Graphical User Interface (GUI for short, also known as graphical user interface) refers to the computer operation user interface displayed in a graphical manner.[1]
Graphical user interface is a kind ofelectronic communicationInterface display offormat, allow users to usemouseEqual input device manipulationscreenOnIconOr menu options to select commands, call files, start programs, or execute otherDaily tasks。Compared with the character interface which uses keyboard to input text or character commands to complete routine tasks, GUI has many advantages.GUI consists of window, pull-down menu, dialog box and its corresponding control mechanism. It is standardized in various new application programs, that is, the same operation is always completed in the same way. In GUI, what users see and operate are graphic objects, and computer graphics technology is applied.[1]
In the 1970s, researchers from Xerox developed the first graphical user interface. This design made the computer realize the transformation from character interface to graphical interface, opening a new era.Since then, Windows, MAC OS and other operating systems have emerged in succession, and the interface design has been constantly improved. The constant update and change of the operating system has also brought the graphical user interface design into a new era.Graphical user interface (GUI) is a medium of information exchange displayed in a graphical manner.Users send commands to electronic devices such as computers through graphical objects such as windows, keys and menus. After receiving commands, users feed back the results of operations through graphics.With the development of science and technology, all kinds of communication and electronic products have emerged as the times require. Graphical user interfaces are also widely used in smart phones, household appliances and other devices with information exchange, storage and processing functionsElectronic information products。[2]
The operation of traditional character interface is complex, and it is difficult for non professional users to understand and operate.In the graphical user interface, the user does not need to learn complex codes, but can operate through the graphical objects. After receiving the operation instructions, the electronic products give feedback to the user on the results. The feedback results, that is, the information received by the user, are also graphical objects, so the user can operate without professional knowledge and operating skills.As an interface display format, GUI design greatly facilitates the operation of non professional users.[2]
development history
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1. Embryonic stage
originalwindowThe system concept was put forward with the emergence of the first computer real-time graphic display system, namely SAGE Project (Air Defense System of the U.S. Air Force) and Sketchpad (Sketchpad is recognized as the founder of computer aided drawing (CAD) program, and has a significant impact on the development of modern computer graphical user interface) written by Ivan Sutherland.Sketchpad was running on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at MIT.It uses an x-y point image display and a light pen just invented at that time.[3]
Doug Engelbart developed the OLS online system at SRI (Stenford Research Institute) in 1960, adding cursors and multiple windows to the software interface.[3]
In 1970, some SRI researchers entered Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) and completed the first demonstration of WIMP (window, icon, menu and pointer/pull-down menu).[3]
In 1973, the first computer using Alto operating system was developed at Xerox PARC Research Center.Alto was the first operating system to feature all the basic elements of a modern graphical user interface.Features: use a three button mouse;Bitmap display;The use of graphics windows.[3]
In 1981, Xerox released Xerox 8010 (Star) as an alternative to Alto.Features: double click icon, overlapping window, dialog bar, resolution of 1024 * 768Monochrome display。[3]
In 1983, Apple released Lisa.Features: Drop down menu and main menu.Visi released Vision, the first electronic chart software that uses a full graphical interface and targets the IBM personal computer environment.The initial practical use of GUI was Vision's use of designing spreadsheets.The concept of "Windows" and mouse was first introduced into personal computers, which was earlier than the first version of Microsoft Windows.[3]
In 1984, Apple released Macintosh series computers.Macintosh was the first commercial product to successfully use a graphical user interface.The concept of virtual desktop began to be used. Files looked like a piece of paper, and directories looked like folders;There is also a set of desktop gadgets, such as computers, laptops and clocks.All these things can be placed on the screen at will according to users' needs, or they can delete files by dragging files and folders into the wastebasket on the screen.[3]
In 1985, Geos released the Commodore64 system after Apple II.Microsoft released the first version of Windows, the inspection operating system.[3]
In 1987, Apple released the Macintosh II computer, the first color display model of Macintosh.Features: display resolution of 640 * 480, 256 colors.Microsoft releasesWindowsThe second version of Windows. Features: windows have new functions that can be stacked and resized.Acorn released the "Arthur" graphical interface operating system developed for Acorn computer.[3]
In 1988, Apple released the 16 bit operating system GS/OS developed for Apple IIGS. Its graphical interface is very similar to Apple's Macintosh series.IBM released OS/21.10 standard version with graphical user interface (OS/21.0 is still in command line mode).This version of the GUI is written by Microsoft, so the whole interface looks like Windows 2.[3]
In 1990, Commodore released Amiga Workbench 2 for the A3000 model, which has the following features: increased three-dimensional concave and convex effect, and added system menu.Microsoft releases Windows 3.0.GeoWorks releases PC-GEOS.[3]
In 1992, IBM released the 32-bit true color operating system OS/2Version2.0.Microsoft releases Windows 3.1.The Amiga Workbench 3 system of AGAAmigas computer was released.[3]
In 1993, Microsoft released the first version of Windows NT, which is a new 32-bit operating system of Microsoft. It uses the same version number and graphical user interface as Windows 3.1.[3]
In 1994, QNX Software Systems released the first embedded micro window system Phtotn microGUI,ExplorerWindow is a typical application of embedded multi window technology.[3]
In 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95.Agenda96 was released.[3]
In 1996, New Deal Office 2.5 was released, its predecessor was PC-GEOS.IBM releases OS/2Warp4.Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0 with the same interface as Windows 95.[3]
In 1997, Apple Mac OS 8 was released and sold 1.25 million copies in just two weeks, becoming the best selling software at that time.[3]
In 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98.Features: Internet Explorer has replaced the traditional window form, and the entire help system has also been replaced by Internet Explorer, with advertisements placed in the upper right corner of the desktop.[3]
In 1999, Apple released Mac OS X Server, an operating system based on Unix, which followed the graphical user interface of Apple Macintosh.RISCOS released RISCOS4 operating system suitable for RiscPC, A7000, A7000+computers.[3]
In 2000, Apple announced the release of Mac OS X, which uses a new crystal graphic interface.Microsoft Windows 2000 (AKAWindows NT 5) is officially launched.[3]
In 2001, Microsoft releasedWindows XP。Microsoft's next-generation operating system has invested heavily in user interface design, "hoping to change the way people use computers through it".In the half century since the computer appeared, the graphical interface has been continuously improved and gradually matured, and has completely replaced the command language interface, becoming the dominant form of modern software interface.Graphical user interface is one of the greatest inventions in human history. It has far-reaching significance for the popularization and further development of computers.Xerox, Apple, Microsoft and other companies have played an important role in this process.[3]
In 2006, Microsoft released Windows Vista, which greatly modified the appearance of its Windows operating system and realized the Aero function.
In 2009, Windows 7 was released.It eliminates many of Vista's bloated features.With the "Show Desktop" button, users can hide the window to view the desktop.Microsoft completely redesigned the taskbar of Windows 7, replacing the label with an icon.Users can lock the program on the taskbar to preview an open window.
In October 2012, Windows 8, as a major update of Windows, came out.When the system starts, it no longer displays the desktop by default, but a new "tile" start screen, which has brought considerable confusion to users.
In October 2013, Microsoft released an updated version of Windows 8.1.
In July 2015, Microsoft officially released Windows 10, the computer and tablet operating system.[11]
In October 2021, Microsoft will launch the official version of Windows 11 operating system.[10]
The main function of GUI is to realize human-computer interaction between human and computer and other electronic devices.It is a tool for data transmission and interactive manipulation between users and operating systems. Users can control electronic devices through certain operations, and electronic devices will feed back the results of user operations through the display screen.As a necessary part of using electronic information products, graphical user interface realizes the information interaction between people and software.This human-computer interaction makes the user's operation more convenient.[2]
2. Aesthetics
For the rapidly changing electronic products, the graphical user interface is playing an increasingly important role.Beautiful and friendly interface design can often attract customers and become the key for enterprises to gain competitive advantage.GUI integrates ergonomicscognitive psychology、Design Art, linguistics, sociology, communication science and other disciplines have now developed into an independent discipline.Today, with the rapid development and maturity of electronic technology, the performance and function of electronic products are no longer very different, and developers begin to pay more attention to the beauty of products.The grand appearance, simple design style and good visual effect are increasingly becoming the key factors affecting user experience.As the graphical user interface is a combination of multiple elements, including many artistic and aesthetic design elements, the interface is beautiful. This beautiful visual experience can enable users to buy corresponding products and improve the economic benefits of enterprises.[2]
3. Practicality
The purpose of GUI is to realize human-computer interaction.Developers study and design specific user interfaces, package obscure computer language into simple and understandable graphics, and users can understand the content behind complex computer language by recognizing graphics.The graphical operation mode has strong practicability, which is convenient for users and improves the use efficiency.This kind of creative transformation makes the cold electronic products become friendly and enter the life of thousands of families from the laboratory.Through the continuous optimization of the graphical user interface, developers can make the transmission of information and data more efficient, the operation and feedback of results more convenient and accurate, bring a good user experience, and have strong practicability.[2]
4. Technical
The graphical user interface of early electronic products adopts character interface, which requires highly professional operators.After text is converted into graphics, the corresponding data information is also converted into images.The information that users operate and receive are graphic objects, so it is no longer necessary to recite a large number of command symbols, nor to have professional knowledge and operating skills to operate electronic products.But the simplified operation process does not mean that the graphical user interface is not technical.Hidden behind the graphic objects are more professional code writing and related operations.On the contrary, these operations are more technical.Technicians write and design relevant codes to convert the character interface into a graphical interface so that users can use the graphical interface to achieve the content they want to operate.Such transformation often requires a high degree of technicality, so the graphical user interface only hides technicality, rather than being non-technical.[2]
classification
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With the rapid development of Internet technology and communication technology, various communication electronic consumer products, such as desktop computers, tablet computers, mobile phones, have become indispensable items in people's daily life.The graphical user interface (GUI) of electronic consumer products is a bridge between the software and hardware systems of electronic products and users for data transmission and manipulation interaction.The graphical user interface (GUI) of consumer electronics products can be roughly divided into the following two categories.[4]
1. Unique user interface of operating system for specific products
The operating system user interface is bound with the consumer electronics products and is a part of the product, such as the interactive interface of the specific brand, specific model of mobile phone or the unique operating system of the computer, which includes the icon, layout, interactive dynamic presentation mode, pointer cursor, desktop background, window arrangementMenu status, etc.The beautiful, intelligent, reasonable, efficient and easy to operate interactive interface is another important factor that affects consumers' purchase decisions in addition to the appearance of electronic products.[4]
2. Software that can run electronic products of different brands and models
Software that depends on the Internet, computers, and mobile phones, especially free software, has a different profit model from the traditional real economy through the direct exchange of goods and currency. It uses a completely free promotion model, which does not make profits directly from users, but mainly uses Internet advertising and Internet value-added services as the source of profit.A stable user base is the basis for the development of the software industry. How to lock users and improve user stickiness is a problem that free software must solve. To solve this problem, in addition to developing features that meet user needs, it is particularly important to provide users with excellent, convenient and beautiful graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to improve user experience.[4]
System structure
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GUI system usually refers to the display model, window model and user model supported by the corresponding hardware platform and operating system, as well as theApplication Program InterfaceComposed application program interfaceAPI(Application Program Interface), where the computer hardware platform and operating system are the basis of the graphical user interface system.Only when the hardware platform technology and operating system functions have developed to a certain extent can users be qualified to use GUI.Generally speaking, a certain GUI system only depends on a specific hardware platform and operating system, but Motif is an interface system that can run on a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems.[5]
The display model of GUI determines the basic display mode of graphics on the screen, that is, the mode of displaying various graphic objects with bit image graphic display technology.For example, define the type face and size of the font created on the screen, and define the generation method of lines or curves in the drawing program, including various processing, such as dimension, shading, etc.Different GUI systems use different display models.For example, most graphical user interfaces running on UNIX systems at present use the X window system as the display model, while MS Windows 3.1 uses the graphical device interface (GDI) designed by Microsoft itself as the display model.[5]
The window model determines the image of multiple applications displayed on the screen, which can be expressed in the program design as constructing movable and resizable windows, menus, scroll bars, dialog boxes, etc.It usually includes two parts: one is programming tools, such as function sets;The second is the description of how to move, output and read the information displayed on the screen.Some GUI systems include unique window systems, such as Apple Macintosh, while others use common window systems, such as MIT's X window system.The X window system can not only serve as the display model of the GUI system, but also serve as its window model.[5]
The user model of the graphical user interface is also called the look and feel of the graphical user interface. It also includes two parts: one is the tools for constructing the user interface, such as toolkits and framesets, including the definition and description of the data structure of high-level interface components (widgets) or object elements;The second is to define the behavior norms and protocols between various graphic objects organized on the screen.Each GUI user model should describe what kind of window and display mode it supports, because the specification definition and tool set establishment must be specific to the specific display model and window model.[5]
The API of GUI system consists of the API of display model, window model and user model. The API of each model is mainly the development tool provided by the model for developers.[5]
Desktop management system is a graphical management system for human-computer interaction, which makes human-computer interaction more convenient and flexible. It usually includes the following components: graphical file management system, icon library for users, desktop management organization, icon library management organization, etc.[5]
Design principles
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Graphical user interfaces of different purposes and types have different visual expression styles.A well-designed GUI does not have a fixed formula to apply, but a good design will also follow certain guidelines.[6]
1. Design principles of interface style consistency
graphical user interface
The consistency of the user interface mainly refers to the wording of the general operation sequence, terms and information presented to the user. The layout, color matching scheme and typesetting style of the interface elements should be consistent.Having a highly consistent user interface can make the information in each part orderly, give users a sense of clarity and integrity, help users establish an accurate psychological model of interface operation, and thus reduce training and support costs.[6]
Except for special cases, the design style of GUI should be highly consistent. Consistency is one of the important factors for the success of interface design.An effective way to ensure consistency is to write formal "design style standards" documents.This document specifies the design criteria that must be followed in the graphical user interface design of a product or series of products.The design criteria specified in the "Design Style Standard" should be very specific, which may include examples of icons, sizes, fonts and other contents and formats used.It can be effectively used for the management and adjustment of the graphical user interface, and is essential for the design of large, complex graphical user interfaces or the design work of many people and departments.[6]
2. Logical principle of interface layout
The interface layout should reflect the general order of user operations and the frequency of use.The layout of the graphical interface should conform to the order in which people usually read and fill in paper forms.Generally, people read from left to right and from top to bottom, while the mainstream reading habits of some countries and nations are different. For example, Arabic and Hebrew read from right to left and from top to bottom, so the layout of the graphical interface will be modified accordingly with the differences in regional culture.The graphical interface elements frequently used by users should be placed in a prominent position so that users can easily notice them.On the contrary, some rarely used elements can be placed in an inconspicuous position, even allowing users to hide them to expand the available area of the screen.The elements that can be used only after certain conditions are met should be displayed in gray state, and will change to normal state only when the conditions are met.Specific elements should be placed adjacent to the data they want to control to help users establish the relationship between elements and data.Elements that affect the whole dialog box should be distinguished from those that control specific data, and closely related elements should be placed in the same area in an organized manner.[6]
3. Inspiratory design principles of interface
Revelation is a term put forward by Donald Norman when studying the design of everyday objects. It is defined as the perceived and actual characteristics of things, mainly to determine the basic characteristics of the possible use of things, that is to say, enlightenment refers to an attribute of an object, which can let users know how to use the object.For example, door handles of different shapes imply "push", "pull" or "rotate" respectively.Graphic elements in the GUI (such as buttons, icons, scroll bars, windows, links, etc.) can also hint at the functions they represent, or inspire users to use them.Icons are one of the most important elements in the graphical user interface.For example, reducing the window to an icon can be used to indicate a conversation process that you do not want to execute temporarily. Users can click it at any time to re execute the conversation.Icons can also be used to indicate the programs and functions that users can access, such as recycle bin, "disk" icon, etc.Icons can also be used for data storage and organization forms, such as various types of file icons and folder icons.Due to technical limitations, most of the icons initially appearing in the GUI are monochrome geometric symbols, and their sizes are relatively small.along withDisplay resolutionWith the increase of 1024 × 768 pixels and 1280 × 1024 pixels, more and more icons adopt a realistic design style, which is no longer limited to simple geometry.Graphic elements not only make the user interface visual art, but also help users understand the interface.Designing icons that represent system functions or object operation modes will bring some interesting challenges to designers. The most important challenge is to represent abstract concepts with the visual language of icons.Icon design should maintain a unified visual style, and at the same time, attention should be paid to making each icon have a distinctive personality.[6]
4. The interface design should follow the customary usage
Idiomatic usage is based on the way we learn and use habits.The interface following the habitual usage does not pay attention to technical knowledge or human intuitive function, nor will it arouse human association.The main reason why GUI is easy to use is that it defines a series of terms for users to interact with the system.The basic usage vocabulary is formed by the indivisible actions and feedback mechanisms such as pointing, clicking (clicking) and dragging. The basic usage vocabulary can form a series of combination vocabulary to form more complex combination usage.For example, operation methods such as double click, click and drag, and operation objects such as buttons and check boxes.[6]
Interface designers often look for appropriate metaphors to design interfaces. Metaphorical interfaces rely on the intuitive connection between the visual cues and functions of the interface.Users can use life experience in the physical world to understand the user interface, and effective metaphors can help users learn and understand how to use the interface.However, Alan Cooper believes that "user interface design with metaphor" is a wrong concept.First, metaphor is not extensible.Effective metaphors in the simple process of a simple program may fail as the complexity of the program increases.Secondly, metaphor depends on the similarity of association between designers and users. However, if users do not have similar cultural background with designers, it is easy to generate ambiguities.In addition, metaphor binds our ideas to the physical world, which has great limitations.[6]
GUI test
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GUI (Graphical User Interface) is the front-end representation of the underlying program code, which will make corresponding front-end reflection on user operations such as selecting drop-down list box, menu, navigation bar, button control, etc.Compared with traditional software, software with graphical interface brings users the most intuitive experience with its beautiful graphical user interface, which enables users to get started quickly and is gradually favored by users. Therefore, most software in the current market has graphical user interface.[7]
GUI testing refers to software testing for software with GUI, which is to test the GUI of the application program to test the function of the system under test, the structure of the GUI, and the code to implement the GUI.The GUI test case of mobile terminal refers to a series of related events/actions of a completed user behavior, that is, the GUI test case of mobile application is composed of a series of events/actions.It can be seen that the input of mobile application GUI test is generally events/actions, and the output is generally state changes.The status change may be reflected in the change of the page, or it may be the status change of some elements in the page.In GUI test cases for mobile applications, the dependency between events/actions is also a very important activity.[7]
GUI protection
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1. Copyright Protection of Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Graphical user interface is designed to be easy to understand, simple, reasonable, efficient and intelligent for users to operate, and has certain practicality, but "practicality" does not belong to the traditional protection scope of copyright,Both TRIPs and WIPO copyright treaties (WCT) believe that the copyright protection of computer programs should not extend to "ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts".An important basic principle of copyright law is to protect the expression of works rather than the ideological connotation of works.The graphical user interface of operating system and software is the behavior and result of software operation. Whether it constitutes an expression that can be protected by copyright law is a question worth considering.The copyright protection provisions specifically for computer programs, that is, Article 2 of the Regulations on the Protection of Computer Programs only protects computer programs and related documents. It believes that graphical user interfaces rely on the existence of internal programs. From this visual effect, we can only feel the thinking of designers, not independent existence,Therefore, it cannot be a work protected by copyright law.In China's current judicial practice, there are litigation cases about software interface infringement, and the basis of the judgment is also the basic principle of copyright law.[4]
2. Design Patent Protection of Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Countries (regions) with relatively developed communication technology industries in the world, such as the United States, Japan, South Korea, France, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Taiwan, have successively established the design patent protection system for electronic product GUI.[4]
(1) Protection of GUI by American design patent system:
With regard to the U.S. design patent, Section 1504.01 of the U.S. Patent Examination Guide points out that according to the description of the subject of the application as a design patent in Article 171 of the Patent Law, "novel, original and decorative designs applied to industrial products", images not applied to industrial products cannot be applied for design patents."Computer generated icons", such as full screen display or individual icons, belong to two-dimensional images, which can only be used as surface decoration when viewed separately. If they are to be applied for design patents, they must meet the condition of "applied to industrial products".If the claim of a design patent application is a computer-generated icon displayed on a computer screen, display, other display panel or the above various display parts, then the claim meets the condition of "application to industrial products".Patentable designs cannot be separated from the objects they are applied to. Designs cannot exist alone as surface decoration, so computer-generated icons must be reflected on computer screens, displays, other display panels, or parts of the above display devices.The U.S. Examination Guide 1504.01 (a) describes in detail the examination procedures and standards for the application of "computer-generated icons" as design patents.[4]
(2) GUI protection under Chinese patent law:
The Decision of the State Intellectual Property Office on Amending the Patent Examination Guide: (Order 68 of the State Intellectual Property Office) came into force on May 1, 2014, adding the design patent protection for graphical user interfaces.The term "design" as mentioned in the Patent Law refers to "a new design that is aesthetically pleasing to the shape, pattern, or combination thereof, as well as the combination of color and shape, pattern, and is suitable for industrial application. A design must take a product as its carrier. A design is a design of a product, and its carrier should be a product"."The scope of protection of the design patent right shall be subject to the design of the product shown in the picture or photograph.", "As for the product design including the graphical user interface, the overall product design view shall be submitted".[4]
Aesthetic research
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1. The beauty of GUI
The beauty of the graphical user interface can be understood as that in the process of constructing the graphical user interface, through precise calculation, design, segmentation of the graphical interface, placement of the graphical interface itself and all the graphical interface components in the whole, a high degree of visual dynamic balance and unlimited design feasibility can be achieved, and a high degree of visual clarity can be created.Some specific compositions, such as the zigzag composition, circular composition, and S-shaped composition, will give users a sense of beauty.The typical golden section contains rich aesthetic value and strong mathematical beauty.[8]
In addition to using mathematical logic for creation, the method of plane composition is often used for design.For example, use of contrast, repetition, change, balance, etc.Graphical user interfaces often use the size of graphic elements to form a contrast, which not only increases the visual focus, but also plays a role in highlighting important functions.[8]
2. The Color Beauty of GUI
The color beauty of GUI can be understood as that, starting from the user's perception and psychological effect of color, the complex color phenomenon can be restored to the basic elements by scientific analysis, and the variability of color in space, quantity and quality can be used to combine according to certain rules to create the beautiful color effect suitable for GUI.According to the data, 90% of the information people receive from the outside world comes from the eyes, and color has a great influence on the emotional orientation of the interface.To enable users to understand the beauty of color, designers should understand users' psychological feelings and cognitive characteristics of color, so as to grasp the beauty of color of the entire visual interface.The user visual interface is different from daily photos or graphic art works, and it plays a certain role.Therefore, the user visual interface has special requirements for color, which should not only have a high degree of consistency, but also meet the aesthetic needs of users.According to the change of hue, lightness and saturation of colors, a rich and harmonious GUI can be generated.[8]
3. The Light and Shadow Beauty of GUI
Light and shadow exist in all real environments. This combination enables us to recognize the texture of materials, understand the size of objects, perceive space and confirm location.If you want the visual interface to have a sense of hierarchy and space, and obtain user recognition, then excellent lighting effects are necessary.Adding light source in the graphic effect can make the interface have an environmental effect and obtain a rich sense of hierarchy. Effective use of light and shadow effects can also make the design interface obtain visual focus.The first level graphical user interface of icebrrg website adds radial light in the upper right corner to make the dark blue background produce an underwater viewing effect;At the same time, guide the user to continue reading along the emitting light.Different expressions of light and shadow can effectively shape the texture and level of the interface. Through subtle depiction of light and shadow, such as adding weak shadows under each button, and adding soft highlights at appropriate locations, the overall interface has a sense of volume.In fact, after being magnified, many exquisite interface designs will reveal their secrets to us. It is this subtle design that enables users to obtain higher visual enjoyment and better appreciate beauty.[8]
4. Human Beauty of Graphical User Interface
The beauty of human nature of graphical user interface can be understood as that the realization of graphical user interface can focus on human needs according to human behavior habits, physiological structure, psychological situation, thinking mode, etc., and achieve respect and satisfaction for human psychological and physiological needs and spiritual pursuit.Graphical user interface should not only meet the user's visual aesthetic, but also meet the user's cognitive characteristics, behavior habits and other internal needs.Designers often pay great attention to graphic details at the beginning of design, but they should first take a moment to think about whether these visual elements are necessary and what level of detail they need.[8]
Development trend
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1. Make good use of metaphor
From the cognitive point of view, people will seek clues to understand new things from the existing experience background and then generate associations when they conduct cognition. Therefore, when designing, they should master this cognitive process and make good use of metaphor to convey the essentials and things that interface design needs to express.For example, the garbage can is used to refer to the function of recycling documents.[9]
2. Direct control
Direct manipulation makes users feel "operating".In order to meet this principle, when users operate on an object, they must always be able to see the object on the screen, and the impact of the action on the object must be real-time.For example, drag a file, or drag the cut text from one file to another.It provides the function of direct operation when the user needs it, saving the user from handling some trivial things.[9]
3. Visible energy point
In the user interface of the software, the user interacts with the interface by clicking the object seen on the screen through a device such as a mouse.The user clicks an object, and then selects the action to be performed on the object.All the actions that can be executed by the object are displayed in the menu, and the user does not need to memorize the action instructions, but only needs to select from the menu.[9]
4. Visual art perfection
Perfection means that the interface should adhere to the principles of visual design and properly organize the interface information.This means that the screen elements should have better screen display effect and the display technology should have higher quality.The graphic design should be as beautiful and exquisite as possible, so that the form of the graphic conforms to the common perception of human beauty.The modeling elements of dot, line, surface and body mark design can form an aesthetic feeling independent of the structure of various specific things in the application of formal laws.[9]
