Ubuntu is a desktop applicationLinuxRelease operating system, whose name comes fromSouthern AfricaZulu orhausa "Ubuntu" means "humanity", "I exist because everyone exists"AfricaA traditional value.Ubuntu is based onDebianRelease andGNOMEDesktop environmentSince version 11.04, the Ubuntu distribution has abandoned the GNOME desktop environment and changed toUnity。Previously, people thought Linux was difficult to install and use, which became history after the emergence of Ubuntu.Ubuntu also has a huge community force, and users can easily get help from the community.[1]Since Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, the Ubuntu distribution has restarted using the GNOME3 desktop environment.[2]
AsLinuxAs a rising star in the distribution, Ubuntu has rapidly grown into a distribution suitable for use from Linux beginners to laboratory computers/servers in just a few years.Because Ubuntu isOpen SourceOffree software , users can log in to the official website of Ubuntu to download the installation package of the software for free.
In 2010, Ubuntu began to use the second version of the logo.In the latestUbuntu 22.04 LTSThe new third version of the logo will be launched.[16]
In November 2022, the UBports community is still promoting and maintaining Ubuntu Touch, and released OTA-24 updates.[17]
development history
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UbuntuLinuxIt's from South AfricaMark Shuttleworth(Mark Shuttleworth)DebianLinux operating system, the first version of Ubuntu (Ubuntu 4.10 "Warty Warthog") was released in October 2004.Ubuntu forNotebook computer, desktop computers and servers, especially for desktop users to provide a perfect use experience.Ubuntu contains almost all commonly used applications: word processingE-mail、Software development toolsandWeb ServicesEtc.Users download, use, share the unmodified original Ubuntu system, and get it from the communitytechnical support, no license fee is required.[3][14]
Ubuntu provides a robust and feature rich computing environment, which is suitable for both home use andbusiness environment。The Ubuntu community promises to release a new version every six months to provide the latest and most powerful software.[3]
Ubuntu is regarded as a traditionalAfricaNational concept is also considered asRepublic of South AfricaIs one of the founding principles ofAfrican renaissanceThe ideal is closely related.The word derives fromZulu andxhosa Its core idea is "treat people humanely", focusing on mutual loyalty and communication between people.President of South AfricaMandela explained that Ubuntu is a concept, which contains many connotations of respect, mutual assistance, sharing, communication, care, trust, and selflessness: Ubuntu is a way of life, advocating tolerance and compassion for others.It can be seen that the Ubuntu spirit has penetrated into the politics and daily life of South Africa.[3]
The spirit of Ubuntu coincides with the spirit of open source software.As an operating system based on Linux, Ubuntu tries to extend this spirit to the computer world. "Software should be shared and available to anyone who needs it." The goal of Ubuntu is to make it easy for everyone in the world to get an easy-to-useLinux versionRegardless of where he isgeographical positionAnd physical condition.[3]
In this caseUbuntuUnder the guidance of the spirit, Ubuntu Linux promises as follows:
Ubuntu is free for personal use, organization and enterprise internal development, but there is no after-sales support for such use.[4]
Ubuntu will provide commercial support to hundreds of companies around the world.
Ubuntu contains the best translations and localization provided by the free software community.
The Ubuntu CD only containsfree software , encourage users to use free and open source software, and improve and disseminate it.[3]
On December 20, 2022, in the upcoming release of Ubuntu 23.04 (Lunar Lobster),CanonicalPlanned useGoogleOfFlutterUI SDK to rewrite the installer of Ubuntu Desktop.[18]
On March 28, 2023, after Canonical gave up its involvement in the smartphone market, the Ubuntu Touch mobile phone system was pushed forward by the community.The UBports team released Ubuntu Touch OTA-1 Focal,It has officially migrated to the Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) release.[19]
On April 20, 2023, Canonical released a Linux kernel security update for all Ubuntu distributions that are in a supported state, and has repaired 17 security vulnerabilities in total.[20]
System characteristics
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Ubuntu has a good performance in desktop office and server. It can always include the latest application features, mainly including the following aspects:[3]
“Language selection”The program provides the installation function of common language support, so that users can easily install multi language support software packages after system installation.
It integrates Libreoffice office suite to help users complete word processingSpreadsheet、slidePlay and other daily office tasks.[3]
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containAccessibility, provide auxiliary services for the disabled, for example, provide on-screen keyboard for users with weak vision, which can support WindowsNTFS partitionThe read/write operation of makes it possible to fully share Windows resources.[3]
According to the CPU architecture, Ubuntu 16.04 supports i386 32-bit series and amd 64 bitX86SeriesARMSeries andPowerPCSeries processors.Because of differentCPUThe implementation technologies and architectures are different, so Ubuntu will compile distributions that support different CPU types.[6]
Divided according to the purpose of the release version
According to the purpose of Ubuntu distribution, it can be divided into Ubuntu Desktop, Ubuntu Server, and UbuntuCloud operating system(Ubuntu Cloud) and UbuntuMobile DevicesSystem (Ubuntu Touch).Ubuntu has formed a relatively complete solution, covering all aspects of IT products.[6]
Divided according to development projects
In addition to the standard Ubuntu version, there are several major branches of Ubuntu, namely EdubuntuKubuntu、Lubuntu、Mythbuntu、Ubuntu MATE，UbuntuGNOME、Ubuntu Kylin、Ubuntu Studio、Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix[24]And Xubuntu.[6]
EdubuntuIt is an educational distribution of Ubuntu, focusing on the needs of schools (education). It is a basic distribution developed jointly by the Ubuntu community and K12-LTSP community, suitable for children, students and teachers. It has a large number of applications and games suitable for teaching.[6]Edubuntu 14.04.2 LTS is the last version. Since then, Edubuntu is no longer maintained.[7-8]
KubuntuYes UseKDEDesktop Manager replacesGNOMEDesktop Manager is the version of its default desktop manager.The launch of Kubuntu has brought great convenience to the installation and use of users who like the KDE desktop environment.[6]
LubuntuIt is a rising star with lightweight desktop environmentLXDE/LXQt replaces Ubuntu's default GNOME.Because LXDE is a lightweight desktop environment, Lubuntu requires few computer resources, which is very suitable for those who are pursuing simplicity or speed and are still using old hardware.[6]
MythbuntuIt is an Ubuntu distribution version used to implement the media center. Its core component is MythTV, so Mythbuntu can be regarded as a combination of Ubuntu and MythTV.[6]
Ubuntu GNOME adoptsGNOME3As a distribution version of Ubuntu's default desktop manager.Because the default desktop environment of Ubuntu isUnityIn order to meet the different needs and usage habits of Linux users, the Ubuntu GNOME project came into being.[6]Ubuntu GNOME 17.04 is the last version. Since then, Ubuntu GNOME is no longer maintained because it starts using GNOME desktop again.[9]
Ubuntu Kylin(Youqilin) is an Ubuntu version specially customized for Chinese users. It has preset a large number of applications familiar to Chinese users. Using the UKUI desktop, it is the official Chinese customized version of Ubuntu out of the box, suitable for Chinese users.[6]
Ubuntu StudioIt is an Ubuntu version built for professional multimedia production, which can edit and process multimedia files such as audio, video, graphics and images. For multimedia professionals, it is a good choice for both fish and bear.[6]
XubuntuSmall and efficientXfceAs a desktop environment, the interface is simple, similar to GNOME2, with comprehensive functions and low system resource consumption. It is a blessing for computer users to pursue speed and low configuration, and it also provides an opportunity for old computers to exert their waste heat.[6]
Ubuntu MATEIs aMateThe Ubuntu branch of the desktop.Mate is a desktop system developed based on Gnome 2.[10]
On March 29, 2023,Canonical announced that Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix will be the official flavor version,Ubuntu 23.04, which was released in April of the same year, will become the first release that includes this flavor version.[24]
Development route
Ubuntu is a dark horse in the Linux world. Its first official version was officially launched in October 2004.What needs to be explained in detail is the definition of the Ubuntu version number, which is named in the format of "the last digit of the year. the release month". Therefore, the first version of Ubuntu is called 4.10 (2004.10).In addition to the code, each Ubuntu version has aDevelopment code。The Ubuntu development code is interesting. The format is "adjective+animal", and the adjective and the first letter of the animal name should be consistent. For example, the development code of Ubuntu 16.04 is Xenial Xerus, which is translated as "hospitableAfricaGround squirrel”。[6]Starting from Ubuntu 6.06, the first letters of the two words are in EnglishalphabetThe order of arrangement is used.
List of Ubuntu Versions
Version No
Code
Release time
twenty-three point zero four
Lunar Lobster
2023-04-20[22]
twenty-two point one zero
Kinetic Kudu
2022-10-21[23]
twenty-two point zero four
Jammy Jellyfish
2022-04-22
twenty-one point one zero
Impish Indri
2021-10-14
twenty-one point zero four
Hirsute Hippo
2021-04-22[13]
twenty point one zero
Groovy Gorilla
2020-10-22
20.04 LTS
Focal Fossa
2020-04-23
nineteen point one zero
Eoan Ermine
2019-10-17
nineteen point zero four
Disco Dingo
2019-4-19
eighteen point one zero
Cosmic Cuttlefish
2018-10-18
18.04 LTS
Bionic Beaver
2018-04-26
17.10（GNOMEBecome the default desktop environment)
Artful Aardvark
2017-10-21
seventeen point zero four
Zesty Zapus
2017-04-13
sixteen point one zero
Yakkety Yak
2016-10-20
16.04 LTS
Xenial Xerus
2016-04-21
fifteen point one zero
Wily Werewolf
2015-10-23
fifteen point zero four
Vivid Vervet
2015-04-22
fourteen point one zero
Utopic Unicorn
2014-10-23
14.04 LTS
Trusty Tahr
2014-04-18
thirteen point one zero
Saucy Salamander
2013-10-17
thirteen point zero four
Raring Ringtail
2013-04-25
twelve point one zero
Quantal Quetzal
2012-10-18
12.04 LTS
Precise Pangolin
2012-04-26
eleven point one zero
Oneiric Ocelot
2011-10-13
11.04（UnityBecome the default desktop environment)
Natty Narwhal
2011-04-28
ten point one zero
Maverick Meerkat
2010-10-10
10.04 LTS
Lucid Lynx
2010-04-29
nine point one zero
Karmic Koala
2009-10-29
nine point zero four
Jaunty Jackalope
2009-04-23
eight point one zero
Intrepid Ibex
2008-10-30
8.04 LTS
Hardy Heron
2008-04-24
seven point one zero
Gutsy Gibbon
2007-10-18
seven point zero four
Feisty Fawn
2007-04-19
six point one zero
Edgy Eft
2006-10-26
6.06 LTS
Dapper Drake
2006-06-01
five point one zero
Breezy Badger
2005-10-13
five point zero four
Hoary Hedgehog
2005-04-08
4.10 (Initial release version)
Warty Warthog
2004-10-20
community
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Ubuntu is one of the most popular Linux systems in the worldfree software The community of free software is bigger than free software.The Ubuntu community provides its users with a variety of ways to learn, communicate, exchange and discuss, such as forums, planetswiki andIRCInstant messagingEtc.Through Ubuntu's massiveCommunity organizationsUbuntu users can get a lot of help and support, which makes Ubuntu easier to use.[6]
First of all, it is inevitable to encounter some problems and difficulties in the process of learning Ubuntu. Especially for beginners, if they have problems and difficulties, they can go to the Ubuntu community to ask, whether it isChinese CommunityOr English community, getCommunity VolunteersThe help of enthusiastic users is very important for the use and improvement of Ubuntu.Secondly, we should actively integrate into the community, participate in Ubuntu community discussions, and enthusiastically help other Ubuntu beginners.Of course, if you have the ability, you can help other members of the community solve some seemingly "not difficult" problems.To integrate into the community, especially to participate in the international Ubuntu community, not only can improve the technical level, but also the English level will be greatly improved.Of course, some misunderstandings should be abandoned, such as only programmers can contribute to the community.In fact, the Ubuntu community is a large organization, which needs various volunteers. Programmers are only part of the Ubuntu community. For example, documents and translations that are closely related to Ubuntu users are not completed by programmers.Therefore, as long as you actively participate in the activities of the Ubuntu community, everyone has a role and stage.[6]
experience
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Virtual machine experience
Although the browser experience can get a preliminary Ubuntu experience, there is always a sense of unfinished business, because the applications you can experience are limited and not fully functional.To experience Ubuntu more deeply, you need to run the virtual machine to get a more complete experience in the virtual machine.Download and install the virtual machine.Run after successful installationvirtual machine, Selectmenu barSelect "Manage" → "Import Virtual Computer" in the to download the experienceimageImport the virtual machine, and finally run the Ubuntu virtual machine, so that you can get a more real experience.Almost all operations can be completed in a virtual machine without restrictions.[6]
Making a bootstrap USB stick
Another way to get real experience is to makeLive USB, it goes further than virtual machines, running directly on the realhardware environment Medium, faster and more resource efficient.[6]
Live USB is a device that can boot and run a complete operating systemUSB drive。Live USB justLive CD's media was changed from CD to USB flash drive, while Live CD originated fromKnoppix, and carried forward by Ubuntu.However, due to the limitations of disc technology, the performance and user experience of Live CD are greatly affected.Live USB, especially withUSB3.0The standard USB stick does not have this problem. It is fast enough and has a better user experience.[6]
Installation method
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As the most popular and influentialLinuxOne of the open source systems, Ubuntu has greatly improved its application experience since its release, even though compared withWindows, MacOS and other operating systems, and the latest version of Ubuntu is not inferior.[11]
preparation
Before installation, some preparations should be made, such as hardware inspection, partition preparation, and partition method selection.[11]
Download this version ofISO image file, you can burn it to a disc as needed, or you can order the corresponding disc products.These installation packages can be copied and installed on any number of computers.[11]
16GB free hard disk space (32 bits) or 20GB free hard disk space (64 bits);
Make sure your computer can connect to the Internet (preferably through a router).[11]
Understanding Linux disk partitions
Just started to useLinuxReaders of should have knowledge of Linux disk partitioning.All disks used in the system must be partitioned first.Windows system uses drive letter（Driveridentifier ）To indicate partitions, such as C, D, E, etc. (A and B indicatefloppy disk drive）, the user can access the partition through the corresponding drive letter.The Linux system uses a single directoryTree structure, there is only one in the whole systemroot directory, each partition becomes part of the root directory in the form of mounting to a directory.Linux uses the device name and partition number to indicate the partition.SCSIDiskSATADisk（Serial hard disk）Can be expressed as "sd" and used after "sd"Lowercase lettersIndicates the disk number, followed by the partition number. UseArabic numeralsRepresent（Primary partitionorExtended partitionThe partition number of is 1~4,Logical partitionThe partition number of starts from 5).[11]
Each operating system needs a primary partition to boot. This partition stores theProcedure documents。operating systemBootstrapIt must be installed in the primary partition used for booting, and its main part can be installed in other primary partitions or extended partitions.[11]
Ensure that there is enough unpartitioned disk space for installationLinuxOperating system.During the installation of Linux system, you can useVisualizerPartition.Installing Ubuntu requires creating two partitions: the root partition (/) and the Swap partition.The root partition is used to store most of theSystem filesAnd user files, and ensure thatstorage space It can accommodate various Linux components.Swap partitionprovidevirtual memorySpace, which is usuallyphysical memoryAbout twice as much.Some are also divided into separate onesBoot partition(/boot), used to boot the system, including the operating systemkernelandStartup processDocuments to be used in.[11]
Select installation mode
Ubuntu supports the installation of multiple operating systems on a single computer. You can useGRUBmultipleLaunch ManagerTo boot Windows and other operating systems.[11]
Ubuntu once provided a unique installation method——Wubi。Wubi (Windows Ubuntu Based Installer) is an Ubuntu installation tool for Windows users.With Wubi, you can install or uninstall Ubuntu as an application software of Windows system. The installation process is very simple.Wubi will store most files in a folder under Windows (mostly Ubuntu folders), and users can accesscontrol panelUninstall them in.Wubi has been supported since Ubuntu 8.10, but it is no longer supported since Ubuntu 13.04.[11]
Usually download ISO installationCD Image Then, make it intoStartup DiskIt is the simplest and most commonly used method to install directly by using the installation CD. It is recommended for beginners.[11]Ubuntu supports Live and can experience the system directly
In order to facilitate learning and experiment, use thevirtual machineInstalling Ubuntu is a good choice. It is recommended to use the VMware Work StationVirtual machine software。First, create an Ubuntu Linux virtual machine, configure the memory (2GB recommended) and hard disk (20GB recommended), and provide Internet connection. The most convenient way is to select the network mode asNAT, will finally installImage fileLoad the virtual CD-ROM drive, and start the virtual machine to start the installation.[11]
Maintenance technology
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The trial desktop and graphical installation interface do not appear after the Ubuntu installation CD starts
Ubuntu can be released in two forms: Desktop CD and Alternate CDGraphical interfaceInstallation CD and text interface installation CD.The former not only provides the trial function before installing the desktop version of Ubuntu, but also provides a graphical installation wizard interface similar toghostSoftwareSystem RestoreThe installation speed is fast.The latter is a standard authentic installation CD, which is aimed at users with higher and more professional requirements for installation personalization. Users can formulate installation contents in detail.Therefore, if the user uses the second CD, the trial desktop and graphical installation interface will not appear.[12]
After installing Windows, Ubuntu installed before Windows cannot be started
Install Ubuntu and Windows onDual systemWindows should be installed first, then Ubuntu.Because when installing two operating systems on a hard disk, you usually need to use Grub to bootManagement proceduresLet the user choose which operating system to start when starting up.Windowserection sequenceThere is no boot management program such as Grub provided in, while Ubuntu installer provides such programs.Therefore, after installing Ubuntu, Grub can be correctly written to the hard diskMaster Boot RecordTo correctly boot the dual system.[12]
UbuntuDirectly enter after system startupcommand lineLogin interfaceInstead of starting the graphical login interface
LinuxThe system can be started in the graphical login interface or the command line login interface, which needs to be modifiedtext file/etc/initTab.To start from the graphical login interface, modify it in theCommand line interfaceEnter "vi/etc/inittab”, open the file/etc/inittab, and change the line "id: 3: initdefault" in the file to "id: 5: initdefault".[12]
On the Ubuntu desktop, clickapplication programWhen the close button at the top right of the window is pressed, the program does not stop
Generally speaking, after clicking the window close button for many times, a dialog box will pop up on the desktop, reminding the user that the program has stopped responding and asking whether the user wants to close it.At this time, the user can choose to close the program.If the prompt dialog box does not pop up after clicking the Close button several times, the user can press Alt+F2, enter the "xkill" command and pressenter key。At this time, the mouse will become a small skull, and the user can click the software window to close.[12]
CRT displayrefresh frequencyIf the setting is too low, it will cause flicker and make the user's eyes tired.If the refresh rate is too high, the display will stop working, appear black screen, or even burn the display.Under normal circumstances, the refresh rate of CRT display is set to 85Hz, not less than 75Hz.The setting method is: enter the "gtf" command in the Linux command line interface, and the parameters are the expected resolution and refresh rate.For example, if the resolution is 1024 × 768 and the refresh rate is 85Hz, you can enter the command "gtf102476885", and then restart the X-Window interface to see the effect.[12]
Ubuntu system super userroot's password was forgotten by the user
If the user uses otheruser namehaveRoot permission, you can log in with this user name, execute the command "passwd root" to modify the superuser password, and thenScreenTipEnter the new password.If the user does not have the root permission of another user name, you can use the system CD to boot toSingle user mode, there are three steps to solve the problem: first, execute the "vi/etc/passwd" command in the command line interface, open the/etc/passwd file, and remove the "!" after the "root:" in the file;Step 2, execute the "vi/etc/security/passwd" command in the command line interface, open the/etc/security/passwd file, and delete the "root:" information like "password=AmMwUe2EQ491U", "lastupdate=1054106568", and "flags=" below;Step 3: Restart the computer and enter a new "passwd root" command to reset the root password.[12]
ExtensionThe software package for. rpm is supported by RedHat and its derived Linux systems.To install a package named package.rpm in the Ubuntu system, you need to use the alien tool to convert the rpm package to the one with the same namedebPackage.The specific steps are as follows: first, enter "sudo" in the Ubuntu command line interfaceapt-getInstall alien "command to install the alien tool;Step 2, enter the command sudo alien package.rpm, and a package.deb file will be generated after completion;Step 3, enter "sudodpkg-I package. deb "command, use the dpkg tool to install the converted software package.[12]
The network card code eth0 is not recognized by the Ubuntu system, and users cannot access the Internet
Eth0 is the code of the first network card on the computer.If a computer has multiple network cards, the system will use eth0, eth1, eth2 and other different network cards.Normally, the user uses theifconfigThe command can display the configuration information of netcards such as eth0.If the configuration information of eth0 is not displayed, it means that the network card is notsystem identification 。To do this, you can enter the "dhclienteth0" command in the command line interface to let the system identify the network card.[12]
Assuming that the/home directory originally has two subdirectories,/home/user and/home/ubuntu, you want to mount the hard disk partition/dev/hda2 to the/home directory location.After mounting,/home displays the contents of the partition/dev/hda2, while the original user and ubuntu subdirectories in/home are temporarily hidden.After the partition/dev/hda2 is uninstalled from the/home directory, the original user and ubuntu subdirectories in/home will be displayed again.[12]
Failed to uninstall the hard disk partition of Ubuntu. The system prompts that the device is busy
The reason for the uninstall failure is that a process is using a file on the partition, or a directory on the partition is opened.Normally closedShellThe problem can be solved by waiting for relevant programs or changing the relevant directory being used.When the system has manyUser LoginSometimes it is difficult to find the user who makes the partition busy.If you are not in a hurry to uninstall the partition, you can try the slow uninstall process, that is, enter it on the command line interface“umount-L/whatever "command.This uninstall method can remove/whatever from the directoryTree structureBut only whenfile systemnoBusy hourTo clear all references to the file system.If you are eager to unload the partition, you can use the "umount - f/whatever" command to forcibly unload the partition, but it may cause the open file to lose data.[12]
The hard disk file of Ubuntu was deleted by mistake. I don't know how to restore it
Ext3 file system will be clearedpointalreadyDelete FileIt is difficult to retrieve deleted files because of the information node pointer of.ForExt2File system, as long as the file has not been overwritten by the new file, and the block occupied by the deleted file is continuous, it is possible to recover the deleted file.Suppose the deleted file is/home/christ/myfiletxt, and/home is a separate partition/dev/hda5, you can take the following steps to restore the file: uninstall the/home partition, and enter the command "umount/dev/hda5" in the command line interface.Enter the "debugfs/dev/hda5" command to run the debugfs command on this partition.Enter the "ls - ld/home/christ" command at the debugfs prompt to list the files deleted in the directory.In front of the listed file myfile.txtLess than signandGreater than signIf the displayed number is greater than 0 (such as 115), it indicates that the number is the information node number of the file.At the debugfs prompt, enter the command "dump/tmp/myfiledumped.txt" to restore the deleted file to the/tmp directory and rename it myfiledumped.txt.Enter the "mount/home" command in the command line interface, remount the file system, and then copy the newly recovered files in the/tmp directory to the original location.[12]
To sum up, UbuntuSystem installation, user login, software installation, program operation, equipment operation and other common maintenance technical problems, users can solve them according to the above analysis.For more maintenance methods, users can log in to Ubuntu'sCommunity websiteQuery.[12]
