V-2 missileGermanThe full name is Vergeltungswaffe-2, which isGermanyThe first type developed in 1942ballistic missile。It means "retaliatory weapon - 2", and its purpose is toContinental EuropeDirect and accurate attack on British targets, which isRocket technologyA sign of entering a new era,Maximum range320 km.
In 1925, the Germans took the lead in testing rocket propellers on the competitive cars produced by Ober Company.Although the experiment did not achieve the expected results, German scientists did not give up new exploration.Instead, we started to design the flying directionStratospherehigh-altitude Sounding rocket。
In 1927AustriamathematicianHermann Oberth Led by a group of German scientists and engineers, the private GermanySpace navigationVerein f ü r Raumfahrt, the first aerospace science and technology research association in the world.In 1929, Albert and his assistants began to develop liquid rocket thrusters.
Long range attack weapon
After 1932German ArmyHe began to think of the possibility of using liquid fuel rockets as long-range attack weapons, and sent Captain Wald Doenberg, who was interested in rocket research and development, to organize related matters. Wald recruitedEconomic situationconfusedWernher von Braun The rocket research team led by Wernher von Braun entered the German Army Weapons Bureau and began the test of liquid rocket propellers. In the same year, the German armyBerlinThe Kus Madoff Range in the southern suburbs has been establishedrocket testField (Heeresversuchsanstall Kummersdorf).
During the eight years from 1933 to 1941R&D teamThe first generation A-1 weighs 150kg, has a diameter of 0.3m and a length of 1.4m, and uses alcohol and liquid oxygenpropellant, but the thrust is only 3000kgf.The A-1 rocket test failed due to unreasonable design.
Successful launch
On December 19 and 20, 1934, Feng Brown's research team successfully launched two A2 rockets weighing 500 kg, equipped with gyroscopes and powered by liquid oxygen and ethanol. The launch site was located on the Berkum Island (en: Borkum) on the German Dutch border. The two rockets fell into the North Sea at a range of 2.2 km and 3.5 km. The A2 rocket development project ended in 1936.
As A-2 rockets have achieved satisfactory results, the German army has taken a closer step to study the second generation A-3 and A4 rocketsDevelopment planAmong them, the intended target of the A4 rocket is 175 kilometers in range and the largestHeight of incidenceFor the 80 km and 1 ton large rocket, because the scale of the experiment was too large to provide enough test space in the old test ground, Germany chose a fishing village called Peneminder at the estuary of the Oder River in the east to build a new rocket test base (HVP).
In addition to liquid rockets,German Air ForceAlso started to develop FI-103 hereUnmanned aerial vehicleThe research work (FI-103, later V1 rocket), code FZG-78.After the successful development of FI-103 in 1942, the Nazi propaganda ministerGoebbelsI personally named this new weapon "V1 Rocket".V meansGermanThe abbreviation of "Vergeltungswaffe waffe" means that Germany will use this new weapon tothe First World WarTo avenge the defeat of the victor.
Rocket mass
A-4 Rocket
The A-3 rocket weighs 750 kg, has a diameter of 0.7 m, a length of 6.5 m, and its thrust increases to 14700 kgf. However, even though the A-3 rocket test was successful, the range and distance of the A-3 rocket still did not meet the expectations of the research team at that time.Then a new type ofA-4Rocket designThe scheme is proposed and tested.In 1937, it was supported by the German Army and allocated 20 million yuanmarkAs A-4 rocketR&D expenditure。A-5The rocket is an improved version of A-3 rocket. A-4 rocket was successfully developed in 1942 after absorbing the R&D experience and data of A-5 rocket.Immediately mass production, September 1944Officially named"V2 rocket" and became famous in the London attack on September 8.
withethanol(Alcohol) and liquid oxygen are used as fuels, and the two fuels will be introduced into the combustion chamber for ignition and propulsion through pipelines in a certain proportion.The pipeline is specially arranged beside the wall of the combustion chamber to cool down so as to avoid overheating or even melting of the combustion chamber.At the tail end of V2 rocket, a metal plate called gas rudder is also installed, which is mainly used to change the airflow, induce the rocket to move in the right direction, and also can be used to change the path of the rocket.The guidance mode is traditional inertial guidance: when the rocket is ignited, liquid fuelpropellerIt will push V2 to a certain height and speed. After the fuel is burned out, most missiles willparabola(80~100km).Then it will continue to shoot towards the target along the parabola due to inertia.But that also means hittingaccuracyRegular meetingsIt is greatly reduced due to poor airflow, weather and other factors;Although the later V2 quoted the radio wave guidance mode, the error is as high as the kilometer.
becauseballistic missilestayTerminal speedExtremely fast (above Mach 4Supersonic speed）, far more than the Allies at that timeAir defenseIt is impossible to prevent because of the required speed of reaction.Basically, at that time, the British army could only use sound and radar to roughly measure and estimate the trajectory before the missile hit the targetantiaircraft gunHigh explosive ordnance was launched to shoot the trajectory in an attempt to intercept it.In addition, in theWorld War IIMedium V2 also widely uses camouflage coating to avoid being attacked by air force identification, which was more widely used at the end of World War IIOlive greenAs camouflage.However, in the test, V2 is usedBlack and whiteAs identification.
Number of launches
In the short ten months from June 13, 1944 to March 1945, the German army launched 15000V1 missileWith 3000 V2 missiles, a total of 31000 British people were killed.The emergence of the V type ballistic missile also opened the prelude to the new type of warfare. The emergence of V2 means the strategic and tactical application of various new ballistic guides.In history, the United States and the Soviet Union are two great powersAlso inBallistic missiles have made profound efforts and developed various types of ballistic missiles, as well as the Cold WarIron CurtainThe opposite form of.
Service dynamics
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Germany, May 16, 1944Supreme CommandThe command to use V-2 missile was issued.On the evening of September 6, 1944, Germany launched two V-2 missiles at Britain for the first time, but both failed.On September 8, GermanyLondon, UKThe first V-2 was launched, and the bombLondonUrban explosion.This is the first time that V-2 successfully attacked the British mainland, causing great panic in London.
From September 6, 1944 to March 27, 1945, Germany launched a total of 3745 V-2 missiles, of which 1115 hit the British mainland and 2050 landedContinental EuropeOfBelgiumAntwerp、Brussels、ListEtc.Another 582 were used for development, improvement and training.74% of all launched V-2s fall within 30 kilometers of the target, and 44% of these missiles fall within 10 kilometers.Judging from the casualties caused by the attack on Britain, V-2 killed 2724 people and injured 6476 people, and the damage to buildings was also considerable.V-2 rocketThe power of the weapon was fully demonstrated, but it did not achieve the kind of victory that the German authorities hoped could save the defeat.As the V series was severely attacked by the Allies,the German armyV-2 missiles were loaded on military trucks and launched, which gave birth to the world's first self-propelledballistic missilesystem
In late World War II, GermanynaziOfV2 RocketWhizzing across the British Channel to bomb London, although V2Material damageNot big, but not likeV-1 missileIt can be intercepted, which has a great impact on the public sentiment of Britain.At the end of the war, both the United States and Russia were eager to master Germany'sRocket technology, but according toYaltamiyaMain location of V2 rocket production factoryLandNamon assigned it toSoviet RussiaTrusteeship, the United States is unwillingU.S. governmentWith the support of the US military, the US military formed a commando team and ordered the urgent launch of a task code named "paper clip".Within 10 days from May 22 to May 31, 1945, the US army marched into Bavaria and occupied the area. It used 300 train carriages and 13 ships to transport nearly 100 V2 rockets and all related equipment and semi-finished products. When the Soviet army arrived on June 1 the next day, it only saw empty factories.
Although the United States has obtained many semi-finished products and manufacturing equipment of V2, the most valuable thing is that the US intelligence unit successfully persuaded Lieutenant General Wald Doenberg, the head of the German military rocket program, and the core of the development teamVon BraunThe doctor and 126 relevant research team members went to the United States and were placed inTexasFord Bliss's Rocket Research Group and New Mexico'sWhite Sands Missile Range 。In September 1945, Von Braun arrived in the United States at the age of 33. Since then, the rocket industry and space development in the United States have soared.In addition to military use, V2 rockets are under researchUpper atmosphereandthe ionosphereIt is also very useful for taking pictures of the earth's surface and other scientific topics.
In 1946,America NavyThe laboratory launched a V2 rocket, which was launched hundreds of kilometers high, to observeultraviolet raysThis is also the first time that V2 rocket is applied in space research, and it has been opened since thenSpace scienceNew page for.In addition, V2 rockets are also used to carry peopleflight testVehicles, and carried small animals like monkeys into the air.
