synonymbayern(Bavaria in Germany) generally refers to the free state of Bavaria
Bavaria, the full name of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern; English: Free State of Bavaria), also translated asBayernStateBain State, located in southern Germany, with an area of 70550square kilometre, accounting for about one fifth of Germany's land area, is the largest in GermanyFederal State。
Bavaria is located in the southeast of Germany, and its southwest, south and east are adjacent to Switzerland, Austria and the Czech Republic.The Alps run through the state, with many mountains, forests and lakestopographic featuresThe salient features of.Area of the whole state 70554square kilometreWith a population of 11.8 million, it is the largest state in Germany.The state has 7 special districts, 25 cities, 71 counties and about 2000 towns, with Munich as its capital.
High in the south and low in the northThe AlpsLand and plateau (Zug Peak, 2962m above sea level, is the highest mountain in Germany), and hills and plains in the middle and north.There are many high mountains, rivers, lakes and beautiful scenery in the whole prefecture.The famous rivers include Danube River, Meiyin RiverIssa RiverEtc;Famous lakes include Boden LakeKeem Lake, Steinberg Lake, Amo Lake, etc.[2]
Politically, Bazhou ownsUnicameral systemLandtag and universal suffrage system.The state government is the highest administrative bodyGovernor, ministers and secretaries of stateLegislative competenceInternal guidelines and policies are formulated.The state government has nine functional departments.The main political parties in Bazhou include the Christian Social Union, the Social Democratic Party, the Free Voter PartyThe Green PartyAnd the Liberal Democratic Party, of whichChristian Social UnionThe current German Federationruling partyChristian Democratic UnionThe scope of its activities is limited to Bazhou.Since 1946, the CSU has been the strongest political party in Bazhou, and has been in power since 1957.In the state council elections held in October 2018, although the CSU maintained its position as the largest party with 37.4% of the votes, it needs to govern jointly with the "free voters" party.Incumbent governorMarcus Sodell(CSU), Speaker Yize Egna (CSU).[1]
Bavaria is Germany's state with a thousand year history and the oldest tradition. It was the only state in Germany in 1945Nazi Germany A state whose territory was preserved as it was after the collapse.It emphasizes federalism externally, but is more centralized internally. Its power is mainly concentrated in Munich, the state capital, andNuremberg , Augsburg and other big cities.
BavariaLegislatureThere is one thing different from other states in the state councilSocial groups, economic groupsCultural groupsAnd representatives of local bodies -senateIt plays a major role in state legislation.
Economics
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State emblem
Bavaria is one of the richest states in Germany.Fifty years ago, Bavaria was still a region with agriculture as the leading industry. At the beginning of the 21st century, it has developed into“new economy”Center.At the same time, Bazhou is also the richest in the worldpurchasing powerOne of the markets.Munich, the capital of the state, is known as "the second capital of Germany" and is the cultureeconomic center。
The automobile manufacturing industry is one of the core industries in Bavaria, with a long history and tradition.In July 2020,unemployment rate3.9%.[3]Bazhou was once a relatively backward agricultural and pastoral area in Germany.After World War II, the state government took active measures to attract various talentsHigh tech enterprisesandscientific research institutionSettle down in Pakistan and successfully realize the transformation from agriculture and animal husbandry to high-techeconomic structureTransforming intoeconomic baseA high-tech concentration area with strong infrastructure and reasonable economic structure.Bazhou is famous for its technology in electronics, information, machinery, automobile, aerospace and other fields, and its financial, tourism and exhibition industries are developed.Numerous knowledgesFamous enterprisesSuch as Siemens, BMWaudi, ManInfineon, AdidasEADS，Finance and insuranceasAllianz Insurance、Munich Re, Yubao Bank, scientific research institutions such as Max Planck Institute, Fraunhofer Institute, Germany andEuropean Patent OfficeAnd other headquarters are located in Bazhou.
In 2018, BazhouGDPIt was 625.2 billion euros. After price adjustment, the actual growth rate was 1.4%, achieving the ninth consecutive year of growth.Bazhou occupies Germanygross domestic product18.5%, second only in GermanyNordrhein-Westfalen 。GDP of Bazhou in the first six months of 2019Year on year growth0.9%, higher than 0.4% in Germanygrowth rate。2019 BazhouTotal foreign tradeIt reached 379.88 billion euros, up 0.1% year on year, including 189.92 billion euros in exports, down 0.3% year on year;Imports were 189.96 billion euros, up 0.6% year on year.In 2019, the top three trading partners of Bazhou are China, the United States and Austria.[1]
historical background
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Munich, the capital of Bavaria
BavarianBayuwaren, is ancientImperium RomanumThe name given to the place by the Romans when they ruled it.About 520 A.DFranksThis name is also mentioned.In the early 8th centurySaint BonifaceComplete the conversion of local people to Catholicism.Since then, Bavaria has always believed in Roman Catholicism. In the 14th century, Bavaria resisted religious reform and still insisted on believing in Roman Catholicism.
From about 550 to 788, the Azinofen family ruledThe Principality of BavariaUntil the last Duke Tessillo III wasCharlemagneUntil deposed.Over the next 400 years, many families ruledprincipalityFew families can pass on to the third generation.The last and most important of those dukes iswelf DynasticHenry the Lion, alsoMunichThe builders of the city.
When Henry the Lion was killed by his nephewFrederick IAfter sacking Saxony and the title of Duke of Bavaria, in 1180, Bavaria was grantedWittelsbach FamilyAs a fief, Bavaria was ruled by the Wittelsbach family from 1180 to 1918.In 1255, Bavaria was split into several principalities for the first time, but in 1506, Bavaria was reunified, and Munich became the capital at that time.1623Thirty Year WarThe early Duke of Bavaria replaced theirCousinThe Duke of Pfalz obtainedHoly Roman EmpireInternally powerfulelector The title, since then, not only determines that Bavaria has electionsGermanyThe King andHoly Roman EmperorAnd gained special formal status under imperial law.
WhenNapoleonWhen the name of the empire was revoked, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and in 1815 Pufalz also merged with Bavaria.Between 1799 and 1817, the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Count Maximilian Joseph von Mojonas, followed a strict modernization policy and built the foundation of the administrative structure, even though it was stillMonarchy。This policy has also been applied to modern times.In 1818, a new constitution was passed (based on the standard at that time), establishingthe bicameral systemParliament of, includingThe House of Lords("Kammer der Reichsr ä te") andHouse of Commons（"Kammer der Abgeordneten"）。The Constitutionthe First World WarThe end, the monarchy still valid before the fall.
After the rise of Prussia, the Bavarian Plan and Prussia andAustriaTo defend her independence, but in 1866Austro-Prussian War Bavaria was incorporated in 1871 due to the failure ofGerman EmpireHowever, it still retains the title of the Principality of Bavaria.Young KingLudwig II Put energy into the construction of New Swan Castle.
In the early 20th centuryWassily Kandinsky 、Paul Klee (Paul Klee), Henry Ibsen, and other famous painters all came to Bavaria, especially in Munich's Swarbing District, but this areathe First World WarIs destroyed in.
recallLudwig III In 1919, the socialist governor of the Communist Party of China, Chet Eisner, was assassinated, leading the government to violently suppress the communist revolution.The activities of right-wing extremists also increased, especially in 1923Beer Hall Putsch Munich andNuremberg BecomesNazi PartyThe base of the Third Reich.
As a manufacturing centerthe Second World WarMunich was heavily bombed and occupied by US troops.After the Second World War, Bavaria returned to a prosperousindustrial center The large-scale reconstruction project has made great efforts to restore many famous buildings in Munich's history, and also hosted theSummer Olympics。
education
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University of Munich
Bavaria has a total of nineState university, which includesUniversit der Bundeswehr München 。Until 1962, there were only four universities in Bavaria, respectively located inMunich(Two), Vilzburg and Erlangen.Between 1962 and 1975, BavariaRegensburg、Augsburg, BambergBayreuthandPashoFive other universities have been established.Then in 1973,Universit der Bundeswehr München Establishment.In addition, Nuremberg University of Technology, which has been under construction since 2018, will be the tenth state university.
Bavarian culture can be traced back to more than 1000 years ago.According to Article 3 of the Constitution of the Free State, Bavaria should become a "cultural state".In the 2003 budget, the state government allocated more than 5.5 million euros to the arts and cultural fieldsCultural undertakingsHas made contributions that cannot be underestimated.[17]
In history, Bavaria was one of the oldest kingdoms in Europe,Cultural traditionUnique.In 1871, Prussia forced Bavaria to join the German state through war, but it still had the status of a kingdom and retained independent postal, railway and military affairsAutonomy。Now Bazhou still maintains its cultural uniqueness. Most local residents emphasize the difference from other regions in Germany and like to speak their own dialect.[1]
Sports
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Bayern Munich logo
Bayern Munich Football Club(German: Fussball Club Bayern M ü nchen)[18], also known as Bayern, is the capital of Bavaria in southern GermanyMunichCity football club, currently inGerman Division One Leaguematch.It is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Germany and even in Europe, winning a total of 30 German top football league titles and 20Germany Cup6 timesChampions Leaguechampion.
Capital of Bavaria and world famous metropolisMunich(M ü nchen) With numerous picturesque villages and medieval aristocratic palaces, the scenery is beautiful and natural;There are also magnificent castles and baroque churches, medieval monasteries and ancient castles with different styles: world famousNeuschwanstein Castle Schloss Neuschwanstein (KingLudwig II König Ludwig II.）andWestchurch(Wieskirche) (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationWorld Heritage Site）；In addition, there are ancient Roman Empire boundary walls (Limes), W ü rzburgBamberg (Bamberg) and Regensburg.BavariaIn total, there are more than 100000 monumental buildings, more than 1200 museums and collections, and more than 40 first-class theaters and opera stages.Of course, a variety of traditional activities will be held, such asOktoberfest MunichM ü nchner Oktoberfest, Landshut Hochzeit, Oberamergauer Passionsspiele orNuremberg N ü rnberger Christkindlesmarkt.[4]
MagnificentThe AlpsThe picturesque lakes in the piedmont and hills add infinite charm to the ancient Bavaria.German peakZuge PeakIt is towering. Even in hot summer, the top of the mountain is covered with snow, and the hillside is cool. It is a holy place for summer.The main lakes in the state areStaenberg Lake、Teguen Lake、Amur Lake, DreamYinhu LakeandBoden Lake, which contains richWater resources。Bavarian Forest, the firstGerman National Parkas well asthe danube、Maine RiverAnd its tributaries are known as Germany's“Romantic Road”。With such beautiful scenery and ancient cultural heritage, Bavaria has become the number one holiday resort in Germany that tourists like best.
Famous city
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Munich
BMW Museum Munich
Munich(Munich) The original place of monks, located on the Issa River at the northern foot of the Alps in southern Germany, with a population of 1.3 million (2010), has been the cultural center and capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria since the middle of the 12th century. It is the seat of the state capital of Bavaria, the largest city in South Germany, the third largest city in Germany, and an important economic, cultural, scientific andTransportation Centerone of.[2]
Munich's economyModern service industryMainly, finance, insurance, exhibition, transportation, logistics, consulting, film and television, media, publishing, fashion, commerce, tourism, catering, hotels, etc. are highly developedpublishingFor example, it is a world-class publishing center second only to New York.Europe's largest insurance company Allianz and the world's largestReinsurance company-Munich Re Group The headquarters of.famousBMWThe headquarters is also in Munich, in fact“bmw”"Bavarian engine factory" originally means "Bavarian engine factory" in German.The headquarter of MAN is also in Munich. "MAN" is actually "Augsburg Nuremberg Machine"manufacturer”German abbreviation for.The headquarters of the famous multinational company Siemens is also in Munich.No wonder Munich consumers are really "good at money"price levelGermany is the first.[2]
Munich is not only one of the most prosperous and modern cities in Europe, but also retains the local traditional simple customs, so it is called "the village of millions of people".Munich has many nicknames, which were praised as "Issar" in historyriver bankAthens ", in the originalWest GermanyOnce known as the "secret capital", it has now gained the reputation of "capital of scientific research", "capital of culture" and "capital of the Internet" in the unified Germany, while people around the world prefer to call it "the world"BeerCapital ".[2]
Nuremberg
Nuremberg
Nuremberg (Nuremberg) The second largest city in Bazhou[19], located in the central Franken area of Bazhou.With an area of 186,38 square kilometers and a population of 503000 (2008),Pegnetz River(Pegnitz) flows through the city, and the Rhine Main Danube Canal flows through the city.[2]
15、 In the sixteenth century, commerce and culture were well developed.The importance of Bazhou in the 19th centuryIndustrial cityandRailway junction1835, from Nuremberg toFeltGermany's first passenger railway was completed and opened to traffic.The industry is dominated by metallurgy, motors, locomotives, precision and optical instruments, and the toy manufacturing industry is developed. It is known as the "Toy City" of the world, and the Nuremberg International Toy Fair has a long reputation.[2]
Nuremberg World War IIHave suffered fromSevere damage。From November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946, Nuremberg was composed of the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and FranceInternational Tribunals, used toNazi Germany Of the major war criminals.[2]
Augsburg
Augsburg
Augsburg is a city in south central Germany, built in 15 BCRoman emperorAge of Augustus.At that time Augsburg was a gathering place for trade.The most prosperous economy was in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Augsburg has 258000 residents.As the administrative capital of Schwaben and the third largest city in Bavaria[19]Augsburg represents an importantindustrial center 。
In 1806 AD, because of the loss of the Imperial Free City Act, Augsburg saw itself incorporatedKingdom of Bavaria。Despite the serious damage caused by World War II, the city still has oneThe RenaissanceThe impressive appearance of the capital of the period.
