Copper sulfate (CuSOfour）Is an inorganic compound widely used in industrial production and scientific research.The common form of this compound is copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSOfour·5HtwoO），Blue crystal, commonly known as blue alum[1]。Under dry conditions, the substance will lose crystal water and become white or grayish white powdery anhydrous copper sulfate[2]。Copper sulfate is usually prepared by the reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid and copper, or by treating the mixture of copper ore and sulfuric acid.
In industry, copper sulfate is an important chemical raw material, widely used in pesticides, animal and plant growth regulators, feed additives, and as a medium in electroplating, printing and dyeing industries[4-7]。It also plays a role in the field of water treatment, used for sterilization, algae control and anti-corrosion.Copper sulfate is not only a fertilizer, but also a widely used fungicide.Bordeaux solution, copper soap solution and copper ammonium preparation are made of copper sulfate, lime milk, soap and ammonium bicarbonate[8]。
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is commonly used in chemical education laboratories as a source of cationic copper and as a reagent for various chemical reactions due to its obvious blue color and water soluble characteristics[3]。In chemical analysis, copper sulfate is an important reagent for quantitative analysis, especially in gravimetric analysis and titrimetric analysis, as one of the components of standard solution.In a word, copper sulfate is a chemical substance with strong versatility, which not only has extensive practical application value, but also plays an important role in scientific research.The correct and safe use of copper sulfate can maximize its potential in various fields, while protecting the safety of human beings and the environment.
Chinese name
copper sulphate
Foreign name
copper (II) sulfate
Alias
Copper sulfate (II), copper sulfate anhydrous blue alum, bile alum, Zeng Qing, stone gall
chemical formula
CuSO₄
molecular weight
one hundred and fifty-nine point six one[9]
CAS login number
7758-98-7[9]
EINECS login number
231-847-6[9]
Melting point
560 ℃[9]
Boiling point
330 ℃[9]
Density
3.603 g/cm³[9]
Appearance
White or grayish white powder without water, and blue crystal or powder after hydration
Security description
S24/25；S36；S60；S61；S22[9]
Hazard symbol
R22；R36/38；R50/53[9]
Hazard description
Xn；N[9]
UN dangerous goods number
UN 3288 6.1/PG 3[9]
Solubility
Easily soluble in water and glycerin, soluble in dilute ethanol, insoluble in anhydrous ethanol[9]
Appearance and properties: anhydrous copper sulfate is a gray white powder, which is easy to absorb water and turns to blue-green copper sulfate pentahydrate.
Melting point: 560 ℃ (dec.).
Density: 3.603 g/cmthree（25ºC）
Vapor pressure: 3.35 × 10-5mm Hg（25ºC）[9]
Solubility: soluble in water and glycerin, soluble in dilute ethanol, insoluble in absolute ethanol[9]。
The change of anhydrous copper sulfate becoming blue after absorbing water is a common method for detecting traces of water in the laboratory.
Copper sulfate pentahydrate:
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a transparent dark blue crystal or powder in physical and chemical properties. Its solubility in 0 ℃ water is 316g/L, which is insoluble in ethanol and almost insoluble in most other organic solvents.It is gem green in glycerin, slowly weathered in the air, and loses two molecules of crystal water (30 ℃) when heated, and becomes white hydrate (CuSO) when dehydrated at 110 ℃four×HtwoO）。It is yellow or green with many impurities, and has no odor.This product is highly corrosive to iron.Copper sulfate is not only a fertilizer, but also a widely used fungicide.Bordeaux solution, copper soap solution and copper ammonium preparation are made of copper sulfate, quicklime, soap and ammonium bicarbonate.
chemical property
Reactivity: Copper sulfate can react with a variety of compounds, including acids, bases, metals, etc.For example, it can react with strong bases to generate corresponding copper salts and water. When it reacts with metals such as iron, it follows the order of metal activity, and iron will replace copper.
Coordination ability: copper ion (Cu2+）It has strong coordination ability and can form complexes with a variety of ligands.This property makes copper sulfate widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmacy and chemical synthesis, such as as the source of copper in coordination chemistry and the preparation of various copper complexes[10]。
Redox reaction: The redox reaction involving copper sulfate is particularly important in the development of electroplating, batteries and energy storage materials.Copper ion (Cu2+）It can be reduced to metal copper in the reaction, or participate in the oxidation process of other substances as an oxidant[11]。
Stability: anhydrous copper sulfate is relatively stable under dry conditions, but it will absorb moisture and change into pentahydrate form in humid environment.This change reflects its chemical properties sensitive to environmental conditions.
Hydrolysis: the dissolution process of copper sulfate in water is accompanied by a certain degree of hydrolysis, which affects the pH value of the solution.Although the degree of hydrolysis of copper sulfate is not as significant as that of some other metal salts, the phenomenon of enhanced acidity can still be observed at high concentrations[12]。
1. Anhydrous copper sulfate can easily absorb water vapor in the air and become hydrate.Hydrate loses crystal water after heating, and loses two crystal water when heated to 102 ℃;Loss of three crystal water at 113 ℃;All crystal water is lost at 258 ℃;When the heating temperature reaches 653 ℃, the decomposition starts to generate CuO and SOthree。
2. In the sequence table of metal activity, copper sulfate can displace with the single substance R whose activity is prior to copper, such as iron and zinc, but cannot displace with overly active metals (such as sodium, potassium, etc.) in aqueous solution.
3. Reaction with alkali
React with ammonia water to form copper hydroxide in a small amount and copper tetraammonium sulfate in an excessive amount[13]。
Phenomenon: a small amount of ammonia is added to the copper sulfate solution, and blue precipitates are generated;Continue to add ammonia water, precipitate and dissolve to form dark blue solution.When ethanol is added, dark blue precipitates are precipitated[14]。
Preparation method
Announce
edit
Sulfuric acid process
One method is to mix sulfuric acid and copper for heating
This method has less practical application because it will produce harmful gas sulfur dioxide.
2. Copper powder is roasted at 600-700 ℃ by sulfuric acid method to oxidize it into copper oxide, which is then decomposed and clarified by sulfuric acid to remove insoluble impurities, cooled, crystallized, filtered and dried to produce copper sulfate products[15]。
2Cu + Otwo→ 2CuO
CuO+HtwoSOfour→CuSOfour+HtwoO
Electrolyte recovery
Waste electrolyte (containing 50-60g/L Cu, H2SO4180-200g/L H2SO4180-200g/L) and calcined copper mud are used to produce fine copper powder (consisting of 65% - 70% Cu, 20% - 30% CuO, and a small amount of Cu2O, etc.) for reaction. The reaction solution is separated and settled, and the clear solution is cooled, crystallized, separated and dried to produce copper sulfate[16]。
Recovery method
Copper pollution is the deposit of copper compounds in the copper ammonia solution of acetic acid in the copper scrubber of ammonia synthesis feed gas in the nitrogen fertilizer plant. After roasting at 700 ℃, it is oxidized to copper oxide and then reacts with sulfuric acid to produce copper sulfate.
5. Dissolve copper and precipitate iron by acid leaching and chemical concentration crystallization.
The low-grade copper oxide (about 3% CuO) is crushed to a certain particle size, then sulfuric acid is added for impregnation, and copper dissolving and iron precipitating agent (composed of manganese, vanadium and copper compounds) is added for direct acid leaching to obtain copper sulfate leaching solution with a copper iron ratio greater than 100, and then chemical concentration agent (composed of calcium and sulfide compounds) is added for chemical concentration to drain 70% - 90% of the water, slightly evaporate, crystallize after coolingCentrifugal separation and air drying to produce finished copper sulfate[17]。
purpose
Announce
edit
Application in agriculture
Copper sulfate plays an important role in the agricultural field, especially as a raw material for pesticides.It has significant effects on the prevention and treatment of various plant diseases, such as those caused by fungi and bacteria.Copper sulfate can be used to prepare Bordeaux liquid, a long history fungicide, which is widely used in vineyards and orchards to prevent downy mildew and other fungal diseases.In addition, as a source of trace element copper, the addition of copper sulfate in animal feed can help improve the growth rate and overall health of livestock.Nevertheless, the dosage and frequency of copper sulfate in agricultural use must be strictly controlled to avoid heavy metal pollution of soil and water sources and protect the environment and human health.[18]
water treatment
The application of copper sulfate in the field of water treatment is mainly reflected in its function as a bactericide and algae control agent.In swimming pools and drinking water treatment systems, appropriate copper sulfate addition can effectively inhibit the growth of algae, reduce the content of bacteria and viruses in water, and improve the cleanliness and safety of water quality.Its use requires precise concentration control to avoid potential risks to human health.Copper sulfate is also used in industrial circulating water system to prevent the formation of biofilm and maintain the efficient operation of the system.However, the enhancement of environmental awareness requires finding more environmentally friendly alternatives to reduce the negative impact on the environment.[19]
Chemicals
In the production of chemical agents, copper sulfate is an important raw material for preparing other copper compounds and as a catalyst.It is used as a catalyst or reaction medium in organic synthesis and the preparation of perfume and dye intermediates to participate in a variety of chemical reactions and improve reaction efficiency and selectivity.In the electroplating industry, copper sulfate is used as the copper source in the electrolyte for the deposition of copper coatings, which plays an important role in the manufacturing of circuit boards, decorations, as well as the anti-corrosion and beautification of automobile and aviation components.In addition, copper sulfate is also used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments, providing bright blue for textile and artistic creation.The dye industry is used to produce copper containing single azo dyes such as reactive brilliant blue, reactive purple, phthalocyanine blue and other copper complexing agents.
Education and scientific research
The application of copper sulfate in education and scientific research mainly focuses on its role as a chemical reagent.In chemistry teaching, copper sulfate is used to demonstrate the basic chemical principles, including precipitation reaction, redox reaction and coordination chemical reaction, to help students understand the mechanism of chemical reaction.In the scientific research field, copper sulfate is often used as a reference material in analytical chemistry for comparison and measurement in quantitative analysis.Its chemical properties also make it an important tool to study the role of copper in biological systems, for example, to explore the role of copper ions in enzyme activity and electron transfer.
Medicine and Biology
In the medical field, copper sulfate is used as a component of some drugs, especially in the nutritional supplements for treating copper deficiency related diseases.In biological and biochemical research, it is used as an important micronutrient in cell culture medium to promote cell growth and reproduction.Copper sulfate is also involved in the activity regulation of some enzymes, affecting the redox reaction and energy conversion process in the organism.However, when using copper sulfate, the dosage must be carefully controlled, because excessive copper ions may cause toxicity to cells.[20]
Arts and Crafts
The application of copper sulfate in arts and crafts reflects its unique color and chemical properties.In fabric dyeing, copper sulfate can be used to make durable blue dyes to provide bright colors for textiles.In ceramic production, it is used as one of the ingredients of glaze to create beautiful blue or green glaze.Artists use the color of copper sulfate to create works with specific visual effects through chemical reaction, so that they can occupy a place in modern art creation.
Wood protection
The application of copper sulfate in wood protection mainly uses its antiseptic and bactericidal properties.Soaking wood in the solution containing copper sulfate can effectively prevent wood decay and insect damage, and extend the service life of wood.This treatment method is particularly suitable for wood of outdoor buildings and structures, such as bridges, power poles and fences.The wood treated with copper sulfate has good water resistance and weather resistance, but appropriate measures should be taken during the treatment process to prevent the potential harm of the solution to the environment and operators.
Security risk
Announce
edit
Health hazards
Invasion route: inhalation and ingestion.
Health hazard: It is irritating to the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea, vomiting, copper taste in the mouth, and stomach burning sensation when taken by mistake.Severe cases include abdominal colic, hematemesis and black stool.It can cause severe renal damage and hemolysis, jaundice, anemia, hepatomegaly, hemoglobinuria, acute renal failure and uremia.Irritating to eyes and skin.Long term contact may cause contact dermatitis, nasal and eye mucous membrane irritation and gastrointestinal symptoms.[21]
toxicity
It is moderately toxic.
Acute toxicity: LD50: 300mg/kg (rat oral)
Hazard characteristics: no special combustion and explosion characteristics.Toxic sulfide fume is generated due to high thermal decomposition.
Isolate the leakage pollution area and set warning signs around it.Emergency personnel shall wear gas masks and gloves.Flush with a large amount of water, and put the diluted washing solution into the waste water system.In case of a large amount of leakage, it shall be collected and recycled or transported to the waste disposal site for disposal.
Protective measures
Announce
edit
Respiratory protection: workers should wear dust masks.
Eye protection: safety mask can be used.
Protective clothing: wear work clothes.
Hand protection: wear protective gloves when necessary.
Operation protection: closed operation, providing sufficient local ventilation.Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures.It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter type dust mask, chemical safety goggles, anti poison penetration work clothes and rubber gloves.Avoid dust generation.Avoid contact with acids and alkalis.Load and unload gently during transportation to prevent damage to packaging and containers.Provide leakage emergency treatment equipment.Empty containers may leave harmful substances.
Others: Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited at the work site.After work, take a shower and change clothes.Pay attention to personal hygiene.Pre employment and regular physical examination shall be carried out.
First aid measures
Announce
edit
Skin contact: Take off the contaminated clothes and wash thoroughly with plenty of flowing water.
Eye contact: immediately open the upper and lower eyelids and flush with flowing water or normal saline.Get medical attention.
Inhalation: quickly leave the site to a place with fresh air.Give oxygen when breathing is difficult.Get medical attention.
Ingestion: For those who take it by mistake, use 0.1% potassium ferrocyanide or sodium thiosulfate for gastric lavage.Drink milk or egg white and see a doctor.
Storage and transportation
Announce
edit
Transport information
Precautions for transportation: the package shall be complete and the loading shall be safe when starting transportation.During transportation, the container shall not leak, collapse, fall or be damaged.It is strictly prohibited to mix with acids, alkalis, edible chemicals, etc.During transportation, it shall be protected from sun exposure, rain and high temperature.Thoroughly clean the vehicle after transportation.
Storage method
Store in a cool, dry and well ventilated warehouse.Keep away from kindling and heat sources.Keep container sealed.It shall be stored separately from acids, alkalis and edible chemicals, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited.The storage area shall be equipped with appropriate materials to contain leakage.[21]
