NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), also known as NASA and NASA, isUS Federal GovernmentAn administrative nature ofscientific research institution, responsible for formulation and implementationU.S.AAnd carry out research in aviation science and space science.NASA is the most authoritative aerospace scientific research institution in the world, sharing its research data with many domestic and international scientific research institutions.
On July 29, 1958,U.S.ApresidentEisenhowerThe United States Public Act 85-568 (the National Aeronautics and Space Act of the United States) was signed.On October 1, 1958, NASA was officially established.[1]Launched on the evening of April 16, 2018“Transsolar extraplanetary survey satellite”, looking forExtrasolar planets, hoping to discover the "other earth" that may gestate life.[2]On October 6, 2019, experts from NASA Ames Research Center andUberThe team cooperates to conduct computer simulation test for future air travel[3]。At noon on October 26, 2020 local time, NASAStratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA confirmed for the first time that there is water on the sunward side of the moon[4]。
On April 29, 2021, the United States Senate approved former Senator and astronaut Bill Nelson as the Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).[23]In August 2022, researchers funded by NASA found a "perfect cave" on the moon.[70]
In October 2022, NASA announced that a major accident occurred near Hazar, TurkmenistanAlkane leakage.[93]
On January 25, 2024, NASA plans to launch the "interstellar mapping and acceleration probe" in May 2025 to capture dust particles flowing into the solar system from interstellar space[125]。
Chinese name
NASA
Foreign name
National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）
On October 1, 1958, NASA was officially established, replacing its predecessorNational Aviation Advisory Council（NACA）。NASA's leadership programs includeApolloMoon landing plan“SkylabThe space station, and laterspace shuttle。
On July 15, 2022, Reuters reported that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) announced the signing of an agreement to integrate and coordinate flights to the International Space Station, allowing Russian astronauts to ride on American made spacecraft in exchange for American astronauts to ride on Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[68]
NASA and the European Space Agency will launch two spacecraft to Mars in 2026, one of which will land on Mars in 2028[79]。
NASA will launch the "Artemis 1" at 0:7 a.m. EST on November 14, 2022. Before November 4, NASA will transfer the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft to the 39B launch station of Kennedy Space Center.[89]
In October 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that a group of scientists and experts will start a new research on the "Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon" (UAP) on October 24 local time, which was formerly known as the phenomenon of unidentified flying objects (UFO).[90]
On December 13, 2022, NASA announced for the first time the sound of a cyclone on Mars recorded by the "Perseverance" Mars rover last year. At that time, several cyclones were passing over the rover.[104]
On April 13, 2023, CNN reported that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) "Europa Express Sail" will be launched in 2024, and is expected to enter the Jupiter system in April 2030, fly over Europa nearly 50 times, and finally reach about 25 kilometers above its surface.[110]
On July 28, 2023, NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, announced the on-demand streaming media platform called NASA+, which will be launched later in the summer of 2023.[114]
On January 5, 2024, according to a new cooperation agreement reached between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and private enterprises, the "Vulcan Centaurus" rocket of United Launch Alliance was transported to a launch pad at the Space Force Base in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was ready to launch at 2:18 a.m. local time on the 8thShoot.[123]
On January 25, 2024, NASA plans to launch the "interstellar mapping and acceleration probe" in May 2025 to capture dust particles flowing into the solar system from interstellar space[125]。
Institutional setup
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Management organization
Huge sunspots appear in the sun
The Washington Headquarters of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the top management agency.Ames Research Center (NASA-ARC)Dryden Flight Research Center （NASA-DFRC）、Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC), Goddard Space Research Institute (NASA-GISS), Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA-GSFC)Independent Certification and Accreditation Institute（NASA-ⅣVF）、Jet Propulsion Laboratory（NASA-JPL）、Kennedy Space Center(NASA-KSC), Langley Research Center (NASA-LRC)Marshall Aviation Flight Center(NASA-MSFC), Stannis Space Center (NASA-SSC)Volop Flight Research Institute(NASA-WFF) andBaisha Experimental Research Institute（NASA-WST F）。
NASA is directly under the leadership of the President in administration, and is under the overall responsibility of the Director General.NASA is managed on the basis of two levels, namely, the headquarters management and the Strategic Affairs Department.The bureau headquarters is responsible for leading the overall situation, coordinating the work inside and outside the bureau, implementing NASA's external cost accounting and liaison, formulating the director's long-range plan and annual plan, implementing budget integration, and formulating NASA's development strategy, long-term investment strategy, NASA policies and standards.Supervise the technical management of each research center;Check the progress and completion of work at each stage;Ensure the implementation of the plan approved by the state.
NASA
NASA has established six strategic affairs departments, which are in charge of the main business areas of NASA, so as to realize the mission of NASA and better serve customers.They are: Space Flight Department (Johnson Space CenterKennedy Space CenterMarshall Space Flight CenterStannis Space Center）；Aerospace Technology Department (four research centers under Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Center, Langley Research Center and Golan Research Center);Department of Earth Sciences (Goddard Space Flight Center);Department of Space Science (Jet Propulsion Laboratory);Biological and Physical Research Department and Safety and Mission Support Department.Each strategic affairs department has its own set of strategic goals, objectives and implementation measures to meet the needs of major customers.The Strategic Affairs Department is responsible for determining customer needs and ensuring that all customers are satisfied.Each department, together with the deputy director in charge of business, determines its work direction, is responsible for formulating the long-term investment strategy, budget, project resource allocation and performance evaluation, policies and standards of each department, and implementing NASA's policies.
In early January 2016, NASA established the Planetary Defense Coordination Office/PDCO.The responsibility of PDCO is to use the capabilities of all space agencies to classify, monitor and track asteroids, comets and other celestial bodies in Earth orbit, coordinate the efforts of various agencies and governments to deal with any threat of potential impact, andNational Science Foundation(NSF) Support[46]。PDCO can work with FEMA（FEMA）The Ministry of Defense cooperates with other relevant US and international agencies to propose emergency plans.The head of the office is Lindley Johnson, whose title is Planetary Defense Officer.
NASA Science Mission Council.[120]
Experimental institutions
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has 46 years of research history, which is reorganized from four major experimental institutions of the National Aeronautics Advisory Committee and 80 of its members. Part of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the Naval Research Laboratory are also integrated into NASA's organizations.
Three laboratories of the former National Aviation Advisory Council (NACA): Langley Research Laboratory, Lewis Research Laboratory and Ames Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA and renamed Langley Research Center, Lewis Research Center and Ames Research Center.edwards air force base Offlight testThe Office was renamed as Flight Research Center. The part of the Pioneer Program of the Naval Research Laboratory was assigned to NASA, and Goddard Space Flight Research Center was established in Maryland.
R&D institutions
Space Shuttle Discovery Ready to Launch
The headquarters of NASA has 10 research centers:
1. Goddard Space Flight Center is located in Greenbelt, Maryland
2. Lydon B. Johnson Space Center is located in Houston, Texas
3. John F. Kennedy Space Center is located in Cape Canaveral, Florida
4. The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center is located in Huntsville, Alabama
5. John C. Stennls Space Center is located in St. Louis, Mississippi
6. Ames Research Center is located in Moffett, California
8. Langley Research Center is located in Hampton, Virginia
9. Glenn Research Center is located in Cleveland, Ohio
NASA Space Shuttle
10. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is located in Pasadena, California
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is the contract operation unit of NASA[7]。
There are mainly 5 aviation scientific research units under the jurisdiction of NASA headquarters, which are introduced as follows.
1. Ames Research Center
2. The Golan Research Center,John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
3. Langley Research Center (LaRC)
4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
5. Dryden Flight Research Center,Dryden Flight Research Center
Institutional responsibilities
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Group photo of members of the International Space Station
The International Space Station, overseeing the development of Orion Multipurpose Crew commercial, automotive and crew vehicles.The agency is also responsible forLaunch Service Plan(LSP), which provides the monitoring of launch activities and the countdown management of unmanned NASA launch.The focus of NASA science is to better understand theEarth observation system, promoteHeliophysicsThrough the efforts of the head of the scientific mission's solar physics research program, the exploration agency in the entireSolar systemAnd advanced robot tasks, such asNew horizon , and researchAstrophysicsSubject of, such asbig bang, viaGreat Observatories And related procedures.
NASA communicates with various countries and international organizations, with its headquarters located inWashington, D.C, such as fromGreenhouse gas observation satelliteData.
At that time, all non military rocket and space programs under the Ministry of Defense were included in NASA under the executive order of the President, including the ongoing Pioneer Program and Explorer Program, as well as all scientific satellite programs of the United States.
research field
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NASA Participation in the International Space Station
In aviation technology, he mainly engages in the following four aspects: ① aerodynamics: turbulence, airfoil, supersonic flight, etc. ②Propulsion technology: combustion and fuel, noise and its propagationComputational Fluid DynamicsResearch on turbine mechanical components. ③Materials and structures: composite materialsHigh-temperature materialDynamic loading and aeroelasticity, structural analysis, etc. ④AvionicsAnd human resources engineering: guidance/navigationAvionicsFlight management and simulation technology.
The Apollo program later became mannedMoon landingPlan.Project Gemini It soon became an aid to the much more complex Apollo programspacecraftTechnical tasks.
NASA won the race to land on the moon, but lost its direction in a sense, at least the funding from Congress and public interest.As a follow-up plan, NASA will establishSpace stationAnd Mars base.
Space taxi
On September 16, 2014, NASA announced at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida that Boeing and the United StatesSpace Exploration TechnologiesThe "Space Taxi" contract worth 6.8 billion US dollars won will transport astronauts to the International Space Station in the next few years.This marked a big step forward for NASA to restart manned space flight.
On November 12, 2018, NASA announced its plan to land a man on Mars within 25 years.[8]
Manned lunar landing project plan
On November 9, 2021 local time, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said that the department's manned moon landing project would be postponed to 2025 or later.Former US President Trump set the goal of returning to the moon in 2024, but the project has been postponed several times.In this regard, Nielsen said that the plan is not scientifically feasible.[27]
On March 10, 2022, it was reported that the United States Senate and the House of Representatives were reviewing a comprehensive expenditure proposal for fiscal year 2022, which would provide NASA with a budget of slightly more than $24 billion.Among them, plans such as manned lunar landers and commercial space stations have received full financial support.[39]
In March 2022, NASA announced the launch of the second company for the Artemis moon landing programBid.[44]
On April 20, 2022 local time, SpaceX star chain network, Amazon's satellite project Project Kuiper and other satellite companies won the demonstration space communication contract from NASA, with a total amount of 278.5 millionUSD.[50]
On June 9, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that an independent team was being formed to start a research on unidentified flying objects (UFOs).The research will start in the autumn of 2022, and is expected to take 9 months.[60]
On January 9, 2024 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) held a briefing and said that it would postpone the "Artemis 2" manned lunar flight mission originally scheduled for 2024 to September 2025 and the "Artemis 3" manned lunar landing plan originally scheduled for 2025 to September 2026."Artemis 4" will still be carried out in September 2028 as planned.This mission is the second manned lunar landing plan. Four astronauts will enter the "Gateway" lunar orbital space station and land on the moon in due course.[124]
Psyche metal asteroid exploration mission
In October 2022,Several months after definitely missing the 2022 launch window (October 11), NASA said that it had rescheduled the Psyche asteroid exploration mission to October 2023.[95]
Launch moon landing rocket
On November 16, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) "Artemis 1" moon landing rocket was launched at the Kennedy Space Center.This is a round the moon flight test, manned, for Artemis 2 manned round the moon, Artemis 3 manned landing on the moon to prepare.NASA plans to send the first woman and the first colored person to the moon surface through the "Artemis" mission, paving the way for long-term stay on the moon and access to Mars.[100]This mission launched 11 spacecraft, including Orion-CM-002 (Orion CM-002) spacecraft and 10 cube satellites[103]。
Launch climate observation satellite
At about 1:30 a.m. local time on February 8, 2024, NASA successfully launched a new climate observation satellite through the Falcon 9 launch system of SpaceX to collect information about the Earth's atmosphere and oceansinterest[126]。
research project
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NASA's MMS Program
On March 12, 2015, four small satellites of NASA will be put into orbit. This launch is a magnetic multi-scale mission, called MMS for short. The launch mission has entered the countdown.The purpose of the magnetic multi-scale task is toMagnetic reconnectionPhenomenon research is a mysterious field of geospatial science. Magnetic reconnection is a phenomenon that magnetic lines of force are disconnected and reconnected.
Magnetic reconnection events in the sun are usually accompanied by huge energy release, sometimes called "explosions in space", which can interfere with the upper atmosphere of the Earth and further threaten various space activities. Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate magnetic reconnection.The magnetic field multi-scale mission consists of four small satellites, which are distributed in the orbit around the earth. The satellites are erected in the form of overlappingRocket fairingInside, the launch site is located atCape Canaveral Air Base41 Launch station.
The launch time isGreenwich Mean TimeAt 2:44 a.m. on March 13, 2015,US Eastern Time10:44 p.m.The magnetic multi-scale mission costs about 1.1 billion dollars. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is responsible for the manufacturing and testing of four satellites. In addition, scientific instruments developed by many institutions and universities are installed on MMS satellites.This task will enable us to further understand the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection.
On April 22, 2022, it was reported that at present, NASA is replacing the existing satellite network with systems built by private enterprises, and hopes to introduce more commercial activities in space communications, manned spaceflight and other fields.
In 2022, according to the website of the British journal Nature, American planetary scientists released a report, in which the most eye-catching task was to launch the Uranus probe in the early 1930s;A probe was sent to Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons, in the late 1930s or early 1940s.[51]
On May 4, 2022, it was reported that on Wednesday local time, representatives of the Boeing Company and officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said that the valve fault that caused the unmanned flight test of the Boeing CST-100 Starline spacecraft to be interrupted for 8 months had been repaired, and the spacecraft would fly to the International Space Station on May 19.[52]
On May 9, 2022, it was reported that virtual reality technology was experiencing rapid development in the game industry, which also brought a lot of opportunities to other industries.For example, the recent rise of the "meta universe", even NASA has recognized this potential.In a recent statement, NASA announced that it will cooperate with Epic Games to provide "challenges" for game developers.[53]
On June 6, 2022, US Eastern Time, NASA's moon landing rocket SLS (space launch system) and Orion spacecraft once again set off from the rocket assembly building of Kennedy Space Center to launch pad 39B for testing. The whole journey is 4 miles (about 6.4 kilometers), which will take about 8-12 hours.NASA Kennedy Space Center said that the next wet dress rehearsal test of SLS rocket could be conducted as early as June 19.[56]
According to the New York Times on June 28, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)New ZealandA "CAPSTONE" satellite was launched to the moon through the electronic rocket of the Rocket Laboratory.[64]
On July 31, 2022, NASA's Artemis I moon landing rocket continued its final preparations for launch next month.[69]On August 29, local time, the official Twitter of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that,The launch of Artemis' 1 will not be launched today (August 29, US local time), because the team is solving the problem of engine failure, the US side will continue to collect relevant data, and then will release the time of the next attempt to launch.[75]
On November 14, 2022, NASA announced that the historic mission of CAPSTONE micro probe to the moon had ended.The 25 kilogram small thing entered orbit around the moon at 7:39 p.m. EST on Sunday, becoming the first cube satellite ever to reach the Earth's neighbor.[99]
On November 21, 2022, it was reported that the US "Orion" spacecraft, after being launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, arrived at the moon on November 21, local time, and continued to orbit around the moon.[101]
International cooperation of NASA, astronauts of the International Space Station
NASA had 24731 employees in 1994, which decreased to 21000 in 1999.The annual expenditure in 1994 was 14.55 billion US dollars and that in 1995 was 14.3 billion US dollars.The funding for 2001 was 14.25 billion US dollars.In 2002, NASA had more than 18800 employees, including more than 1200 in the headquartersJohnson Space Center More than 2900 peopleKennedy Space CenterMore than 1800 people, more than 2700 people at Marshall Space Flight CenterStannis Space CenterAbout 300 people,Ames Research CenterMore than 1500 people, about 600 people in Dryden Research Center, more than 2300 people in Langley Research Center, more than 1900 people in Golan Research Center, and more than 3300 people in Goddard Space Flight Center.In terms of business field, there are more than 6700 people engaged in human aerospace exploration and development, 2453 people engaged in space science, more than 1200 people engaged in biological and physical research, and more than 1800 people engaged in geoscience.
astronaut
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Mark Van der Hay
On April 9, 2021, Mark Vander Hai arrived at the International Space Station aboard the Russian "Soyuz" spacecraft, and planned to stay at least five or six months;NASA extended its mission in September of that year.
According to the US space website Space.com, at 12:24 on March 15, 2022, US Eastern Time, the 55 year old National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut Mark Van der Hay's single space flight lasted 340 days, 8 hours and 42 minutes, breaking the record for the longest single space flight of US astronauts.The previous record was set by Scott Kelly on March 2, 2013.
On March 30, 2022, he and two Russian astronauts will return to Earth from the International Space Station on schedule in the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[40]
Research findings
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Discover planets
Space Shuttle Program
According to foreign media reports, astronomers found a blue habitable planet in the habitable planet region, and it revolved around a sun like planet in orbit.It is understood that astronomers use NASA'sKepler space telescope In 2012, a "new world" was discovered at an incredible rate.But this discovery is habitable“Super Earth”It is the first so far, because it is the first giant rocky planet discovered by astronomers. Its surface temperature is about 78 degrees Fahrenheit, similar to the temperature of the Earth in spring.
The night sky effect picture of the complete integration of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy
The research team led by William Borucki from NASA Ames Research Center monitored the brightness of 155000 stars by using the photometric data from NASA Kepler Space Telescope.It is found that the orbital plane of planets the same size as the Earth is in a straight line, so they will periodically pass through thefixed starSo that the light of its star will be slightly dimmed, and the dimming amplitude can only be detected by special equipment like Kepler Space Telescope.The habitableplanetIt is also the first habitable planet found by researchers orbiting a sun like star.The researchers found that the star of this planet is 600 light-years away from the earthLyraAnd the constellation Cygnus.It is a G5 star with a large volume and a radius a little smaller than the sun.But it emits a light 25% darker than the sun.
The planet revolves around the G5 star, its orbital period is 290 days, and its distance from the star is 15% closer than the distance from the Earth to the sun, which is also the reason why the planet has a relatively mild climate.The planet orbits in the center of the planet's habitable region, where researchers believe there is a strong possibility of liquid water resources.As we all know, liquid water resources are very important for human survival. Therefore, considering the situation of this planet, it may not only be suitable for human habitation, but it may already have life on it.Moreover, this exoplanet is the smallest radius planet found in any habitable region of planets so far, and its radius is only 2.4 times larger than that of the Earth.Researchers have classified it as an exoplanet in the "Super Earth" category.The researchers said that the discovery is enough to show that we humans live in a large universe full of all kinds of life. At the same time, Kepler telescope also allows us to find more real and habitable things in the solar systemterrestrial planet。Jim Kasting, an expert in planetary habitability science from the University of Pennsylvania, said that he hoped that the data found this time could help people build large-scaleSpace telescopeIn this way, we can directly observe more exoplanets and find planets with life more easily.
International Space Station, modules of NASA, ESA and JAXA
On May 31, 2012, NASA released aGalaxyAndandromedaRenderings of the night sky before the collision.It is reported that according to the prediction, the Milky Way and Andromeda will meet in 3.75 billion years and have tidal distortion. About 4 billion years later, they will start to collide and eventually merge into a galaxy in 6 billion years.
On February 26, 2014 local time, NASA announced that its Kepler Space Telescope had made the latest achievements, and 715 planets had been found outside the solar system.NASA said that this was the largest number of discoveries announced in a single time.
It is reported that most of these planets are between the size of Earth andNeptunebetween.NASA pointed out that this major discovery benefited from a new identification method, which is called "statistical technology".Planetary scientist Jack Lissaueer and his team completed this feat.
This discovery will give scientists the ability to study planets and their "planetary cells" independently in the future.In this way, scientists will find out the specific process of planet formation.
Kepler telescopeIt was launched in March 2009.The observation results released by NASA are the results observed by Kepler Space Telescope from 2009 to 2011.Since the beginning of the mission, 961 Kepler telescope observation objects have been confirmed as planets.
Landing on Mars
"Skycrane" is used to launch "Curiosity"
NASA'sCuriosity Mars RoverIt was successfully landed at 1:31 (13:31 Beijing time) on August 6, 2012Mars。
The rover was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in November 2011 to explore whether there is an environment suitable for life on Mars.Compared with the "Opportunity" and "Courage" rovers landing on Mars in 2004, the "Curiosity" rover powered by radioactive plutonium-238 carries more and more advanced exploration equipment, and has a stronger continuous driving ability on the surface of Mars.The project cost of Curiosity was initially estimated to be about $1 billion, but it eventually cost up to $2.5 billion, making it the most expensive Mars exploration project to date.
NASA Curiosity Mars Rover
Since the Curiosity rover will use several high energy consumption instruments, and often multiple instruments will start up at the same time, solar power cannot be used as the energy source of the rover.The Curiosity rover uses the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) to provide power.The principle is that through the thermocouple deviceradio isotopeThe heat generated by the decay of plutonium-238 is directly converted into DC to provide the traveling of the rover and the use of various instruments and equipment.The half-life of the artificial isotope Plutonium-238 is only 88 years, which means that its radioactive decay can make it very hot.Plutonium-238 releasesalpha ray, easily blocked.The RTG is reliable because it has no moving parts, andradioactivityThe material can keep heating for many years.
NASA，Curiosity Mars Rover
Since its mass is up to 900 kg, previous methods cannot guarantee the safe landing of Curiosity.Engineers have designed the "overhead crane", a new way to put heavy scientific instruments on the surface of Mars.
Curiosity is the third generation Mars rover in the United States. It has six wheels and is about the same size as a car;The mass is nearly 900 kg, more than five times that of the second generation Mars rovers Opportunity and Courage;The length is more than twice that of the second generation rover;Equipped with 10 sets of scienceDetecting instrumentHigh resolution camera and laser are installed on the mast, which can detect the target object at the farthest 7m;Use nuclear energy to roam and work on the surface of Mars;A Mars year (about 687 Earth days) of exploration can be carried out.[9]
Mining martian stone
Florida, USA: October 31, 1998
Foreign media reported that NASA is going to take the next stepMarsThe exploration strategy will bring the Martian rocks back to Earth for analysis, in order to find the past life on the red planet.In the report released by NASA's Mars Program Planning Group (MPPG) on September 25, 2013, a series of Mars exploration goals were planned, and scientists could collect rock samples from the Mars lander on Earth.It is expected that the exploration route of the Mars rock collection and return plan will be announced in early 2014.
John Grunsfeld, deputy director of NASA's Science Mission Council, believes that the Mars program planning team can reorganize the robot exploration project after the Mars program is cut, but it needs to consider the new budget constraints of NASA and the 10-year findings of the National Research Council on planetary science,The technology accumulated by the Mars rock collection and return program will be used to send astronauts to Mars in the mid 2030's.The Mars program planning team will focus on the research of Mars return technology, which will be launched as a priority task of Mars exploration. Collecting Martian rocks and returning can also promote NASA's Mars manned exploration program.
Some scientists proposed to send Orion spacecraft to carry astronauts to the Mars return probe with rocks when the Mars rock collection spacecraft is approaching the earth, so as to ensure that the Mars rocks are in a reliable environment, free from the impact of terrestrial microorganisms, and finally safely returned to the ground.When the probe collects Martian rock samples and returns them, it is necessary to ensure that these Martian rocks are completely wrapped. It is not only necessary to prevent the entry of terrestrial microorganisms into the rock samples due to poor sealing, but also possible that some substances from Mars will pollute the Earth.
NASA is considering implementing the Mars sample collection and return mission in 2018, but it may also be in 2020, one of the complex reasons is that NASA only has 800 million dollars for this program in 2018.According to Orlando Figueroa, director of the Mars Program Planning Group, "this program drives the scientists of the Mars Program to plan to launch aMars orbiterOr postpone the start of a Mars landing program until 2020.The report on the Mars sample collection plan also provides a variety of plans for collecting Martian rocks and returning technologies. "
NASA's "worm" logo
For example, the plan can be launched with a carrier rocket, which carries a lander to collect Martian soil, an upgraded return module similar to the Eagle lunar module, and an orbiter for docking the return module.Orlando Figueroa believes that we can reduce launch costs and risks through two or three launches.The report of the Mars Program Planning Group also discussed the use of the rocket of NASA's future space launch system to carry out this mission in 2024. The rocket system will carry out its first test flight in 2017, and the takeoff weight can reach 3000 tons, but the first flight with astronauts needs to wait until 2021.
NASA's robotic Mars "rover" and other probes are all aimed at finding water, such as the rovers Opportunity and Courage, while the $2.5 billion Curiosity rover will look for evidence of the ancient habitability of Mars in Gail crater.Prior to the Mars rock sample collection mission, NASA also had two Mars exploration plans. One was the Insight probe and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN). The former used the main technology of the Phoenix probe and was launched in 2016.
Discovery of Martian liquid water
Martian surface
On September 28, 2015, NASA announced that "strong" evidence of liquid water activity was found on the surface of Mars, and liquid water is a necessary condition for the existence of life.
Since 2006,US Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterFinger shaped shadow stripes have been found many times on the slopes of Martian hills.NASA calls it“Seasonal slope ridge”It is believed that this peculiar seasonal landform is caused by salt water flow, but no direct evidence has been found.
In the new study,Georgia Institute of TechnologyDuluendra Ojha and others analyzedMars Reconnaissance OrbiterThe spectral data of "seasonal slope lines" at four locations on the surface of Mars were obtained, and it was found that the data was consistent with the spectral signal of hydrated salt minerals formed by water precipitation, while the surrounding landform had no spectral signal of salt.
In a paper published in the British journal Nature Geoscience, the researchers wrote: "The 'seasonal slope ridge' is the result of the current water activity on Mars, and our findings strongly support this hypothesis."
Namib dune
On January 4, 2016, NASA announcedMars probe360 degree Namib Dune photo sent back by Curiosity.This is also the first time since Curiosity landed on Mars in August 2012 that humans have seen Mars at close range.
Namib dune
These photos were taken on December 18, 2015, and the high-resolution images of Mars were taken through the Mastcam color camera.Namib Dune is one of the dunes in the Bagnold Dunes located in the northwest of Mount Sharp. Namib Dune is located at the bottom of Mount Sharp and was once known as the "dark area" by scientists. However, through high-resolution images, scientists can understand what is happening on Mars and successfully conduct the first close survey of the dunes.
Curiosity is about 7 meters away from the bottom of the Namib dune, photographed at an elevation angle of 28 degrees. The Namib dune is about 5 meters high. You can clearly see the special texture formed by the sand particles after sliding from the top of the windward side. It can also be seen that under the influence of the Martian wind and small landslides, these dune ripples change over time.Most of this happens on the leeward side of the earth, so NASA scientists judged that these photos should be located on the leeward side of Namib dune.
Ice volcano
Two suspected ice volcanoes on Pluto
On January 15, 2016, the official website of NASA announced that it had foundPlutoTwo Suspicions ofIce volcanoLater, scientists released the highest resolution, composite color image of one of them.
The winding landform is clearly visible, 150 kilometers long and 4 kilometers high. If it is really an ice volcano, it will beOuter solar systemThe largest iceberg found.
NASA has previously said that they found two suspected volcanic landforms on Pluto and believed that they ejected water, nitrogen, ammonia, methane and other substances that can form a semi frozen state, or "ice volcanoes".
On February 4, 2016, NASA said that through“New Horizon No”After analyzing the photos and data sent back by the spacecraft, scientists have confirmed that there is an iceberg on Pluto, which not only spans a distance of several kilometers, but also passes through the ice cold plain area of "Sputnik Planum", which has not yet been officially named. The overall area accounts for about half of the huge "heart shaped" shadow part familiar to humans.
Cosmic snowflakes
In December 2019, NASA found a cosmic snowflake cluster composed of newborn stars in space. They are twinkling with pink and red light and arranged in a snowflake like pattern with a history of only about 100000 years.In addition, NASA also found a huge collection of gas and dust spanning 500 light-years, which is“Perseus molecular cloud”。[10]
image
Cassiopeia A
In February 2022, it was reported that the first batch of scientific images were sent from the X-ray Imaging Polarization Detector (IXPE) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) after debugging.NASA said recently that all the instruments of the space observatory are working well and are exploring and studying some mysterious and extreme celestial bodies in the universe.The first pictures transmitted were of Cassiopeia A, the remnants of a star that exploded in the 17th century.The shock wave generated by the explosion sweeps the surrounding gas, heats it to high temperature, accelerates the cosmic ray particles, and forms a cloud that emits X-rays.[36]
M74 galaxy
On August 30, 2022 local time, it was reported that the Hubble Telescope and James Weber Telescope jointly developed by NASA and the European Space Agency captured a new image of the Phantom Galaxy, officially named M74, located in Pisces, 32 million light-years away from Earth.[76]
Martian crater
(NASA) recently released pictures of Martian crater[48]
On April 19, 2022, the "India Today" website reported that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently released a picture of the Martian crater, which was captured by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment Camera (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).[48]
Mars earthquake
On May 10, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that its Mars probe Insight had detected the strongest earthquake on Mars since it began its work, reaching the Richter scale of 5.[54]
On October 27, 2022 local time, researchers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said that the data sent by the Mars probe Insight showed that the Mars probe detected the "Mars earthquake" waves propagating along the surface of Mars for the first time, rather than deeper waves.[91]
Super Earth
In June 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that its "Tess" (TESS) mission had found two "new worlds" that might contain rocks and minerals. They were orbiting our cosmic neighbor star, the red dwarf HD 260655, only 33 light-years away from the Earth, which was one of the closest multi planet systems discovered so far.[62]
Lunar cave
In August 2022, researchers funded by NASA found a "perfect cave" on the moon. Its internal temperature is always about 17 degrees Celsius. It may become an ideal place for future astronauts to establish a lunar base.[70]
Black hole recording
August 2022, NASAAn audio clip was released. The sound is based on the pressure wave of the Perseus black hole 200 million light years away.It is reported that this sound wave came from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.[73]
Impact asteroid
On September 13, 2022, the US "Space" website said that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was about to be held, aiming to use a small spacecraft to hit an asteroid and test its actual impact on the asteroid trajectory.[78]
On September 26, 2022 local time, the spacecraft carrying out NASA's "Dual Asteroid Redirection Test" (DART) mission crossed the solar system at hypersonic speed and hit the asteroid "Dimorphos" to try to change its orbit.This is the first time that humans have tried to change the motion of an asteroid or any celestial body.[83][85]
On October 11, 2022 local time, NASA held a press conference on its "Dual Asteroid Redirection Test" (DART) mission.NASA pointed out that in the test on September 26, DART spacecraft successfully collided with the target asteroid "Dimorphos" and made it deviate from the original orbit, which is the first planetary defense test in the world.[88]
In August 2023, scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, analyzed the space image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in December 2022 and found that 37 boulders about 7 meters wide were scattered in space, which was caused by the spacecraft of NASA's "DART" mission hitting an asteroid named "Dimorphos" in 2022.Scientists said that these huge stones were moving in space at a speed of more than 20000 kilometers per hour. If they hit the earth, their power would be equivalent to an atomic bomb explosion.[117]
Scientific research works
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Aldrin (Apollo 11) walks on the surface of the moon
In 1957, the first SovietArtificial earth satelliteLast day, the United States established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which played a major role in the development of the United States' aerospace industry.National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States has a wide range of research topics, focusing on aerospace.The main research topics in aviation includeSupersonic technology, aircraft energy saving technology, etc;In aerospace, it mainly cooperates with several large-scale projects, such asApollo Project 、Skylab、space shuttleAnd so on.It maintains close relations with the research institutions of the Ministry of National Defense, universities and industrial enterprises through scientific research projects, contracts, plans and other forms.It has a dozen research centers and laboratories, such asGoddard Space Flight Center 、Kennedy Space Center、Jet Propulsion LaboratoryEtc.But more than 80% of scientific research work is entrusted to various units outside the bureau.[11]The research results are published in the form of NASA publications.Publications include Technical Report, Technical Notes, Contract User Report, Technical Memorandum, Technical Translation, Special Publications, etc.
Outside the space program,NASAIt also conducts long-term civil and military aerospace research.NASA is widely regarded as the world's leading space agency.
Technical Report (TR), Technical Notes (TN), Contract User Report (CR), Technical Memorandum (TM), Technical Translation (TT-F), Special Publication (SR), etc.
Award setting
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The NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal is the highest medal of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is used to award non-government employees who have successfully completed their tasks and made outstanding contributions to NASA, and whose contributions are not enough to show their achievements in other medals.
The NASA Exceptional Service Medal is awarded only to government employees.Employees who actively show their loyalty to their duties or creative talents and make progress in engineering, aviation, space flight, management, etc., so as to make substantial progress in NASA's program.
The NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Medal is awarded to government and non-government employees for outstanding achievements and substantial contributions to NASA's Fair Employment Program.
The NASA Exceptional Administrative Achievement Medal is only awarded to government employees. It is used to award federal government employees who have made significant and special achievements, made extraordinary contributions, or made substantial progress in management creatively.
The NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal is only awarded to government employees and is used to award people who have made contributions to NASA in terms of special achievements, process improvement, efficiency, services, financial savings and technological progress.
The NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal is awarded to governments and government employees,It is used to reward individuals who have made a model and bravely handled emergencies regardless of personal danger, avoiding loss of life and government property.
The NASA Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal is awarded to government and non-government employees.,Reward those who have made remarkable contributions to the early technological development of NASA program, exemplary cooperative efforts, technological development and changes, and made special contributions to the transformation of aerospace technology into commercial applications.
The NASA Space Flight Medal is awarded to those who have made significant achievements or served in civilian or military space flight, including astronauts, pilots, mission experts, payload experts, or other personnel involved in space flight missions.
The NASA Public Service Medal is awarded to non-government employees who complete tasks and recognize their special contributions to NASA.
The NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal is only awarded to government employees who have made outstanding achievements and have great influence on NASA's technology and administration.
The NASA Distinguished Service Medal is awarded only to government employees.The highest honorary title of NASA is awarded to those who provide excellent service, have extraordinary ability or spirit, and make substantial progress in NASA. Other medals are not enough to show their achievements.[12]
The NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal is awarded to government or non-government employees who have made contributions to engineering.
The NASA Outstanding Scientific Achievement Medal (ESAM) is awarded to those who have made significant scientific contributions, including aviation and space exploration.
Important events
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Official forecasts
Version 1NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has confirmed that on the afternoon of December 21, 2012, there will be an astronomical phenomenon of "the sky becomes unusually dark".It starts at about 5 o'clock and reaches the peak at about 8 o'clock, and then lasts for nearly 10 hours.It will be difficult to see things clearly without artificial lighting.
Version 2: NASA people are too sure that December 21, 2012 is not the end of the world. They even released a film called《Why didn't the world end yesterday》's film.Astronomers and planetarists listed theMayan Calendar The so-called "prophecy" of the end date, they refuted all claimssolar stormWill break through the earth's atmosphere or aRogue planet The statement that it will hit the earth.But even if they prove wrong, no one will survive to laugh at them that day.Having said that, they seem quite confident that yesterday they released the film originally scheduled for release on December 22.
The film released in advance said at the beginning: "If you are watching this film, it shows one thing... the world did not end yesterday." The doomsday prediction is based on an interpretation of the ancient Mayan calendar, which claims that the world will perish on December 21, 2012.
As the "deadline" approaches, various theories about how the earth will usher in the end come into being - NASA's films refute all these theories.According to one theorySumerianThe one found is named“Nibiru ”The wandering planet will hit the earth on December 21, 2012, and all the people on the earth will die.But scientists say that there is no such planet.[13]
According to NASA's film, all doomsday theories are based on a huge misunderstanding.John Carlson, director of the Archaeological Astronomy Center, said that the Mayan calendar did not end on December 21, 2012.He began to study the prediction of 2012 35 years ago and said, "The Maya never predicted the end of the world."
NASA plans to launch a new Mars rover again in 2020 to further investigate the surface of Mars. The purpose is to discover life on Mars. Previously, NASA had determined that there was an ancient humid environment on Mars, but no life form has been found.
On the morning of September 22, 2014, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Explorer (MAVEN) of NASA tried to enter the Mars orbit.NASA broadcast the event live.[14]
At 9:54 a.m. on September 22, 2014, the ignition started.About 380 kilometers above the north pole of Mars, MAVEN started the engine to slow down so that it could be captured by the gravitational field of Mars.The ignition will last about 33 minutes, consuming almost half of the fuel carried by the spacecraft.Once successfully captured by the Martian gravity, the spacecraft will enter a large orbit with a period of 35 hours, and then adjust to enter a scientific mission orbit with a period of 4.5 hours.[14]
At about 10:25 a.m. on September 22, 2014, the ignition was successfully completed, and the Doppler signal showed that the MAVEN spacecraft had entered the Mars orbit safely.[14]
Water leakage event
On February 25, 2015, American astronautsTerry Fortz(Terry Virts) found the helmet leaking after completing the space walk for more than 6 hours.According to the report, the incident raised questions about the quality of NASA's space suits.
Global flood
On January 10, 2016, experts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) predicted that in 60 years' time, there will be worldwide floods on the earth, and cities such as London, Amsterdam and Tokyo will be flooded.
In November 2021, NASA plans to let a spaceship flying at 24000 kilometers per hour collide with an asteroid for "planetary defense" test.[26]
Launch frustrated
On February 7, 2022, it was reported by Reuters in Los Angeles that Astra Space Technology, a California based start-up, cancelled its planned first operational satellite launch on Monday, citing a technical failure at the last second.[33]
On April 14, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States announced that due to the fuel leakage of the mobile launch device, the launch of the latest "Space Launch System" (SLS) carrier rocket was postponed for the third timeFire test.According to the Russian Satellite News Agency and the Associated Press, NASA said on social media: "During the rehearsal for the upcoming 'Artemis 1' mission, engineers noticed a leak at the bottom of the mobile launch device." Officials of the department said that they were evaluating the next step.[45]
At the beginning of June 2022, NASA said that the team had completed all the major planned goals in the previous wet dress rehearsal.After SLS arrives at the launch pad again, engineers will connect the rocket and spacecraft with the ground system and check them to prepare for the tank test.[56]
Launch delayed
On June 7, 2022, according to a press release issued by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Falcon 9 carrier rocket carrying the cargo spaceship "Cargo Dragon" was sent toThe International Space StationThe launch of was postponed indefinitely due to engine failure.[58]
Capstone lost contact
On July 5, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States said that the Capstone Cube satellite of the United States lost contact in the process of departing from Earth orbit to the moon.[65]
On July 12, 2022 local time, NASA will display the first full-color image taken by the James Webb Space Telescope.[66]
Resume cooperation
On July 15, 2022, NASA announced on Friday that it would resume its flight plan to fly to the International Space Station with Russia.[67]
Launch manned spacecraft
On October 5, 2022 local time, SpaceX and NASA successfully launched a manned spacecraft to the International Space Station in Florida, which carried Russian astronauts for the first time.It is reported that the spaceship carried a total of four astronauts, including Nicole Mann, the commander of the mission and the first American aboriginal woman to go into space, Josh Kasada, Japanese astronaut Hiroshi Wakata and Russian astronaut Anna Kigina.[87]
On July 6, 2023, NASA announcedCrew-7According to the mission plan, four astronauts will take the SpaceX "Endurance" manned dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket to the International Space Station on August 15, EST.[113]
Planting vegetables
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In April 2021, NASA astronauts harvested a mini cabbage at the International Space Station (ISS) and cooked it with soy sauce.[24]
Related developments
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NASA SR-71 "Blackbird" supersonic high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft
Some critics, including Mark Wade, pointed out that NASA had been bogged down in its manned flight plan.The spacecraft used in the Apollo Program and the Saturn Program completed by the U.S. government with billions of dollars has not been used since 1970.Although NASA's financial budget was significantly reduced after the Apollo program ended, the bureaucracy within the agency did not change, resulting in serious extravagance and waste, and the equipment was not kept in the best state.
U.S.AFlorida: Taken in NASA's space program (STS-95), NASA's manned space program still relies on the space shuttle.The shuttle's mission includes transporting major building components and materials for the International Space Station under construction.In two major accidents in 1986 and 2003, two space shuttles were destroyed, resulting in the death of 14 astronauts.Among them, Challenger, which crashed in 1986, is a space shuttle made up of replacement parts.The Columbia in 2003 has greatly reduced the confidence in the future of the space shuttle in the United States.NASA did not consider building a new replacement space shuttle, but instead developed a new Orion program.
The problems in NASA's program led to the stagnation of the International Space Station program.According to the original plan, the International Space Station should have seven astronauts in 2005, but only the most basic two, so that many planned research projects were postponed.Other countries that have invested heavily in the International Space Station project (such as the European Space Agency) therefore fear that the International Space Station will fail like the Space Laboratory.At the same time, the contributions of European countries and Japan to the International Space Station have also fallen behind schedule.
In 2004, the US government proposed to replacespacecraftThe crew of the spacecraft plan to allow the space agency to send astronauts to the moon again.This plan later evolved into the Orion Plan.[15]
On January 10, 2016, experts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) predicted that in 60 years' time, there will be worldwide floods on the earth, and cities such as London, Amsterdam and Tokyo will be flooded.
"To land on Mars, NASA needs the most powerful 'parachute' in the world" - the core technology of the "Mars Landing Deceleration System" tested by NASA lies in a device called "Low Density Supersonic Decelerator", which looks like a "flying saucer" and is specially designed to deal with the special environment of low atmospheric density on Mars.NASA hopes that the test results of this equipment will lay a foundation for the safe and smooth landing of manned spacecraft on the surface of Mars.[16]
On December 16, 2016, Fox News reported that NASA has specially opened an astronaut application website. By February 18, 2017, all qualified American citizens can apply and participate in the astronaut training course held by NASA for Mars exploration after selection.
On March 21, 2017, in Washington, the United States, President Trump signed a bill authorizing up to 19.5 billion US dollars (about 134.2 billion yuan) to be allocated to NASA to fund the plan to send astronauts to Mars.
NASA is scheduled to launch the "Transsolar Extraplanetary Survey Satellite" at 18:32 p.m. local time on April 16, 2018 (6:32 p.m. Beijing time on April 17, 2018) to search forExtrasolar planets, hoping to discover the "other earth" that may gestate life.This satellite is called "Transsolar Extraplanetary Survey Satellite", which is abbreviated as "Tess" (TESS). It was carried by the Falcon 9 rocket of the US Space Exploration Technology Corporation and launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Base in Florida.
"Tess" is 1.5m high, and the solar wing, namelySolar panelIt is about 1.3 meters in diameter and weighs 363 kilograms when it is folded up, which is smaller than most space exploration satellites.According to NASA, its size is between a refrigerator and a "washing and drying machine".
Tess's main mission is to "scan" more than 200000 stars outside the solar system that are "the nearest and brightest" to the Earth in the next two years to confirm whether there are planets orbiting them.NASA predicts that it will find 20000 exoplanets, of which more than 50 are "about the same size as the Earth", and at most 500 are "twice the size of the Earth".[2]
On May 8, 2018, NASA announced that it had signed a cooperation agreement with Uber Technologies, Inc. to explore relevant concepts and technologies of urban air traffic (UAM), so as to form a safe and effective air traffic system in densely populated cities.[17]
In August 2019, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was investigating an "unusual" case: an American astronaut Anne McClain was accused of intruding into the bank account of her separated partner Summer Worden while living in the International Space Station.The US media said that this seemed to be the first criminal accusation from near Earth orbit.The indictment accuses McClain of stealing others' identities and illegally obtaining Walden's private financial records.McLean later admitted that she had visited the account while working on the International Space Station, but she denied any wrongdoing.She said through her lawyer that the move was to manage the two people's complex financial situation.[18]
On October 6, 2019, experts from NASA Ames Research Center cooperated with the Uber team to conduct computer simulation tests on future air travel.[3][19]
On March 20, 2020, NASA announced to temporarily close two rocket production bases and suspend“Space launch system”(SLS) and Orion spacecraft hardware (Orion).This may affect NASA's plan to return to the moon[19]。
NASA AdministratorJim Brandenstein(Jim Bridenstine said in a statement on the official website that NASA is closing theNew Orleans Michoud Assembly Plant andMississippiOfStannis Space Center。Bridenstein did not disclose how long the closure might last[19]。
At the Goldschmidt Conference held on June 25, 2020, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced the first results of a new generation of intelligent systems for space probes.They can identify the geochemical characteristics of life from rock samples, and judge which data are worth analyzing and which results need to be fed back to humans.[20]
On August 22, 2020, NASA said that an asteroid would rush to the earth on November 2, 2020, the day before the US election day in 2020.It is reported that the possibility of asteroid colliding with the earth is less than 1%, and its volume is very small. Even if it enters the earth's atmosphere, it will be burned, which will not pose a threat to the earth.[21]
At noon on October 26, 2020 local time, NASAStratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA confirmed for the first time that there is water on the sunward side of the moon.This discovery suggests that water may be spread all over the moon's surface, not just in the form of ice in cold, dark areas.
During the observation mission, Sophia“Cravius crater”(Clavius Crater).Cravis Crater is one of the largest craters on the moon. It is located in the southern hemisphere of the moon and can be seen with the naked eye on the earth.The observation data shows that there is water with a concentration of 0.001%~0.004% in the ring mountain area, which is roughly equivalent to a bottle of 355ml bottled water in the surface soil of the ring mountain per cubic meter.This research result was published in the latest academic journal Natural Astronomy.[4]
On March 12, 2021, according to foreign media reports, NASA wants to bring humans back to the moon with the goal of carrying out the unmanned Artemis I lunar mission later in 2021, but it needs to first let the moon rocket verify its performance on the earth. The agency is preparing for the second key hot fire test of its space launch system (SLS)prepare[22]。
On June 2, 2021 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that it plans to carry out two new missions to explore Venus between 2028 and 2030 to study the atmospheric and geological characteristics of Venus. Each project will receive about 500 million dollars.[25]
On December 6, 2021, NASA introduced the newly selected 10 preparatory astronauts to the public. From January 2022, the two year training will begin at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. The qualified ones will go to the International Space Station or participate in deep space exploration projects such as the moon landing project.This is a new batch of preparatory astronauts recruited after four years, including six men and four women aged between 32 and 45;Half are military pilots, and the others include a medical physicist, a drilling expert, a marine robot expert, an aviation doctor transferred from NASA, and a biologist who has made great achievements in some world-class and national bicycle races.[28]
On December 14, 2021 local time, Thomas Zubchin, deputy director of the Scientific Mission Council of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), announced at the 2021 autumn meeting of the American Geophysical Union in New Orleans that three years after the launch of the "Parker" solar probe, the probe successfully passed through the outermost layer (corona) of the solar atmosphere in April 2021, becoming the first "contact"The sun's spacecraft.[29]
On February 2, 2022 local time, NASA said that it planned to decommission its International Space Station (ISS) by the end of 2030.[32]
In February 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that it planned to destroyThe International Space Station(ISS), debris will fall from space into the most remote area on earth, a no man's land in the South Pacific.[30]
In February 2022, NASA predicted that the service life of the International Space Station would end in January 2031.However, relevant work may start a year or earlier in advance, when the operation orbit of the International Space Station will fall to the earth.According to the plan, the International Space Station will eventually fall to the "South Pacific no man's land".[31]
In February 2022, NASA launched a campaign against Elon MuskSpaceXNASA expressed concern about the plan to deploy about 30000 satellites for the Star Chain project. In a letter to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), NASA wrote: "NASA is worried that the frequency of related events caused by SpaceX's deployment of satellites may increase significantly, and may have an impact on NASA's implementation of scientific and manned space missions."[34]
According to several US media reports on February 10, 2022, NASA expressed concern about the second generation "Star Chain" plan of the US Space Exploration Technology Corporation.NASA said that the plan to deploy an additional 30000 satellites in low Earth orbit may cause "serious congestion" in orbit, increase collision risks, and affect NASA's scientific research and manned space missions.[35]
On February 24, 2022, NASA announced that the launch of Artemis 1, the first mission of its return to the moon program, would be postponed to May[37]。
On March 8, 2022, it was reported that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States recently signed a contract with SpaceX, a space exploration technology company, with a total amount of nearly 3.5 billion US dollars, asking SpaceX to provide three more manned space missions to send astronauts to the International Space Station.[38]
On March 17, 2022, the next generation moon landing rocket of NASA carried out a long-awaited "slow motion trip": from the assembly plant to the launch pad in Florida.It will conduct the last round of testing in the coming weeks, which will determine how quickly it can execute the "Artemis 1" mission.[41]
On March 21, 2022, CNN reported that according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), there are more than 5000 confirmed planets outside the solar system.[42]
On March 28, 2022 local time, NASA DirectorBill NelsonIn his speech, he said that NASA plans to send humans to Mars and walk on Mars in 2040.[43]
"The action of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) may trigger an alien attack".According to the Daily Telegraph on April 17, 2022, NASA is promoting a new plan to send a series of information about the Earth to space.[47]
On April 18, 2022, according to Agence France Presse, NASA's giant rocket space launch system (SLS) failed its first test at the Florida launch site and will returnFactory maintenance.[49]
In May 2022, NASA released an audio from the black hole at the center of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster 250 million light-years away, and some netizens commented that it was like a "horror movie soundtrack".[55]
In June 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently announced a new generation of space suits designed for the International Space Station and the future launch mission of Artemis.[57]
In June 2022, NASA will launch three sounding rockets from a facility in northern Australia on June 26, which is the first time that the space agency has used a commercial launch pad outside the United States in more than 50 years.[59]
On June 13, 2022, it was reported that on Sunday local time, the meteorological satellite mission launched by the rocket company Astra Space for NASA suffered a major failure, resulting in the latter's loss of two satellites.[61]
On the evening of June 26, 2022, according to the website of Singapore's Lianhe Morning Post, NASA successfully launched a rocket in the interior of Australia, which is the first time for NASA to launch a rocket in a commercial launch site outside the United States.[63]
On June 28, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States launched a "CAPSTONE" satellite to the moon through the electronic rocket of the Rocket Laboratory in New Zealand.
In August 2022, NASA announced that the solar wind mission and the space telescope mission will "carpool" into orbit in April 2025.It is estimated that there will be five satellites carrying Falcon 9 rocket in this space flight, one for astrophysical research and four for solar science research.[71]
On August 19, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced 13 potential U.S. manned lunar landingsLanding area.[72]
On August 29, 2022 local time, the launch of the heavy rocket of NASA's "Space Launch System" was delayed due to fuel leakage.[74]
On September 12, 2022 local time, NASA said that September 27 was the earliest possible date for the next attempt to launch a new generation of moon landing rocket "space launch system".[77]
On September 21, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said that it once again detected a liquid hydrogen leak in the space launch system of a new generation moon landing rocket, which had "the same characteristics" as the situation that had affected the launch plan on September 3.Affected by the leakage, NASA temporarily suspended filling the rocket with liquid hydrogen for troubleshooting.[80]
On September 22 local time, it was announced that the world's first planetary defense test was about to be carried out.[81]
On September 24, 2022 local time, according to cnn, the launch of the "Artemis 1" moon landing mission was postponed again because of fears that a tropical storm would hit Florida.[82]
At 19:14 on September 26, 2022 EDT, NASA's dual asteroid redirection test (DART) mission spacecraft successfully hit an asteroid "Di"morphos ）”。[84]
In September 2022,As Hurricane Ian approaches, the US Space Agency (NASA) overnight transported the so-called "strongest" moon landing rocket "Space Launch System" (SLS) back to the storage repository for storage.NASA said that the "Artemis" moon landing plan will be postponed to the middle of November.[86]On October 24,NASA unveiled the prototype of the manned lunar probe to the media for the first time.[92]In October, two US spacecraft captured the strongest meteorite impact on Mars ever recorded.The impact left a crater nearly 150 meters in diameter on Mars, exposing large pieces of water ice below the surface of Mars.[94]On November 5, after three delays caused by maintenance and weather, NASA's moon landing rocket finally returned to the launching pad for another launch.NASA announced that it will open the 69 minute launch window at 0:7 a.m. EST on November 14. If the SLS rocket is successfully launched, the Orion spacecraft will complete its first flight around the moon.[96]
On November 8, 2022 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that, affected by tropical storm Nicole, the launch plan of the new generation moon landing rocket "Space Launch System", originally scheduled for November 14, was postponed to November 16 to ensure the best launch conditions.[97]
On the morning of November 10, 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sent a giant inflatable device into space, and then made it return to the earth from orbit and fallHawaiiNear the sea.[98]On November 14, NASA announced that the historic mission of the CAPSTONE micro probe to the moon had ended.The 25 kilogram small thing entered orbit around the moon at 7:39 p.m. EST on Sunday, becoming the first cube satellite ever to reach the Earth's neighbor.
On November 25, 2022, when the "Orion" spacecraft carrying out the Artemis I mission was operating in a "remote retrograde orbit" around the moon, the communication with the mission control center of NASA was interrupted for 47 minutes.[102]
On January 6, 2023, NASA said that a 38 year old retired NASA2450 kg satellite would land on the evening of January 8, which would take about 17 hours. The satellite would burn up when it reentered the atmosphere, but some debris was expected to fall to the ground.The space agency believes that the chance of damage caused by falling debris is about one in 9400, and the threat is very small.[105]
At 11:04 p.m. on Sunday, January 8, 2023 (EST), the Earth Exploration Satellite (ERBS) of NASA re entered the Earth's atmosphere after nearly 40 years of operation in space.[106]NASA said that the main body of the satellite will burn up when it passes through the atmosphere, but some parts will survive after re-entry. The risk of injury to anyone on the earth is very low - about one in 9400.At present, no report of personal injury or building damage caused by satellite falling debris has been received.
On January 15, 2023, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States took a very rare picture - a black hole 300 million light years away, which turned into a star eater, crushing and lengthening a passing star, and finally produced a gas cloud the size of the solar system in the universe.[107]
On March 15, 2023 local time, the prototype of the exclusive spacesuit for NASA's "Artemis 3" lunar surface mission was unveiled for the first time.In 2025, when NASA sends the first batch of astronauts to explore near the south pole of the moon, moon walkers will wear modern spacesuits provided by Axiom Space, a US start-up commercial aerospace company.[108]
NASA AIM Probe Ends Operation[109]
On March 20, 2023, according to the official website of NASA, the satellite named AIM (Middle Atmosphere Ice Probe) stopped operation due to battery problems, ending more than 15 years of scientific discovery.AIM satellite was launched in 2007 and its main task is to study polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), also known as "noctilucent clouds" or "noctilucent clouds".These clouds are composed of ice crystals. They are the highest clouds in the earth's atmosphere and can exist for hundreds of years.[109]
On May 31, 2023, NASA will focus onUFO(UFO) Hold an open meeting of the expert group.The conference was broadcast live to the public through NASA webcasts.Experts at the meeting believed that obstacles such as the lack of high-quality data were still hindering the solution of UFO or the so-called unidentified anomaly (UAP) and other mysteries.[111]
In June 2023, the official website of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) announced that the 2023 World Space Award Team Award was won by the James Weber Space Telescope Team of NASA, ESA and CSA.[112]
On August 1, 2023, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States said that it was responsible for integrating the international member groups (including Russian astronautsKonstantin Borisov）The manned flight of Crew Dragon spacecraft sent to the International Space Station was postponed from August 17 to August 21.[115]
On August 4, 2023, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) approved the list of a new batch of manned "Dragon" spacecraft crew, who will go to the International Space Station in early 2024.[116]
According to the Financial Times on September 14, 2023, an independent team of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) released an investigation report on the UFO sighting on the same day.[118]
In September 2023, NASA plans to transform the "Star Ship" into a low Earth orbit space station, which is expected to be put into operation in the 1930s.[119]
On October 11, 2023 local time, NASAHoustonJohnson Space Center Announced the asteroid"Benu"(Bennu) photos, videos and preliminary research results of surface samples.[121]
On October 13, 2023 local time, the "Spirit Star" probe of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was launched at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, starting the exploration of the metal asteroid of the same name.[122]
March 14, 2024 Beijing Time8 p.m,SpaceX PlanCarry out the third test flight of the starship super rocket.The launch will take place at SpaceX's launch site in Boca Chica, Texasthat 's ok.At present, NASA has invested nearly 4 billion dollars in this project.[127]
