Wi Fi (pronounced:/ˈ wa ɪ fa ɪ/), also called "mobile hotspot" in Chinese, isWi Fi AllianceThe trademark of the manufacturer, as the brand certification of the product, is aIEEE 802.11Standard wireless LAN technology.Due to the close relationship between the two systems, Wi Fi is often regarded as a synonym of the IEEE 802.11 standard."Wi Fi" is often written as "WiFi" or "Wifi", but they are notWi Fi Allianceapproval.
Not every product matching IEEE 802.11 appliesWi Fi AllianceThe lack of Wi Fi certification does not necessarily mean that products are not compatible with Wi Fi devices.
The term Wi Fi is commonly mistaken forWireless fidelity(Wireless Fidelity), and evenWi Fi AllianceThe word "Wireless Fidelity" is often used in press releases and documents. Wi Fi also appears inITAAIn a paper.But in fact, the word Wi Fi has no meaning and is not fully written.[1]
Technical Principles
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Wi Fi connection page in Windows 7 operating system
Wireless network inWireless LANThe category of "wireless compatibility certification" is essentially a commercial certification and also a wireless networking technology. Previously, computers were connected through network cables, while Wi Fi was connected throughradio wavesInternet access;The common one iswireless router, then the effective range of the radio wave coverage of the wireless router can be connected by Wi Fi connection. If the wireless router is connected to aADSLLine or other internet access lines are also calledhotspot。
Major Version
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With the release of the latest 802.11 ax standard, the name of the new WiFi standard will also be defined as WiFi6, because the current 802.11 ax is the sixth generation WiFi standard. The WiFi Alliance will start from this standard and define the ax standard after the original 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac as WiFi6, so that the previous 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac can be added to WiFi1/2/3/4/5 in turn.
The 2.4GHz band supports the following standards (802.11b/g/n/ax), and the 5GHz band supports the following standards (802.11a/n/ac/ax). It can be seen that 802.11n/ax works in both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, so the two standards are compatible with dual band operation.
WiFi version
WiFi standard
Release time
Maximum rate
Operating frequency band
WiFi 7
IEEE 802.11be
2022
30Gbps
2.4GHz，5GHz，6GHz[3]
WiFi 6
IEEE 802.11ax
2019
11Gbps
2.4GHz or 5GHz
WiFi 5
IEEE 802.11ac
2014
1Gbps
5GHz
WiFi 4
IEEE 802.11n
2009
600Mbps
2.4GHz or 5GHz
WiFi 3
IEEE 802.11g
2003
54Mbps
2.4GHz
WiFi 2
IEEE 802.11b
1999
11Mbps
2.4GHz
WiFi 1
IEEE 802.11a
1999
54Mbps
5GHz
WiFi 0
IEEE 802.11
1997
2Mbps
2.4GHz
2.4GHz（802.11b/g/n/ax），5GHz（802.11a/n/ac/ax）
major function
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Wireless Internet access can be simply understood as wireless Internet accessIntelligent mobile phone、tablet PCandNotebook computersIt supports Wi Fi Internet access and is the most widely used wireless network transmission technology today.In fact, it is to convert wired network signals into wireless signals. As we introduced at the beginning, wireless routers are used for related computers that support their technologies,mobile phone, flat plate, etc.If the mobile phone has the Wi Fi function, it can access the Internet without using the Mobile Unicom network when the Wi Fi wireless signal is available, saving the traffic fee.
Wireless network is commonly used in big cities. Although the wireless communication quality transmitted by Wi Fi technology is not very good, the data security performance is worse than that of Bluetooth, and the transmission quality needs to be improved, the transmission speed is very fast, reaching 54Mbps, meeting the needs of personal and social informatization.The main advantage of Wi Fi is that it does not need wiring and is not limited by wiring conditions, so it is very suitable for mobile office users. Since the transmission signal power is lower than 100mw, lower than the transmission power of mobile phones, Wi Fi Internet access is relatively safe.
But Wi Fi signals are also provided by wired networks, such as those at homeADSL, cell broadband, etc., just connect onewireless router, you can convert a wired signal into a Wi Fi signal.Many cities in developed countries abroad are covered with Wi Fi signals provided by governments or large companies for residents to use, and many places in China also implement Wi Fi signals“Wireless City”The project popularizes this technology.In pilot cities where 4G licenses are not issued, many places use 4G to Wi Fi for citizens to try.
Background
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Allotment
Wireless network isIEEEDefined wireless network technology, officially defined by IEEE in 1999802.11 standardAt that time, IEEE chose and recognized the wireless network technology invented by CSIRO as the best wireless network technology in the world, so CSIRO's wireless network technology standard became the core technology standard of Wi Fi in 2010.
Wireless network technology was invented by CSIRO, a research institution of the Australian government, in the 1990s and successfully applied for wireless network technology in the United States in 1996patent。（US Patent Number 5,487,069）
The inventor is a research group led by Dr John O'Sullivan, a graduate of the Department of Engineering of the University of Sydney, and composed of graduates of the Department of Engineering of the University of Sydney.
IEEEHe once asked the Australian government to give up its wireless network patent and let the world use Wi Fi technology for free, but was rejected.
The Australian government subsequently won the lawsuit or settled out of court in the United States, and collected almost all the electrical and telecommunications companies in the world (includingApple、Intel、association、Dell、AT&T、Sony、Toshiba、Microsoft、Acer、ASUS, etc.).In 2010, when purchasing an electronic device with Wi Fi technology, the price paid includes the Wi Fi patent royalties paid to the Australian government.
In 2010, it is estimated that 3 billion electronic devices will use wireless network technology every day in the world. By the end of 2013CSIROThis number is expected to increase to 5 billion after the expiration of the wireless network patent of.
Wireless network is praised by Australian media as the most important scientific and technological invention in Australia's history. Its inventor John O'Sullivan is called the "father of Wi Fi" by Australian media and has won the highest national science award in Australia and many praises around the world, includingeuropean unionInstitutions,European Patent Office, European Inventor Award 2012 issued by European Patent Office (EPO), namely2012European Inventors Award.
application area
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Network media
Due to the wireless networkFrequency bandThere is no need for any telecom operation license in the world, so WLAN wireless devices provide a world wide usable, extremely inexpensive and databandwidthExtremely high wirelessair interface 。Users can quickly browse within the Wi Fi coverage areaWebpage, answer and make calls anytime, anywhere.Other WLAN basedbroadbandData applications, such asStreaming Media、network gameAnd other functions are worth expecting.Long distance calls (includingInternational call）, browse the web, send and receiveE-mail、musicdownload、Digital photosNo longer need to worry about slow speed and high cost.Wi Fi technology andBluetooth technologySimilarly, it belongs to the short-range wireless technology used in offices and homes.
Handheld device
Wireless network is more and more widely used in handheld devices, and smart phones are one of them.Compared with the previous mobile phone applicationBluetoothDifferent technologies, Wi Fi has greater coverage and highertransmission speed , so Wi Fi phones became the year of 2010mobile communicationFashion trends in the industry.
In September 2022, MacRumors reported that a report showed that the first batch of smart phones supporting the next generation Wi Fi 7 wireless network standard were expected to be launched in succession as early as the second half of 2024.[4]
Daily leisure
2010wireless networkThe coverage of Wi Fi is more and more extensive in China. High class hotels, luxury residential areas, airports, coffee shops and other areas all have Wi Fi interfaces.When you go to travel or work, you can enjoy using handheld devices in these placesSurfing the InternetHas.Manufacturers only need to set up "hot spots" in densely populated places such as airports, stations, coffee shops and libraries, and connect the Internet to these places through high-speed lines.In this way, since the radio waves emitted by the "hot spot" can reach a radius of tens of meters to 100 meters from the access point, the user can onlyPDAOr a mobile phone, PSP or iPod touch, etc. can access the Internet at high speed.
You can also buy wireless router settings at homeLANThen you can enjoy the wireless Internet.
The difference between wireless network and 3G technology is that 3G has good transmission quality when moving at high speed, but it is enough to use Wi Fi to access the Internet when it is static.
Scale of wireless networkCommercializationIt is a rare successful precedent in the world.The problems focus on two aspects: first, large operators do not recognize this model;Second, it lacks an effective business model.But based on wireless network technologyWireless LANIt has become increasingly popular, which means that it can be used very conveniently in the future.Once the Wi Fi network exists in public placesOperatorWi Fi will transform from a successful technology to a successful business in the future due to the problems of connectivity, high charges and roaming.
According to the official news of People's Daily, the Wi Fi Alliance announced the launch of the Wi Fi 6 certification program on September 16, 2019, according to the official website of the Wi Fi Alliance.Compared with the previous generation of Wi Fi technology standards, the data transmission speed of Wi Fi 6 has been improved by 40%. It can support enhanced and virtual reality (AR/VR), expand the network capacity, and even in crowded railway stations can enjoy high-quality network services.
Passenger train
At 14:20 on November 28, 2014, the first passenger train in China to open WiFi service, the T809 through train from Guangzhou to Kowloon, Hong Kong, started from Guangzhou East Station, marking the beginning of the era of WiFi (wireless network) for China's railway.
After the train WiFi is opened, not only the interior of the car can be viewedLANHigh definition cinemas, community games, direct access to the Internet, microblogging, email, and the world at a bandwidth of 10 to 50 megabytes.
Chongqing Nan'an District will build 20 public toilets with free WIFI function in 2016.
Composition
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Allotment
Generally, the basic equipment for wireless network iswireless network adapterAnd oneAP, so that it can be shared in the wireless mode with the existing wired architecturenetwork resourceThe cost and complexity of installation is far lower than that of traditional wired networks.If it is a peer-to-peer network of only a few computers, AP is not required, only each computer needs to be equipped withwireless network adapter。AP is short for Access Point, which is generally translated as "wirelessAccess point”, or“bridge ”。It mainly plays the role of wireless in MAC of media access control layerworkstationAnd wired local area network.With AP, it is like the common wired networkHubGeneral, wirelessworkstationConnect to the network quickly and easily.Especially forbroadbandThe use of Wi Fi is more advantageous. After the wired broadband network (ADSL, cell LAN, etc.) is connected to the home, connect to an AP, and then install one in the computerwireless network adapterOK.It is enough for an ordinary family to have an AP, and even after the user's neighborhood is authorized, there is no need to add an APport, can also access the Internet by sharing.
Hardware device
along withwireless networkThe continuous rise and development of wireless network module in 2010 is quite extensive!
However, the Wi Fi module is a high-frequency product after all, which is different from ordinary productsconsumer electronicsThere will be some inexplicable phenomena and problems in the production design, which makes some engineers without high-frequency design experience bother, and practitioners with relevant experience often need to use expensive equipment to assist in analysis.
For the processing of the wireless network part, the Wi Fi part is directly laid out toPCB main boardThe design needs courage and technology, because the price of the module itself is not high,a main boardThe corresponding products are expensive. When there is a problem with the Wi Fi part, it is troublesome to debug and replace them. It is a pity to scrap them directly;Therefore, many designs are willing to adopt modular Wi Fi part, which can directly modularize the Wi Fi part and facilitate processing. Moreover, the module can be directly disassembled, which is also very helpful for the design risk and specific consumption of the product.
Allotment
concreteHardwareThe design should consider the following aspects when consulting with relevant Wi Fi modules:
Communication interface: basically adopted in 2010USB interfaceForm,PCIEandSDIOThere are also a few. The market share of PCIE should be small. The price of multi in one is expensive, and its practicability is not strong. Many integrated functions will not be used, which is actually a waste.
Power supply: Most of them use 5V direct power supply, and some will also use the power sharing in the motherboard design to directly use 3.3V power supply.
antennaProcessing form: it can have built-in PCB board antenna or ceramic antenna;You can also connect the antenna extension cable through the I-PEX connector, and then make the antenna external.
Specification and size: this can be based on specific design requirements, and the smallest one isnanoModel (can be directly used as nanowireless network adapter）；There are about 12 * 12 mini antennas (usually external antennas);It is usually about 25 * 12 multi-point design (basically, there are many on-board antennas and ceramic antennas, and there are also external antenna connectors).
The form of connection with the motherboard: can be directlySMTThe 2.54 pin array can also be used for plug-in connection (this kind of assembly/maintenance is convenient).
The debugging of the software should be controlled according to the specific scheme. After all, the Wi Fi part is just a wireless transceiver.Many users are easily confused when consulting.It can be said that the most popular area of Wi Fi module application in 2013 isMIDAt the same time, some traditional network application markets have also penetrated, such as some industrial control fields/network broadcast fields/even some remote control fields are also under consideration. Basically, the parts that can use the network want to try wireless.
Network Protocol
A Wi Fi connection point network member and structure station, the most basic part of the network.
basicserviceBasic Service Set (BSS) is the most basic service unit of the network.The simplest service unit can consist of only two sites.Sites can be dynamically associated into basic service units.
Distribution System (DS). The distribution system is used to connect different basic service units.Used by the distribution systemmedium(Medium) is logically separated from the media used by the basic service unit, although they may physically be the same media, such as the same wireless band.
Access point(Access Point, AP). The access point not only has the identity of a common site, but also has the function of accessing the distribution system.
Extended Service Set (ESS). It is composed of distribution system and basic service unit.This combination is logical, not physical -- different basic service units may be geographically different.Distribution systems can also use a variety of technologies.
Portal is also a logical component.Used toWireless LANandWired LANOr other networks.
There are three media: wireless media used by the site, media used by the distribution system, andWireless LANMedia used by other LANs integrated together.Physically, they may overlap each other.
IEEE802.11 is only responsible foraddressing（Addressing）。Distribution system and othersLANThe addressing of does not belong toWireless LANRange of.
IEEE802.11 does not specifically define the distribution system, but only defines the services that the distribution system should provide.wholeWireless LANNine services have been defined,
Five services belong to the tasks of the distribution system, namely, connection（Association）, End Connection, Distribution, Integration, and Reassociation.
The four services belong to the tasks of the site, namely,authentication (Authentication), endauthentication (Deauthentication), Privacy, MAC data transmission (MSDU delivery).
Main differences
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Re focus on the issue of lifting the ban on Wi Fi
Wi Fi vsBluetoothTechnology is the same as short-range wireless technologynetwork transmissionStandards.In daily life, it has been widely used and has brought great convenience to people: white-collar workersStarbucksBrowsing the web, reporters sending back articles at the meeting, ordinary people choosing to use mobile phones or multiple channels at their own homesNotebook computerWireless Internet Access, which is inseparable from Wi Fi.
However, since the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has banned the mobile phones supporting Wi Fi functions from obtaining access permits in China, foreign brand mobile phones want to enterChinese MainlandThe market must remove the Wi Fi module or block the function to become the "castration version" of mobile phones that many people jokingly call.
"If you enterChinese marketIt's a castration versioniPhoneThe release date is the time when I go to buy parallel goods. "Many iPhone fans who have been dissatisfied with the ban on Wi Fi have expressed similar views.
To understand the important reasons why Wi Fi is banned in China, we have to mention another standard -——WAPIThe exists of.Issued in 2003WAPI standard(Full name isWireless LANIdentification and confidentiality infrastructure), which is independently developed and owned by ChinaIndependent intellectual property rightsThe security technology standard of WLAN is different from that of Wi Fi. The biggest difference is the security encryption technology.For the sake ofInternet securityChina has always strongly recommended WAPI as an independent international standard.The reason why the Wi Fi function of domestic mobile phones has been cancelled is that the Wi Fi protocol is not officially recognized by the mainland of China.
Is WAPI winning or Wi Fi lifting the ban in disguised form
China intended to enforce it from June 1, 2004WAPIStandard, but sufferedIntelUntil June 2009, WAPI for the first time was unanimously agreed by members of more than 10 countries, including the United States, Britain and France, and will become independentText formPromote to international standards.
Many insiders still remember the battle between WAPI and Wi Fi before 2010.
At the end of 2003,AQSIQandNational Standardization AdministrationIt announced that the WAPI standard will be enforced from June 1, 2004.This move was immediately resisted by Intel and other American companies and even the U.S. government, and threatened to stopChinaCarry out wireless business and claim that Western companies are more willing to adopt their own standards than WAPI standards.On April 22, 2004, after negotiations between China and the United States, the then Vice Premier of the State Council of ChinaWu YiSaid that China agreed with the request made by the United States and would not enforce itWAPI standard。In July, ChinaInternational Standards OrganizationThe WAPI proposal was formally submitted, but after that, China's WAPI standard encountered unprecedented resistance, and the WAPI standard became an international standard was forced to be stranded.
Who would have thought that it would be five years until June 2009, when things turned around again.China WAPIIndustry AlliancePublicly confirmed that in 2010, the International Standards OrganizationISO/At the IECJTC1/SC6 conference, WAPI was agreed by more than 10 countries including the United States, Britain and France for the first time, and will be promoted as an international standard in the form of an independent text.Some experts regard this event as "the first landmark event for the US side to start fulfilling its commitment to" promote WAPI to become an international standard "".
According to the latest policy of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2010, all mobile phones equipped with WAPI function can access the network to detect and obtainAccess LicenseThe principle is that such mobile phones can use WAPI access when there is a WAPI network, but can use Wi Fi when WAPI cannot be searchedwireless networkAccess, but pure Wi Fi phones are still not available.
Operation method
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Collaboration with non Wi Fi networks
If you are a T-Mobile Wi Fi user, but you are in thehotspotWithin the range, you can't use Wi Fi.In the future, your Wi Fi device will be able to query the "Internetwireless network）”Service and can be accessed safely. Your user identity will roam with you, enabling you to use various Wi Fi services.
After the 802.11u standard is introduced, users will be more flexible in using wireless networks. In order to advertise their services, future Wi Fi can link to them as long as you obey its terms. According to your identity, you can access all or some subsets of services in other networks. In an emergency, you can get the most basic connections and functions,The 802.11u standard is scheduled for final approval in June 2010.
Self managed client
Wi Fi device manufacturers have thought of many ways to make their devices work more intelligently with wireless access points. The management of wireless access points is quite mature, but the management of wireless clients is still blank.
If you use the new Wi Fi management protocol at both the access point and the client, their collaboration will be more interesting.
Imagine your netbook Wi Fi adapter, or Wi FiVoIPThe phone is notsend outandreceivewirelesssignal, or only share location data, which can save power. The access point can redirect the Wi Fi voice conference to a more ideal adjacent access point, or to an access point with lower load.Wi Fi networks can locate a client's location, for example, outside a building or on the street, and can grant client connection operations based on these data.
802.11v standard may be completed by the end of July 2010. There will be many enhanced features in Wi Fi management. It will add a counter array for statistical collectionPower management, improve battery life, and improve location data support.
The Wi Fi multimedia admission control specification of the Wi Fi Alliance is also dealing with client coordination issues. The specification is under development, which canwireless networkConsultation and managementStreaming MediaTherefore, high-definition video will not cut off the Wi Fi voice conversation on the same access point. The Wi Fi Alliance is considering specific Wi Fi. In order to manage specifications, it mainly borrows several relatedIEEEStandard, and then add additional wireless management functions.
Improved mobility
RF management is lacking in previous standards, because access points and clients, as well as adjacent wireless devices, usually do not know each other, they only know their ownradio wavesFrequency, which makes it difficult to manage RF.
For example, when a Wi Fi phone enters the range of an access point, it will trigger a blind search process. If the client can ask its access point "Who is your neighbor and which is the best access point to connect to?", the device and the network can cooperate better. At the same time, the Wi Fi access point can "see" the RF environment of the client to determine the weaksignalOr insufficient coverage, and then take measures to optimize the connection.
The IEEE802.11k wireless resource management standard released in 2011 solved this problem by improving mobility through intelligent RF (radio frequency) management, but Wi Fi device manufacturers have implemented a series of proprietary functions to meet this challenge. Version 2.0 of Aruba adaptive wireless management technology is an example.
At the same time, the Wi Fi Alliance uses some features of 11k to conceive its voice enterprise authentication, with the goal of optimizing the call quality of large-scale, enterprise class Wi Fi voice environment.
Personal area
Wi Fi is an end-to-end connection. In the future Wi Fi network, your device can be directly connected to other client devices no matter where it is. For example, Ozmo devices equipped with low-power chips enable peripheral devices to be directly connected to your device through Wi FiNotebook computer。
The latest Wi Fi Direct (WFD) project released by the Wi Fi Alliance will enable you toNotebook computerThe Wi Fi card on bypasses the access point and connects directly to thewirelessprinter，Digital camera，Projector，sensororplasmascreen。As an industry norm, WFD willfirmwareA new protocol implementation is introduced in, so that no hardware changes are required.
At the same time, the Wi Fi access point can also become a point-to-point connection engine through the 802.11z standard (scheduled to be completed in July 2010), which will provide extensions for the direct connection configuration. The client device requests permission from one access point to directly connect to another nearbyclientThe device, but the data does not pass through the access point, the client is still connected to the access point, and the access point provides a full set of security and management services.
Acceleration method
In most cases, the Wi Fi speed is accelerated by setting a fixed protocol.
The first step is to remove the connected Wi Fi from the phone, that is, choose not to save it.(Different versions display different.)
Step 2, enter 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1 (local) in the browser to enter the router's control panel, and select the setup wizard.
Step 3: Change the mode to 11g Only. Generally, the default is 11bgn Mixed.
Step 4: Restart the router, and then reconnect the phone to Wi Fi.
(Note: The above mode is only compatible with Wi Fi terminals, which is useless for speed increase, and is the practice of N years ago. Now the equipment can be automatically adapted, without this setting.)
Wi Fi sharing method
In the absence of Wi Fi devices, it is very frustrating that iPhones and Pads cannot use Wi Fi. However, you can use the dos command provided with Win7 system to transform the laptop into a wireless AP transmitter.To provide iPhone, Pad and other devices with access to the Internet.
one
two
Open the Win7 start menu, find the command prompt option, and run as an administrator.
three
On the command line, enter netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=scc_wan key=1 * 197k51 *. The string command willwin7The system's built-in virtual wireless network card function starts, where "scc_wan" isSSID, "1 * 197k51 *" is the wireless access password,modeThe parameter is used to specify whether to start the system's own virtual wireless network card. If the parameter is set to allow, it means that the virtual wireless network card is allowed to start,disallowIndicates disabled.
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Return to the control panel, double-click the "Network and Sharing Center" icon, click the Change Adapter Settings button, and you will find an additional "Microsoft Virtual Wi Fi Adapter" icon, indicating that the virtual wireless AP device has been successfully started.
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To share the Internet network, right click the local adapter attribute that can access the Internet in the Network Neighborhood attribute. In the pop-up target network connection attribute dialog box, click the "Share" tab, select the "Allow other users to connect through this computer's Internet connection" and other options in the corresponding settings page, and select the previously configured wireless network in the list,Press the OK button again.
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Restart the command prompt, enter netsh wlan start hostednetwork, and start the virtual wireless service.
iPhoneandPadThe device can access the Internet through this virtual wireless network.
Main characteristics
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Wireless is popular, and Wi Fi has become a "superstar".Wi Fi can be said to be a "golden helmet and iron armor", which comprehensively packages itself from eight aspects.Frombandwidth，signal, power consumption, security, network integration, personal services, mobile features,clientAnalyze the uniqueness of Wi Fi for you in an all-round way.
Wider bandwidth
Although IEEE has initiated two projects to increase the 802.11 standard data rate to gigabit or gigabit, the first draft has not been formed yet.
More practically, the 802.11n standard improves the data rate by one level, which can adapt to different functions and devices. All 11n wireless transceiver devices support two spacesdata streamThe combination of two or three antennas can be used to send and receive data. Apple's latest Wi Fi iPod Touch contains a wireless chip from Broadcom that supports the 11n standard.
There will be chips supporting three or four soondata streamThe data rate can reach 450Mbps and 600Mbps respectively.At the beginning of 2009, Quantenna Communication said that it has successfully developed 4x4 chips, which can carry high-definition digital TVsignalStream.
William Kish, co-founder and CTO of Ruckus Wireless, a Wi Fi device supplier, said, "Although not many client devices support four spatial streams, as long as access points are designed correctly, 600Mbps can be usedphysical layerData rate, realizing high-speed wireless backbone network. "
You can connect these high-end nodes through 802.11s standard to form a redundant Wi Fi network similar to the Internet.
Stronger RF signal
More optional performance features in 11n will appear in wireless chips. Wireless clients and wireless access points can use these chips to make RF（RF）signalMore elastic, stable and reliable, in other words, more like a wire.
William McFarland, CTO of wireless chip manufacturer Atheros, said, "The new 11nphysical layerTechnology will make Wi Fi more powerful, within a given rangeData transmission rateHigher, longer transmission distance ".
These performance characteristics include: low densityParity check code, improve error correction ability;Transmit beamforming, which uses the feedback from the Wi Fi client to enable one access point to centrally process the client's RFsignal；Space Time Block Coding (STBC), which uses multiple antennas to improve signal reliability.
McFarland said, "Now when you take a laptop with Wi Fi function around the building, you will find that the data rate drops or disappears, but after using STBC, the connection will continue to work.".
Lower Wi Fi power consumption
802.11n has made significant innovations in power consumption and management. It can not only extend the battery life of Wi Fi smart phones, but also be embedded in other devices, such as medical monitoring devices,Building Control Systems , real-time positioning and tracking labels and consumer electronics products.It can continuously monitor and collect data, and can be personalized based on the identity and location of users.
Craig Mathias, the blogger of Network World, wrote that "Wi Fi can do what other modern RF technologies cannot do".
McFarland of Atheros said: "As enterprisesWireless LANThe construction of these infrastructures has been put in place, and it only needs to add low-power sensors.
The 802.11a wireless communication announced by the Summit of Embedded Wi Fi Wireless Data Communication Manufacturers is provided in various plug-in forms, allowing the device to use the non crowded 5GHz band. The 11b/g wireless device provided by Gainspan has an IP software stack, with very low power consumption. A standard battery can run for several years. Redpin Signals provides a single stream embedded into 11n wireless communication.
Improved security
The most destructive impact of the Internet is through the theft of identity certificates,Denial of service attack, invasion of privacy, spying and lack of corresponding trust means have caused harm to users. Mobile networks have made this situation worse. If users trust the currently opened Wi Fi connection, they may suffer a devastating risk.
IEEE has approved the 802.11w standard, which protects the wireless management frame and makes the wireless link work better. Matthew Gast, chief analyst of Networks, said: "Wi Fi clients can receive and use the information of the 'landing network'. Before that, this information might have been forged by hackers who broke the access point using MAC addresses. The 11w standard cut off this attack.".
Michael Tennefoss, strategic marketing director of Aruba Network, said, "Wi Fi will use identity based security. In Wi Fi networks, security policies are associated with users, not withportRelated, this benefit is that users can move at home, office, hotel, branch and public places, and security will not be affected ".
Wi Fi signal diagram
Allotment
According to the Daily Mail on June 19,University of NewcastleLuis Hernan, a doctoral student, recently drew a series of pictures showing the connection of invisible network Wi Fi around human beings. These bright beams circling around are like ghosts.
Hernan first used a customized instrument to take photos of Wi Fi signals to show them.The device continuously scans the Wi Fi network and turns the signal strength into a color LED.Hernan finally got the winding colored light stripes.
technical parameter
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Certification type
The certification types published by the former Wi Fi Alliance are:
*WPA/WPA2: WPA/WPA2 is based on IEEE802.11a, 802.11b802.11gOf single mode, dual mode or dual frequency productsTest procedure。The content includes protocol verificationwireless networkVerification of security mechanisms, andnetwork transmissionPerformance and compatibility test.
*WMM(Wi Fi MultiMedia):wireless networkThe purpose of WMM testing is to verify whether the bandwidth guarantee mechanism works properly on different wireless network devices and different security settings during the transmission of.
*WMM Power Save:wireless networkHow to extend the battery life by managing the standby time of the wireless network device without affecting its functionality can be verified through the WMM Power Save test.
*WPS(Wi Fi Protected Setup): This is a certification issued at the beginning of 2007. The purpose is to make it easier for consumers to setwireless networkDevice, and ensure a certain safety.The current WPS allows setting through Pin Input Config (PIN), Push Button Config (PBC), USB Flash Drive Config (UFD), Near Field Communication, and Contacts Token Config (NFC)wireless networkDevices.
*ASD(Application Specific Device): This is forwireless networkOther wireless network devices with special applications other than Access Point and Station, such as DVD player, projector, printer, etc.
*CWG(Converged Wireless Group): It is mainly a test program for RF measurement of Wi Fi mobile converged devices.
From coveragetransmission speed Based on the comprehensive analysis of basic service category, mobile rate, forward expansion, evolution trend and other aspects, 3G and WLAN are complementary.
For GPRSCDMA1xIn terms of 1xRTT, EV-DO, EV-DV and other technologies, the symmetry of uplink and downlink data services is an obvious advantage of Wi Fi.For the 2Mbit data rate in 3G room, Wi Fi also has absolute advantages. It currently uses802.11bStandard, theoretical data rate up to 11Mbit, actualphysical layerThe data rate supports 1, 2, 5.5, and 11Mbit adjustment, and the coverage range is 100-300m.along with802.11g/a、802.16e、802.11i、WiMAXWith the development and improvement of technology and protocol standards, as well as the rapid response ability of the Wi Fi alliance to the market, Wi Fi is entering a stage of rapid development.Where, as802.11bWiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessGlobal microwave access interoperability）, which was officially approved in January 2003. Although it uses a frequency band different from 802.11b (10-66GHz)Wireless MAN(WMAN) technology, which can802.11b/g/A Wireless accesshotspotComplement each other and build a city widebroadbandWireless technology.As the wireless expansion technology of Cable and DSL, the mobility and flexibility of Wi Fi/WiMAX provide mobile users with real wireless broadband access services and realize thebandwidthExtension of features and QoS quality of service.
As far as Wi Fi technology is concerned, roaming, handover, security, interference and other aspects are the key points for operators to consider when networking.With the backboneTransmission networkCapacity andtransmission speed The improvement of, whether using a flat or two-tier architecture will not affect users' fast broadband access;With the improvement of IAPP and MobileIP technology and the development of IPv6, roaming and handover can be finally solved;802.11iThe generation of standards will provide more security policies, including WPA2, multimedia authentication, etc;The increasingly mature networking scheme and interference pre detection mechanism can reduce the interference caused by frequency resource development.
The market target of Wi Fi/WiMAX is to becomebroadband wireless access Metropolitan area networkThe basic goal is to provide a kind of broadband wireless access means that can effectively interoperate in the point to multipoint multi vendor environment in the metropolitan area network field, so as to achieve the goal ofWireless WANIndividuals roaming around the world with WWAN as the basic mode and public voice and multimedia data as the contentMobile terminalThe basic market positioning.Wi Fi/WiMAX can also be used as a supplement to 3G wireless wide area/metropolitan area and multi-point base station interconnection support means.
The development direction of Wi Fi/WiMAX includes: network technology, covering a wider range, from hot spots toHot areaTo the whole city;Wi Fi handheld terminals and VoWLAN services are bound to become potential application models;IP based Wi Fi/WiMAX switching technology and open service platform will make WLAN network more intelligent and easier to manage;Provide different levels of security solutions based on multi-level security policies (WEP, WPA, WPA2, AES, VPN, etc.), which will enable enterprises and individual users to choose security policies that meet their needs according to different cost performance ratios.
1. All IP based network architecture
Whether commercial or under test (CDMA2000/WCDMA R99/R4/TD-SCDMA）3G standards are not based on all IP networks, for example, CDMA2000 is based on ANSI-41;WCDMA99/TD-SCDMA is based on traditional GSM-MAP, R4SoftswitchAnd control separation. It was not until R5 introduced IMS that all IPCore network。Obviously all IPCore networkThe network is also the development direction of 3G. The core network based on all IP can not only develop independently with the wireless access mode, but also support a variety of wireless access modes, including Wi Fi/WiMAX, WCDMA, Bluetooth and so on.WLAN and 3G have been considered together in R6 of 3G.
Different carrying characteristics of Wi Fi/WiMAX and 3G（throughput、delayed、QoS、SymmetryFor users to enjoy voice, datamultimedia service Provide more access mode options;They can integrate different service engines through sharing open service platforms to achieve network interoperability;according tonetwork serviceThe user can manually or automatically select the network to access for the performance of the zone;The operation support system that supports both WLAN and 3G networks can realize unified operation management, billing, and even user identity authentication for the dual networks, minimizing the cost of network construction and maintenance.
Complementarity of applications
Two network technologiesMobile communication technologyIn the development, local integration will be achieved, and each will play its own advantages and avoid weaknesses. The complementary trend is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Voice and VoWLAN
Relative to satisfactionTraffic3G technology with multiple users, WLAN network based on IP technology is more suitable for carrying out broadcast voice services（PTT, multi-party meetings, long-distance calls, advertising, etc.).
2. Data services under wide area coverage and regional coverage
Compared with 3G technology, it can still maintain 144kbit in case of large coverage and fast movementData rateWLAN technology has an absolute advantage in meeting the needs of users for high-speed data transmission in specific areas.
The frequency resources allocated by 3G are limiteddata service yeschannelThe occupancy rate of is extremely high, which affects the voice access at the same timeNumber of users。If a specific area is planned (such ascommercial centreCrowded area)data service The public data channel transferred to Wi Fi/WiMAX will undoubtedly greatly improve the utilization rate of 3G wireless network resources.
4. Combination of handheld terminal and Laptop/PDA
High data transmission rateAlways OnlineLaptop/PDA with low usage fees can meet the needs of commercial users for large amounts of information: more convenient and compact 3G handheld terminals can meet the needs of individual users for fast messages.
5. The connection between the mobile phone and the computer is no longer wired. It can be done wirelessly.
Business operation
At present, many smart phones and most tablets support Wi Fi Internet access. Wi Fi is what most people want to find at any time.It is not only a supplement to wireless broadband access services, but also an important part of innovative operation of operators.From the perspective of global Wi Fi business development, it is basically impossible to support the development of Wi Fi business only by providing a single wireless broadband access to achieve profitability.In the face of this situation, a new profit model is urgently needed to provide strong support for the development of Wi Fi, and ensure that the investment can be rewarded at the same time.Wi Fi advertisingThe mode is obviously a mature and operational mode at present, and,Wi Fi advertisingThe exploration of the mode is showing the following new directions.
Direction 1: Regional electronic map
The advertising mode is based on the regional electronic map of the Wi Fi login portal page, that is, based on the different locations of the hotspot, Wi Fi users will see the electronic map of the current hotspot and its surrounding areas, and operators can use the regional map to continue advertising and labeling businesses around the hotspot.The map of the Wi Fi portal is marked with a mouse stop phrase. When the user moves the mouse on the regional map, the latest information and links of different merchants will be displayed. When clicking any advertisement, the website interface of this merchant will be entered. Merchants can update their merchant information in the background, and operators are responsible for the maintenance and unified management of the page.This mode is not only for users to find the nearest business, restaurantATM, gas stationfilmHospital, hospital and other surrounding life information, as well as the use of map navigation, mobile yellow page query and other services, but also can find the "latestfilmThe upcomingfilm”Or "the consumption level of the restaurant, how the food tastes" and other deeper information.
Benefits to advertisers:Wi Fi electronic map advertising can combine advertising promotion and advanced and secure wireless network technology into one, so that merchants' advertising and publicity can be combined with the map with complete information, close to the nearest potential customers, so that hot online customers can easily find the geographical location of merchants nearby.
Benefits to operators:Make use of the consumer behavior that customers like to buy nearby and save time and convenience to turn a single hot spot of Wi Fi into a business circle. The more hot spots, the greater the commercial value of its advertising.
Direction 2: Personalized Portal Page
Place personalized ads or market research options for businesses on the Wi Fi account login page and the pop-up page after login, or set up personalized portal pages for each hot business to charge for ad customization and publishing.The main feature of this model is that operators have the control of the page, and businesses can use their specific pages to publish advertising information.
Benefits to advertisers:The specific personalized advertising page directly reaches Wi Fi users, so that users can get the first contact with the advertising or market research options of businesses on the Internet. It not only highlights the image of businesses, but also is a good way to conduct market research.
Benefits to operators: by using the unique resources of account login page and pop-up page after login, you can customize the personalized authentication page of "VLAN+port+IP address" for Portal, and at the same time, you can carry out advertising business on the Portal page, build in service selection and information publishing, expand business, and realize the operation of Wi Fi network.
Direction 3: Location
The advertising service is carried out by taking advantage of the location of Wi Fi hotspots. Advertisers push advertisements by selecting specific regions and hotspots, so that advertisers' advertisements can attract potential customers who are most likely to buy their products.At the same time, advertisers can also formulate corresponding special promotions or preferential programs for different geographical regions to make advertising more accurate and targeted, and push customized information to Wi Fi users for effective advertising.For example, advertisers in the tourism service category can push their advertisements against the target customer groups of airport Wi Fi hotspots, and advertisers in the coffee industry can learn about and discover the habits of target customer groups by pushing optional advertisements at specific Wi Fi hotspots such as coffee bars.
Benefits to advertisers:This mode can consciously select the customer groups that need to put advertisements through different hot spots or geographical locations according to the wishes and hobbies of businesses, so as to carry out accurate and effective advertising marketing.
Benefits to operators:Wi Fi operators can distinguish different hotspots through IP and VLAN, and can effectively segment customer groups, so that customer groups with different hotspots and different scenarios present different consumption characteristics, thus meeting the requirements of advertisers for accurate delivery of target customer groups.
Direction 4: Advertising for free Wi Fi
Wi Fi internet access is generally achieved by entering an account to pay, and the operation mode of "free internet access through watching advertisements" will change this single situation into the operation mode of "backward payment", that is, forward users use Wi Fi to access the Internet with "zero payment".The so-called "backward payment" refers to the payment made by the backward advertisers, while the users who use the wireless network do not have to pay the network service fee.The typical use scenario of this mode is that before logging on to the Wi Fi network, the Internet surfer needs to watch the ads on the login page, or click the market survey option button, etc. The user can access the Internet for free after selecting and submitting.The time can be set by the operator, for example, 30 minutes. After the user accesses the Internet for 30 minutes, the page will automatically return to a new set of advertising pages. As long as the user goes to see the ads again or continues to click, he can access the Internet for another 30 minutes for free.
Benefits to advertisers:As browsing advertisements or clicking buttons is the only way for users to surf the Internet for free, the browsing volume of merchants' advertisements will be guaranteed, and the market research of merchants will also have a broad foundation. Advertising on Wi Fi will become valuable.For example, hot spots are set up in densely populated streets, squares, cafes, bars, restaurants, subways and other areas (which can be done by helping merchants set up hot spots for free), and advertisements are sold to the outside world. Advertisers can even designate hot spots in a certain area to display advertisements.
Benefits to operators:This mode will lower the threshold of Wi Fi access and increase the number of users.As the number of users increases, the use of Wi Fi increases and the value of advertising increases.There must be a certain separation between this mode and the payment mode. For example, paying users will enjoy higher bandwidth than free users, so that the user experience will not be affected.
Direction 5: Jointly build "attractive" content
Wi Fi operators and partners jointly build a "Wi Fi Zone" content area on the Wi Fi portal. "Wi Fi Zone" has "attractive" content that can attract users. "Attractive" content includes: wonderfulfilmPlay, music download, discount and promotion information, activity information, experience information, online printing, etc. The advertisements of merchants are interspersed in the corresponding content and are browsed by users relying on "attractive" content.
Benefits to advertisers:Through the "attraction" content, the advertising browsing volume is increased and the effect is strengthened. At the same time, the brand promotion ads of some businesses can also be part of the "attraction" content.For example, users in Starbucks can receive various preferential sales information in the store while consuming
Benefits to operators:Operators and businesses cooperate to establish "Wi Fi Zone" content, which can attract more users to browse its content online, create excellent content brands, and establish long-term and stable relationships with partners.At the same time, operators can also cooperate with businesses to launch products such as the "Wi Fi Zone" card, which contains both account and password information, and users can also enjoy the "Wi Fi Zone" business benefits with the card. This win-win model will attract businesses to invest in advertising in the "Wi Fi Zone".
thus it can be seen,With the rapid development of the network, operators can explore new ways to develop Wi Fi by trying to innovate the Wi Fi business model;At present, the domestic Wi Fi business model is mainly advertising. According to this model, China's leading Wi Fi service providerwitownDeveloped a set of Wi Fi marketing system to transform idle Wi Fi of small and medium-sized enterprises into commercial marketing Wi Fi;It not only has enterprise level routing function, but also can be displayed through Wi FiCorporate brand0 cost all-weather push advertising and other functions, I believe that it will soon blow a whirlwind among domestic small and medium-sized enterprises.With the acceleration of the construction of Wi Fi network, there will be more and more hot spots. The innovative applications of Wi Fi based on wireless Internet access will also have greater market space.
Building the Internet of Things
5G embedded Wi Fi module application Internet of Vehicles
Information technology such as the Internet of Things is a means and tool to build a smart city, and an infrastructure to carry the construction of a smart city.Today, the Internet technology is increasingly developed, and new technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Vehicles are emerging in endlessly. These new technologies also feed back the Internet, allowing the Internet technology itself to achieve unprecedented rapid development.
5G embedded Wi Fi module application Internet of Vehicles
The emergence of the Internet of Vehicles may change the current situation of the communication industry under the impact of the Internet. If the traditional operators seize the opportunities given by the times, it is not impossible for the communication industry to shine a new light, and it will be just around the corner to regain the voice of the industry.
Vehicles are an important part of cities. The total number of motor vehicles in China has reached 233 million, second only to the United States. Based on this huge number of vehicles, the "Internet of Vehicles" came into being.Behind such impressive figures, there are many problems, such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, etc. The Internet of Vehicles is an important driving force for China to build a smart city;The increase in customers and demand provides a commercial market for the development of the Internet of Vehicles.
According to the US science and technology media, this unprecedented project is managed by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Center (UMTRI). In the next 12 months, about 3000 vehicles will be included in the plan.Drivers are specially recruited because they often move within the quarter circle of AnnArbor.Each car is connected through a dedicated short-range communication channel, which is similar to the Wi Fi network you use at home or in a coffee shop.
All data will be recorded, so researchers can determine the accuracy of warnings and know which type of warnings can best help drivers stay away from danger.There are no autonomous vehicles yet, but more sensors are installed in the vehicles.Most of the cars are owned by the participants, and the car manufacturers also provide 64 cars, which are equipped with embedded communication devices to connect theAirborne computerNetwork, installed with the auto manufacturer's customized warning interface and multiple cameras.
This project is the result of 10 years of efforts by the U.S. Department of Transportation, automobile manufacturers and the University of Michigan Transportation Research Center.The project has already invested 25 million dollars, 80% of which is provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation.Eight automobile manufacturers (Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai Kia, Mercedes Benz, Nissan, Toyota and Volkswagen) provide support for research through cooperation agreements.
come fromNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationAccording to the figures of, on average, 34000 people are killed in traffic accidents every year in the United States, and about 240 billion dollars are needed to maintain road traffic safety.If the project is promoted on a large scale in the future, it will undoubtedly effectively reduce traffic accidents and avoid casualties.
Connect vehicles to reduce traffic accidents
According to incomplete statistics, the number of deaths caused by traffic accidents in the world each year exceeds 1 million.Despite the rapid development of science and technology, this worldwide problem is still difficult to solve decades later.Previously, we also introduced invisible bicycle helmets, Google driverless cars, and so on.
The United States Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), in conjunction with automobile manufacturers and various institutions, is preparing to launch a cloud platform based on dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), which uses technology similar to Wi Fi to connect on-board computers and remote traffic safety management platforms, and send warning messages to remind drivers of safe driving before possible accidents,So as to reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.
In the next year, more than 3000 vehicles will participate in this project. The staff will equip each vehicle with on-board computers, communication equipment, several sensors and multiple cameras. The on-board computers will transmit various real-time signals to the traffic safety management platform when the vehicle is running.
Whenever a dangerous situation occurs, such as speeding or reverse driving, the safety platform will immediately detect and send voice or vibration warnings through the on-board computer.In addition to providing security warnings, this platform also has other applications, such as setting reminders, picking up children after work and school, etc. It also supports developers to develop various applications for them.
At present, eight automobile manufacturers have joined this test, includingFord、currency、Honda、modern、Benz、Nissan、Toyotaandpublic。MichiganThis project is just a pilot project at present, but it still costs 2.5 billion dollars.If it is popularized in the United States, it will cost 24 billion dollars every year. However, considering that 34000 people are killed in traffic accidents every year in the United States, and their lives are priceless, this investment is acceptable.
Global coverage
It sounds like a beautiful idea to have wireless networks covering every corner of the world, but an American technology company intends to make it a reality.The company is expected to launch hundreds of mini satellites into low Earth orbit before June 2015. These satellites continuously release wireless network signals to the earth, covering all parts of the world, and can be connected to the wireless network using any electronic terminal.
On February 26, 2014, an ambitious American company called Media Development Investment Fund Company launched a project called "Outernet".The company is contacting NASA for help in signal release test at the International Space Station. Later, it needs NASA to help put hundreds of Cube Sats mini satellites into the designated orbit.It is envisaged that after entering the predetermined orbit, the satellite can receive the network data released from the ground base station. The satellite needs to analyze these data and convert them into wireless networks to release them to the earth.
According to anotherHome of webmasterIt is reported that according to foreign media, American technology entrepreneurs want to cover the world with wireless network signals through a "technology utopia" project called Outernet.It is reported that the project is to launch hundreds of micro satellites CubeSats into low Earth orbit, which are the "birthplace" of free wifi.
In fact, the Outernet project is still unable to provide a perfect wireless network. To be precise, this project is mainly for the widespread dissemination of high-quality news and closely related educational information.The communication mode in the Outernet plan tends to be a multi-channel wireless planning form.
Commercial WiFi
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Allotment
In November 2014, WeChat opened the WiFi interface, indicating the clamor and undercurrent of commercial WiFi.In fact, it also forces some merchants who are not poor in money and have the ability of IT implementation and application to build their own WIFI, hoping that the huge WeChat users will bring more attention to them, so as to force them to do more online and offline increment.This also shows that online plus offline is a relatively complete ecology.
The whole closed loop of WiFi ecological construction from the beginning to the end runs through the whole process of users, thus forming multiple ecological combinations, including: first, how to obtain free traffic portals (local push, traffic) in unfamiliar scenes;Second, get a good experience (technical platform);Third, LBS attributes and personal instant demand attributes are obtained based on WiFi;The fourth is the business model of resource integration for targeted product development.
R&D products
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Train wifi
On March 6, 2014, the reporter learned from experts in transportation and relevant communication development companies that research and development are under way“Train WiFi”System, and WiFi coverage will be realized on Chengdu Chongqing bullet train in the near future.
WiFi will not affect EMU communication
On the evening of March 6, 2014,School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong UniversityProfessor Fang Xuming, director of the Department of Communication Engineering, told the Tianfu Morning Post that Wang Mengshu misunderstood the concept of subway communication and bullet train communication, and the frequency of using WiFi on bullet trains would not affect bullet train communication.
In order to ensure the normal operation and dispatching of trains, railway communication such as GSM-R frequency is about 800-900MHz, which belongs to a special communication frequency band and is specially protected.The communication of the railway system is specially covered and optimized along the railway line, and the signal quality is guaranteed.The communication frequency used by WiFi and subway belongs to the public frequency band. The frequency is 2.4GHz, which can be used by medical institutions and other public institutions.
Since the communication frequency of subway and WiFi is the same, the use of WiFi on subway may affect subway communication.However, the communication system and WiFi system of the railway department use different networks, and are different in frequency band and system mode. "There will be no impact between the two systems".
Timely announce the progress of "train WiFi"
Southwest Jiaotong UniversityThe Department of Communication Engineering of the School of Information Science and Technology and a communication company in Beijing are currently developing the "train WiFi" system, which was tested on the Chengdu Chongqing EMU during the Spring Festival.
Synchronous broadcast:WiFi signal does not affect the operation of Chengdu Metro
The relevant person in charge of Chengdu Radio Regulatory Commission said that the use of WiFi on the subway will not affect the subway operation.
At the beginning of the planning of Chengdu Metro, the Office of Chengdu Radio Management Committee organized an expert review meeting on the 800MHz digital trunking communication system of Chengdu Metro Line 1 and Line 2, investigated the communication system design of Chengdu Metro, and confirmed its safety and reliability.
Secondly, before the opening of the subway, the Municipal Commission of Urban Rural Affairs also organized ChengduRadio monitoring stationThe electromagnetic environment test was conducted at all stations of Chengdu Metro Line 1 and Line 2 to ensure the safety of assigned frequency.At the same time, a regular contact and communication mechanism has been established, an emergency leading group has been set up, and it has been connected to the e-government emergency network. Once the subway has problems in underground operation, the ground can know the situation in time.
WiFi in the air
In August 2023, China Eastern Airlines announced a new breakthrough in the "Wi Fi in the air" service. It is the first in China to achieve open use below 3000 meters. Passengers can use mobile phones and other PEDs (portable electronic devices) during the whole flight "from takeoff to landing", enjoy the Internet service in the air, and "online" at any time.[5]
matters needing attention
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How to ensure the security of mobile banking
The user can establish a connection with the banking system through WAP through the special client program on the mobile phone, and carry out financial services such as account query, transfer, payment, consumption payment, etc. This method is called "mobile banking".The first three letters of its website are WAP, which is significantly different from the general Internet access.The account information of mobile banking is statically encrypted and bound to the mobile phone. If someone steals your account information, it cannot be operated on other mobile phones.After verification with ICBC customer service, they said that in order to facilitate users, non designated mobile phones were allowed to operate mobile bank accounts, but the amount of funds allowed to operate was very low.
Most importantly, mobile banking also has authentication means.The principle of encryption is very simple. Its purpose is to make unauthorized users unable to use the data even if they have obtained it. Authentication is a review measure of whether the data has been tampered with and whether the person receiving the data is an authorized user. It is used to ensure that the data is authentic and reliable and that the recipient is authorized.From the specific technology and algorithm used, encryption and authentication are not significantly different, but from the functional point of view, they are very different and cannot replace each other, and can achieve high security through effective cooperation.
You have entered the correct account number and password. When the operation involves the change of account funds, the mobile bank will prompt you to enter a specific electronic password, and the electronic password card is an effective authentication method.For example, if an ICBC electronic password card sends information C5H8, you need to enter the corresponding content in the corresponding input box, and the information sent by the bank each time is not the same.
ICBC's electronic password card
Different banks may adopt different authentication methods. For example, CCB sends mobile phone verification codes by binding mobile phones, but they all play a similar role.
How to ensure the safety of personal online banking
Personal online bankingWill adopthttpsThe end is more common than yourshttpThere are mores。You enter your personal online banking address on the computer. When you jump to the account information input page, the URL bar changes from http to https, and a small padlock is added at the end, which means that the data entered and transmitted through this page will be encrypted by a 128 bit encryption algorithm, and only the bank can correctly decrypt it,Even if all the encrypted data is obtained by hackers, it is useless.
On the https page and small padlock logo of online banking and Alipay, click the yellow small padlock, and the "website logo" box will pop up to view the certificate status.
In addition, when using computers to access personal online banking via https, there is also the protection of authentication means. The size of the capital limit of the operating account matches the strength of the authentication means. The authentication strength of the electronic password card is low, and the funds that can be operated are small. However, the authentication strength of the U-Shield is large, and the funds that can be operated are more.The use of https protocol to connect with personal online banking is a mandatory measure taken by the bank to ensure security. Information transmitted through non encrypted protocols will not be accepted by the bank.
All netizens who have used personal online banking will know that the security control provided by the bank must be installed before use, otherwise the account information column is grayed out and no information can be entered at all.The mobile phone system, whether it is Apple, Android or Symbian, does not support this control, so it cannot be installed at all. The account cannot be input naturally, and it is impossible to be stolen.
Some high-level players will install virtual machines on their mobile phones, which is possible to install the bank's security controls and successfully operate personal online banking. At this time, the mobile phone can already be regarded as a simple computer, and naturally, it is also necessary to exchange data with personal online banking through https, a security protocol, just like ordinary computers.
Watch out for phishing websites
Many cases of account theft are actually due to access to phishing websites.They disguise themselves as regular bank pages or payment pages to cheat you into entering the account name and password, which may not necessarily be achieved through WiFi hotspots. Any way of surfing the Internet may be deceived.However, public WiFi does provide the potential for embedding phishing websitesARP spoofing, you can embed a sectionHTMLCode to automatically jump to the phishing website.From this perspective, the public WiFi network provides a convenient fishing environment for users.
To avoid being caught, pay attention to the safety of use.On the one hand, you need to pay more attention to the network address sent by others, because this address may be very close to the domain name address of Taobao and online banking, and the opened page is almost identical to the real program, but actually you enter a disguised phishing website;On the other hand, try to choose a browser with security authentication function. These browsers can automatically prompt you whether the page you open is safe to avoid entering phishing websites.For smart phone users, when downloading client software related to transactions, try to choose the official channel to download, and do not install clients of unknown origin.
Conclusion: Whether the bank account is secure or not is not necessarily related to whether the mobile phone accesses the Internet through free WiFi.It is safe to use mobile banking based on WAP client, and it is also safe to use personal online banking via https on a computer. However, do not use mobile banking on personal online banking, and the bank does not support this business.When using personal online banking on a computer, please check https and the small padlock sign behind the address bar.
Security risk
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In June 2014, CCTV's program entitled "Dangerous WiFi" revealed a huge security risk in wireless networks. Free WiFi hotspots in public places may be phishing traps, and home routers may also be easily broken by malicious attackers.Without knowing it, netizens may face theft of sensitive personal information, visit phishing websites, and even cause direct economic losses.
Fishing trap
In order to attract customers, many businesses will provide WiFi access services. When customers find WiFi hotspots, they usually ask the waiter for the connection password.Hackers provide a free WiFi access point with a name similar to that of businesses to attract Internet users.
Once connected to the WiFi hotspot set by the hacker, all data packets on the Internet will be forwarded by the hacker device, and these information can be intercepted for analysis. Some unencrypted communications can be viewed directly.
In addition to masquerading a WiFi trap similar to a normal WiFi access point, an attacker can also create an access point with the same name as the normal WiFi access point.Because the wireless router signal coverage is not stable enough, your phone will automatically connect to the WiFi hotspot created by the attacker.You fall into the trap again without being aware of it.
Active attack
Hackers can use hacker tools to attack the wireless router that is providing services and interfere with the connection. The network connection of the home router with weak anti attack ability is disconnected in this way, and then connected to the wireless access point set by the hacker.
Attackers will first use various hacker tools to crackHome wireless routerThe hacker will successfully connect to yourHome Router, share a LAN.
In addition to enjoying free network bandwidth, the attacker will also try to log in to your wireless router management background.Since wireless routers with potential security risks are quite common in the market, hackers are likely to crack the login password of home routers.
Hijacking risk
In August 2014, Ruben Santamarta, a network security researcher, said that he had found a way to "hack" into the satellite communication equipment on civil aviation airliners through aircraft WiFi and in-flight entertainment systems, which could be used by hackers for hijacking.In theory, a hacker can use the WiFi signal on the aircraft or the in-flight entertainment system to break into itAvionicsTo destroy or modify satellite communications, thereby interfering with the aircraft's navigation and safety systems.Therefore, hijacking using aircraft WiFi is theoretically possible.
In 2014, Santa Marta was 32 years old, working for a network security companyIOActive。He plans to make a speech on the security vulnerabilities of satellite communication systems used in aerospace and other industries at the "Black Hat" conference in Las Vegas on August 7, 2014, and announce the technical details of his research.
Santa Marta said that he discovered the software vulnerabilities on these communication devices through "reverse engineering".The equipment manufacturers involved include Cobham, Harris, Hughes Network Systems, Iridium Communication and Japan Wireless.
But Santa Marta said that his "black in" behavior has only been tested in a controllable environment, such as IOActive's laboratory in Madrid, which is difficult to replicate in reality.His decision to make it public is to encourage manufacturers to repair the risks and safety hazards he believes.
Representatives of Cobham, Harris, Hughes and Iridium said that they had evaluated the study of Santa Marta and confirmed some of his findings, but also played down the risks.A spokesman for Nippon Wireless declined to comment, saying only that information about such security risks would not be made public.[2]
Preventive measures
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First,Use WiFi hotspots in public places with caution.The WiFi provided by the official organization and with a verification mechanism can be used after being confirmed by the staff.Other public WiFi that can be connected directly and do not need verification or password is at high risk. It may be a phishing trap, so try not to use it.
Second,When using WiFi hotspots in public places, online shopping and online banking operations should be avoided as far as possible to avoid the disclosure of important personal sensitive information, or even the transfer by hacker banks.
Third,Develop a good habit of using WIFI.The phone will record all the used WiFi hotspots. If the WiFi switch is turned on, the phone will constantly search the surrounding area. Once it encounters a hotspot with the same name, it will automatically connect, which is a risk of being phished.Therefore, when we enter the public area, we should try not to turn on the WiFi switch, or set the WiFi to lock screen and then stop automatically connecting, so as to avoid connecting malicious WiFi without our knowledge.
Fourth,The router at home manages the background login account and password. Instead of using the default admin, it can be changed to a high-intensity password of letters and numbers;WPA2 encryption authentication mode is selected for the set WiFi password. Relatively complex passwords can greatly improve the difficulty of hackers to crack.
Fifth,Security software should be installed on both mobile and computer terminals.The security software can timely intercept and remind hackers of common attacks such as phishing websites.The "routing management master" under internal test by Jinshan drug bulliesfunctionIt can also effectively prevent home routers from being hijacked by attackers and prevent Internet users from running naked online.[2]
