ammonium chloride

chemical compound

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synonym NH4Cl (NH4CL) generally refers to ammonium chloride (compound)

Ammonium chloride, abbreviated as ammonium chloride, is a kind of Inorganic , chemical formula is NH four Cl， Means hydrochloric acid Of ammonium salt , most of which are by-products of soda industry. Nitrogen content 24%~26%, white or yellowish square or Octahedron Small crystal, available in powder and granular form, granular ammonium chloride is not easy to absorb moisture and is easy to store, while powdered ammonium chloride is mostly used as basic fertilizer for compound fertilizer production. genus Physiological acid fertilizer , which is not suitable for Acid soil and saline-alkali soil Upper application, not suitable for Seed fertilizer , seedling field fertilizer or leaf fertilizer And should not be used in chlorine sensitive crops (such as tobacco 、 Potato 、 citrus 、 tea plant Etc.). Ammonium chloride has a high and stable fertilizer effect in paddy field, because chlorine can not only inhibit nitrification in paddy field, but also help to form rice stem fiber, increase toughness, and reduce rice lodging and disease and insect invasion.^[1]

October 2023 On the 5th, American scientists found evidence of the sixth basic taste, which is "ammonium chloride".^[11]

Chinese name: ammonium chloride^[5]
Foreign name: Ammonium chloride^[5]^[10]
Alias: Electrohalite^[5] 、 Electric powder^[5] 、 Salt essence^[5] 、 Salsa ammoniaca^[5]
chemical formula: NH four Cl^[5]
molecular weight: fifty-three point four nine one five zero^[5]
CAS login number: 12125-02-9^[5]
EINECS login number: 235-186-4^[5]
Melting point: 340 ℃^[5]

Boiling point: 520 ℃
Water solubility: Soluble
Density: 1.527 g/cm³
Appearance: white
Security description: S22；S36；S26^[5]
Hazard symbol: R22；R36^[5]
Hazard description: Xn^[5]
UN dangerous goods number: nine thousand and eighty-five^[5]

catalog

eight Medical application
▪ indication
▪ Disable and use with caution
▪ Medication instructions
▪ Adverse reactions
▪ Interaction
nine Ammonium chloride for industrial use
▪ nature

brief introduction

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The aqueous solution is weakly acidic, and the acidity increases when heated. It is corrosive to ferrous metals and other metals, especially copper, and has no corrosive effect on pig iron.

The product mainly has two production processes: first, it was invented by Hou Debang, a famous Chinese scientist Hou's soda process , simultaneous production Soda ash And ammonium chloride; Second, production Potassium carbonate And other potash by-products. Ammonium chloride is easy to caking, and anti caking agent is usually added to prevent the product from caking.

Solubility of ammonium chloride in water
Temperature/℃	Solubility/g
zero	twenty-nine point four
ten	thirty-three point three
twenty	thirty-seven point two
thirty	forty-one point four
forty	forty-five point eight
fifty	fifty point four
sixty	fifty-five point two
seventy	sixty point two
eighty	sixty-five point six
ninety	seventy-one point three
one hundred	seventy-seven point three

Physical and chemical properties

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chemical formula	NH four Cl
relative molecular mass	fifty-three point four nine
Electronic
Structural

character

ammonium chloride

Colorless crystal or white granular powder Strong electrolyte , dissolved in water and ionized out Ammonium ion and Chloride ion ， ammonia and Hydrogen chloride There will be white smoke when ammonium chloride is formed. Odorless. It tastes salty, cool and slightly bitter. Low hygroscopicity, but it can also absorb moisture and agglomerate in wet and rainy weather. Powdered ammonium chloride is very easy to deliquescence, especially for qualified products. The hygroscopic point is generally about 76%. When the relative humidity in the air is greater than the hygroscopic point, ammonium chloride will absorb moisture and become caked easily. It can sublimate (actually the process of decomposition and regeneration of ammonium chloride) without melting point. The relative density is 1.5274. The refractive index is 1.642. Low toxicity, median lethal dose (rat, oral) 1650 mg/kg. Irritating. Heating to 350 ℃ sublimation, boiling point 520 ℃.

Easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in liquid ammonia , insoluble in acetone and Ether 。 Hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride It can reduce its solubility in water, which is 29.4g at 0 ℃, 33.2g at 10 ℃, 37.2g at 20 ℃, 41.4g at 30 ℃, 45.8g at 40 ℃, 50.4g at 50 ℃, 55.3g at 60 ℃, 60.2g at 70 ℃, 65.6g at 80 ℃, 71.2g at 90 ℃, and 77.3g at 100 ℃. When heated to 100 ℃, it starts to decompose. At 337.8 ℃, it can be completely decomposed into ammonia and hydrogen chloride. When it is cold, it can be combined again to produce ammonium chloride with very small particles, which presents white thick smoke. It is not easy to sink, and it is extremely difficult to dissolve in water again.

PH of aqueous solution: because the ammonium ion ionized in water is hydrolyzed, the solution is acidic and saturated at room temperature Ammonium chloride solution The pH value is generally about 5.6. At 25 ℃, 1% is 5.5, 3% is 5.1, and 10% is 5.0. Ammonium chloride itself can be used as a stabilizing agent for bismuth and antimony (providing chloride ion for coordination, and co dissolving its compound with ammonium chloride in Dilute hydrochloric acid Medium).

chemical property

1. The aqueous solution is weakly acidic, and the acidity increases when heated. Corrosive to ferrous metals and other metals, especially copper Greater corrosion pig iron No corrosion; When ammonia is mixed with hydrogen chloride, white smoke will be generated, which is ammonium chloride;

2. It is easy to decompose when heated:

This reaction is reversible, and the two substances will combine again to form ammonium chloride at the same time.

3. Reaction with sulfuric acid:

Total reaction formula:

^[4]

Ammonium chloride is an ionic compound, which is easily soluble in water and ionizes out ammonium and chloride ions in water. stay Melting state , forming freely movable Ammonium radical And chloride ions, which can conduct electricity.

The radius of ammonium chloride is 143pm, which is close to that of potassium ion (133pm) and rubidium The radius of ion (149pm), so the properties of ammonium salt are similar to alkali metal salts, and they are often isomorphic with potassium salt and rubidium salt, and have similar solubility.

The cell type of ammonium chloride is Cesium chloride Type, i.e. simple cubic stacking of chloride ions, Ammonium ion Fill in all the cubic voids, which are cubic crystal systems, Simple cubic cell 。

Preparation method

1. Recrystallization method: add the crude ammonium chloride into the dissolver, dissolve it with steam, filter it, cool and crystallize the filtrate, centrifugate and dry it to produce the finished industrial ammonium chloride. Centrifuged mother liquor is returned to the dissolver for use;

2. Double decomposition method: first, add ammonium chloride mother liquor into the reactor and heat it to 105 ℃, then add ammonium sulfate and table salt, carry out double decomposition reaction at 117 ℃ to generate ammonium chloride solution and sodium sulfate crystal, filter and separate to remove sodium sulfate, send saturated ammonium chloride solution to cooling crystallizer, cool it to 32~35 ℃ to precipitate crystals, filter, Rinse the crystals with four different concentrations of ammonium chloride solution, and control Fe<0.008%,

<0.001%, after rinsing to be qualified, use ammonium chloride solution to re mix the crystal into slurry, send it to a centrifuge for separation and dehydration, and then dry it with hot air to produce industrial ammonium chloride products. Mother liquor is sent to the metathesis reactor for recycling. The filtered sodium sulfate is used to produce sodium sulfate;

3. The gas-liquid phase synthesis method passes the hydrogen chloride gas from the bottom of the turbulent absorption tower, contacts with the circulating mother liquor sprayed on the tower top, generates the ammonium chloride mother liquor saturated with hydrogen chloride, flows into the reactor, neutralizes with the ammonia gas, and generates the saturated ammonium chloride solution. Send to Cooling mould After cooling to 30-45 ℃, supersaturated ammonium chloride crystals are precipitated. Send the ammonium chloride solution at the upper part of the crystallizer to the air cooler for cooling and circulation to the crystallizer; The lower crystal slurry is thickened by a thickener and centrifuged to obtain finished ammonium chloride. The mother liquor separated by centrifugation is sent to the turbulent absorption tower for recycling;^[2]

quality index

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Quality index of industrial ammonium chloride
Index name	First Grade	Second-class product
Mass fraction of ammonium chloride (on dry basis)/% ≥	ninety-nine point three	ninety-nine
Moisture/% ≤	one	one
Sodium chloride (on dry basis)/% ≤	zero point two	zero point three
Water insoluble matter/% ≤	zero point zero two	zero point zero three
Sulfate/% ≤	zero point zero two	zero point zero four
PH value	4.2～5.8	4.2～5.8

Usage treatment

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purpose

1. It can be used as raw material to manufacture dry cells and batteries, other ammonium salts Electroplating additive Metal welding flux;

2. Used as dyeing auxiliary and also for Tinning And galvanized tanning , medicine, candle making, adhesive Chromizing Precision casting;

3. Used in medicine, dry battery, textile printing and dyeing, detergent;

Ammonium chloride can dissipate phlegm and relieve cough

① Ammonium chloride enters the body, and some ammonium ions are quickly metabolized by the liver to form urea, which is excreted by urine. Chlorine ion combines with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid, thus correcting alkali poisoning.

② Due to the chemical stimulation of mucosa, the amount of sputum is reflexively increased, which makes the sputum easy to be discharged, so it is conducive to the removal of a small amount of sticky sputum that is not easy to cough up. After the product is absorbed, chloride ions enter the blood and extracellular fluid to acidify the urine.

Disable and use with caution

(1) Liver Renal insufficiency It is forbidden to use it in case of renal insufficiency to prevent perchloric acidosis.

(2) On Sickle cell anemia Patients may suffer from hypoxia or (and) acidosis.

(3) Patients with ulcer disease and metabolic acidemia should not use it.

(4) It is forbidden for pregnant and lactating women.

(5) Children should use it under the guidance of doctors.

4. It can be used as crop fertilizer, suitable for rice, wheat, cotton, hemp, vegetables and other crops;

5. Used as Analytical reagent , such as preparing ammonia ammonium chloride buffer solution. It is used as a supporting electrolyte in electrochemical analysis. Used as arc stabilizer for emission spectrum analysis, interference inhibitor for atomic absorption spectrum analysis, and viscosity test of synthetic fiber;

6. Medicinal ammonium chloride is used as expectorant, diuretic and expectorant;

7. Yeast nutrition (mainly used for beer brewing); Dough conditioner. General and sodium bicarbonate After mixing, the dosage is about 25% of sodium bicarbonate or 10-20g/kg of wheat flour. Mainly used in bread, biscuits, etc. Processing aids (GB 2760-96)^[2]

Hazard Overview

Irritating to skin and mucous membrane, can cause liver and kidney function damage, induce liver coma Azotemia And metabolic acidosis. The application of 50g ammonium chloride in healthy people can cause severe poisoning, and 5g can cause serious poisoning in patients with liver disease, kidney disease and chronic heart disease. Chemical gastritis is caused by oral poisoning, and in severe cases, liver coma is induced due to significant increase of blood ammonia. Severe poisoning causes liver and kidney damage, metabolic acidosis, and a large increase in bronchial secretions. Occupational contact may cause irritation and burns of respiratory tract mucosa. Chronic effects: Regular contact with ammonium chloride can cause chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva and respiratory mucosa.

Non combustible, irritant.^[2]

Personal protection

Protection part	Protective measures
respiratory system protection	Must be worn when the dust concentration in the air exceeds the standard Self suction filtering dust mask 。 It should be worn during emergency rescue or evacuation Air respirator 。
Eye protection	Wear chemical safety goggles.
Body protection	Wear anti poison penetration work clothes.
Hand protection	Wear rubber gloves.
other	After work, take a shower and change clothes. Pay attention to personal hygiene. The product equipment shall be sealed and the workshop shall be well ventilated.

First aid measures

Contact part	First aid measures
Skin contact	Take off contaminated clothes and wash with plenty of flowing water.
Eye contact	Lift the eyelid with flowing water or normal saline rinse. Get medical attention.
inhalation	Quickly leave the site to fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. as dyspnea Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion	Drink enough warm water to induce vomiting. Gastric lavage and catharsis. Get medical attention.

Fire fighting measures

Hazard characteristics: no special combustion and explosion characteristics. Toxic and corrosive smoke is generated due to high-temperature decomposition.

Hazardous combustion products: hydrogen chloride nitrogen oxide 。

Extinguishing method: firefighters must wear full body fire and gas protective clothing and extinguish the fire upwind. When putting out a fire, try to move the container from the fire site to an open place.

Leakage emergency treatment

Emergency treatment: isolate the leakage pollution area, immediately cut off the leakage source, and quickly move the container out of the accident area, away from heat sources and fire sources. The emergency disposal personnel shall wear safety protection articles. After the accident is handled, they shall conduct harmless treatment of the treatment articles, waste materials, accident site, cleaning wastewater, etc. to meet the environmental requirements.. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear dust masks (full face masks) and gas suits. Avoid flying dust, sweep it carefully, put it in a bag and transfer it to a safe place. In case of large leakage, cover it with plastic cloth and canvas. Collect and recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.

Preparation method

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The hydrogen chloride gas is introduced from the bottom of the turbulent absorption tower to contact with the circulating mother liquor sprayed on the tower top, and the ammonium chloride mother liquor that generates saturated hydrogen chloride flows into the reactor ammonia conduct Neutralization reaction And produce saturated ammonium chloride solution. It is sent to cooling crystallizer and cooled to 30~45 ℃ to precipitate supersaturated ammonium chloride crystals. Send the ammonium chloride solution at the upper part of the crystallizer to the air cooler for cooling and circulation to the crystallizer; lower part Crystal paste After thickening by thickener Centrifugal separation And produce finished ammonium chloride. Its HCl+NH three →NH four The mother liquor of Cl separated by centrifugation is sent to the turbulent absorption tower for recycling.

Waste treatment

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use sodium hydroxide Solution pretreatment: the released ammonia gas is recycled for use, and the remaining treatment solution is diluted with water to the specified allowable concentration before Harmless treatment 。^[2]

storage and transportation

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It should be stored in a cool, ventilated and dry warehouse, and pay attention to moisture-proof. Avoid co storage and transportation with acids and alkalis. Rain and sun exposure shall be prevented during transportation. Handle with care during loading and unloading to prevent package damage. In case of fire, water, sand CO2 fire extinguisher Fire fighting.

Technical conditions: in accordance with the national standards of the People's Republic of China.

GB/T 2946-2018 (December 1, 2018)^[12] The products are divided into industrial ammonium chloride and agricultural ammonium chloride. The quality standards of industrial ammonium chloride are as follows:

appearance	White crystal
Ammonium chloride content (on dry basis)	>99.3%
Moisture content	<0.7%
Burning residue	<0.4%
Iron content	<0.001%
Heavy metal content (in Pb)	<0.0005%
Sulphate content (as SO four 2- Count)	<0.05%
PH value	4.0-5.8
category	salt

Medical application

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indication

This product is an irritant expectorant: suitable for dry cough and difficult expectoration; Also used for Urinary infection When acidification of urine is required. This product is used to correct metabolic alkalosis.

① Severe metabolic alkalosis, which can not be satisfactorily corrected with sufficient sodium chloride injection. ② Ammonium chloride load test It can understand the acidification function of renal tubules and be used for differential diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis. ③ It is suitable for dry cough and difficult expectoration.

Disable and use with caution

① Those with liver and kidney dysfunction are forbidden;

② In patients with sickle cell anemia, it can cause hypoxia or (and) acidosis.

⑴ Hepatic insufficiency Is disabled.

⑵ Be careful to use it in case of renal insufficiency to prevent perchloric acidosis.

⑶ Patients with ulcer disease and metabolic acidemia should not use it.

⑷ Prohibited for pregnant and lactating women

(5) Children use under the guidance of doctors

Medication instructions

Follow up examination: ① acid-base balance analysis indicators; ② Determination of blood chlorine, potassium and sodium concentration.

Mild and moderate metabolic alkalosis, only sufficient amount is needed sodium chloride injection Or at the same time potassium chloride Can be corrected. This product is only used for severe metabolic alkalosis.

When used for differential diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis, people with existing acidosis do not need to do ammonium chloride load test to avoid aggravating acidosis.

Adverse reactions

Nausea and occasionally vomiting after taking. Excessive or long-term use may cause acidosis and Hypokalemia 。

(1) Excessive ammonium chloride may cause hyperchlorinated acidosis, low potassium and Hyponatremia 。

⑵ When the liver function is not complete, ammonia poisoning occurs because the liver cannot convert ammonium ions into urea.

⑶ Oral ammonium chloride may cause gastrointestinal reaction.

If the dosage is too large, vomiting and nausea may occur, which may cause gastrointestinal irritation or discomfort

Interaction

This product and Sulfadiazine 、 Furantoin It is incompatibility.

It is incompatible with alkali, aureomycin, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfadiazine and warfarin.

Adverse reactions and precautions are as follows:

(1) Excessive use may cause hyperchloremic acidemia, so it is appropriate to use appropriate amount.

(2) Where Right heart failure The drug should be banned for patients with metabolic alkalosis syndrome accompanied by cirrhosis to avoid aggravating the original condition.

⑶ Patients with renal insufficiency also need to be disabled.

This medicine is not suitable for Sodium p-aminosalicylate 、 aspirin and Spironolactone When used together, the toxicity of the latter increases. It is also not suitable to mix with amphetamine, imipramine amitriptyline Or doxepin can be used together to avoid weakening the efficacy of the latter.

CAS No.：12125-02-9

Ammonium chloride for industrial use

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Industrial ammonium chloride	99.5%
Chemical name	Ammonium chloride for industrial use
English name	AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Molecular formula	NH four Cl
molecular weight	fifty-three point four nine

nature

Ammonium chloride for industrial use is white powder or granular crystal, odorless, salty and cool. Easy to absorb moisture and agglomerate, soluble in water, soluble in glycerin and liquid ammonia , insoluble in ethanol, insoluble in acetone And ether, sublimate at 350 ℃, and the aqueous solution is weakly acidic.

technical conditions

National standard of the People's Republic of China: GBT-2946-2008
appearance	White crystal
Ammonium chloride content (on dry basis)	99.5%
Moisture content	＜0.4%
sodium chloride Content (on dry basis)	＜0.2%
Iron content	＜0.001%
Heavy metal content (in Pb)	＜0.0005%
Sulphate content (as SO four 2- Count)	<0.02%
PH value	4.0～5.8
Burning residue	＜0.4%

packing

Each bag is 25kg or 50kg with inner plastic bag and outer woven bag.

purpose

Industrial ammonium chloride is mainly used in battery, electroplating, dyeing and weaving, casting, medicine, flocking, fluff, chemical intermediates, etc.

Related substances

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Chinese name	Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride	Tetraamyl ammonium chloride	Tetrapropylammonium chloride	Tetraethyl ammonium chloride
English name	Tetrabutyl ammonium Chloride^[6]	Tetraamyl ammonium chloride^[7]	Tetrapropyl ammonium Chloride^[8]	Tetraethylammonium Chloride^[9]
CAS No	1112-67-0^[6]	4965-17-7^[7]	5810-42-4^[8]	56-34-8^[9]
Molecular formula	C sixteen H thirty-six ClN^[6]	C twenty H forty-four ClN^[7]	C twelve H twenty-eight ClN^[8]	C eight H twenty ClN^[9]
molecular weight	two hundred and seventy-seven point nine one seven^[6]	three hundred and thirty-four point zero two three^[7]	two hundred and twenty-one point eight one^[8]	one hundred and sixty-five point seven zero four^[9]
MDL No	MFCD00011635	MFCD00011857	MFCD00038729	MFCD00011828

Agricultural utilization

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Ammonium chloride can be used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture, and its mechanism is related to ammonium sulphate Similar, but soil acidification caused by ammonium chloride ammonium sulphate Serious. It can be used as base fertilizer, topdressing, but not as Seed fertilizer 。 In addition, for Chlorine free crops (Tobacco, sugarcane, potato, etc.) should not be used in large quantities.

According to《 Circular of the National Development and Reform Commission on the Implementation of Preferential Railway Freight Policy for Agricultural Fertilizers such as Slow release Fertilizers 》(FGJG [2021] No. 1285), ammonium chloride was listed in the Catalogue of Agricultural Fertilizers with Preferential Railway Freight Rates^[3] 。

Sixth basic flavor

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October 2023 On the 5th, scientists from the Dornish School of Literature, Arts and Sciences at the University of Southern California found evidence of the sixth basic flavor, which is "ammonium chloride".^[11]

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