of livestock breeding, compared with the relative breeding amount, the order of scale is cattle, pigs and poultry from large to small, and the calculation results show that the amount of pollution production is also corresponding to it; Third, most large and medium-sized livestock and poultry farms prefer the mechanical dry manure cleaning process to save labor costs. However, due to the mixing of manure and sewage and the need to regularly flush the dung ditch, the requirements for solid-liquid separation technology in the later stage are correspondingly improved, while the practice of manual dry manure cleaning in small-scale livestock and poultry farms can achieve source pollution control and p quantitative treatment, which is economical and applicable, and is worth advocating, but a few of them still use traditional water flushing The large amount of sewage produced and high concentration of pollutants in the aquaculture farm with water soaked feces may have more impact on the environment, which cannot be ignored. Based on the above points, the causes of environmental pollution in animal husbandry are mainly attributed to the following two aspects.
3.1 Lack of scientific planning and layout, disjunction between farming and animal husbandry, and imbalance between planting and breeding
During the field visit, it was found that the owner of the farm independently decided what kind of livestock and poultry to raise, the scale of breeding, the structure space of the livestock house, the site of facility construction and other matters only according to the market situation and local policies, and because of the land contract management, most large-scale farms do not have supporting farmland to absorb livestock and poultry manure, so they only raise and do not breed; However, most of the planting operators only plant and do not raise. The variety of crops planted in the same area, cultivation time, fertilization period and amount of fertilization are not unified with the breeding production, which leads to the "separate management" of the planting and breeding industry, serious disjunction between agriculture and animal husbandry, and blocked the utilization of manure resources.
In this way of independent cost accounting, on the one hand, growers apply large amounts of chemical fertilizers to reduce labor costs, resulting in poor soil, structural damage, and gradual loss of sustainable production capacity; on the other hand, livestock manure cannot be used and must be treated according to law. Similarly, in order to reduce the cost of pollution control, farmers tend to stack or discharge to nearby ditches and ponds, resulting in resource waste, environmental pollution and a vicious circle. Some EU countries have practices worth learning from: first, the amount of fertilizer is converted according to the farmland area of the farm, and the amount of feces generated is converted according to the type, scale and method of livestock to be raised, so that farmers can define the upper limit of breeding scale and the type and method of crop rotation; Second, through the big data analysis model, predict the possible environmental changes caused by manure application in 5 to 10 years, and provide farmers with options for different production and management methods to help them choose ways that can improve environmental conditions while ensuring productivity. It can be seen that from a small park to a large area, it is very important for the planting and breeding industry and the extension of the industrial chain to be uniform.
3.2 Simple and extensive operation and management, low production level
Feeding is the key factor that determines the quantity and quality of livestock products and even the stable and long-term development of animal husbandry. However, for a long time, the utilization rate of animal husbandry feed in China is low, which is not small compared with the precision feeding level of western developed countries. In western countries, the feed to meat ratio at the advanced level of pig breeding is 2.4:1, and only a few places in China can reach 3.5:1 at present; The feed to meat ratio of the world's advanced level of broiler breeding is 1.6 ∶ 1, and that of China is only 2:1 ～ 2.2 ∶ 1; The feed to egg ratio of laying hens at the world's advanced level is 2.4 ∶ 1, while in China it is 2.6 ∶ 1 ～ 3 ∶ 1. Livestock manure contains a large amount of undigested protein, B vitamins, mineral elements, crude fat and a certain amount of carbohydrates, especially the high content of crude protein [13].
In the field survey: many traditional large-scale livestock and poultry farms still have poor infrastructure conditions, and the space for livestock and poultry to feed, drink, produce and excrete excrement and urine is narrow, and the breeding density is high; The lack of special fecal water storage facilities, simple forklift and handcart type manual fecal cleaning, easy to spread feces everywhere, feces and urine mixed with bedding material is difficult to clean, and the breeding environment in the livestock house is poor; The ventilation and daylighting conditions are limited, the roof and fence in the enclosure are seriously corroded, and the working environment is poor; The excessive use of flushing water in pig pen, chicken house, milking room/waiting room and other areas has greatly increased the difficulty of subsequent treatment; The extensive and simple production and operation mode of the cross of internal organs and clean roads in the site has caused serious impact on the internal and external environment of the site.
4 Environmental pollution prevention policies and existing problems
For a long time, the policy tools used by the Chinese government for the prevention and control of livestock environmental pollution are mainly command control and economic incentives [14], aiming to internalize the external environmental costs through policy intervention. Command control means to restrict the behavior of aquaculture practitioners through laws and regulations, management methods, technical standards, etc; Economic incentives are to guide breeding owners to reduce and control pollutant emissions through green subsidies, and to achieve effective treatment and utilization.
4.1 Command control policy
Since 2001, the central and local governments have promulgated a series of laws and regulations, management measures, technical standards and operating specifications, covering the pre production development planning, site selection and layout, infrastructure construction requirements, production management operating specifications, fecal emission standards, relevant evaluation and review systems, support policies, etc. [15], To a certain extent, it has played a positive role in promoting the effective control of environmental pollution in animal husbandry.
First, there are 9 laws and regulations on livestock and poultry breeding pollution prevention at the national level, which can be traced back to the Animal Husbandry Law issued in 2006 and has a history of 10 years. Before the promulgation of this law, although the five laws, namely, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the Agricultural Law and the Law on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution, have been implemented for a long time, there is no specific content specific to the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution in the articles and previous revisions, while the latest revision focuses on the collection, storage Treatment and utilization are strictly regulated. In recent three years, seven targeted laws and regulations have been intensively revised and promulgated, of which the provisions in the Regulations on Prevention and Control of Pollution from Large scale Livestock and Poultry Breeding (hereinafter referred to as the "Regulations") are the most detailed and strict, becoming the first legislation on prevention and control of environmental pollution from livestock and poultry breeding, supplemented by special action plans for prevention and control of water and soil pollution, It fully demonstrates the determination of the country to control pollution, and has raised the prevention and control of livestock breeding pollution to an unprecedented political height. However, due to various reasons such as land shortage, disconnection of planting and breeding, limited management level, market fluctuation, etc., the proportion of investment in the production link in the whole process of breeding is too high, and the breeding practitioners themselves are unable to cope with the control of environmental problems. It is urgent to guide the accelerated transformation of the animal husbandry industry with policies to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the industry and adapt to the domestic and international market environment, At the same time, it is necessary to gradually transform the government's "blood transfusion" into the enterprise's "blood production" to ensure the sustainable development of the animal husbandry industry. It will be difficult to control pollution only by the government's "blood transfusion" financial support or high cost environmental supervision.
Second, based on the above legislative framework, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China have issued guiding rules and regulations, specifically including the Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Pollution in Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry (2002), the Technical Policy for the Prevention and Control of Pollution in Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry (2010) and the Administrative Measures for the Standardization Demonstration Farm of Livestock and Poultry (2011). The content mainly covers the layout of the enclosure, clean breeding, collection and storage of fecal water, treatment and comprehensive utilization, environmental impact assessment and supervision, etc., which provides the guarantee for the implementation of legal provisions, and provides the basis for pollution control planning, environmental impact assessment report, best feasible technology guidance, engineering technical specifications and standards, and guides the development Promotion and application. However, in the specific implementation of the environmental management measures for livestock and poultry breeding, there is a lack of unity and coordination between different departments, and there is disconnection; The development of productive animal husbandry is still the focus of achieving agricultural structural adjustment and achieving agricultural and rural economic growth, rather than taking environmental friendliness as the benchmark to carry out top-level design from the source of regional economic development planning, industrial layout and livestock building links. Agricultural policies and environmental policies are lack of organic connection [5].
Third, according to the above provisions, the national environmental protection, agriculture and quality inspection departments have organized relevant technical units to prepare a series of national and industrial technical standards, and put forward environmental standards and operating methods from the perspective of site construction, pollutant discharge standards, environmental monitoring and evaluation, and fecal pollution treatment and utilization Environmental impact assessment departments and scientific research institutions provide technical reference. It is easy to see that, on the one hand, with the increase of breeding scale, intensification and production performance in livestock and poultry houses, the supporting technical standards are also constantly improving, the pertinence of relevant regulations is strengthening, and the corresponding index parameters are becoming more detailed and specific, gradually realizing the standardization, standardization and systematization of pollution prevention and control, and improving the internal and external environment of the farm; On the other hand, at this stage, large and medium-sized B aquaculture enterprises are also accelerating their transformation with the adjustment of national industrial policies and changes in domestic and foreign market conditions. For example, they are gradually transforming from decentralized farming communities to intensive farms, from a single pursuit of output to both quality and environmental friendly, from farmers to transfer land for intensive management, and at the same time, supporting farmland that can absorb manure. Therefore, the current technical indicators and parameters should also be adjusted and revised in time to cope with the characteristics of aquaculture development in the future. At the same time, basic means such as monitoring and evaluation should be supplemented with long-term support.
4.2 Economic incentive policies
In the face of severe livestock breeding environmental problems, China has successively introduced economic support policies focusing on biogas engineering and organic fertilizer production in recent 10 years, encouraging livestock and poultry farms to build biogas projects. According to the statistics of Li Jingming and Xue Mei [16], by the end of 2009, China had completed 56856 biogas projects, which played a positive role in promoting the environmental pollution control of China's animal husbandry. Since 2004, Shanghai has taken the lead in trying out the supporting policies for commercial organic fertilizer (one-time subsidies for the production and use of organic fertilizer according to the size of application area and purchase quantity), all provinces, cities, districts and counties in China have also actively introduced matching policies and funds to encourage enterprises and farmers to jointly develop the organic fertilizer industry market in combination with the current situation and characteristics of local agricultural economic development. On April 29, 2008, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the "Notice on Exemption of VAT on Organic Manure Products" (CS [2008] No. 56), which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural fertilization structure and the improvement of agricultural ecological environment [14].
In addition, the environmental protection department of our country has also introduced the method of awarding the collected pollution discharge fees to the farms for active pollution control, involving the construction of pollution treatment facilities, and supporting enterprises that use pig manure and cow manure as organic fertilizer. For example, in the Measures for the Administration of the Standards for Collection of Pollution Discharge Fees issued by the State Council in 2003, it is stipulated that "large-scale livestock and poultry farms with a stock size of more than 50 cattle, 500 pigs, 5000 chickens and ducks must report and register pollution discharge to the local environmental protection administrative department, and pay a certain pollution discharge fee. If the national or local emission standards are exceeded, excess pollution discharge fees shall be charged according to the provisions." For another example, the General Office of the State Council formulated Several Opinions on Supporting the Development of the Poultry Industry in 2005, clearly stipulating that necessary support should be given to the construction of fecal sewage treatment facilities in key breeding communities and large-scale livestock farms; Since 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Agriculture have allocated special funds from the central budget to support the standardized transformation of large-scale pig farms. The main construction contents include fecal sewage treatment, standardized transformation of pig houses and construction of supporting infrastructure. The construction of fecal sewage treatment facilities should be prioritized and meet the relevant requirements of environmental protection departments, The remaining funds can be properly arranged for the standardized transformation of pig houses and the construction of other supporting facilities [14]. The introduction of these special support policies for green subsidies has promoted the orderly implementation of environmental pollution prevention and control actions for animal husbandry in some regions.
However, many examples show that the environmental subsidy policy is mainly focused on the one-time investment in fecal sewage treatment facilities and supporting equipment. Direct subsidies or rewards instead of subsidies are implemented for farms in the form of financial transfer payments, and the funding channels and subsidy methods are single; The special subsidy projects are mostly distributed in the southeast coastal areas with strong economic foundation, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong and other places, and there are few areas with supporting funds for long-term implementation; The scope of subsidy policy is limited. There are only a few farms that really enjoy subsidies. The special subsidy funds focusing on the prevention and control of animal husbandry environmental pollution account for a small proportion in animal husbandry, environment, agriculture and other industries, and most of them lack long-term stable support; Most of the current subsidy policies only allocate the subsidy range according to the breed and scale of livestock, which is not very scientific and easy to cause unfair distribution.
4.3 Existing problems
The current policies and measures for the prevention and control of animal husbandry environmental pollution in China are obviously insufficient. Generally speaking, there are more principled provisions and less operational provisions; There are more restrictive policies and less economic incentive policies; There are more qualitative descriptions and fewer quantitative index parameters; In addition, livestock pollution discharge has typical externalities. Farmers and breeding enterprises lack appropriate incentives to reduce pollution discharge. At the same time, due to the high cost of monitoring and controlling pollution discharge, the implementation effect of some policies is not ideal [17-18]. Based on the current policies and technical measures, we sorted out four issues, as follows.
First, there is a lack of environmental carrying standards based on integrated nutrient management. As mentioned above, the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and nutrient balance are the necessary conditions to ensure the healthy development of animal husbandry, but the current regulations and methods only stipulate in principle that "fattening livestock and poultry manure for agricultural use should be compatible with the absorptive capacity of the land; The treated excrement can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner of the land to meet the needs of crop growth, and its amount cannot exceed the demand of nutrients for crop growth in the current year; When determining the optimal amount of manure, it is necessary to test and evaluate the soil fertility and manure efficiency, and meet the requirements of local environmental capacity. " In particular, the current fertilization standard does not clearly indicate the amount of manure that can be borne by the environment under different terrain and climate, soil types, and crop planting modes, nor does it provide quantitative standards for the method, time, quantity, and frequency of manure application. The relevant agricultural policies and technical regulations are relatively extensive, and the operability is not strong.
Second, the foundation is unclear. The output and discharge of livestock and poultry breeding is the core to determine the route and effect of fecal pollution control. Although the only way to obtain these basic data is to estimate the output and discharge coefficient given in the "2010 First Pollution Source Census Bulletin" issued by the state, the data at that time can no longer meet the actual demand at this stage, It is an important bottleneck for the systematic construction of the comprehensive prevention and control system of animal husbandry environment.
Third, the current standards and specifications have not been raised to the legislative level, and there is no guidance, so the execution and operability are not strong. At present, the management norms related to the treatment of livestock and poultry breeding wastes are only departmental regulations and industrial standards, and breeding farms and dung processing enterprises consciously abide by less. In practice, there are widespread violations of laws and lax enforcement. For example, there is no national standard for organic fertilizers. At present, the industrial standard of Organic Fertilizers NY525-2011 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2011 is implemented. However, various non commercial organic manure is widely used in agricultural production, which is difficult to control due to its wide source, complex composition and lack of necessary industrial management and quality monitoring [5]. At the same time, in the current technical standards and specifications, there is no corresponding operation method description to guide the correct use of the standard, especially the background, purpose and significance of the standard promulgation, the preparation process, and the source of the quantitative specification parameters, so that the reader only knows it but does not know what it is, which is easy to lead to blindness. In addition, at present, the collection standard of pollutant discharge fee is not high, specific and quantitative. For some large-scale livestock and poultry breeding enterprises, the standard of pollutant discharge fee is still low relative to the treatment cost, with limited deterrence, which cannot really play a binding role. The environmental supervision in the suburbs and rural areas of China is still relatively weak, it is difficult to control the illegal discharge, and the punishment is low. Many livestock and poultry farms would rather pay the pollutant discharge fee symbolically than invest in the prevention and control of environmental pollution.
Fourth, the long-term overall evaluation mechanism is not perfect. China is still short of long-term assessment methods and standards for the current policies, systems, technologies and other pollution prevention and control countermeasures, and few scientific research in this area is available, especially the basic data support for the assessment and prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding environmental risk is seriously insufficient. Compared with the relatively complete monitoring and evaluation system in foreign developed countries, the domestic system starts late, lacks unified planning at the national or regional scale, and the monitoring standards are not comprehensive. The automatic monitoring capability and information system construction analysis need to be strengthened. In addition, the implementation of environmental projects involving aquaculture farms often lacks scientific assessment of the project implementation access conditions and the operation effect of pollution control technical facilities and equipment, which easily leads to unsustainable project implementation, such as the construction of biogas projects without use, use without care, and eventually become "sunning" projects.
5. Countermeasures and suggestions for prevention and control of animal husbandry environmental pollution
5.1 Scientifically plan the industry and reasonably arrange the site
As for the problem that planting and breeding are out of line and the scale of breeding exceeds the environmental capacity, it is necessary to combine the national animal husbandry development plan and the environmental pollution prevention plan, develop the appropriate scale of planting and breeding based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and nutrient balance, establish the production and operation model of "planting and breeding" and "breeding and promoting breeding" [19], and promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry and even large-scale agriculture. In addition, the structural layout of the enclosure of the breeding farm should not only be designed from the perspective of animal health, performance improvement, epidemic prevention and other production, but also from the perspective of the environment, considering the reduction, collection, effective treatment and disposal of pollutants and the final way out, while saving unnecessary repetitive investment in labor, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance as much as possible, Ensure the healthy development of aquaculture enterprises.
5.2 Establish animal husbandry environmental information management and pollution monitoring and early warning system
Further improve the national census database of livestock and poultry breeding pollution sources, promote the establishment of a large database of cultivated land soil and crop planting, especially strengthen the long-term positioning monitoring of the environment in areas with planting and breeding advantages, establish an information management system for the animal husbandry environment, so as to timely and comprehensively master the scale of livestock and poultry breeding in key areas, the distribution of pollution sources, the amount of pollutants produced, pollution prevention and control facilities The basic background values and dynamic updates of manure collection, storage and utilization methods, farmland area, crop types, rotation and fertilization methods, etc. Through big data integration analysis, we will gradually establish an early warning system for animal husbandry environmental pollution, have the ability to provide real-time pollution risk information, and provide basic technical support for the comprehensive prevention and control of national animal husbandry environmental pollution.
5.3 Increase policy support and improve economic incentive mechanism
According to the actual situation of the development of animal husbandry in different regions, increase the support for comprehensive prevention and control of environmental pollution and its proportion in agricultural production subsidies, scientifically calculate the standards of environmental subsidies, and formulate the effect evaluation method. Comprehensively consider the related factors including breeding type, breeding scale, dung cleaning method, dung utilization way, etc., refine and screen the important influencing factors level by level, calculate the cost input, expected and actual income of each link of livestock and poultry farms in different situations, and comprehensively evaluate the willingness to pay and the willingness to be paid of important stakeholders, so as to achieve an objective Scientifically calculate the standard and proportion of environmental subsidies. At the same time, we will refine the comprehensive evaluation standards and methods to provide guidance for the introduction of flexible policy systems that take into account the broad scope of application but highlight the key points.
5.4 Improve the technology system of animal husbandry environmental pollution prevention
It is the inevitable development direction of environmental pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry scale breeding in China in the future to seek a technological model with minimum cost input, diversified treatment routes, and broad application scope. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the joint investment of national scientific research institutions and local leading enterprises in the research and development of ecological breeding methods, pollutant reduction and safe agricultural technology standards for biogas slurry, establish a technical system for the resourceful utilization of manure based on local conditions and livestock, and focus on the application of basic research on the matching capacity of agricultural environmental conditions and livestock manure in different regions, Establish a nutrient balance system suitable for the environmental conditions in different regions, so as to determine the appropriate breeding scale and production and management mode.
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Part 8: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
Key words: biological asset biological characteristic value evaluation
The rapid development of China's market economy has put forward more and more specific and strict requirements for the evaluation industry. The evaluation industry has grown rapidly from an emerging industry with a development period of only 20 to 30 years, and has become increasingly refined, providing guidelines and references for evaluation needs in different fields and for different purposes. As the material basis of daily life and social development, biological assets are special assets that are different from other non life assets (such as fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.). It is precisely because of the biological characteristics of biological assets that the value evaluation of biological assets is different from the value evaluation of other assets with universal rules.
Concept of biological assets
At present, the academic circles in China have not yet formed a unified conclusion on the definition of biological assets. This paper believes that the concept of biological assets can be literally divided into two parts: "biological" and "asset". Biology, according to the definition of biology, refers to living objects with the ability of metabolism and reproduction. Assets are defined as economic resources owned or controlled by specific right subjects, which can be measured in monetary terms and can bring economic benefits to economic subjects in China's Assets Appraisal Standards - Basic Standards. Therefore, biological assets should be material assets covering the sum of the basic meanings of "biological" and "asset".
The impact of biological characteristics on the valuation of biological assets
（1） Biological assets are vital
Having life is the most essential feature of biology, which is the most obvious and unique distinction between biological assets and all other types of assets. The vitality of biological assets is mainly shown in the following four points:
1. Natural value-added. Organisms grow through metabolism. In this process, organisms obtain nutrients from nature, accumulate and transform substances through orderly enzymatic reaction, complete the growth of quality and quantity, and realize the natural proliferation of biological assets. This process is completely spontaneous, and it is a law formed over hundreds of millions of years. In order to promote the process, human beings use efficient chemical products (such as fertilizers), or even improve the species genes to accelerate biological growth, optimize performance, and then get more and better biological products, but this does not change the natural proliferation of organisms. This feature enables the value of biological assets to increase continuously in its growth process until it matures, reaching the highest value, and then, with the aging of organisms, the value begins to gradually reduce to zero. Ying Rongshu (1998) calculated the accumulation of the growth value of fruit trees when evaluating the value of the orchard, and took it as an important consideration of the final value of the orchard.
2. Stages of growth. The individual growth process of organisms is very regular. Generally, it is generally divided into the following stages: seedling (cub) stage, primary stage, mature stage and aging stage. When applying this segmentation method to different biological varieties, scholars have made more professional subdivision according to the stage characteristics of the organisms to be studied. For example, wheat undergoes vegetative growth, concurrent growth and reproductive growth throughout its life; The growth of cows can be divided into five stages: calves, mature cows, lactating cows, dry cows and perinatal cows; The forest starts from the young forest and goes through the middle aged forest, near mature forest, mature forest and over mature forest until the end of death. Organisms have different life states in each stage of their growth. As assets, they have different functions. At each stage, they have evaluation methods that match their characteristics. Hu Haichuan et al.
3. Periodic timeliness. Individual organisms have life limits, and the reproduction of organisms enables a species to survive for generations. The average life span of each generation of life is considered to be a life cycle of the species. The life cycle continues to cycle in the process of biological reproduction until the extinction of the species. The life cycle of organisms varies with species and regions. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae divides and reproduces once every 120 minutes, and the breeding cycle of natural forest land can last for decades or even hundreds of years; The wheat in Hainan Island of China is harvested three times a year, while the wheat in Northeast China can only be harvested once a year. People's demand for biological assets only exists in a certain period of time within its life cycle. Therefore, the maximum value of a class of biological assets has a cyclical timeliness due to human needs.
4. Individual differences. After continuous growth, the organism finally matures, and its growth status is determined by both internal and external factors. Internal factors refer to the control genes of organisms, while external factors refer to the external natural environment during the growth of organisms, including climate conditions, water and fertilizer conditions, etc. In the period of maximum value of biological assets, the growth status of each biological individual is not completely the same, even for mature plants of the same variety in the same farmland, or livestock fed with the same feed in the same batch, there are individual differences. Therefore, when evaluating biological assets, we should not carry out simple homogenization treatment like factory products, and we should fully consider the individual differences of biology. However, if each biological individual in a biological asset is evaluated through differentiation analysis, although the final summary results will be very accurate, it will require a considerable number of evaluators and consume a lot of time, and the evaluation work will become very complicated. Therefore, in general, the sampling analysis method can be adopted for biological assets growing under the same external environment to simplify the evaluation work and make the evaluation results relatively accurate.
（2） The value of biological assets is affected by the dual external environment
Biological assets exist in the natural environment as creatures and in the social environment as assets. The value of biological assets is affected by different external factors in different external environments.
1. The value of biological assets is affected by the natural environment. Organisms in nature are greatly affected by local climatic conditions, hydrological environment and other related organisms (such as plant pests). When the weather is favorable, water and fertilizer are sufficient, and there are no pests or diseases in the process of biological growth, the value of biological assets. On the contrary, when affected by natural force majeure, such as bad weather, fire, flood, drought, insect disaster, etc., biological assets will greatly reduce production and lose value.
2. The value of biological assets is affected by the social environment. The value of any asset will be affected by staged social hot events or people's psychological factors, and biological assets are no exception. For example, traditional Chinese medicine is popular, and the value of herbal medicine assets such as Tianqi has doubled; The concept of healthy life has greatly increased the value of coarse grain. During the epidemic of mad cow disease in Europe, the value of all pastures was greatly impacted, no matter whether the pastures were infected with mad cow disease or not. When other assets are affected by social events, you can choose to temporarily give up entering the market to avoid the limelight and reduce losses. As biological assets have strong timeliness, once the impact event occurs in the optimal value stage of biological assets, it will depreciate rapidly afterwards. Compared with other assets, the loss is more difficult to recover.
3. The close relationship between biological assets and the surrounding environment. An organism exists in nature and forms a small ecosystem together with the surrounding environment (abiotic components) and other organisms (biological components). This makes the value of biological assets not only depend on their own conditions, but also on the overall value of the ecosystem in which they are located. Hou Yuanzhao et al. (2005) comprehensively evaluated the value of China's forest assets for the first time, and concluded that the ecological service value of forests for water conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation, and air purification is greater than its standing value. It should be noted that the excessive pursuit of the economic benefits of biological assets in a narrow sense may exceed the carrying capacity of the local ecological environment and cause environmental degradation, such as grassland desertification caused by excessive grazing. On the contrary, the pollution degree of the surrounding environment will also cause the corresponding depreciation of biological assets based on it. Chen Gang (2002) assessed the fishery losses caused by oil pollution. Not only did a large number of fishery resources die and become poisoned in the short term, but in the long run, it would also affect the reproduction and population expansion of fishery resources.
4. Appreciation and entertainment of biological assets. With the gradual enrichment of material life, people began to pursue a higher level of spiritual life. More and more creatures dedicated to people's leisure and entertainment appeared in the market, such as various pets, green plants and flowers. The price of rare and valuable biological varieties was staggering, and showed a trend of rising year after year. In recent years, scholars have also begun to gradually study the value of recreational biological assets. Chen Mingbao (2008) put forward the concept of recreational fishery, analyzed its connotation and function, analyzed its value composition, and elaborated the calculation method of recreational fishery value.
From the above characteristics of biological assets, we can see that biological assets are not simple assets that can accurately describe their characteristics. Their value is affected by many factors. Different factors will lead to differences in the final appraisal value. There is no strict criteria for distinguishing biological characteristics, and various properties are interrelated, and there is no unified criteria for determining the impact on the value of biological assets. So far, there is no systematic and authoritative theoretical research on the valuation of biological assets.
Suggestions on the Development of Biological Assets Appraisal Industry in China
At present, China's biological assets appraisal industry is in the initial stage of development, and many details are not perfect. This paper focuses on the analysis of the lack of understanding of biological characteristics in the process of biological assets value appraisal. Through research and classification, the following points need to be improved:
（1） Establish perfect biological assets valuation criteria
In 2006, the Ministry of Finance issued the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 5 - Biological Assets, which serves the biological assets related to agricultural production, defines biological assets as living animals and plants, and explains the measurement and disclosure of biological assets. This standard only serves as a guide for the value evaluation of agricultural biological assets, ignoring recreational biological assets, and does not mention the ecological value evaluation of biological assets, let alone other biological assets such as microorganisms and bacteria. Therefore, this paper believes that China should improve the existing criteria for biological assets, including the reinterpretation of the definition of biological assets (except for animals and plants, microorganisms such as yeast used for brewing and bacteria used for curing diseases should be included in the definition of biological assets); Add recreational biological assets to the classification of biological assets (consumptive biological assets, productive biological assets and public welfare biological assets); Supplement the measurement method of ecological value of biological assets.
（2） Comprehensively consider the ecological impact in the assessment of biological assets
According to the relevant literature on the value evaluation of biological assets, in recent years, scholars have focused their research on the measurement and management of biological assets, and only a small proportion of research has considered the comprehensive value of biological assets. In the characteristics of biological assets, biological assets are in the surrounding ecological environment and have an impact on them. Proper development and utilization, good ecosystem and great economic benefits; On the contrary, the irreversibility of ecosystem damage will make people suffer from its own consequences. Because the ecological value of biological assets is so important, it is necessary to discuss it in the evaluation of biological assets.
（3） Expand the branch research of biological assets
Biological asset is a very broad and inclusive concept, but at present, the research on biological asset evaluation in China is basically limited to a few commonly used agricultural biological assets, such as forest assets, fishery assets, orchard assets, cow assets, etc. There are few studies on the value of ornamental and recreational assets (such as flowers, medicinal materials, pets), microbial assets (such as saccharomyces cerevisiae), and a small number of self owned biological assets (such as private plots), and many branches of biological assets have not yet been classified.
（4） Establish a professional biological asset appraisal agency to standardize the market
The characteristics of biological assets require that the appraisers should have basic biological and ecological literacy in addition to their assessment knowledge, be able to identify the growth process and state of organisms, consider the ecological impact of biological assets, and then develop appropriate assessment plans. This puts forward higher requirements for asset appraisers. China should establish professional biological asset appraisal institutions, train a group of professional biological asset appraisers, be able to accurately classify and classify biological assets, constantly improve the evaluation rules of biological assets, formulate corresponding evaluation measures for different biological assets, and standardize the current market of chaotic biological assets.
In recent years, with the evaluation and protection of important forest assets by the state and the consideration of the value of enterprises when buying and selling farms, people began to realize the value of biological assets. The unique biological characteristics of biological assets make their value evaluation more uncertain than that of other non life assets. Only by taking appropriate evaluation methods based on the actual situation can the appraisers reach relatively correct conclusions. Today, China's agriculture, pasture, forest farm, orchard, etc. have basically achieved collective management, and science and technology are also very developed. Managers or evaluators can establish a database for the evaluation of biological assets, track biological growth at any time, conduct real-time analysis of biological characteristics at various stages, and select the evaluation methods corresponding to different growth stages. Sampling analysis can also be carried out according to the database to reduce workload and improve evaluation efficiency. As more and more agricultural, animal husbandry and forestry farms in China have established their own biological information databases, they can conduct online analysis of the national data, which will greatly facilitate the comparison and analysis of the evaluation value of different biological assets around the country, and obtain more reasonable results. This will be one of the mainstream development trends of biological asset appraisal.
reference:
1. Assets Appraisal Standards - Basic Standards, 2004
2. Hou Yuanzhao, Wu Shuirong. Review of Research on Evaluation and Compensation of Forest Ecological Service Value [J]. World Forestry Research, 2005 (6)
3. Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 5 - Biological Assets, 2006
4. Ying Rongshu. Research on the Evaluation of Orchard Assets [J]. Fruit Trees in South China, 1998, 27 (2)
5. Wang Wei, Xu Shoucheng. Evaluation of Cow Value [J]. China Asset Appraisal, 2008 (7)
6. Hu Haichuan, Zhang Xinling, Fan Wenjuan. Research on the Value Evaluation of Dairy Cattle in China [J]. Price Theory and Practice, 2012 (8)
Part 9: Model for Discipline Evaluation of Aquaculture
1、 Task objectives and main contents
To implement the construction of the quality and safety demonstration zone for export agricultural products, that is, in key regions, varieties, links and enterprises, through government promotion, support from relevant departments, relying on leading agricultural products export enterprises, strengthen the comprehensive management of agricultural chemical inputs in the demonstration zone, implement good agricultural operation practices, promote standardized planting and breeding, production and processing, and export management of export agricultural products, and form a certain scale Planting and breeding demonstration areas that meet the quality and safety standards for export agricultural products. Then, the scale of the demonstration area will be gradually expanded through demonstration, and finally a planting and breeding standard area consistent with domestic and foreign standards will be formed in a large region or the entire administrative division, so as to meet the requirements of the construction of the demonstration area base in connection with the GAP certification and international recognition, and promote the development of export agriculture in the whole area.
（1） Establish an organization for the construction of export agricultural product quality and safety demonstration zones
In order to strengthen the organization and leadership of the construction of the export agricultural product quality and safety demonstration zone under its jurisdiction, a leading group consisting of the main leaders of the district government, the relevant departments of agriculture (animal husbandry), finance, industry and commerce, public security, environmental protection, quality supervision, commerce, safety supervision, radio and television, district cooperatives and other relevant departments as member units was established, and an office was set up, which was a permanent institution of a department level public institution, Be specifically responsible for the organization and coordination of this work to improve the quality and safety management level of export agricultural products in the demonstration zone.
（2） Strengthen the construction of administrative law enforcement management system
The quality and safety management office of export agricultural products (hereinafter referred to as the office) under the leading group for the construction of the quality and safety demonstration zone of export agricultural products, through the effective integration of administrative law enforcement resources of agriculture (animal husbandry), industry and commerce, quality supervision and other departments, improve the policy and regulation system, form a long-term mechanism for work, and improve the effective operation and supervision of policies and regulations in the demonstration zone, To provide scientific, effective, continuously improved and highly enforceable policy and regulation system support for the construction and management of the demonstration area.
1. The Office coordinates the inspection and quarantine department to collect, sort out, analyze and integrate the existing laws, regulations and policies related to the quality and safety of exported agricultural products, so as to provide policy and regulatory basis for the construction of the demonstration zone.
2. The Office shall formulate specific management implementation measures according to relevant laws and regulations, and regularly and irregularly organize and coordinate agricultural (animal husbandry), industry and commerce and other administrative law enforcement departments to comprehensively manage the implementation of policies and regulations in the demonstration area, the management and use of agricultural chemical inputs, and timely deal with problems found.
（3） Establish and improve the control system of agricultural chemical inputs
In order to create a good medication environment for the production of export agricultural products, the Office will lead, and functional departments such as commerce, agriculture (animal husbandry), industry and commerce, and district cooperatives will coordinate to strictly control the supply channels of agricultural chemical inputs, standardize the use of agricultural chemical inputs, and form a chain management model and effective control mechanism for the production, supply, marketing, and use of agricultural chemical inputs, To ensure the quality safety of agricultural chemical inputs and their standardized and scientific use, and to ensure the quality safety of agricultural products exported from the demonstration zone.
1. Implement registration and filing management for agricultural chemical input production enterprises
Under the leadership of the Office, the list of recommended drugs in the demonstration area will be determined after screening and evaluation in combination with domestic and foreign standards and use effects in conjunction with agricultural (animal husbandry) and industrial and commercial departments. Review the access qualification application of agricultural chemical input production enterprises, issue the access qualification certificate after passing the review, and publish it in the demonstration area, and regularly supervise and inspect the agricultural chemical input production enterprises that have obtained the access qualification, focusing on whether their products contain illegal drugs and whether the main ingredients have changed, The admittance qualification of products that do not meet the standard requirements shall be revoked. The production enterprises of agricultural chemical inputs shall establish a sound production and sales traceability system and make records. In case of quality accident, it shall be traced, and the cause shall be found out and corrected as soon as possible. Guide agricultural product processing enterprises and agricultural chemical input production enterprises to sign economic liability contracts, which should indicate joint and several liability for agricultural product quality and risk sharing.
2. Implement exclusive management of agricultural chemical inputs
(1) We will strengthen the special rectification of agricultural chemical inputs. Under the leadership of the Office, the agricultural (animal husbandry), industry and commerce, quality supervision and other departments should organize and coordinate the establishment of a law enforcement team to carry out irregular inspection and rectification of the entire agricultural chemical input market in the region in accordance with relevant domestic laws and regulations and the requirements of the importing country, and make every effort to eliminate illegal, highly toxic drugs, unlicensed business, shoddy goods, and fake goods, Create a good environment for the use of agricultural chemical inputs in the construction of the demonstration area.
(2) Strengthen the exclusive management of agricultural chemical inputs. The office will clean up, rectify and effectively integrate the local agricultural chemical input business units, and determine chain stores for export agricultural product processing enterprises and base sales in the demonstration zone. The supply channel of the franchise store is from the registration and filing enterprises of agricultural chemical inputs, and the sales target is the agricultural product planting and processing bases and enterprises in the demonstration area. The sales staff in the store need to go through strict professional training by the technical support group before taking up their posts with certificates. Franchised stores must form a complete account system, establish a quality compensation system, and implement effective traceability procedures.
(3) Special supply management of agricultural chemical inputs. Agricultural product processing enterprises, rural cooperatives, etc. should establish sound procurement procedures, directly purchase agricultural chemical inputs from approved registered enterprises or franchised stores according to the list of recommended drugs, and establish a complete traceability system, account files, and quality compensation system as required.
3. Standardize the use and management of agricultural chemical inputs
The agricultural and animal husbandry departments shall provide technical guidance for the use of agricultural chemical inputs. Agricultural product processing enterprises and rural cooperatives should establish complete procedures for the selection, purchase, storage, distribution and use of agricultural chemical inputs to ensure drug safety. Strictly observe the safe drug withdrawal period, and stop using any drug within the specified period before harvest. Coordinate with the Municipal Inspection and Quarantine Bureau to supervise and inspect the use of agricultural products processing enterprises. If it is found that the enterprises do not comply with the requirements, the export of their products will be suspended.
（4） Strengthen the construction of planting and breeding bases in the demonstration area
Led by the office, supported by relevant departments, led by leading enterprises and promoted by towns and streets, the promotion plan of planting and breeding bases in the demonstration area is formulated to optimize the planting and breeding structure of export agricultural products according to local conditions, form large-scale planting and breeding areas, implement standardized management and promote the construction of export agricultural product bases.
The district government will make overall planning, formulate the implementation plan of planting and breeding bases in the demonstration area, formulate various support, reward and punishment policies, promote the construction of standardized planting and breeding bases in the region, encourage towns and streets to establish rural joint-stock cooperatives, professional associations and other cooperative organizations in combination with local soil, water conservancy, transportation, planting and breeding habits, and give full play to their upstream processing enterprises and markets The second link is the tie role of farmers. It signs planting, breeding and sales contracts with leading agricultural product processing and export enterprises, and provides farmers with materials, seedlings and technology in a unified way, so as to unite farmers from one household to form a relatively large contiguous professional planting and breeding base, and improve the safety of agricultural products in the demonstration area.
Leading enterprises implement the production mode of "company+base+standardization", and the leading enterprises of agricultural products processing for export will select suitable agricultural products planting and breeding bases according to their processing and export plans, and determine the planting and breeding scale and standards. In the demonstration area of the base, by strengthening the legal concept and business concept of safe production of agricultural products, promoting advanced production and management technology of safe quality of export agricultural products, and strictly operating norms, the basic objectives of high yield, high quality, ecology and safety of export agricultural products are achieved.
The Office shall take the lead in coordinating with the Municipal Inspection and Quarantine Bureau to inspect and accept the implementation of standardized construction of planting and breeding bases, form standardized export planting and breeding bases, and submit them to the relevant superior departments for filing.
（5） Strengthen the inspection and testing of export agricultural products
Under the leadership of the Office, the existing testing resources of agriculture (animal husbandry), quality supervision departments and enterprises will be effectively integrated. According to the characteristics of the management and construction of the demonstration area, an export agricultural product testing network will be established, with the agricultural product quality inspection and testing center of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences as the main part and the regional agriculture (animal husbandry), quality supervision departments and leading enterprise laboratories as the auxiliary part, responsible for the cultivation, production The whole process and seamless inspection and detection shall be carried out in all links such as processing to ensure the quality and safety of exported agricultural products.
（6） Establish monitoring, early warning, correction and evaluation control system
The Office shall take the lead in coordinating with the Municipal Inspection and Quarantine Bureau to classify and sort out the collected quality and safety information, conduct risk analysis, and send early warnings to relevant departments and enterprises in a timely manner. For the demonstration area base or enterprise with problems, according to the early warning information, immediately enter the correction procedure, start the tracing procedure, find the production date, determine the planting and breeding base, record number, check the planting and breeding management records, inspection reports, etc., analyze the causes, study the correction countermeasures, take corrective measures and conduct post correction evaluation. The evaluation results are divided into three levels according to the degree of rectification and whether they are in place, which are qualified, basically qualified or rectification within a time limit. Different measures are taken for different evaluation results.
2、 Organization
1. Organization composition:
Group leader: head of district government
Deputy group leader: Deputy head of the district government in charge of commerce, deputy head of the district in charge of agriculture
Members: town heads of district governments, directors of sub district offices, deputy directors in charge of district park management committee, heads of relevant departments such as agriculture (animal husbandry), finance, industry and commerce, public security, environmental protection, quality supervision, commerce, safety supervision, cable television, district association, etc.
2. Functions of the leading group:
(1) To be responsible for the organization, leadership and unified deployment of the construction of the demonstration area;
(2) Form a regular joint meeting mechanism, arrange relevant departments, towns, streets, and enterprises to carry out work, and study and deploy major issues in the management of the demonstration zone;
(3) Examine and approve the revision plan and draft of relevant policies and regulations, and report to the superior government and relevant departments for implementation after approval;
(4) Supervise and inspect the construction of the whole demonstration area; Check and assess the work progress and work quality of the construction office in the demonstration area, and supervise and assess the work progress, work quality and completion of responsibility objectives of each component department and unit;
(5) Be responsible for the response and command of major emergencies, and guide the implementation of corrective measures.
3. The leading group for the construction of the demonstration zone has an office for the quality and safety management of export agricultural products, which is a permanent institution of a department level institution.
Director:
Deputy Director:
Resident staff: 3 from the Bureau of Commerce, 2 from the Bureau of Agriculture and 1 from the Bureau of Animal Husbandry.
Non resident personnel: one from the Industrial and Commercial Bureau, the Public Security Bureau, the Environmental Protection Bureau, the Quality Supervision Bureau, the Safety Supervision Bureau, and the District Association.
Note: The quality and safety management office of exported agricultural products is established in each town, street, district and park; Each village shall set up a liaison for the construction of the quality and safety demonstration area of export agricultural products.
The Quality and Safety Management Office of Export Agricultural Products shall perform the following duties:
(1) Research and analyze relevant policies, submit the revision plan, draft, scheme and standard of policies and regulations to the leading group, and formulate relevant rules, systems and procedures for the construction of the demonstration zone;
(2) Be responsible for convening the team member units and leading enterprises to participate in the joint meeting, reporting the work situation and information in a timely manner, and studying and carrying out the work;
(3) Integrate the administrative law enforcement resources of all departments, coordinate the municipal inspection and quarantine bureau, unite with the agricultural (animal husbandry), industry and commerce, public security, environmental protection, quality supervision, safety supervision and other departments in the district to enforce the law uniformly, carry out four to six joint law enforcement activities every year, punish illegal acts, and supervise and inspect the implementation of laws by relevant departments;
(4) Organize the evaluation of agrochemical inputs used throughout the region, form a list of recommended agrochemical inputs, review the quality of agrochemical inputs, organize the exclusive filing work, and issue access certificates to qualified manufacturers and operating enterprises;
(5) Integrate the testing resources of relevant departments and units, organize monitoring and verification, formulate relevant monitoring, testing and sampling plans, summarize the testing data, draw monitoring conclusions, and provide technical support for traceability, early warning and correction;
(6) Do a good job of publicity and training and technical consultation, strengthen the publicity and guidance of relevant laws and regulations and international and domestic standard knowledge, and formulate the standard of standardized operating units of agricultural chemical inputs. To guide, review and inspect the production and operation enterprises of agricultural chemical inputs;
(7) In case of emergencies, timely report to the construction leading group of the demonstration area, and coordinate the functional departments, towns, streets, and parks to intervene, correct deviations, and deal with emergencies as instructed;
(8) Establish and improve the supervision network for the construction of the demonstration area and the traceability network for the sales of agricultural materials, and implement the operation;
(9) Complete other tasks assigned by the construction leading group of the demonstration zone.
3、 All member units perform their duties
Agriculture (Animal Husbandry) Bureau: responsible for the supervision, management and technical guidance of agricultural standardized production; To be responsible for the management and rectification of the market of agricultural chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers, investigate and deal with the operation of counterfeit and substandard pesticides, fertilizers and illegal drugs, and organize regular law enforcement inspection activities; Strictly examine the business qualifications and conditions of agricultural chemical input business enterprises, and ban the business qualifications of unqualified enterprises in conjunction with relevant departments according to law; Regularly train the operating and using units of agricultural chemical inputs, and sign a letter of commitment for quality integrity; Organize the investigation and handling of the cases reported by the masses; Be responsible for monitoring and early warning of relevant epidemic situation; To be responsible for the supervision, management and technical guidance of standardized production of animal husbandry; Strictly issue and review the Veterinary Drug Business License, and ban unlicensed business; To be responsible for the management and rectification of the veterinary drug and feed additive markets, investigate and deal with the manufacturing and selling of fake products and the use of illegal drugs, and organize regular law enforcement inspections; Regularly train the operators and users of veterinary drugs and feed additives, and sign a letter of commitment for quality integrity; Be responsible for monitoring and early warning of relevant epidemic situation.
Industry and Commerce Branch: responsible for the daily management of the circulation of agricultural chemical inputs, and jointly with the Agriculture (Animal Husbandry) Bureau to do a good job in the review and management of pesticide advertising. The issuance of the business license of an enterprise operating agricultural chemical inputs must be approved by the agricultural (animal husbandry), safety supervision and other departments, and must be reviewed by the Export Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Management Office before it can be handled. The annual review of the business license shall be strictly carried out, and illegal acts such as unlicensed business and business beyond the scope of business shall be investigated and dealt with according to law; Cooperate with the Quality and Safety Management Office of Export Agricultural Products to establish a traceability system for the quality and safety of agricultural products in the circulation link.
Administration of Work Safety: responsible for the management and rectification of hazardous agricultural chemical inputs such as highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides, and strict examination and issuance of the Hazardous Chemicals Business License for pesticides; Regularly carry out routine inspection activities and ban the business qualifications of unqualified units according to law; Regularly organize safety production knowledge training and safety inspection.
Public Security Sub bureau: It is responsible for investigating and handling cases of obstruction of official duties and violent resistance to the law in the process of enforcing the law on the quality and safety of agricultural products, and for investigating and handling illegal and criminal activities in the production, operation and use of agricultural chemical inputs, so as to maintain stability.
Environmental Protection Bureau: responsible for environmental monitoring in the region, strengthening the supervision and management of pollution sources, strictly controlling the generation of new pollution sources, and organizing comprehensive environmental treatment; Regularly sample and test the air and water sources in key areas such as processing enterprises and planting and breeding bases.
Sub bureau of quality supervision: responsible for product quality supervision in the field of agricultural chemical input production, helping enterprises to formulate standards, focusing on the daily supervision and management of product quality and measuring instruments of agricultural chemical input production and operation units, and organizing regular inspection activities.
The Bureau of Commerce, cable TV and other departments: in accordance with their respective functions, cooperate with the Quality and Safety Management Office of Export Agricultural Products to carry out law enforcement, inspection, publicity and other work.
Finance Bureau: responsible for ensuring the timely allocation of various supporting funds, office vehicles and equipment.
District association: be responsible for the daily management of the department's distribution network, organize the professional distribution of agricultural materials, strictly control the purchasing gateway of agricultural materials, provide good services for farmers, accept the relevant work tasks of the office, and cooperate with the office to supervise and test its affiliated distribution units.
Each department shall report the daily management materials (including the relevant materials such as the business license and the qualification certificate) to the management leading group of the demonstration area on time. In the process of supervision and inspection, case handling, spot check and detection, it is necessary to operate in strict accordance with the laws and regulations, to achieve standardized law enforcement, clear records and complete data, and to report the results to the management leading group of the demonstration area every month.
4、 Work measures
（1） Clarify tasks and implement responsibilities
The Office shall organize and dispatch the construction work in a unified way, and all member units shall actively cooperate to provide quality services. The transferred personnel shall be completely disconnected from the work of the original unit and work in a centralized manner. Relevant responsible units shall implement the work in accordance with the requirements of the Implementation Plan. Each town, street and district park should clarify their own responsibilities and actively carry out their work.
（2） Policy preference and material support
The construction of the quality and safety demonstration zone of export agricultural products is the key work of the provincial, municipal and district governments. The district government has passed the implementation opinions of this work. All units at all levels should actively cooperate. Functional departments should go all out to integrate resources, personnel, technology and materials in an all-round way, and fully support the construction of the demonstration zone. All units shall ensure the policy preference and material support for the construction of the demonstration area.
（3） Standardize management and improve archives
Each monitoring point shall establish perfect files, implement standardized management, save image data, and file various documents, schemes, work records, crop growth analysis, detection results, work summaries, etc. of construction work in a timely manner.
