Although I know that drinking is harmful to health, I still drink some beer from time to time. For example, eating hot pot, barbecue, and not drinking beer always seem to feel wrong... In the street or park in summer, it is a scene to drink beer while walking on a string.

Beer is an extremely old drink. Throughout the world, beer with different styles has been produced.

However, the basic raw materials and core processes of all kinds of beer are the same. There are only four basic raw materials for beer: water, malt, hops and yeast.

There are many enzymes in malt, which can convert starch into sugar and decompose protein into polypeptides and amino acids. After clarification and separation, these soluble substances will remain in wort and become raw materials for fermentation; Hops are the key to beer flavor. The soluble components in hops enter wort, bringing bitterness and other flavors. The ingredients in hops can also inhibit the miscellaneous bacteria in wort, so as to ensure that fermentation is completed by yeast.

There is a large amount of sugar in wort, and different beer brewing will control the sugar content to different standards. The "wort concentration", "original wort concentration", "malt degree" and other indicators on the beer label refer to the sugar content in wort, which is expressed by "° P". For example, 9 ° P means that the wort before fermentation contains 9% "extract" (mainly sugar, but also some amino acids and minerals).

Most people drink beer not for "nutrition", but for sensory enjoyment. If you want to compare the "nutritional value", you should

Every time when explaining the impact of coffee on health, someone will ask: Where is instant coffee?

The questioner hopes the answer is simple and rude "the same" or "different". But the fact is not so simple for two reasons:

1. Instant coffee is really different from freshly brewed coffee;

2. The so-called "instant coffee", especially the "instant coffee" in the Chinese market, is often not the same thing as the "instant coffee" in the scientific literature.

First, let's talk about how coffee is "instant".

Coffee is the extract of coffee beans. Raw coffee beans pass 165 High temperature baking above ° C will produce complex reactions and many flavor substances. This is the same as the essence of various "fragrance raising" processes of tea. The roasted coffee beans can be sold directly and "ground" before boiling; It can also be ground into coffee powder for resale and directly used by consumers. Whatever it is, freshly brewed coffee is to extract the soluble substances in the coffee powder with hot water. This is the same as making tea.

Instant coffee is made from ground coffee powder. Fresh coffee is extracted with boiling water, while instant coffee is extracted with high-pressure hot water, the water temperature can reach 175 °C。 The higher the temperature, the faster the extraction speed and the higher the extraction rate. However, the composition of the extracted substance is different from that of freshly brewed coffee.

In recent years, the news of Cordyceps sinensis has kept on. On the one hand, the successful capital operation has created a huge industry, on the other hand, the validity of its efficacy and product is questioned. Recently, the research published by Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has once again attracted much attention.

There have been many scientific evaluations on its efficacy, so I will not repeat them here. Let's pay attention to how it came to the altar and its gossip on the altar.

Many people regard "cordyceps" as the abbreviation of "cordyceps", which is actually a misunderstanding. Cordyceps generally refers to the complex of fungi and insects, with up to 1500 species in the world. Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of cordyceps sinensis, and there is also a common one on the market called "Cordyceps militaris", also known as "Cordyceps flowers". A company in Qinghai deeply processed Cordyceps sinensis and named it "Jicao", which is different from ordinary Cordyceps sinensis.

In marketing, Cordyceps sinensis is praised as "traditional precious Chinese medicine", and only it is "authentic". Other cordyceps, such as Pupa Congcao, are "fake". In fact, it didn't appear in Chinese medical books until the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and its efficacy was just "protecting the lung and kidney, stopping bleeding and resolving phlegm".

In the 1950s, German scientists found a substance in cordyceps, named "cordycepin". In 1974, a substance called "Pentastatin" was discovered. Both cordycepin and pentastatin have antitumor activity. Later, it was found that Penastatin also existed in Cordyceps sinensis. Since then, anti-cancer has become the efficacy of cordyceps sinensis.

Even so, until more than 30 years ago, the price of cordyceps sinensis

The name Ganoderma lucidum is very good. It sounds very effective. The ancients thought it could "invigorate qi and calm nerves" and "prolong life". In "The Legend of the White Snake", Bai Suzhen scared Xu Xian to death and needed "immortal grass" to reincarnate - that "immortal grass" is glossy ganoderma. In the folk, the influence of fairy tales is unparalleled, just like the small fresh meat in the entertainment circle.

In modern times, businesses use scientific terminology and new processing technology to interpret and package these magical legends, which also produces a variety of dazzling supplements.

Are they really so magical?

What is Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is some large fungi, which is similar to mushrooms in biology. At present, there are about dozens of species known. However, compared with ordinary mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum is hard and lignified, and has a bad taste. Of course, no one cares whether it is delicious or not.

What are the "special ingredients" in Ganoderma lucidum

The evidence of these effects is "preliminary", which is far from enough to say that "scientific research confirms". It needs to be emphasized again that many people understand "preliminary research" as "effective, but scientists have not yet proved it", which is completely wishful thinking. In fact, the value of "preliminary research" is that "there is no negation" and "we can continue to study". Subsequent research may find convincing evidence, or it may be impossible to find it, or it may find evidence to the contrary. For the efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum, the scientific and industrial circles have made a lot of efforts, hoping to advance from "preliminary research" to "full evidence". However

In nature, there are various "toxic substances", such as bacterial mycotoxins, heavy metals, organic pollutants, etc. For health, we naturally hope that they do not exist in food. However, they inevitably exist in the food we eat, water we drink and air we breathe, so we can only hope that their content is "as low as possible".

Aflatoxin is one example. It is widely found in grains, such as rice, whose content is not more than ten ppb Can be marketed. Why selected 10 ppb Because the social cost paid for its realization is acceptable, and the health risks it brings are also acceptable - this is the true meaning of "as low as possible". Lower standards, such as five ppb , which means about 10% Thirty percent of the rice cannot be eaten because of the "aflatoxin excess" - that is the ration of more than 100 million people, at least at present, our society cannot afford it. So, 5ppb The content of is "impossibly low".

Suddenly The question and article "How to see 'Pu'er tea causes cancer'" have been ignored. In fact, this problem has appeared for several years. The legend of "Pu'er tea causes cancer" is that there is aflatoxin in Pu'er tea, and the Pu'er tea industry has been trying to prove that "there is no aflatoxin in Pu'er tea".

Here are some facts about this problem:

1、 The production of aflatoxin requires two factors: "Aspergillus flavus" and "suitable conditions". The production process of Pu'er tea is not conducive to the production of aflatoxin in these two aspects. In other words, the Pu'er tea industry "proves" that there is no aflatoxin produced in the production process of Pu'er tea, which does not mean fraud.

2、 It is true that Pu'er tea (in fact, there is black tea recently) has been detected with aflatoxin. The most famous is the test results of 70 wet puer in a market in Guangzhou released by the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010, which not only detected, but also 8 samples exceeded 5ppb (1 ppb is one part of a billion, i.e. micrograms/kg). Since then, other similar tests have also detected aflatoxin in some Pu'er tea. In other words, it is not uncommon to detect aflatoxin in Pu'er tea. Recently, there are reports of aflatoxin detection in black tea. It is not clear whether other teas are "not detected" or "not detected".

3、 The previous articles 1 and 2 are not contradictory. The Pu'er tea industry has proved that "no aflatoxin is produced in the production process of Pu'er tea". In addition to the "production process", aflatoxin may be introduced (not necessarily produced) into raw materials and subsequent storage

The day before yesterday, I was a guest at Radio Beijing, talking about the poisonous eggs in Europe. The host said that Europe has always been regarded as a template for food safety. Why did such a big thing happen. In fact, no matter which country it is, it is impossible to achieve "absolute security". For example, Germany, as a "rigorous idol" in the media, in addition to the detection of fipronil in eggs imported from the Netherlands, their native eggs have also been hit.

In 2017, the State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) issued the No. 72 notice that 80 batches of dairy products were sampled and found that three batches were unqualified, one batch was pure milk from Germany, and the other two batches were cheese from the United States. The unqualified reason is that the microorganism exceeds the standard.

However, fans of imported products will not care about the test results. For imported food, they will say: "It's just an accident, and people have perfect supervision and reputation" when they detect unqualified food; For domestic food, even if the test is qualified, they will say, "This batch is qualified, which does not mean that those who have not been sampled are also qualified" or "The melamine milk powder of that year is also qualified"

Trust is something that is easy to destroy but difficult to rebuild. China's dairy industry and national regulatory authorities have paid a lot of attention, and the product quality has been greatly improved, but consumers still lack trust. This is to repay the debt for the evil of that year - although, of course, the perpetrators have become history, but the industry

I have been invited by the media to comment on "XX Bao". After searching on the Internet, there are many similar products. In short, they are a hodgepodge of several vitamins and minerals. Some of them also add some "probiotics". The concept and idea are similar to the foreign bear candy.

However, the domestic advertising claims that it is much more "dare to say" than Cubs Candy. For example, it claims to "strengthen immunity and prevent colds", which is applicable to "growing babies", "babies with poor resistance", "picky eaters", "slow growing babies", "sweaty babies", and so on.

Usually, the basic idea of such products to fool parents is that "children need ingredient X, the function is..., if lacking, it will lead to...". There is nothing wrong with that. For most parents, since they need it, they must "make up". More is better than less. In addition, other parents in the circle of friends showed that "my baby eats XX products of his family". Most parents can hardly resist the mentality of "other children eat, my child can't lose" and pay for it.

These ingredients in such products are indeed needed by the human body, and each has specific physiological functions. Lack of them will indeed lead to various symptoms.

However, "the body needs to take whatever supplements" is completely wrong. Declaring that they have any effect when they are supplemented is more like stealing the concept. The impact of nutrients on health is a bell shaped, that is, there is an appropriate "intake range": insufficient amount affects health; Reach "sufficient"

Recently, it was reported that a family of three in Shenyang was poisoned after eating scrambled eggs. The reason for poisoning was that the eggs were spoiled, while the eggs were spoiled because they had been washed before preservation. Since the report did not explain how doctors determined that the cause of poisoning was rotten eggs rather than other food, it was impossible to evaluate whether this attribution was reasonable.

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However, even if the three members of the family are really poisoned by eggs, the problem is not "cleaning".

The EU really opposes cleaning eggs

Although the surface of the egg shell is full of pores, at the same time, there is a layer of gelatinous film to "close" those pores. The eggs of pheasants and other birds can hatch after being placed in the wild for a long time, thanks to this membrane.

This film is really easy to be washed away. After the eggshell loses its film, external bacteria can easily invade, leading to the loss of water in the egg white and the decline of egg quality. Therefore, the EU opposes cleaning eggs. With very few exceptions, Class A eggs in the EU are not allowed to be washed.

American eggs must be washed before they can be sold

However, eggs are a kind of food easy to be infected with bacteria. The larger the activity space of the chicken, the more likely the eggs are to be contaminated with dirt. For example, Salmonella is a major risk factor affecting egg safety. If the hen is infected with salmonella, then the eggs it laid

# Dust diary # # Dyson China Dust White Paper # The China Household Appliance Research Institute collected and analyzed indoor dust in Beijing. The white paper showed that the seemingly clean home was actually full of dust, mold and live dead mites. You need to bathe in the haze when you go out. Can't you get rid of the dust when you return home? It's said that Dyson was used in the dust collection process of the China Household Appliance Research Institute V8 Absolute The cordless vacuum cleaner is strong enough to suck away the fine dust that is hidden very deeply.

First, the mattress in the guest room is clean because no one sleeps at ordinary times. After the suction, the dust collection bucket is on the right.

​ Clean the dust collecting bucket and the bed of the second master bedroom. It is paved with a layer