according toperiodic table of ele mentsThe elements in the periodic table are partitioned.They are s area, p area, ds area, f area and d area.
Elements 58~71 in the periodic table are called 4fInner transition elementElements 90~103 are called transition elements in 5f, and they all belong to elements in f zone.[1]
Elements 58~71 in the periodic table are called 4fInner transition elementElements 90~103 are called transition elements in 5f, and they all belong to elements in f zone.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC) suggested that the 14 elements 58~71 should be called lanthanides, but because La is similar to the 14 elements in nature, it is usually included in lanthanides, and elements 89~103 are actinides.[1]
Element of zone frefer toperiodic table of ele mentsInLanthanideandActinide element。The electrons with the highest energy of most elements are arranged inF TrackOn.There is little difference in the properties of elements with the same period in this area, which is obvious among the elements of the lanthanide system.
Overview of Lanthanides
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Valence shell electron configuration
The valence electron configuration of the gaseous atoms of lanthanides shows that La is [Xe] 5done6stwoCe is [Xe] 4fone5done6stwoGd is [Xe] 4fseven5done6stwo, Lu is [Xe] 4ffourteen5done6stwoThe rest are [Xe] 4fn6stwoType configuration.[1]
Oxidized state
It is generally believed that the characteristic oxidation state of lanthanides is+3.
Lanthanide shrinkage
It is a general rule that the atomic radius gradually decreases with the increase of atomic number in the same period of the periodic table.The reduction of atomic radius of lanthanides is not obvious, which is called lanthanide contraction.
Overview of actinides
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Valence shell electron configuration
The electronic configuration of element 90 Th is 6dtwo7stwoThere is no 5f electron.Elements 91, 92, 93, and 96 have 5fn-16done7stwoThe other elements belong to 5fn7stwoElectronic configuration.[1]
Oxidized state
Each element in the first half from Ac to Am has a variety of oxidation states, of which the most stable oxidation state rises from Ac=+3 to U=+6, and then falls again to Am=+3.The stable oxidation state after Cm is+3, and the most stable oxidation state of No in aqueous solution is+2.
Actinide shrinkage
Similar to actinides, the radius of ions in the same oxidation state of actinides gradually decreases with the increase of atomic number, but the decrease is not significant, which is actinides contraction.
