Oracle Corporation (Oracle) is the world's largest information management software and service provider, founded in 1977, headquartered in Redwood shore, California, United States, and open to the world Oracle certification.
Oracle developedrelational databaseThe product is famous for its excellent performance,Oracle DatabaseThe product is used by the top 1000 companies on the wealth ranking list, and many large websites also use itOracle systemIs the best database product in the world.In addition, Oracle has developed otherapplication programAnd software.At the same time, Oracle still means "oracle" in English, which means "speaking for God", implying Oracle's development goals and determined position.
RSI released thePDP-11Commercial ORACLE product on the computer. This database product integrates relatively complete SQL implementations, includingSubquery, connections, and other features.But I have to say that the software is not very stable and lackstransaction processingThis is an important function.Out ofMarket strategyThe company claims that this is the second version of the product, but it is actually the first version.The reason why it is named as Version 2 instead of Version 1 is that Ellison believes that potential customers are more willing to buy Version 2 than the initial version.(Although this is somewhat dishonest, we still need to admit that this is a very clever skill. Until now, some companies have sold their customers a version called 1.0, let's learn from ORACLE in 1979.) Many years later, ORACLE claimed that it was the first one to provide the first SQL relational database management system.
Although the software is not very good, there are still customers.CIACan't wait to buy a set of such software to meet their needs.However, after consulting IBM, they found that IBM had no commercially available products. They contacted RSI.So RSI has its first customer.At that time, government and military institutions often had several computers at the same time, but there was no such saying as "software portability" at that time, of course, there was almost no application software with such ability.In other words, the ORACLE database developed for PDP-11 cannot be used on IBM mainframe and VAX of DEC.Soon, users showed such a demand: can ORACLE run on different operating systems at the same time?This brings new challenges to RSI (mainly Miner and Scott).In the late 1970s and early 1980s, software was generally designed to run on a single operating system, and there were few software with portability.
Release the third edition of ORACLE
In March 1983, RSI released the third edition of ORACLE.Miner and Scott went through difficulties to rewrite this version in C language.You should know that C language was launched shortly at that time, and it was also risky to use it to write ORACLE software, but there was no other way.It soon proved how correct this was: CcompilerIt is cheap and effective, and has good portability.From now on, ORACLE product has a key feature:[Portability]。ORACLE version 3 also introduced SQL statements and transaction processing“Atomicity”--The SQL statements are either all successful or all failed, and the transactions are either all committed or all rolled back.ORACLE version 3 also introduces non blocking queries, which use the data stored in the "Before Image File" to query and rollback transactions, thus avoiding the use of read lock (although it limits itsthroughput）。Also in 1983, IBM released theDatabase2（DB2）, but can only be used on MVS.Anyway, ORACLE has taken the lead.Scott left ORACLE before the end of the third version development.At that time, there was a lot of pressure to rewrite ORACLE in C language. Scott was finally overwhelmed by the endless software debugging and chose to leave.Leave the rest of the burden to Miner alone.After selling 4% of his shares, Scott later founded Gupta Company (now renamed Centura Software) and PointBase Company (providing 100% pureJavaembedded database ）, is to develop database related products.When someone asked him about his% 4 ORACLE stock many years later, Scott, the technical expert who once wrote the first line of code for ORACLE, could only smile back.If we can persist, it will be a fortune of hundreds of millions of dollars.But Scott didn't have so many ideas at that time. He was just too tired.
Portability
ORACLE first transplanted its software to DEC VAX computerVMSOperating system.As early as 1979, the company had hired a technical expert of DEC, Robot Brandt, to develop ORACLE on VAX.At the beginning, the funds were limited, and onlyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBranch schoolsGo to rub the machine for development. Later, it was better, but the machine was also borrowed.Despite the difficulties, Brandt successfully completed the transplant.With VAXMinicomputerA large number of sales and even demand, ORACLE software has become the most popular program on VAX.This is due to Larry's market foresight.If IBM leads ORACLE into the big ship of database, then VAX of DEC will take them to sea.A few years later, ORACLE database was migrated to various major platforms.ORACLE products have always been concerned by potential customers because of the key feature of portability.
At this time, Oates was depressed because his marriage was going to break down. He could not concentrate on the company and had to leave the company.Several years later, he returned to the company and made great contributions to ORACLE again. He made a promise that he would leave the company again when the number of employees exceeded 10000.In 1999, he fulfilled his wish.Now he is indulging in music and enjoying himself.
For a long time, Miner alone undertook the R&D of the company.Miner regards money as nothing and is low-key, which is in sharp contrast to Ellison's sharp edge.In the company, everyone agrees that she is a good person, and she is also loved by employees.Ellison is the brain of the company, and Miner deserves to be the heart of the company.She is a silent hero, just like Steve Wozniak behind Steve Jobs.
Release version 4
In October 1984, ORACLE released the fourth version of the product.The stability of the product has finally been improved to a certain extent. In Miner's words, it has reached "industrial strength".But it is not satisfactory enough. The complaints of users about the products seem to be endless.This version adds Read Consistency, which is a key feature of the database and can ensure that users see consistent data during query.That is, when a session is modifying data, other sessions will not see the uncommitted modifications of the session.It can be seen that before the fourth edition of ORACLE, the product was always unstable, but the sales staff of ORACLE, mainly Ellison, always exaggerated when he promoted ORACLE, but he was able to sell the software, and also sold very well, which must be admitted, which is really magical.Let's take a look at the situation of the software market in 1984. The dominant company in the database market is Asnton Tale. Their flagship product is dBase III (to be exact, dBase is the dominant database software on PC), which has just become the third largest independent software company in the world (MicrosoftLotus and ORACLE were not listed at that time). This yearApple IncMacIn the year of the birth of intosh, Steven Jobs challenged Big Brother IBM with this blockbuster product.Also in the same year, the developers of ORACLE Company have just migrated the product to PC.This is the best age and the worst age.Thousands of small companies are fighting endlessly in the software field, and new companies are springing up like mushrooms. How can ORACLE be invincible?
Release 5.0 product
In 1985, ORACLE released version 5.0.Some users said that this version is a stable version of ORACLE database.This is also the first batch ofClient/ServerRunning in modeRDBMSFor products, ORACLE database has never lagged behind in terms of technology trend.This means running on a desktop PC（Client）Business onapplication programCan be accessed through the networkdatabase server。Version 5.1 released in 1986 also supportsDistributed Query, allowing access to data stored in multiple locations through a one-time query.
On July 19, 2023, Oracle released an update to the 7.0.10 maintenance version of VirtualBox, three months after the last 7.0.8 update.[4]
Company Profile
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2000 (June 1999 to May 2000)turnoverIt reached US $10.1 billion, a record high in Oracle's sales, up US $1.3 billion over last year, and its profit increased by 61% to US $2.1 billion.Oracle has more than 36000 employees and serves 145 countries around the world.Oracle has the only fully integratedE-Business SuiteOracle Applications R11i，It can automate the enterpriseOperation managementAll aspects of the process were favored by users, which promoted the sales of Oracle application software to reach 447 million dollars in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2000, and 352 million dollars in the same period as that of SAP[1]Compared with US $, it is nearly 100 million more. This fact shows that Oracle is already the world's largest application software supplier.Oracle E-Business Suite covers all aspects of enterprise operation and management, although it faces different competitors in different aspectsE-commerce solutionsIts core advantage lies in itsIntegrationandIntegrityUsers can get any application function they need from Oracle. More importantly, they have a consistent application architecture based on Internet technology. If users want to get the complete functions provided by Oracle e-commerce from other manufacturers, they need to purchase different applications from multiple manufacturers,And we need to ask another consulting company to assemble these different applications, and we must also ensure that they can work together.
Oracle
Advanced products and efficient enterprise operation are important reasons for Oracle's profit growth. One year ago, Oracle decided to save $1 billion annually by adopting its own Internet e-commerce solutionDaily operationCost target, which is equivalent toprofit marginIncrease by 10%.
2、 Application software (main competitor: SAP of Germany)
Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) software.It has a history of more than 10 years.In 2005, PeopleSoft, a developer of enterprise software, was merged to enhance its competitiveness in this regard.
Oracle Professional DBA Certification: This is forOracle DatabaseA basic certification of management design (4 examinations)
Oracle Network Application Developer Certification: This is a certification for SQ, P/SQL and network development (4 exams)
OracleJavaDeveloper certification: This is the Java developer certification designed for Oracle together with Sun Corporation. There are 6 examinations and the connection certification between Sun and Oracle
Oracle database development certification: This isATAA certification for Oracle developers
Oracle Certificate
Oracle certificates are divided into three categories:OCACertificatesOCPCertificatesOCMcertificate
OCP Certificate[2]
Application products
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Oracle application products include finance, supply chain, manufacturingproject managementMore than 150 modules, including human resources, marketing and sales, have won many world awards and have been adopted by nearly 7600 enterprises around the world.Due to its outstanding performance in e-commerce, Oracle recently announced its authority in Mongan StanleyGlobal enterprisesIn the top 1000, it jumped from 122nd last year to 13th, becoming the world's second largest independent software company and the largestE-commerce solutionssupplier.At present,AmazonAnd DellE-commerce website, the world's ten largestB-to-BNine of the websites, 93% of them are listedCOM company and 65 "Fortune Global 100" enterprises all adopt Oracle e-commerce solutions by coincidence.Four years ago, when e-commerce was still in its infancy worldwide, Oracle made a forward-looking transformation from a leading database vendor to a complete e-commerce solution provider based on Internet computingstrategic deployment。This forward-looking strategy has brought huge benefits to Oracle. Today, Oracle can leadcompetitorProvision includesPlatform productsAdvanced, complete and integrated e-commerce solutions including application products and perfect services canSeamless integrationsupply chain management（SCM）、Enterprise resource management（ERP）、Customer resource management（CRM）And enterprisesbusiness intelligence (BI) and e-commerce application IP, Exchange, Portal to go and other products.All Oracle solutions from low-end to high-end are 100% based on Internet applicationsArchitecture, can passWeb Security. Direct access enables enterprises to complete quotation, order, payment, execution, service, etc. through the WebBusiness processIt helps enterprises to quickly transfer their existing business content to e-commerce and quickly obtain high benefits from e-commerce.
Historical evolution
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Oracle Database In the 1970s, a software company called Ampex was designing a database called Oracle for the Central Intelligence Agency. Ellison was one of the programmers.In 1977, Alison and his colleaguesRobert MinerCreation“software developmentSoftware Development LabsIBMPublication“relational database”Alison created a new database based on this, called Oracle.
In 1978, the company moved tosilicon valley, renamed as "Relational Software Company" (RSI). Two years later, there are 8 employees with an annual income of less than $1 million.IBM, which first proposed "relational database", adopts RSI database.In 1982, it was renamed Oracle.
In 1987, its annual revenue reached $131 million, and Oracle became the fourth largest software company in the world a year later.Enter again within two yearsMexico、Brazil, ChinaCyprus、MalaysiaandNew Zealand。One year later, the revenue doubled again to $282 million.
In 1990, Oracle entered the market within two yearsChile、Greece, KoreaPortugal、turkey、Venezuela, Taiwan, ChinaBelgium、Argentina、Columbia、Costa Ricaandthe PhilippinesHowever, Oracle's performance suffered a loss for the first time that year, and its market value plummeted by 80%. Allison arranged senior managers to participate in the operation for the first time.In 1992, Oracle 7, the flagship product, was launched, which put the company's business back on track, with an annual revenue of $1.179 billion.Raymond Lane, who was once regarded as Oracle's successor but was later allowed to be eliminatedOperation Director。
Oracle Database
In 1995, Alison announced that the PC was dead, and promoted all products to the development of the Internet“Network computerCompany "（Network Computer）, selling "network computers" and finally being eliminated.
In 2000, when CNET was nearing the end, E-Business Suite was launched to seize applicationsProduct market, and formed a serious relationship with former business partnersConflict of Interest。Same periodMicrosoftAnd IBMData technologyIncrease the number of new orders for Oracle since thenOccupancy, dropped by 6.6% in two years, and business fell back by 10%.
Intentional acquisition in 2003PeopleSoft The software company caused a sensation in the industry.Controversial news of the two companies emerged in endlessly.In the same year, the US Justice Tribe case prevented Oracle from acquiring.On April 20, 2009,OracleAnnounced that Sun would be acquired for US $9.50 per share, totaling US $7.4 billion（computer system）Company.
origin
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In June 1970, Edgar Frank Codd, a researcher of IBMACMThe famous "Relational Model of Large Shared Database Data" (ARelational ModelOf Data for Large Shared Data Banks).This is a turning point in the history of database development.You know, at that timehierarchical model andMesh modelOur database products occupy a major position in the market.Starting from this paper,Relational databaseThe prelude to the software revolution has been opened.
Although the relational model theory was born as early as 1970, the relational model has not been seen in the market for a long timeDatabase management softwareThe launch of.The main reason is that many opponents believe that relational databases are too slow to compare with hierarchical databases at that time.It is funny that although IBM started the System R project in 1973 to study the practical feasibility of relational databases, it did not launch such products in time, because IBM's IMS (the famousHierarchical database）The market is good. If we launch a relational database, it will involve the self-interest of many people at IBM.Moreover, IBM's huge and complexBureaucracyFar less flexible in decision-making.In June 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oatessilicon valleyCo founded a company calledsoftware developmentSoftware Development Laboratories,SDL）Computer company (the predecessor of ORACLE).At that time, Larry Ellison, 32, who had attended three universities but failed to graduatedropout , is just an ordinarysoftware engineer。At the beginning of the company, Miner was the president, Oates was the vice president, and Ellison, because of a contract, was still working in another company.Before long, the first employee, Bruce Scott (everyone who has used ORACLE database software knows that there is a Scott user, right? Yes, it is Scott. As for the password Tiger of Scott user, it is the name of Scott's cat), joined in. After Miner and Oates were a little tired of the contractual development work, they decided to developGeneral software, but they still don't know what kind of products they can develop.Oates was the first to see Edgar Cott's famous paper together with several other related articles and recommended Ellison and Miner to read it.Ellison and Miner foresaw the great potential of database software (follow IBM, yes), so SDL began to plan to build a commercial relational database management system (RDBMS).
A glance at the headquarters of Oracle Corporation in the United States
Soon they came up with a less decent product, or more specifically, a Demo.Ellison and Miner named this product ORACLE according to the code of a project invested by the Central Intelligence Agency in their former company.Because they believe that ORACLE (meaning "oracle, prophecy" in the dictionary) is the source of all wisdom.In 1979, SDL changed its name to Relational Software,Inc., RSI), after all, "Software Development Lab" is not like the name of a large company.In 1983, in order to highlight the company'sCore productsRSI was renamed ORACLE again.
Suffer setbacks
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competitor
That was in 1985, when Cullinet, the largest independent software company (mainly sellingMesh database）It has fallen like a meteor.The main competitor of ORACLE is Ingres database.Ingres was born at the University of California, Berkeley, and its main designer was the famous Professor Michael Stonebraker at that time.It can be said that IngresDatabase softwareIt is the best database in technology in the 1980s. The rapid growth of Ingres market share has caused great pressure on ORACLE.Coincidentally, at this time, IBM once again extended the "hand of God".
Ingres uses the query technology of QUEL (Query Language) invented by Stonebraker, which is quite different from IBM SQL.In some places, QUEL is even better than SQL.IBM was worried that Ingres would turn QUEL into a standard to its own disadvantage.After some measurement, I decided to submit my SQL to the Database Standards Committee.Professor Stonebraker did not intend to submit QUEL to the Database Standards Committee. He was sent by the Academy and thought that doing so would actually killcreative spirit。If the snipe and the clam compete, the fisherman will benefit.ORACLE saw and seized this great opportunity to announce that ORACLE is fully compatible with SQL. In addition to ORACLE's attack on Ingres' PC version at that time (their best skill is to weaken the advantages of competitors and overcome their own weaknesses), coupled with ORACLE's strong sales, Ingres kept losing ground. It was too late to launch a database supporting SQL later.Keeping up with IBM enables ORACLE to grow and expand, embrace standards, embrace openness,Embrace changeAnd make ORACLE invincible.
On March 12, 1986, ORACLE was publicly listed at $15 per share and closed at $20.75 on that day, with a market value of $270 million.On March 13, Microsoft paid $21 per shareIssue priceThe company was listed and closed at $28, with a market value of $700 million.Far more than ORACLE.The successful Microsoft and Gates have covered the light of ORACLE and Ellison, which may also be the beginning of Ellison's hostility to Microsoft.
Release Version 6
ORACLE 6th Edition was released in 1988.Due to the repeated criticisms on the performance of previous versions, Miner led engineers to rewrite the database core.The important feature of row level locking is introduced, that is, the transaction that executes the write only locks the affected rows, not the entire table.This version introduces something that is not perfectPL/SQL(Procedural Language extension to SQL).Version 6 also introduced onlineHot BackupFunction, enabling the database to create online backups during use, which greatly enhances theusability。In the same year, ORACLE began to develop ERP software.
The company seems to be developing smoothly, but the nightmare has just begun.
Because in the pastsoftware test Not enough attention - at that time, the company was small, and customers basically helped with free testing.After the release of the sixth version, many users who can't wait to start using it complained.This is a product that has not been tested at all before it is released (it's also Ellison's fault that he always talks big and has to suffer the consequences).Users began to attack ORACLE, and some of ORACLE's competitors also began to attack the weaknesses of ORACLE products.While dealing with angry users, developers worked overtime to make continuous modifications to the program. Finally, they finally got a relatively stable version, temporarily calming the anger of users.
The appearance of ORACLE7
However, the actual problem is not here. The rapid growth in recent years has also brought huge hidden dangers to the companyquarterly report formThe announcement of.The financial staff found a $15 millionBad debts, and the company's profit is far from the expectation.In the next timeCompany diseaseIn the face of the accusations of shareholders, the stock plummeted, the company's prospects were bleak, and even faced bankruptcy.Ellison, who once relied on loans to maintain his luxurious life and did not sell stocks, is also going to lose his grip.The company made great efforts to rectify the finance（Financial SupervisorJeff Walker saved the company to some extent).The company announced that it would cut expenses, lay off a large number of sales personnel, and employ special management personnel.
The nightmare ended with the launch of the seventh edition of ORACLE.The company had been talking about the new version for several years (it was once ridiculed that it was just Ellison's plan to repeat it), but it finally came on the scene in June 1992. This time, the company learned the lesson of the sixth version's hasty listing, listened to various suggestions from users, and gathered strength to conduct a large number of detailed tests on the new version.Many newPerformance characteristics: Distributed transaction processing, enhancedmanagement function, forApplication developmentNew tools and security methods.ORACLE7 also contains some new functions, such asstored procedure, triggering process andIllustrativeReferential integrityAnd make the database truly programmable.It is also important to note that this version introduces a new optimizer in addition to the original rule-based optimizer (RBO): Cost Based Optimizer,CBO）。CBO calculates the statement'sExecution costTo get the specific statement execution plan.In the following major versions, ORACLE engineers gradually improved the optimizer, and CBO gradually replaced RBO.
The seventh edition of ORACLE is a truly outstanding product of ORACLE and has achieved great success.This version came out at a good timeSybaseThe database of has occupied a lot of shares. With the success of this version, ORACLE defeated the aggressive Sybase.The sales staff of the company has arrived at the time of fulfilling the short promises to the users.After two or three years of governance, the company finally got rid of all kinds of troubles and started healthy development again. The sales volume also changed from 1.5 billion dollars in 1992 to 4.2 billion dollars four years later.
market positioning
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When formulating a counterattack strategy, Oracle“happy meal ”As a counterattack.In the past, Oracle's database was just a platform, and most applications on the platform were developed by other companies. However, since the end of 2000, the company has launched a set of software called "e-business suite", which containsPersonnel management systemThe sales system is all programs rooted in the database.However, it still hasn't recovered Oracle's decline. According to IDC, from 2000 to 2002,MicrosoftBusiness grew by 46%,IBMIt grew 41%, but Oracle fell 10%.Around 2000, Microsoft's database products were only concentrated in the small and medium-sized enterprise market. However, after Microsoft launched MS SQL Server 7 database, it broke through in technology and seized the high-end software market.IBM alsoDB2 databaseOracle is facing huge challenges in its high-profile market attack.In the database market, the competition goes beyond that.In addition to its database rivals, Oracle has to face a big brother in the application industry when it steps into the application softwareSAPCompetition.At the senior levelBusiness softwareIn the market, SAP accounted for 36% of the market in 2003, ranking first, while Oracle accounted for only 13% in the same period.
Architecture of ORACLE
In addition, IBM and solution consultantsAccentureAt that time, software was also provided to customers directly in the form of packages, without even introducing Oracle's own products.Compared with Oracle's strategy, IBM tends to follow the principle of harmonious coexistence. At the industry promotion conference, IBM repeatedly stressed that it will not follow Oracle's path and successfully appeased a number of application software vendors.
Project Svelte
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During the period, Oracle changed the reward and punishment mechanism in order to avoid the failure of individual regions.In the past, the regional manager used to score on the basis of turnover, but nowMargins(prof it margin).If they refuse to adopt the central system, the regions have to pay for it themselves.The basic reform has tasted the first fruits. Oracle has integrated sales, finance and other systems, saving more than 60 million US dollars annuallymaintenance cost。In Oracle's business history, there was a $1 billion savings plan, which was well received in the industry and becameHarvard CollegeBusiness case.In 1999, Oracle conducted a major restructuring in 145 regions of the world. Alison said at that time: How many employees are there in the world?I don't know. That batch of data was placed in 70 databases, so Oracle moved all these complex systems onto the Internet.Finally, Oracle believes that the system can be modified,Enterprise architectureIt should also be changed.Alison once pointed out that the regional divisions were likeVassal statesIt is required to transfer the global personnel and finance to the central responsible person.Take sales for example, they require employees to return orders for processing. Even if those customers go to the website to place orders, the region can still receive commissions.
Oracle
In the middle of 2000, Oracle's profit margin rose from 19.6% to 31.4%, saving up to $1 billion. Oracle also launched a number of promotional ads based on this. At that timeanalystHe laughed and said that this was the best promotion of Oracle.
Larry Ellison: He is the largest person in the worldDatabase softwareThe boss of the company, whose products are all over the world.He is a stranger, but nobody seems to be able to leave him.Ellison did nothing until he was 32.After three universities, he didn't get a degree. He changed a dozen companies and his wife left him.When he started his business, he was only $1200, but finally, Oracle doubled its sales every year for 12 consecutive years, becoming the second largest software company in the world, and he himself became the richest man in Silicon Valley.But the world knows what a long life struggle he has experienced during this period.At present, he is worth 26 billion dollars, making him the second richest person in the world.
House: a building modeled after Japan's 16th century imperial palace, worth 40 million dollars
Children: two
Personal hobby: driving an Italian carJet fighterAnd a 78 foot rowing boat
Chinese companies
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In order to help Chinese users make full use of the world's most advanced computer software technology and products in a timely manner, Oracle China has invested a lot of resources in product localization. At present, most of Oracle's productsAll haveIt has realized a comprehensive Chinese culture, and the update rhythm of Chinese products is basically consistent with that of American products.At the same time, Oracle has received cooperation and support from hundreds of domestic computer enterprises in China, exceptHP、Sun、compaq , Cisco, Intel and other Oracle global alliance partners andPwCconsultationLtd., AndersenEnterprise consultingLtd., AXA ConsultingDeloitte enterpriseManagement consulting companyOracle Global, such as Capgemini Ernst&Young Consulting (Asia Pacific) Co., LtdSystem integratorIn addition, Oracle has also established a complete partnership system in China, including 6 value-added distributors, 72 independent software developers, 3 application software partners, and 180 licenseesdistributorAnd 4 authorized training centers, which together form an Oracle basedTechnical productsBasic national market developmentsystem integration Value added development and technologyService system, providing strong support for Oracle's business development in China.Hundreds of Oracle platform based commercialization developed by themApplication software packageIt has been widely used in domestic government departments, telecommunications, postal services, public security, finance, insurance, energy and power, transportation, science and education, petrochemical, aerospace, civil aviation and other industries.In 1989, Oracle officially entered the Chinese market, becoming the first world software giant to enter China, marking the beginning of Chinanational economyinformation construction It has received positive response from Oracle and is the first relational model created by OracleDatabase technologyStart serving Chinese users.In July 1991, after nearly two years of hard work, in order to better adapt to the rapid development of the business, Oracle established in BeijingSole proprietorship。Today's Oracle China has more than 250 employees, andShanghai、Guangzhou、ChengduAn office has been set up.In the 2000 fiscal year ended May 31, the overall sales of Oracle ChinaYear on year growth38%, and the profit increased by more than 42%.
Company characteristics
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*ORACLE7. X has introduced shared SQL and multi thread serversArchitecture。This reduces the resource occupation of ORACLE, and enhances its ability to support more users with less resources on low-end software and hardware platforms, and hundreds of thousands of users on high-end platforms.
*It provides security and confidentiality management based on role (ROLE) division of labor.In the databasemanagement function、IntegrityGood performance in inspection, safety and consistency.
*Support a large amount of multimedia data, such as binary graphics, sound, animation and multidimensionaldata structureEtc.
*The third generationhigh-level languageThe PRO * series of interface software can embed SQL statements and procedural (PL/SQL) statements in C, C++and other main languages to manipulate data in the database.Plus, it has many excellent receptionistsdevelopment toolFor example, POWER BUILD, SQL * FORMS, VISIA BASIC, etc. can quickly develop and generate applications based on the client PC platform with good portability.
*NewDistributed databaseAbility.The data in the remote database can be read and written easily through the network, and there is a symmetric replication technology.Oracle is probably the most popular server with the largest sharemarket shareIt is widely used in various market fields to meet a series of storage requirements, such as financial records, human resources and order preparation. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that Oracle entered RDBMS earlier（Relational database management system）Domain, and provides a database version that can run on most operating systems, although Oracle's preferred operating system seems to beSolarisConvert toLinuxHowever, Oracle is still working on compatibility with other operating systems. Although Oracle often runs on Unix or Linux platforms, a large number of OracleHP-UXandAIXWith the explosion of e-commerce a few years ago, Oracle will become the choice of database for WEB applications, which makes the database more vulnerable to attackers.In fact, once Oracle enters the front end from the background, people will pay more attention to its security.
Recovery technology
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1、 Significance of recovery
When we use an ORACLE database, we always want the contents of the database to be reliable and correct, but becausecomputer systemFault (hardware faultNetwork failure, process failure, andsystem failure ）Impactdatabase systemThe operation of affects the databaseData inAnd even destroy the database, so that all or part of the data in the database is lost.Therefore, when the above failure occurs, we hope to re-establish a complete database. This process is calledDatabase recovery。recoverySubsystemyesDatabase management systemAn important part of.Recovery processing varies with the structure affected by the type of failure that occurred.
2、 Recovery method
IMPORT method:
Using IMPORT, the last EXPORTdata fileIMPORT to a new database, which canDatabase objectsRestore it to the state when it was exported, and the subsequent changes will be irretrievable.The IMPORT command can be performed interactively. For the specific meaning of each parameter, see Oracle EXP/IMP Parameter Details.This method is applicable to the environment without archive mode.
Safe recovery method:
If the database is running in archive mode, you can use theCold backup(Hot Backup) and archive backup restore the database to the breakpoint state.
data baseControl documentsRecovery (assuming all control files are damaged):
Database based onfile system: Use the tar, cp and other commands of the operating system.
Database based onBare equipment：dd if=$ORACLE_BASE/con.bak of=/dev/rdrd/drd1 seek=12
data baseData files recover data and index tablespacesSystem tablespaceRecovery of: Copyback relatedDatabase fileAnd all logic generated since the backup of the data filelog fileAnd execute the following command:
svrmgrl>startup mount
svrmgrl>alter database recover automatic
If the control file is damaged:
svrmgrl>alter database recover using backup controfile；Enter as promptedlogFile name and redolog file name
Note: If the database is not running in the archive mode, the recovery can only be restored to the state of the last backup.
Related events
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In March 2022, due to theImpact of Russia Ukraine conflict in 2022, OracleTwitterSaid, "For the benefit of Oracle's 150000 employees around the worldUkraineThe democratically elected government and Ukrainian people, Oracle has suspendedRussiaAll businesses of the Federation. "[3]
