Sp3 hybridization refers to the hybridization involving one ns orbital and three np orbitals in the same atom, resulting in fourHybrid orbitCall spthreeHybrid orbit.Each contains 1/4 s component and 3/4 p component, the included angle between hybrid orbits is 109 ° 28 ', and the spatial configuration isRegular tetrahedron。spthreeOrbital hybridization is an important branch of orbital hybridization theory, which is a common way of orbital hybridization.
spthreeHybridization generally occurs in the process of molecular formation.After hybridization, an electron in the outermost s orbital of the atom is excited to the p orbital, so that the atom to be hybridized entersexcited state；Then, the s orbital of this layer is hybridized with the three p orbitals.In this process, the s-orbitals and p-orbitals with similar energies overlap, and different types of atomic orbitals redistribute energy and adjust direction, forming four equivalent spthreeTrack.[1]
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For example,
The ground state C atom has only two unpaired electrons
Under the influence of H, one 2s track and three 2p tracks of C conduct spthreeHybrid to form 4 SPsthreeHybrid orbit, each spthreeThere is one unpaired electron in each hybrid orbital.4 sp for CthreeHybrid orbitals overlap with 1s orbitals of four H to form fourσKey.Because of the 4 sp of CthreeThe included angle between hybrid tracks is 109 ° 28 ', so the generated
The geometry of is tetrahedron.[2]
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(1) The hybridization of atomic orbitals only occurs in the process of forming molecules;
(2) Hybridization can only occur between atomic orbitals with similar energies, which usually means: ns and np, ns, np and nd or (n-1) d.[1]
