Virtual Private Server

Computer science terminology

Collection

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synonym VPS (Virtual private server) generally refers to virtual private server

Virtual Private Server (VPS for short) technology is to integrate a The server High quality service divided into multiple virtual exclusive servers. The technologies to implement VPS include container technology, and Virtualization technology^[1] 。 In the container or virtual machine, each VPS can be configured with an independent public IP address and an independent operating system to isolate disk space, memory, CPU resources, processes and system configurations between different VPS, and simulate the experience of "exclusive" use of computing resources for users and applications. VPS can be like Stand alone server Similarly, reinstall the operating system, install the program, and restart the server separately. VPS provides users with the freedom to manage configurations, which can be used for enterprise virtualization or IDC resource leasing.

IDC resource lease is provided by VPS provider. The use experience of VPS varies greatly due to the difference of hardware and VPS software used by different VPS providers and the difference of sales strategies. In particular, when VPS providers are oversold, which leads to overload of physical servers, VPS performance will be greatly affected. Relatively speaking, container technology is more efficient and easier to use than virtual machine technology Oversold Therefore, the price of container VPS is generally higher than virtual machine VPS price.

These VPS host Share hardware software license And managing resources. Each VPS host can be configured with independent public IP address, independent operating system, independent super space, independent memory, and independent CPU Resources, independent execution program, independent system configuration, etc VPS host users can assign multiple Virtual host And infinity Cmail In addition, it has an independent host function, which can install programs by itself, restart or reinstall the host separately (some virtualization/container technologies do not support replacing the kernel).

To put it simply, VPS is a system isolated through virtualization technology.

Chinese name: Virtual Private Server
Foreign name: Virtual Private Server

Alias: VPS
Service: Virtual Services

catalog

purpose

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VPS virtual server

VPS Virtual Server The technology can flexibly allocate server resources in a variety of different ways. The resources of each virtualized server can be very different, which can flexibly meet the needs of various high-end users.^[2] By creating about 10 VPS hosts on a server, you can ensure that each virtual host user has exclusive VPS resources, and its operation and management are completely the same as that of an independent host. VPS host can provide high-end users with safe, reliable and high-quality host services.

It can be used in the following aspects:

1. Virtual host space:

VPS host can be like Stand alone server As well as many Virtual host space Each space can hold many websites, which is very suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises, small portal websites Personal Studio 、 SOHO family provide Website space , larger exclusive resources, and secure and reliable isolation ensure users' use of resources and data security.

two E-commerce platform ：

Vps and Stand alone server The operation of VPS is exactly the same. Small and medium-sized service providers can establish their own e-commerce and online trading platforms through VPS at a lower cost.

3. ASP application platform:

VPS's unique application template can be deployed in batches quickly. In addition to the quality of independent hosts and extremely low cost, it is the preferred platform for small and medium-sized enterprises to apply ASP.

4. Data sharing platform:

With complete isolation and unparalleled security, SMEs and professional portals can use VPS to provide data sharing and data download services. For large enterprises, it can be used as a departmental application platform.

5. Online game platform:

Low price, excellent quality and exclusive resources make VPS available online Game server To provide game services for the vast number of Internet users.

6. Database storage platform:

It can provide data storage function for small and medium-sized enterprises. Due to cost ratio Stand alone server Low and high security are preferred for small databases.

Technical Principles

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VPS host Is an item Server virtualization and Automation technology , which uses the operating system Virtualization technology 。 The concept of operating system virtualization is based on sharing Operating system kernel , so Virtual Server There is no need for additional virtualization kernel processes, so the virtual process resource consumption is lower, so more virtual servers can be realized on a physical server. These VPS hosts share hardware, software licenses, and management resources with maximum efficiency. Each VPS host can be restarted independently, and has its own root access, user, IP address, memory, process, file, application, system function library, and configuration file.

VPS host is through VPS host vmware Server virtualization technology Virtual host Virtualization is an abstraction layer that separates the physical hardware from the operating system to provide higher IT resource utilization and flexibility.

VPS host technology supports both Linux and Windows platforms. Linux The Virtuozzo server version also supports Virtual Server Implement different Linux distributions of the same version kernel on.

Product features

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Isolation between users

Flexibility and full control of VPS enable you to run any application software and create any customized configuration.

High security

Higher security also means higher service reliability.

Resource control and peak value

Ensure that users get a higher level of services and resources. Allows peak use of idle server resources, providing a better service than independent hosts (many low-end Stand alone server The resources are inferior to those of the servers used by the DS).

Templates and Application Suite

New application operating systems and application software can be updated in time to reduce security risks

Customer Control Panel

Self service management and use of fault diagnosis tools: restart, repair, reinstall, backup, and real-time monitoring of VPS operation. Operation logs and resource utilization statistics help administrators find and troubleshoot problems.

Easy migration

There is no need to stop services when upgrading and migrating. Service providers can meet almost all requirements from low to high host Demand for services.

Backup and Recovery

It has backup and recovery functions. Many IDC vendors' service solutions include space for user backup.

Advantages and disadvantages

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advantage

VPS server It is a special type between traditional virtual host and independent host Server hosting Technology, which virtualizes a large Internet host into multiple server systems with independent IP addresses through special server management technology. These systems are the same in terms of performance, security, and scalability Stand alone server There is no substantial difference, but the cost is only 1/4 or 1/5 of the cost of renting an independent server, and there is no additional cost for subsequent hardware maintenance and management.

VPS server Having the system independent management right that traditional virtual hosts do not have, which solves the operation and development problems of websites that need independent host performance and financial resources, is undoubtedly a more affordable choice.

Compared with traditional virtual hosts, The VPS server does not share the same host hardware resources with a large number of virtual hosts, so it has obvious advantages in bandwidth, speed, website and email security, and supports super administrators to achieve effective remote management, enabling enterprises to more effectively control Internet resources such as CGI programs and databases purchased by themselves.

To make a vivid analogy: enterprises using virtual hosts are like living in collective dormitories. Although they have their own beds, they cannot avoid the problems caused by overcrowding; Enterprises using VPS servers are like living in independent units. Although they still share some important utilities (CPU and bus) with residents in other units, their security and convenience have been greatly improved.

The VPS server is the successor Stand alone server After renting the service E-commerce platform Enterprises that do not want to rent expensive independent servers have built a new Internet business model, which has very high practical commercial value, especially for SMEs who urgently need Internet services.

Advantage analysis

1. Improve safety. As we all know, the shared IP is the same IP shared by several VPS, so when a customer's website is closed or attacked for various reasons, it will be affected by sharing. The only way to avoid this is to use your own independent IP.

2. Promotion advantages. If the website uses its own independent IP, Search Engines It will be considered as an independent website, which will help improve its inclusion and weight.

3. Increase the confidentiality of electronic data. When you use an independent IP, you can activate it SSL The confidential data transmission protocol is the kind of protocol used by various payment platforms, which can effectively prevent data from being stolen halfway and improve security.

4. Available Domain name universal resolution 。 In the actual process of accessing a website, it often happens that users cannot access the website normally due to wrong input. When you use an independent IP, you can use the domain name pan resolution to solve this problem, so as to improve the website traffic.

5. You can directly access the website through IP. When you use an independent IP, users can directly access your website through PING your IP, without having to domain name This is a reflection of enterprise strength.

defect

Because VPS creates multiple virtual hosts on an independent server through virtual software such as VMs, when one VPS is attacked or consumes a large amount of broadband resources, the rest of VPS will also be affected. If a VPS is broken by hackers, other VPS cannot work.

Defect analysis

VPS and Virtual machine Both are virtual hosts.

Virtual machine is the concept of cloud added to vps technology. To put it simply, cloud computing is to distribute computing to each computer, and each computer will submit the calculated results to it, so as to achieve rapid and massive computing. The virtual machine stores various user data in a place equivalent to a server cluster, so that even if one server hangs, the normal use of the user will not be affected. Technically, virtual machine is the progress of vps. However, China's cloud technology development is not very mature. There are few hosts that actually use cloud technology. In terms of user needs, vps has fully met user needs, and vps technology is quite mature in China.

Correlation comparison

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	Traditional virtual host	vps	Physical server
performance	Usually poor	Generally better, scalable and expandable	good
Technical threshold	low	higher	Higher, including hardware maintenance
Memory	Full Sharing	Independent, hundreds of M to several G	Completely independent, determined by server hardware, can be added
Hard disk space	Shared, usually with small capacity	Independent, large	Fully independent, can be added
cpu	Generally, there are too many restrictions to run programs that consume too much resources	There are certain restrictions	Determined by server hardware, completely exclusive
bandwidth	Shared bandwidth, easily affected by other sites	Relatively independent, generally with guaranteed bandwidth	Large, determined by the access network
flow	Generally less	more	Large, determined by the access network
running speed	Usually slow	Faster	fast
Site isolation	Very bad	good	Complete isolation
stability	Usually poor	Generally good, provided the system is configured correctly	Fully dependent on configuration, including hardware and software configuration
Functional limitations	A lot	very seldom	hardly any
flexibility	Almost none	flexible	flexible
Controllability	less	great	Fully controllable
Security	Poor, mainly responsible by the host company	High, mainly self managed	High, fully self managed
Ease of operation	simple	More complex	More complex
Function richness	Very simple	Rich and customized	Rich, fully customized
IP address	Usually shared, some host companies provide independent IP	Independent IP, IP can be added	Independent IP, IP can be added
Extensibility	Poor. Usually, only hard disk space and traffic can be expanded	Good, very convenient	trouble
Migration convenience	Manually back up site files and databases one by one, as well as restore	Convenient, all files can be packed and compressed, including configuration files, and can be used without modification when transferred to the new environment; Some host companies can even relocate the entire system directly	Realized by relocation of machine hardware equipment
Scope of application	Entry level webmaster, small personal website, small company website	Experienced webmasters, troublesome players, special network service requesters, managers of simulated physical servers, and websites of small and medium-sized companies with large visits	Large and medium-sized websites with special network service requirements

functional comparison

VPS host and managed host and Virtual host Comparison of various functions

function	Virtual host	VPS host	managed host
Operating system platform	Supports Windows and Linux	Supports Windows and Linux	Support Windows and Linux, other Unix
performance	Unstable operation, poor safety and slow speed	Stable, safe and efficient operation	Stable, safe and efficient operation
cost	Lower	Cost close to virtual host	high
User isolation	Users are isolated through access permissions, which is poor and vulnerable to other users	Users are completely isolated from users at the operating system level. Each user can ensure exclusive resources without being affected by other users	Independent users, exclusive resources
Security	It will be affected when other users are attacked or the server is attacked	Users are completely isolated to ensure that other users will not be affected when attacked. Software and hardware isolation ensures that common hacker attacks on physical nodes are invalid to users	Independent users, exclusive resources, safe and reliable
hardware resource	Shared with other users without resource guarantee	Ensure that each VPS has exclusive resources, and allow the use of unused resources beyond the limit	Exclusive resources
network resource	Shared with other users without resource guarantee	Exclusive access to certain network bandwidth resources Exclusive network bandwidth resources	Exclusive network bandwidth resources
Backup/Recovery	Simple backup/restore function	Professional backup tool for immediate recovery	Users independently use various tools for backup/recovery
Self management of customers	Only the most basic read/write permissions	With root (Linux) or administrator (Windows) administrative rights	With root (Linux) or administrator (Windows) administrative rights
management tool	Some simple control panel tools are provided	Browser based automated management tool	Self use various tools for management
Functional limitations	be limited to	Full control	Full control
Free software installation	nothing	Free installation of application software	Free installation of application software
data base	Database type and size are limited	You can use your favorite database	Self install various databases
E-mail settings	Mail service size and number of accounts are limited	You can use your favorite mail service, regardless of size or number of accounts	You can use your favorite mail service, regardless of size or number of accounts
Scalability	nothing	Can be quickly transferred to other Virtuozzo servers or immediately upgraded to more powerful VPS	Difficulty in migration
Server downtime	Frequently or for a long time	Almost zero downtime	existence
Customer service response	Long response time and low efficiency	Self service management is allowed, customer service responds quickly, and service quality is high	Fast customer service response, high service quality
Customer feedback	The lowest level host service has poor performance, security, and resource guarantees. The system often goes down, users complain constantly, and customer service responds slowly.	High quality and exclusive host service, security and resources are guaranteed, zero downtime, fast backup/recovery function, and better customer service response. With the same price as the virtual host, it has more competitive advantages.	High quality exclusive host service, security and resources are guaranteed, faster backup/restore function, better customer service response. high price.

Virtual host 、 VPS host 、 Stand alone host and Virtual machine Comparison of

Index comparison	Virtual host	VPS host	Stand alone host	Virtual machine
Scope of application of host	Suitable for beginners	Suitable for professional users	Suitable for advanced users	Suitable for developers
Expense for host	low	in	high	low
Host control panel	√	× Optional installation	× Optional installation	√
Pre installed CGI/PHP	√	× Select installation	× Select installation	× Select installation
View system log	×	√	√	√
View Access Log	×	√	√	√
Host SSH login	×	√	√	√
Root management permission	×	√	√	√
Host terminal management	×	√	√	√
Administrator privileges	×	√	√	√
Optional control panel	×	√	√	√
Restart the host service automatically	×	√	√	√
Self compiling and installing components	×	√	√	√
Optional software program	×	√	√	√
Optional PHP version and module	×	√	√	√
Optional database system	×	√	√	√
Optional mail service system	×	√	√	√
Data confidentiality	low	high	high	high
Self set firewall rules	×	√	√	√
Vulnerable to other users	high	low	low	low
Qos Internet host resource guarantee	×	√	√	√
Set user permissions	×	√	√	√
Multi user management	×	√	√	√
TCO	low	low	high	low

Correlation comparison

Comparison of traditional virtual hosts, vps, and physical servers

Vm comparison

VPS is Virtual Server VM is short for VMware. Virtual server is a name and a concept, and vmware is a kind of software, which can be used to set up VPS (virtual server). Just like vps=housing vm=building vz=bungalow xen=plank house.

Generally, a dual Xeon E5540 8G memory server can have 6-8 virtual VPS of VM architecture, which is not allowed in terms of server performance, because vmware is directly allocated to clients in terms of resource allocation, which is not allowed for other uses. While other software such as vz can virtualize more than 15, because vz and other software use resource sharing when virtualizing, and achieve real virtualization, even if there is not enough resource allocation, it can also virtualize the server. For operators, they will not like VM, because it cannot be over opened, and the cost is high, and even some operators without morality will slander it.

Background

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Virtual host The customer was not satisfied, Server sharing It is not easy to manage. Independent hosts cannot be sold. The user demand rate is not high. What should we do?

The upsurge of virtualization technology in 2006 has just become the key to solving this problem.

The flaw of virtual host is that all users share it at the same time The server When one of the users uses resources excessively and is overloaded, it is easy to cause problems in the server and thus endanger other users. VPS host (Virtual Private Server Virtual Exclusive host ）The resources on the server are divided independently with high technical content, so that each independent domain has its own Root/Administrator management authority, and its own operating system and IP address, like a completely independent host, have complete control. And all users are independent and use monitoring, so there will be no interaction.

VPS uses VPS (Virtual Private Server) technology to The server High quality service divided into multiple virtual exclusive servers. Each VPS can allocate independent public IP address, independent operating system Windows/Linux, independent super space, independent memory, independent CPU Resources, independent execution program, independent system configuration, etc. In addition to assigning multiple virtual hosts and unlimited enterprise mailboxes, users can also Stand alone server Function. You can install programs by yourself and restart the server separately. In a word, VPS is a server solution with high elasticity, high quality and low cost efficiency.

Host management

With the continuous growth and development of IDC circle, VPS host is no longer a single IT product. VPS host needs a professional management platform for management, such as VPS opening, startup, restart, shutdown, online fault handling, etc. VPS virtual platforms can be various, including Hyper-V Xen , OpenVZ, etc. Hyper-V based VPS management software is off the satellite, and Xen based VPS management software is Xensystem In terms of stability, Sijie's Xen virtual platform tends to be more stable without overshoot. Each VPS is completely independent and managed more efficiently.

Hosting applications

VPS host It can host applications of all host types, and the tested VPS host can host Oracle, MySQL, SAP, IBM WebSphere and other large-scale applications. It should be noted that this virtualization technology tries to establish a fair hardware resource sharing platform, while applications similar to those to be bundled with the hardware platform (such as software requiring a dongle) violate this sharing principle, so this support is not provided for the time being.

Options

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control panel

We need to manage the configuration of VPS. Friendly control panels are very important, for example SolusVM 、 HyperVM 、 VePortal , and Xen-Shell Etc. Some service providers did not provide a control panel, resulting in the need to submit a service order for reinstalling the system, which is not reliable. Some service providers provide self-developed full-featured control panel, which makes management very convenient. Some service providers provide control panels that are not self-developed but have more comprehensive functions. When choosing VPS providers, you should choose according to your own actual situation.

technical support

VPS can be divided into Managed VPS and UnManaged VPS in terms of after-sales service. As the name implies, the former provides comprehensive after-sales service, while the latter provides basic after-sales service, such as the detection and removal of host machine or network faults. At the same time, the price of the former is much higher than that of the latter due to its comprehensive after-sales service guarantee. The latter depends on the self-reliance of the webmaster. Specifically, if you have purchased a Managed VPS, you can ask the customer service to install some programs for you, such as Wordpress, Joomla, and Discuz, which are suitable for novices. UnManaged VPS does not provide the service of helping install programs, so it is more suitable for people who understand technology or have some technical skills.

Restrictions on use

The use of VPS is not unlimited. It is subject to the TOS (user agreement) of the service provider and local laws. When purchasing VPS, you must consider the specific use purpose, and predict the use purpose to see whether it will violate the use restrictions. In the process of use, if the user agreement or local laws are violated, VPS may be closed directly, and even the data cannot be retrieved, which will cause great losses. Of course, there are always exceptions. For example, domestic service providers and some Internet enterprises registered in the Netherlands have less restrictions on their use and are more free to use.

Refund policy

Making good use of the refund strategy of service providers can effectively protect their rights and interests. As for the refund strategy, each service provider will have some differences, which we need to understand. The regulations and procedures for refund are also generally described in TOS.

System selection

The commonly used operating systems on vps are linux (with multiple distributions), freeBSD, windows server, etc. Generally speaking, the operating system of vps is not installed freely. The linux vps can install multiple linux distributions, but not windows; In contrast, Windows series vps cannot be modified to Linux When purchasing, you should first consider which vps to buy according to your needs.

author Linux is highly recommended: Linux has high efficiency and low requirements for hardware configuration; High safety; There is no need to run a graphical interface, unnecessary functions can be simplified freely, and saved system resources can be used to run applications; A variety of network application software, some of which do not have the Windows version at all, or the Windows version does not work well; Low cost.

Linux distribution selection: Linux has many different versions (distributions), most of which are the redhat series (represented by redhat, centos, fedora) and debian series (represented by debian, ubuntu), and most of which are centos and ubuntu on vps; other common modified versions include arch, OpenSUSE, etc. There is little difference between different versions. It depends on which version you are familiar with and which one you like. If you are a novice, it is recommended to use centos or ubuntu, especially ubuntu, which has a good response; Personally, I prefer to use centos 6 because I am more familiar with it.

use 32-bit or 64 bit Operating system? I am very responsible to tell you that I will not hesitate to choose 32-bit ！ Except for the following two situations: your vps memory is far more than 4G, or you can only run a certain software in 64 bit. Reasons for selecting 32-bit: running the same program, 32-bit occupies less memory; The majority of people use 32-bit on vps. There are some differences between 64 bit and 32-bit. When there are difficult problems, 32 bit is easier to find information and find friends to help solve them.

Important parameters

When purchasing, we should focus on the following technical parameters: virtualization technology, operating system, memory size, hard disk capacity, monthly traffic, number of independent IP addresses, server location, Ping value, etc.

Virtualization technology

Vps is basically a virtual machine, which is built on a certain virtualization technology. The most frequently used virtualization technologies are Xen, OpenVZ, Hyper-V, and vmware. The following is a rough description of the useful parts of vps. For more information, see the extension at the end of the article. Read "Comparison of xen, kvm, vmware, hyper-v, and other virtualization technologies".

Among them, Hyper-V is Microsoft's own virtualization technology, which can only run on Windows. That is, when buying vps for Windows, it is likely to be Hyper-V. Some smaller hosts of vmware in China will be used, including those running Windows or Linux. Those who have used virtual machines should know about it.

The other two are mainly virtualization technologies running on Linux.

among OpenVZ It is a virtualization technology based on the operating system. Its operating efficiency is almost the same as that of the real machine (physical server). But don't be too happy too soon. The performance of vps comes from the host, because there are many vps on the host, and the resources available for each vps are not very high in fact, depending on the host itself Hardware performance How many vps are running.

OpenVZ has several notable features: there is no swap partition (virtual memory), and vpns that cannot run the pptp protocol are easily oversold.

(The new version of Openvz can use swap in Linux 2.6 and later versions, and can also run pptp vpns well.)

About oversold: Suppose the host computer has 16G of memory, but 20 vps with 1G of memory are sold out; The 20 vps all display 1GB of memory, which is oversold. In fact, OpenVZ usually oversold more!

Xen . It is a technology called semi virtual analogy. Its performance is less than that of the real machine, but the virtual system is very similar to the real machine. It has swap, and can run pptp vpns. It is not easy to oversell. On xen linux, the kernel can be replaced or upgraded; It is said that you can even install a virtual machine environment to create a virtual vps (I have not seen it with my own eyes, but even if it succeeds, the performance is extremely low, and it is not practical).

Generally speaking, everyone agrees with the following statement:

When purchasing vps with the same configuration, xen's performance is significantly better than OpenVZ's The main reason is oversold.

OpenVZ has no swap free Some of the memory found by the command is actually the swap of the host, and is only used as physical memory by vps.

There are no OpenVZ vps that are not oversold.

The memory performance of 512M Xen is better than that of 1G OpenVZ vps.

When OpenVZ runs out of memory, the system almost has to be restarted, because the remote ssh connection cannot be established at this time. For xen, swap is also available, which usually does not need to be restarted.

It seems that xen is almost completely superior to openvz, and the price is also the same. xen is far higher than openvz After all, every price is worth every product.

For more information about xen and openvz, see "vps virtualization technology - openvz vs. xen" in the extension.

Kvm virtualization technology:

KVM (the full name is Kernel based Virtual Machine) is an open source system virtualization module, which has been integrated in various major Linux distributions since Linux 2.6.20. It uses Linux's own scheduler for management, so compared with Xen, its core source code is few. KVM has become one of the mainstream VMMs in academia. KVM virtualization requires hardware support (such as Intel VT technology or AMD V technology). Full hardware based virtualization. In the early days, Xen was Para Virtualization based on software simulation, and the new version is full virtualization based on hardware support.

KVM technology has developed from the original concept to enterprise IT infrastructure management system. Servers and devices located in multiple remote locations can be accessed directly from a single interface such as kvm client management software.

Other related

Memory, hard disk, traffic, IP, Ping value, etc

Memory size, hard disk capacity, monthly traffic, needless to say, the larger the better; Of course, the bigger it is, the more expensive it is. The common memory is 256M-1G, the hard disk is dozens of gigabytes, and the monthly traffic is hundreds of gigabytes.

The independent IP is usually one. If it is not enough, it can be purchased separately. Some vps in foreign countries also have an IP v6 address, but IP v6 has not yet been developed and popularized, so it is not practical at present.

The server location must be as close as possible to the main user group, with small network latency and fast network speed; This is not absolute.

Ping value. Generally, when testing the network quality, we will ping to see the response time and packet loss rate. The smaller the value, the better. However, sometimes the ping value is very low and does not lose packets, but the network speed is not fast. So the ping value is an important reference, but don't care too much. After all, VPS is not used for pinging.

Station building method

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VPS station building method in small memory

VPS with a small memory of 128MB can also be used to build a website. Large memory users, including wordpress, can also fully support it. The method is as follows:

1. Reduce the number of php cgi processes

The default value is 5. For general blogs, if the dynamic traffic is not large, it is wasteful to start 5 processes. It is recommended to reduce it to 3 or 4. I start 2 processes because my blog traffic is small. Modification method: edit/usr/local/php/etc/php fpm.conf, modify the max_children value, and restart PHP FPM (/etc/init. d/php fpm restart) to take effect.

2. Use the WP Super Cache cache plug-in and enable the pre cache mode to make the whole site static. There are many online tutorials, which will not be detailed here.

3. Use a Linux system that consumes less memory, such as debian.

Password modification

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VPS administrator password modification

Linux system

Modify user password in Linux system:

1 Log in to the system

2 Enter the command: passwd [user], where [user] is the user name that needs to change the password. After entering the key, the system will prompt you to enter a new password. To ensure the correctness of the password, you need to enter the password twice.

3 After entering, the password will be modified. Please remember your password after modification.

Windows system

1 Right click "My Computer" and select "Manage" in the menu

2 Enter "Select Computer Management", click "Local Users and Groups" menu under "System Tools" to expand the sub menu, and then click "Users" menu, all users will be displayed in the right window.

3 Right click the user name whose password needs to be modified, and then select "Set Password" in the menu. A dialog box will pop up. Select "Continue", and then the password modification input box will pop up.

4 Enter "New Password" and "Confirm Password" and click "Confirm" button to modify the password.

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