Ecological agriculture planning Guided by the theories of ecology, economics and systems engineering, centered on economic construction, guaranteed by social regulation, guided by policies, and driven by science and technology, it uses the principles of ecosystem and methods of system science to select a variety of organisms with ecological and economic advantages through rational use of natural resources and artificial simulation of the region's top ecosystem, Adopt a set of ecological agronomic processes to form production lines for the cutting, breeding and breeding of these species according to the food chain relationship and other ecological relationships, and allocate these production lines to the agricultural ecosystem at multiple levels in time and space, so that it can not only obtain the maximum (or optimal) sustainable productivity and economic benefits, but also obtain a good Coordinated ecosystem.  

The planning must combine long-term interests with short-term vision, closely combine planting, breeding, industry and commerce with farmland, villages and towns, energy and other projects, and combine the development of rural economy with the protection of ecological environment. Therefore, ecological agriculture planning should follow the following basic principles:
1. The principle of integrity. Agricultural ecosystem is a complex system of nature, economy and society under artificial control. When making a plan, we should take ecological principles and economic laws as guidance, use the concept of system and integration, carry out a comprehensive plan and make a good overall layout. Reasonably arrange, make overall plans, coordinate the relationship between various departments inside and outside agriculture, give full play to the overall function of the system, and realize the synchronous growth of ecological, economic and social benefits.
2. The principle of combining resource development, utilization and protection. Resources should not only be used rationally, but also protected actively. Renewable resources should be used and multiplied reasonably, and non renewable resources should be used and protected reasonably. Only in this way can the consumption of resources development and utilization not exceed the rate of resource regeneration, so that resources can be used sustainably.
3. The principle of adapting measures to local conditions. The ecological environment of the agricultural ecosystem has diversity and regional differences. The agricultural ecological engineering design and supporting technology in different regions can not be the same. The construction of ecological agriculture must be based on the local specific ecological environment characteristics, natural conditions and socio-economic conditions, and select projects that farmers care about and have quick results. Develop strengths and circumvent weaknesses, give play to regional advantages, formulate plans, and develop types and models suitable for local characteristics.

4. The principle of material circulation and multi-level utilization. The food chain shall be reasonably designed according to ecological principles, and agricultural organic substances, including "wastes" (dead bodies, residues and excreta), shall be used for multiple uses, multi-level benefits, recycling and deep processing.
5. The principle of expanding green vegetation. Green plants are important machines for transforming solar energy and realizing primary production. They are the most important measures to protect the ecological environment. Full consideration should be given to greening all land and part of the water surface.
6. The principle of multi industry integration and intensive operation. Ecological agriculture must be a combination of multiple industries, including the horizontal connection within agriculture and the horizontal connection outside agriculture. Intensive management should be carried out to develop strengths and circumvent weaknesses and give full play to advantages.
7. Realize the principle of "three benefits". Ecological agricultural construction measures must be ecologically appropriate, technically feasible, economically reasonable, and have obvious ecological, economic and social benefits.

（1） The preliminary work is the initial stage of the planning work, to make material, ideological and organizational preparations for the planning work. The work includes the following aspects:
1. Establish a planning leading group headed by government leaders and composed of the pilot undertaking unit and the departments of agriculture, environmental protection, forestry, planning, energy, water conservancy, township enterprises, etc;
2. Establish an authoritative, multi-disciplinary, pioneering and enthusiastic planning team with reasonable knowledge structure;
3. Do a good job in training planners, especially in technical methods;
4. Raise funds and establish a security system;
5. Prepare planning work block diagram and network diagram.
Investigation and diagnostic analysis
    1. Research
The main task of carrying out investigation and research is to comprehensively understand the history, current situation and structural analysis of the regional system, find out the "family background", grasp the regional advantages, disadvantages, potential, utilization status and factors restricting the local economic development, and propose development measures to give full play to the resource advantages, potential and overcome the constraints. Therefore, the data and materials collected and collated from the survey and research are required to be accurate, comprehensive, social and purposeful. The main investigation contents include:
(1) Natural resources
    Land resources: including topography, landform, soil type, distribution law, soil characteristics (such as soil texture, fertility, etc.), as well as the investigation of the current situation, characteristics and potential of land resources utilization.
    Climate resources: light and heat conditions, precipitation and agrometeorological disasters.
    Water resources: surface water and groundwater reserves, temporal and spatial distribution laws, development and utilization degree and potential of water resources, and water quality conditions.
    Biological resources: mainly investigate the types, quantities and distribution characteristics of vegetation types and animal and plant resources (including crop types, area distribution characteristics and crop planting structure proportion).
    Mineral resources: distribution, types, development status and utilization potential.
    Rural energy: types, structural proportion, development and utilization degree and potential.
    (2) Current situation of ecological environment
    Environmental pollution: distribution, pollution and treatment of industrial pollution sources (mainly township industry); Pollution degree of agricultural chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, agricultural films);
    Ecological damage: forest area and its coverage, total forest stock, growth, and regeneration coefficient of forest resources; Water and soil loss area and control situation; Causes of ecological damage and its impact on the environment; The exploitable potential of barren hills, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, and various natural disasters.
    (3) Socio economic status survey
    Administrative division, total population, natural growth rate, gender, education level, total labor force, distribution structure of agricultural labor force, transportation, market demand, total social output value over the years and the proportion structure of output value of various industries, industrial layout, total agricultural output value and agricultural output value structure, fixed assets, per capita income, accumulation and consumption level, etc; Industrial restructuring and current development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines, fishery, industry and commerce; Development of township enterprises; Land use status; The status of farmland water conservancy, etc.
    (4) Planning and development materials
    National and local planning, people's demand, population growth forecast, and major
    Industrial plan (such as mine development, urban construction, factory construction, transportation construction, etc.).
    (5) Important folk customs, customs and historical data (such as local chronicles).
    The commonly used investigation and research methods mainly include direct investigation, indirect investigation, expert investigation and self filling of investigation forms.
    In order to ensure the completion of the preparation of the ecological agriculture master plan, a survey plan needs to be formulated, which mainly includes:
① Clarify the purpose of the investigation;
② Formulate data collection outline and details;
③ Determine the investigation object and investigation unit;
④ Formulate investigation items and investigation forms;
⑤ Establish planning database structure;
⑥ Do a good job in the division of labor of investigators and put forward the time requirements for the investigation to ensure that all the required investigation data are obtained within the time limit specified in the network diagram.
    2. Diagnostic analysis
    (1) Diagnostic analysis content
① Factor analysis: including climate, geographical location, topography, soil fertility, human factors (such as political movements, price changes, suitability of decision-making, planning, production form changes, prices of means of production, agricultural technology progress, etc.) Local productivity (such as the improvement of farming system, the renewal of crop varieties, the application of agricultural machinery and chemical fertilizers, and the improvement of agricultural science and technology
Recognition and adoption degree), ecological factors (such as per capita cultivated land, deforestation and seed expansion, pesticide dosage, water and soil loss, etc.).
② Structural analysis: the proportion of various industrial structures and agricultural internal structures (such as the percentage of forestry, planting, breeding, sideline and fishery).
③ Environmental analysis: according to the current structural state of China's historic deepening reform, economic system, social psychology and ideology, which are constantly changing, we can quickly feedback the changes of various factors, study the laws of environmental changes, and make necessary decisions.
④ Sensitivity analysis: mainly including: the impact of changes in natural conditions; The influence of political conditions; Lack of understanding of the changes in the future situation and difficult to estimate.
⑤ Other substantive analysis: including resource analysis, economic forecast and development trend analysis, population forecast and labor force analysis, circulation, distribution and consumption analysis, output, output value, cost-benefit analysis, science, education, culture and health development trend analysis, and business management diagnosis analysis.
    (2) Diagnostic analysis method
Qualitative analysis method: mainly based on experience and measurement for judgment and reasoning.
Quantitative analysis: use certain data to analyze according to time and causality.
Combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis: that is to find quantitative data from qualitative analysis as much as possible, and vice versa
Make qualitative analysis in the relationship, so that qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis are closely combined.
Prepare the pilot construction plan of ecological agriculture
    On the basis of the above investigation and analysis, the short-term, medium-term and long-term overall planning scheme of ecological agriculture pilot is prepared through comprehensive balance by combining leaders, experts and the masses, using system engineering methods, and in accordance with the principle of coordinated development of ecology, ecological economics and environment and economy.
    Common preparation methods include ：
    1. Comprehensive balance method: it is to keep an appropriate proportion among all aspects, departments, links and sub areas of the agricultural ecosystem. After repeated balanced accounting, it is necessary to meet the needs as far as possible, and finally determine the planning scheme. The common form is to prepare a series of balance sheets, such as land balance sheet, balance sheet of capital receipts and expenditures, economic development and population growth Environmental protection balance sheet, etc.
    2. System comprehensive analysis method: based on the detailed investigation of the actual situation of the regional agricultural ecological economic system, the system engineering method is used to comprehensively analyze the relationship between the agricultural ecosystem, the whole system and each subsystem, establish a good economic structure, and obtain the best ecological and economic benefits.
    3. Index method: The traditional methods of target design of ecological agriculture construction planning include quota method, proportion method, coefficient method, dynamic trend method, typical calculation method, factor analysis method, main product yield method, target calculation method, etc. The traditional methods of selecting the best of the planning target scheme include comparison analysis method, comprehensive evaluation method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, etc.
    4. Model method
(1) Mathematical model: it is a mathematical description of the quantitative dependence relationship of the agricultural ecological economic system. The economic mathematical models commonly used in ecological agricultural construction planning include input-output models, which are often used in scheme formulation. Target prediction is also commonly used in scheme selection model and linear programming model, integer programming model and system dynamics model, among which linear programming model is the most simple and easy to operate and is widely used.
(2) Graphic model: commonly used graphic models include block diagram, histogram, structure diagram and flow chart.
    Implementation of ecological agriculture planning
Ecological agricultural planning is based on the historical development of economy, society, science and technology and ecology of a region, and the characteristics of the current stage. It applies the principles of ecology, ecological economics, system engineering and modern research methods to explore the rational use of regional natural resources, and manually simulates the regional top ecosystem to achieve social The purpose of coordinated development of ecological and economic benefits. Therefore, planning implementation is the ultimate goal and key to the preparation of ecological agricultural planning, which includes:
    1. The text of the plan shall be submitted to the local people's congress or local people's government for review and approval, and a resolution shall be formed. After the resolution is made, it shall be handed over to the local government implementation organization for implementation, and the task shall be implemented in various functional organizations.
    2. Establish a leading group for planning implementation guidance and an implementation working group.
    3. Carefully formulate the implementation plan. The annual implementation plan shall be prepared according to the existing financial, material and technical conditions, and the goal of the plan shall be gradually implemented from near to far, from simple to complex, based on the principle of planning, building and benefiting at the same time. At the same time, the annual implementation plan should also be detailed and specific to form the annual budget.