Fedora (pronunciation: English [f 618 d 596 720 r 601 ], American [f 618 d 596 r 601 ]), Fedora Linux (before the seventh edition:Fedora Core）Is created byFedora Project Community developmentred hat Sponsorship, the goal is to create a set of novel, multi-functional and free（Open Source）The operating system of.Fedora is commercialRed Hat Enterprise LinuxUpstream source code of the distribution.
Fedora is a free operating system with complete functions and fast updates for users;And for the sponsorsRed HatAs far as the company is concerned, it is a testing platform for many new technologies, and the technologies that are considered available will eventually be added toRed Hat Enterprise LinuxMedium.[1]Fedora releases new versions about every six months.[2]
As of February 2016, Fedora has about 1.2 million users[3]。
The goal of the original Fedora Linux community was toRed HatLinux makes and publishes third-partysoftware packageHowever, when Red Hat LinuxStop publishingAfter that, Fedora community will be integrated into theFedora ProjectThe goal is to develop an operating system supported by the community (in fact, Fedora Project is also developed by many Red Hat employees in addition to volunteer organizations).Red Hat Enterprise LinuxIt replaces Red Hat Linux as the officially supported system version.
In January 2023, Fedora Engineering and Steering Committee (FESCo) has signed the release plan of Fedora 38.[14]
On April 19, 2023, the Fedora project team officially announced the Fedora 38 release. The biggest highlight is that the WorkStations Edition has enabled the GNOME 44 desktop environment.[18]
(1) Fedora DVD/CD – contains all majorsoftware packageDVD or CD set;
(2) LiveCD – CD orDVDOf sizeDisc image, which can be used to create a LiveCD or fromUSB deviceStart and optionally install to the hard disk;
(3) Minimum CD – for passing throughHTTP，FTPorNFSInstall.
You can use FedoraLive USBCreator or UNetbootin creates a Live USB version of Fedora.
At the same time, the Fedora project releases a customized version of Fedora calledFedora spins[4]。These versions contain a specific set of software packages to meet the needs of a specific kind of users.Fedora spins were developed by some groups with special interest in Fedora.
EnterpriseLinuxExtra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) is provided byFedora ProjectThe community force initiated by volunteers ofRHELAnd other compatible versions of the software repository.
Software package management is mainly managed by dnf (formerlyyum）Utilitiesprovide[5]。Fedora also providesGraphical interface(e.gpirut，pupandpuplet）To provide visual notification when updates are available.apt-Rpm isyumOfsuccedaneum, forDebianClass distribution may be more familiar to users.here,APTIs used to manage software packages.Additional software repositories can be added to Fedora to install software packages not provided by Fedora software repositories.
Software warehouse
Before Fedora 7, there wereCoreandExtrasTwo main warehouses.The Fedora Core repository contains all the basic software packages necessary for the operating system, as well as other software packages distributed with the installation CD/DVDRed HatSoftware package maintained by developers.The Fedora Extras warehouse has been added since Fedora Core 3, including community maintained software packages that are not released with the installation CD/DVD.Since Fedora 7, the Core and Extras software repositories have been merged, so this version has been removed from its nameCore[6]。The software warehouse also allows community members to maintain software packages, which was previously only available to Red Hat developers.
In the later Fedora version, another module library called Fedora Modular appeared.It installs other versions of software in a separate lifecycle, which allows you toUse CaseThe correct version ofapplication programIt also keeps your operating system up to date.
Similarly, before Fedora 7 was released, there was aFedora LegacyOfThird party softwareWarehouse.The software repository mainly contains community maintained versions for older Fedora and selected Red Hat distributions, which are used to extend the life cycle of these versions.Fedora Legacy closed in December 2006[7]。
The third-party software warehouse is mainly used to release software packages that are not included in Fedora - perhaps because Fedora'sfree software The definition of, or the distribution of the software package will violateAmerican law。The main third-party software repositories (which are fully compatible) areRPMFusion and Livna.The former is jointly maintained by many third-party software warehouse maintainers.The latter is still maintained independently as an extension of RPM Fusion, and only contains the libdvdcss package for playing encrypted DVDs.
Safety function
Security is the most important function in Fedora.One of them isSELinux——Linux functions based on Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the kernel and supplemented with various security policies, includingaccess control Etc.Fedora is one of the distributions actively using SELinux.SELinux is included in Fedora Core 2 and later releases.By default, this function is forced to modify the operation mode of the system, so it is closedSPARCEnabled on.
Before releasing each stable version, Fedora Project will release three test versions for users to test and help improve.Fedora 7 introduced the fourth beta version due to the merger of Core and Extra.
Fedora also has a package library calledRawhide[8]The software package under development will be released in Rawhide first, and then transferred to Fedora package library.Rawhide is updated quite frequently and is not suitable for general work purposes, but some developers and testers use it as the main working system.
current version
The latest Fedora version is 37[15], published on November 15, 2022[15]。 The main characteristics of Fedora 37 are as follows:
one
Integrated with the latest desktop version GNOME43[15]The Spins version provides KDE Plasma 5.26, Xfce 4.16, LXQt 1.1.0, MATE 1.26 and Cinnamon 5.4 desktop environments[17]。
two
Added official support for Raspberry Pi 4 devices[15]。
Publishing History
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Fedora version naming rules: the nth version has an inheritance relationship with the n+1 version, but has no same inheritance relationship with the n+2 version, until Fedora 21 or later versions are not named.[9-10]
Note: Since each version of Fedora will update the above procedures in the whole support cycle, the program version of the above table is only the initial version of this versionSoftware version
Update Maintenance
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The update and maintenance of each version of Fedora Project lasts until one month after the release of the next version, about 13 months for each version.If users need more long-term update and maintenance, in similar systems,RHELorCentOSIt would be a better choice.
FedoraLegacy ProjectIt is a plan initiated by the community to provide (security and error) update and maintenance for Red Hat and Fedora systems that have been officially discontinued. The systems supported by this plan include Red Hat Linux 7.3~9Fedora Core 1 ~ 4。However, Fedora Legacy stopped at the end of 2006 due to the lack of volunteers, reduced demand, and official extended update support.
Re-spins
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FedoraUnity ProjectRemadeSpecial editionCD image file calledFedoraUnity Re-Spins。All of them are updated software packages, so that users can save a lot of time for online update packages after installation.
system requirements
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The latest version shall prevail.[11]
1GHz processor or faster, 2GHz multi-core processor is recommended.
4GB RAM recommended
Recommended 20GB permanent storage space (hard disk drive)
Fedora inherits the installation interface AnacondaDesktop environment(both Gnome andKDE）、Package ManagerRPM, multilingual support, and many setting tools, so users accustomed to using the Red Hat operating system will feel quite familiar. Because of this, Fedora users are moving to RHELCentOSIt will not face too many differences when waiting for the system.
Introduce new technology
As it approaches the semi annual release cycle, Fedora is very fast in introducing new technologies. Usually, each version will introduce the latest versions of Xorg, Gnome and KDE.[12]
software package
Fedora useyumTools (nowDNF）To assistRPMPackage management can effectively avoidDependency HellProblems.In addition, users can use dnf to easily obtain the original Fedora causepatent rightFunctions not included in factors, such as MP3 playback support, DVD video support, andntfs file system Support and other functions.
Fedora's official package library has its diversity in storage, such asClamAV（anti-virus software）And Wine（WindowsSoftware translator) can be obtained from the official package library, and also includes manyOpen Source's game software[13]。Communities such as Livna and Freshrpms also provide third-party packages compatible with the official package library, which users can obtainNVIDIAandATI3D graphics card ofDriverorVLC、MPlayerEtc.
all the timeunixAnd the directory structure of unix like systems seems obscure to many people. Fedora plans to simplify its directory structureBinary fileConcentrate on/usr/bin, and setLibrary filesFocus on/usr/lib and/usr/lib64. For/bin and/sbin, which are also used to store binary files, they will connect to/usr/bin, and the same/lib/lib64 will also connect to the corresponding directory.The schematic diagram is as follows:
The Anaconda installation tool used by Fedora will boot by defaultGraphical interfaceSupport, so that the requiredHardware compatibilityThe user must try to change the installation settings when an error occurs during installation.
Release cycle and maintenance
Fedora releases new versions at a rate of nearly half a year, and each version provides about 13 months of update and maintenance.Users who use a version that has stopped support must upgrade to a new version to obtain updates. However, there are sometimes major changes in software between the old version and the new version (such asPHP5 and PHP 7MySQL4 and MySQL 5), these changes may cause the user's original service to fail to operate normally.
Fedora will boot by defaultSELinuxThe security enhancement module (including the Fedora Workstation version designed for desktop users) may cause the system services or functions to fail to work properly if the user does not set (or turn off) SELinux correctly
Omega - Rahul Sundaram, a community engineer of Red Hat, created a Fedora based Remix, which supports all multimedia (including MP3 and DVD playback) by adding software from RPM Fusion and Livna sources
Red Hat Enterprise Linux– Enterprise Linux provided by Red Hat, based on the current Fedora distribution
Russian Fedora Remix - Fedora version adjusted for Russian users, including proprietary software and drivers
Xange - (formerly known as Simplis and Vixta)KDEFeatured, easy-to-use distribution
Moblin-Linux distribution designed for netbooks, extremely fast
Linpus - Linux designed for the Asian market from Taiwan Linpus Technologies
Inactive projects
ASPLinux - from Russia.ASPNinux contains closed sourceNVIDIAandATIDrive, and provide decoder support for proprietary audio and video formats
Aurora SPARC Linux - Fedora based distribution on SPARC platform
BLAG Linux and GNU - Fedora compressed to the size of a single CD, and using Debian's APT package management system
Eeedora - Release designed for Asus Eee PC, since 2007
Fox Linux - from Italy, designed for the needs of home users (such as browsing the web, burning CDs, playing multimedia content)
Linux XP-A commercial Linux distribution dedicated to replacingWindows XPAs an operating system for home desktop
Nusantara - Desktop Linux distribution supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Science and Technology
Open Discovery - Integrated high-performance bioinformatics Linux platform
