CPU core

Core chip in the middle of CPU

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CPU The core is the core chip in the CPU monocrystalline silicon Made to complete all calculations, receive/store commands Processing data Etc. is the core of digital processing.

The core (Die), also known as the core, is the most important component of the CPU. The raised chip in the center of the CPU is the core, which is made of monocrystalline silicon Production process All CPU calculations, receiving/storing commands and processing Data Executed by the core. various CPU core Have fixed Logical structure ， L1 cache 、 L2 Cache 、 execution unit , instruction level units, and Bus interface etc. Logical unit There will be a scientific layout.

Chinese name: CPU core
Adopt: A kernel flipping encapsulation form

Quantity is: 5000
Contains: Logical structure ， L1 cache 、 L2 Cache

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seven CPU Introduction
eight Other types

Introduction to the kernel

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CPU core

most CPU Both adopt a reverse core Packaging form That is to say, the CPU core we usually see is actually the bottom of the silicon chip, which is flipped and packaged on the ceramic circuit board. This advantage is that the CPU core can directly contact the heat sink. This technology is also used on most CPUs today. The other side of the CPU core, which is covered under the ceramic circuit board, should be connected to the external circuit. CPU has tens of millions of transistors, which are connected to the external circuit. The connection method is to solder a wire to each transistor External circuit On. For example, 3000 wires need to be welded on the Duron core, while Pentium 4 The quantity of is 5000, which is used for the server 64 bit processor Itanium 7500. There are so many on such a small chip Solder joint These solder joints must be very small and carefully designed. Since all calculations are carried out on a very small chip, the CPU core will emit a lot of heat, and the internal temperature of the core can reach up to Baidu (unit) surface temperature There will also be dozens of degrees. If the temperature is too high, the CPU will run abnormally or even burn out. Therefore, many computer books or magazines often emphasize the importance of cooling the CPU. The CPU should also have a specific motherboard. For example, the i7 CPU can only use a dedicated motherboard.

Kernel Type

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In order to facilitate the management of CPU design, production and sales, CPU manufacturers will core Give the corresponding code, which is also called CPU core type 。

CPU core

Different CPUs (different series or the same series) will have different core types (for example Pentium 4 Of Northwood Willamette, K6-2 CXT, K6-2+ST-50, etc.), even the same core can have different versions (for example, Northwood core can be divided into B0 and C1 versions). The core version changes are to correct some errors in the previous version and improve certain performance, but ordinary consumers pay little attention to these changes. Each core type has its corresponding manufacturing process (such as 0.25um, 0.18um, 0.13um, 0.09um, 0.065um, and 0.045um), core area (which is the key factor determining the CPU cost, and the cost is basically proportional to the core area), core voltage, current size, number of transistors, and levels cache Size, main frequency range, pipeline architecture and supported Instruction set (These two points determine the actual CPU performance and work efficiency Key factors), power consumption and Calorific value Size Packaging method (e.g. S.E.P, PGA, FC-PGA, FC-PGA2, etc.), interface type (e.g LGA775 、 Socket 370 , Socket A, Socket 478, Socket T, Slot 1, Socket 940, etc.) Front end bus frequency (FSB), etc. Therefore, the core type determines the CPU performance to some extent.

Generally speaking, new core types often have better performance than the old core types (for example, the same frequency Northwood core Pentium 4 1.8A GHz has higher performance than the Willamette core Pentium 4 1.8GHz), but this is not absolute. This usually happens when new core types are just launched, due to incomplete technology or immature new architecture and manufacturing process, etc, This may cause the performance of new core types to be inferior to that of old core types. For example, the early Willamette core Socket 423 The actual performance of the Pentium 4 interface is not as good as that of the Socket 370 interface Tualatin Core Pentium III and celeron The actual performance of the low-frequency Prescott core Pentium 4 is not as good as that of the Northwood core Pentium 4 on the same frequency. However, with the progress of technology and the continuous improvement and perfection of CPU manufacturers on the new core, the performance of the new core products in the middle and later stages will inevitably surpass the old ones Core products 。

Core development

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The development direction of CPU core is lower voltage, lower power consumption, more advanced manufacturing technology, more integrated transistors, and smaller core area (which will reduce the production costs Which will eventually reduce the sales price of CPU), more advanced pipeline architecture and more Instruction set , Higher Front end bus frequency Integrate more functions (such as integration Memory controller Etc.) and dual core and Multi core (That is, there are two or more cores in one CPU), etc. For ordinary consumers, the most significant thing about the progress of CPU core is that they can buy CPU with better performance at a lower price.

There is a method to expand the CPU core. This method can add 1000 cores to the computer Speed ratio The average computer is 20 times faster.

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Divided into intel AMD Mobile and other core types

Type I

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Northwood

CPU core architecture of AVR

It's mainstream Pentium 4 and celeron The core adopted is the same as Willamette The biggest improvement of the core is that 0.13um manufacturing process is adopted, and Socket 478 Interface, core voltage is about 1.5V, L2 Cache 128KB (Celeron) and 512KB (Pentium 4) respectively, and the front-end bus frequency is 400/533/800MHz (Celeron only has 400MHz), Dominant frequency The range is 2.0GHz to 2.8GHz (Celeron), 1.6GHz to 2.6GHz (400MHz FSB Pentium 4), 2.26GHz to 3.06GHz (533MHz FSB Pentium 4) and 2.4GHz to 3.4GHz (800MHz FSB Pentium 4) respectively, and 3.06GHz Pentium 4 and all 800MHz Pentium 4 are Support Hyper Threading Technology (Hyper Threading Technology), packaged in PPGA FC -PGA2 and PPGA. According to Intel's plan, Northwood Core Will soon be Prescott Core replaced.

Prescott

This is the CPU core of Intel. Only Pentium 4 is used instead of low-end Celeron. Its biggest difference from Northwood is that it uses 0.09um manufacturing process and more Pipeline structure Socket 478 interface is used at the initial stage and will be switched to LGA 775 interface later. The core voltage is 1.25-1.525V. The front-end bus frequency is 533MHz (Hyper Threading Technology is not supported) and 800MHz (Hyper Threading Technology is supported). The main frequencies are 2.4GHz and 2.8GHz of 533MHz FSB and 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, 3.2GHz and 3.4GHz of 800MHz FSB respectively. Compared with Northwood, L1 Data cache From 8KB to 16KB, while L2 Cache Then it will increase from 512KB to 1MB, and the packaging mode will be PPGA. According to Intel's plan, the Prescott core will soon replace the Northwood core and will soon introduce the 533MHz FSB Celeron Prescott core.

Smithfield

CPU core

This is the core type of Intel's first dual core processor, which was released in April 2005. Basically, it can be considered that the Smithfield core is the product of loosely coupling two Prescott cores together. This is a loose coupling scheme based on independent cache. Its advantages are simple technology, but its disadvantages are not ideal performance. Pentium D 8XX series and Pentium EE 8XX series adopts this core. Smithfield core adopts 90nm manufacturing process, all of which adopt Socket 775 Interface, core voltage is about 1.3V, and the packaging mode is PLGA, both of which support Hardware antivirus technology EDB and 64 bit technology EM64T And supports energy-saving technology except for Pentium D 8X5 and Pentium D 820 EIST 。 The front-end bus frequency is 533MHz (Pentium D 8X5) and 800MHz (Pentium D 8X0 and Pentium EE 8XX), and the main frequency range is 2.66GHz to 3.2GHz (Pentium D) and 3.2GHz (Pentium EE). The biggest difference between Pentium EE and Pentium D is that Pentium EE supports hyper threading technology while Pentium D does not. The two Smithfield cores have 1MB L2 Cache The two cores inside the CPU are isolated from each other, and the synchronization of its cache data is realized by the arbitration unit located on the North Bridge chip of the motherboard, which transmits data between the two cores through the front-end bus, so the data delay problem is serious and the performance is not satisfactory. According to Intel's plan, the Smithfield core will soon be replaced by the Presler core.

Cedar Mill

This is the core of the Pentium 4 6X1 series and Celeron D 3X2/3X6 series, which has appeared since the end of 2005. The biggest difference between it and Prescott core is that it uses the 65nm manufacturing process, while other aspects have little change. It can basically be regarded as the 65nm manufacturing process version of Prescott core. The Cedar Mill core adopts Socket 775 interface, core voltage is about 1.3V, and the packaging mode is PLGA. Among them, all Pentium 4 are 800MHz FSB, 2MB L2 Cache , all support hyper threading technology, hardware anti-virus technology EDB, energy-saving technology EIST and 64 bit technology EM64T; Celeron D is a 533MHz FSB, 512KB second level cache, which supports hardware anti-virus technology EDB and 64 bit technology EM64T, but does not support hyper threading technology and energy saving technology EIST. Cedar Mill core is also the last single core processor core type of Intel processors on NetBurst architecture. According to Intel's plan, Cedar Mill core will gradually be replaced by Conroe core of Core architecture.

Presler

New technology increases the number of CPU cores rather than the frequency

This is the core adopted by Pentium D 9XX and Pentium EE 9XX, which was launched by Intel at the end of 2005. Basically, it can be considered that the Presler core is the product of loosely coupling two Cedar Mill cores together. It is a cache based loosely coupled scheme. Its advantages are simple technology, but its disadvantages are that its performance is not ideal and independent. The Presler core adopts 65nm manufacturing process, socket 775 interface, core voltage of about 1.3V, and PLGA packaging mode. It supports hardware anti-virus technology EDB, energy saving and power saving technology EIST, and 64 bit technology EM64T. Besides Pentium D 9X5, it supports virtualization technology Intel VT 。 The front-end bus frequency is 800MHz (Pentium D) and 1066MHz (Pentium EE). Similar to the Smithfield core, Pentium EE supports hyper threading technology while Pentium D does not, and the two cores have 2MB L2 Cache 。 The two cores inside the CPU are isolated from each other, and the synchronization of its cache data is also achieved by the arbitration unit located on the North Bridge chip of the motherboard, which transmits data between the two cores through the front-end bus, so the data delay problem is also serious, and the performance is also not satisfactory. Compared with the Smithfield core, the Presler core has almost no innovation in technology, except that it uses the 65nm process, increases the secondary cache of each core to 2MB, and adds support for virtualization technology. It can basically be regarded as the 65nm process version of the Smithfield core. Presler core is also the core type of the last dual core processor on the NetBurst architecture of Intel processors. It can be said that it was the last swan song before NetBurst was abandoned. Later, all Intel desktop processors will be transferred to the Core architecture. According to Intel's plan, the Presler core will gradually be replaced by the Conroe core of the core architecture from the third quarter of 2006.

Yonah

There are dual core Core Duo and single core Core Solo using Yonah core CPU, and Celeron M It also adopts this core. Yonah was launched by Intel in early 2006. This is a core type of single/dual core processor. Its application features great flexibility, which can be used for both desktop platforms and Mobile platform ； It can be used for dual core or single core. Yonah core comes from famous processor on mobile platform Pentium M It has the advantages of fewer pipeline stages, high execution efficiency, powerful performance and low power consumption. Yonah core adopts 65nm manufacturing process, the core voltage varies from 1.1V to 1.3V depending on the version, and the packaging mode adopts PPGA, Interface type It is an improved new version of Socket 478 interface (incompatible with the previous desktop Socket 478). In terms of front-end bus frequency, both Core Duo and Core Solo are 667MHz, while Yonah core Celeron M is 533MHz. stay L2 Cache In terms of core Duo and core Solo, both are 2MB, while Yonah core Celeron M is 1MB. Yonah core supports hardware anti-virus technology EDB and energy-saving technology EIST, and most models support virtualization technology Intel VT. But its biggest regret is that it does not support 64 bit technology, only 32-bit processors. It is worth noting that for the dual core Core Duo, its 2MB L2 cache architecture is different from that of all X86 processors. All other X86 processors have their own L2 cache for each core, while the Yonah core of Core Duo uses IBM Of Multi core Processor similar cache scheme - two cores share 2MB L2 cache! The shared two-level cache, together with Intel's "Smart cache" shared cache technology, realizes the real cache data synchronization, significantly reduces data latency, and reduces the occupation of front-end bus. This is the true dual core processor in the strict sense! Yonah core is a tight coupling scheme of shared cache. Its advantages are ideal performance, but its disadvantages are complex technology. However, according to Intel's plan, processors on all Intel platforms will be transferred to the Core architecture in the future. Yonah core is actually just a transitional core type. From the third quarter of 2006, it will be replaced by Conroe core on the desktop platform, and will be replaced by Conroe core on the mobile platform Merom Core replaced.

Conroe

This is the core type of the updated Intel desktop platform dual core processor. Its name comes from Texas, USA Of small city “Conroe”。 The Conroe core was officially released on July 27, 2006. It is a new core（ CoRE ) Microarchitecture (Core Micro Architecture) is the first CPU core applied on desktop platform. Core 2 Duo E6x00 series and Core 2 Extreme X6x00 series adopt this core. Compared with the previous generation of Pentium D and Pentium EE with NetBurst microarchitecture, the Conroe core has the advantages of fewer pipeline levels, high execution efficiency, strong performance and low power consumption. Conroe core adopts 65nm manufacturing process, core voltage is about 1.3V, packaging mode is PLGA, and the interface type is still the traditional Socket 775. In terms of front-end bus frequency, both Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme are 1066MHz, while the top Core 2 Extreme will be upgraded to 1333MHz; In the first level cache, each core has a 32KB data cache and a 32KB Instruction Cache , and the first level data cache of the two cores can exchange data directly; stay L2 Cache In terms of the Conroe core, both cores share 4MB. Conroe core supports hardware anti-virus technology EDB, energy-saving technology EIST, 64 bit technology EM64T and virtualization technology Intel VT. Similar to the caching mechanism of Yonah core, the second level cache of Conroe core is still shared by the two cores, and the improved Intel Advanced Smart Cache（ Intel Advanced intelligence Cache ）Shared cache technology to achieve cache data synchronization. Conroe core is the most advanced desktop platform at present Processor core , in high performance and low power consumption Has found a good balance point on the, comprehensively overwhelming all desktop platform dual core processors, and has a very good Overclocking capability , is indeed the most powerful desktop CPU core at present.

Allendale

The number of CPU cores and GPU cores can be flexibly adjusted

This is the core type of Intel desktop platform dual core processor released at the same time with Conroe. Its name comes from the United States California Allendale, a small city in the south. The Allendale core was officially released on July 27, 2006. It is still based on the new Core (Core) microarchitecture. The 1066MHz FSB Core 2 Duo E6x00 series uses this core, and the 800MHz FSB Core 2 Duo E4x00 series will be released soon. Allendale core L2 Cache The mechanism is the same as the Conroe core, but the shared L2 cache is reduced to 2MB. The Allendale core still adopts the 65nm manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.3V, the packaging mode is PLGA, the interface type is the traditional Socket 775, and it still supports the hardware anti-virus technology EDB, energy saving and power saving technology EIST, 64 bit technology EM64T, and virtualization technology Intel VT. Except that the shared L2 cache is reduced to 2MB and the L2 cache is 8-way 64Bytes instead of 16 way 64Bytes of the Conroe core, the Allendale core is almost the same as the Conroe core, which can be said to be a simplified version of the Conroe core. Of course because L2 Cache In the case of the same frequency, the Allendale core performance is slightly inferior to the Conroe core.

Merom

This is the core type of Intel mobile platform dual core processor released at the same time as Conroe. Its name comes from Israel Domestic Jordan River Next to it is a lake called Merom. Merom core was officially released on July 27, 2006, which is still based on the new Core (Core) microarchitecture. This is the first time that Intel's full platform (desktop, notebook and server) processors adopt the same microarchitecture design. Core 2 Duo T7x00 series and Core 2 Duo T5x00 series with 667MHz FSB adopt this core. Similar to the desktop version of Conroe core, the Merom core still uses the 65nm manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.3V, the packaging method is PPGA, and the interface type is still an improved version of Socket 478 interface compatible with Yonah core Duo and Core Solo (not compatible with the previous desktop socket 478) or Socket 479 The socket 479 slot is still used as the interface. Merom core also supports hardware anti-virus technology EDB, energy-saving technology EIST, 64 bit technology EM64T and virtualization technology Intel VT. Merom Core L2 Cache The mechanism is also the same as that of Conroe core. The shared L2 cache of Core 2 Duo T7x00 series is 4MB, while the shared L2 cache of Core 2 Duo T5x00 series is 2MB. The main technical characteristics of Merom core are almost the same as that of Conroe core, except that on the basis of Conroe core, various means are used to strengthen power control, making its TDP power consumption almost half of Conroe core, so as to meet the power saving requirements of mobile platforms.

Penryn

Penryn uses 45nm high k manufacturing technology (using Chromium alloy High K and metal gate transistor design), and Microarchitecture Enhanced. Compared with the 65nm process, the 45nm high k process technology can nearly double the number of transistors. The next generation of Intel Core 2 Quad core processor 820 million transistors will be used. With the newly invented high-k metal gate transistor technology, these 820 million transistors can be switched more efficiently at the speed of light. The switching speed of the transistors has been increased by more than 20%, achieving higher core speed, and increasing the Clock cycle The number of instructions for. Dual Core Processor The size of silicon core in is 107 mm2, which is 65 Nanoproducts 25% smaller, only about Ordinary stamp A quarter size of, providing more for adding new features and achieving higher performance free space 。 At the same time, because the leakage current is reduced, the power consumption can be reduced. Compared with Intel's existing dual core processors, the new generation processors can run at the same or even lower power consumption. For example, the cooling design power consumption of the Penryn processor is 40 watts/65 watts/80 watts for dual cores and 50 watts/80 watts/120 watts for quad cores.

New feature: fast Raidix-16 Divider , Enhanced Virtualization technology , larger cache, separate load cache enhancement, higher Bus speed 、 Intel SSE4 Command, super Shuffle engine, deep shutdown technology, enhanced Dynamic acceleration technology , slot compatibility, etc. These new features enable Penryn to improve its performance, power consumption, digital media applications, virtualization applications, etc. For example, compared with current products, Penryn processors with 1600MHz front-end bus and 3GHz can improve their performance by about 45%.

No longer use lead as raw material

Intel said that its new generation processors no longer use lead as raw material, and it is expected to stop using halogen by 2008. Through these measures, the harm of Intel processors to the environment will be greatly reduced. One of the biggest features of Intel's new processors is the use of hafnium, which can effectively solve the problem of electric leakage, and improve the power efficiency of the processor by 30%. With the shrinking size of transistors, electrical leakage is more serious, which leads to the problem of processor heating and excessive power consumption. To some extent, electric leakage has become an obstacle Processor performance Bottleneck for further improvement.

Minimum power consumption: 25W

Intel Stephen Smith, director of digital enterprise group, said that Penryn processor Maximum power consumption Not more than 120 watts. Penryn to be launched in the first quarter of 2008 Notebook processor Its power consumption is 25 watts, while the current 65 nanometer notebook processor consumes 35 watts. According to Smith, the Penryn processor has been added to speed up image processing And high definition video coding New instructions for. Compared with the previous generation of products, the video and graphics performance of the Penryn processor has improved by 40% to 60%. Thanks to hardware enhancements, virtual machine The performance of is also improved by 75%.

sandy bridge

In 2009 (TICK time), Intel's processor manufacturing process entered the 32nm era. In 2010, in the TOCK time, Intel launched the processor code named Sandy Bridge, which uses the 32nm process. Sandy Bridge (formerly called Gesher) is Nehalem The successor of, and also its process upgrade version, from 45nm It evolved to 32nm. Sandy Bridge will have eight core versions, and the L2 cache is still 512KB, but L3 cache It will be expanded to 16MB. The main feature of Sandy Bridge is the addition of game instrument AVX (Advanced Vectors Extensions) technology, which is the former VSSE. Intel claims that the matrix calculation using AVX technology will be 90% faster than SSE technology. Its importance is comparable to that of 1999 Pentium III Introduce SSE.

ivy bridge

On April 24, 2012, Intel The Third Generation of Intelligence Held in Beijing CoRE processor Ivy Bridge launch. The first processors will include a mobile version Core i7 Premium Edition , six new intelligent Core i7 processors, six Core i5 Processor. Compared with the previous generation Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge combines 22nm and 3D transistor technology to significantly improve transistor density, Core graphics card Some of the performance even has more than doubled. According to information, Ivy Bridge processor application program 20% improvement in 3D performance, and supports three independent displays USB 3.0 Etc

Type II

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Athlon XP

Athlon XP has four different core types, but they all have something in common: Socket A Interface and PR Nominal value tagging.

Thorton

0.13um manufacturing process ， Core voltage 1.65V, L2 Cache 256KB, Packaging method use OPGA ， Front end bus frequency 333MHz. It can be regarded as Barton that shields half of the L2 cache.

Barton

0.13um manufacturing process is adopted, core voltage is about 1.65V, secondary buffer is 512KB, packaging mode is OPGA, front-end bus frequency is 333MHz and 400MHz.

Core type of the new Duron

AppleBred

0.13um manufacturing process is adopted, and the core voltage is about 1.5V, L2 Cache 64KB, Packaging method Using OPGA, Front end bus frequency 266MHz. Not marked with PR nominal value Actual frequency There are three types of 1.4GHz, 1.6GHz and 1.8GHz.

Athlon 64

Clawhammer

0.13um manufacturing process is adopted, and the core voltage is about 1.5V, L2 Cache 1MB, Packaging method use mPGA , using Hyper Transport bus, with a built-in 128bit Memory controller 。 use Socket 754 、 Socket 940 and Socket 939 Interface.

Newcastle

The main difference between it and Clawhammer is that the second level cache is reduced to 512KB (which is also why AMD promotes 64 bits for market needs and speed up CPU The results of the relatively low price policy are basically the same.

Wincheste

Wincheste is a relatively new AMD Athlon The 64 CPU core is a 64 bit CPU with 939 interfaces and 0.09 micron manufacturing process. This core uses 200MHz fsb , support 1GHyperTransprot bus, 512K L2 Cache Good cost performance. Wincheste integration Dual channel Memory controller , supporting dual channels DDR memory , Wincheste's fever Volume ratio The old Athlon is small and its performance has been improved.

Troy

Troy is the first AMD to use the 90nm manufacturing process Opteron Core. Troy Core Is on Sledgehammer It is based on a number of new technologies, usually 940 Pin , 128K L1 cache And 1MB (1024 KB ）L2 cache. Also use 200MHz fsb , support 1GHyperTransprot bus, integrated memory controller, support dual channels DDR400 Memory, and can support ECC Memory. In addition, the Troy core also provides SSE -3 is the same as Intel Xeon. In general, Troy is a good CPU core.

Venice

Venice core is evolved from Wincheste core, and its technical parameters are basically the same as Wincheste: the same based on X86-64 Architecture, integrated dual channel memory controller, 512KB L2 Cache , 90nm manufacturing process, 200MHz external frequency, support 1GHyperTransprot bus. There are three main changes in Venice. First, it uses Dual Stress Liner (DSL for short) technology to integrate semiconductors transistor Of response speed Increase by 24%, so that the CPU has more frequency space and is easier to use Overfrequency ； Second, it provides support for SSE-3, which is the same as Intel's CPU; Third, further improvement Memory controller To some extent, it increases the performance of the processor, and more importantly, it increases the memory controller for different DIMM Modules and different configurations compatibility 。 In addition, the Venice core also uses dynamic voltage. Different CPUs may have different voltages.

SanDiego

The SanDiego core, like Venice, evolved from Wincheste core, and its technical parameters are very close to Venice's. The SanDiego core has the same new technologies and functions as Venice. however AMD The company positions SanDiego core on the top Athlon 64 processor, even for Server CPU 。 SanDiego can be regarded as an advanced version of the Venice core, but Cache capacity From 512KB to 1MB. Of course, due to the increase of L2 cache, the size of SanDiego core has also increased, from 84 square millimetre It is increased to 115 square millimeters, and the price is also higher.

Orleans

This is the first one released at the end of May 2006 Socket AM2 The core type of the interface single core Athlon 64, whose name comes from a French city Orleans (Orleans)。 Manila The core is located in the desktop mid tier processor, which adopts 90nm manufacturing process and supports Virtualization technology AMD VT 1000MHz HyperTransport bus ， L2 Cache 512KB, the biggest highlight is that it supports dual channels DDR2 667 memory, which is different from single channel The biggest difference between socket 754 interface Athlon 64 of DDR 400 memory and socket 939 interface Athlon 64 that only supports dual channel DDR 400 memory. The Orleans core Athlon 64 is also divided into TDP power consumption 62W standard version (core voltage is about 1.35V) and 35W TDP ultra-low power version (core voltage is about 1.25V). In addition to supporting dual channel DDR2 memory and supporting Virtualization technology In addition, compared with the previous socket 754 interface and socket 940 interface, the Orleans core Athlon 64 has no architectural changes, and its performance is not much better.

Flashing dragon series

Paris

Paris Core is the successor of Barton Core, mainly used for AMD's Flashing dragon The early 754 interface flash dragon part uses the Paris core. Paris adopts 90nm manufacturing process to support iSSE2 Instruction set , generally 256K L2 Cache , 200MHz external frequency. The Paris core is a 32-bit CPU, derived from K8 Core, so it also has memory control unit 。 CPU built-in Memory controller The main advantage of is that the memory controller can CPU frequency Operation, compared with the traditional location North Bridge The memory controller has less latency. Compared with the socket A interface flash dragon CPU, the performance of the flash dragon CPU using the Paris core is significantly improved.

Palermo

Palermo core is mainly used for AMD's Flashing dragon CPU， Socket 754 interface, 90nm manufacturing process, 1.4V voltage, 200MHz fsb 128K or 256K L2 Cache 。 Palermo core originates from Wincheste core of K8, new E6 Stepping The version already supports 64 bits. In addition to having the same internal architecture as AMD high-end processors, it also has EVP, Cool 'n' Quiet; and HyperTransport And other unique technologies of AMD to bring more "calm" and higher Computing power Excellent processor. Due to the birth of ATHLON64 processor, Palermo also has a memory control unit.

Manila

This is the core type of the first Socket AM2 interface Sempron released at the end of May 2006. Its name comes from the Philippines capital Manila (Manila)。 The core of Manila is positioned at the low-end processor of the desktop. It adopts the 90nm manufacturing process, does not support the virtualization technology AMD VT, and still uses the 800MHz HyperTransport bus, L2 Cache It is 256KB or 128KB, and the biggest highlight is that it supports dual channels DDR2 667 memory is the biggest difference from Sempron, which only supports single channel DDR 400 memory. The Manila core Sempron is divided into the standard version with TDP power consumption of 62W (core voltage of about 1.35V) and the ultra low power version with TDP power consumption of 35W (core voltage of about 1.25V). In addition to supporting dual channel DDR2, there is no architectural change in the Manila core Sempron compared with the previous Socket 754 interface Sempron, and its performance is not much outstanding.

Athlon 64 X2

Manchester

This is the core type of the first dual core processor on the desktop platform released by AMD in April 2005, which evolved from the Venice core. It can basically be seen as two Venice cores coupled together, but the degree of collaboration is relatively close, which is based on independence cache The advantage of the tight coupling scheme is that the technology is simple, but the disadvantage is that the performance is still not ideal. Manchester core adopts 90nm manufacturing process, integrates dual channel memory controller, supports 1000MHz HyperTransprot bus, and adopts Socket 939 interface. The two cores of the Manchester core have 512KB L2 Cache , but with Intel's Smithfield Core and Presler Core cache Data synchronization Rely on Mainboard North Bridge On chip Arbitration unit adopt Front end bus transmission mode The big difference is that the two cores in the Manchester core cooperate closely. The cache data synchronization is controlled by the SRI (System Request Interface) built in the CPU, and transmission can be realized inside the CPU. In this way, not only CPU resources are used very little, but also memory bus resources are not needed, Data delay It is also significantly less than Intel's Smithfield core and Presler core, and its collaboration efficiency is obviously better than these two cores. However, because the Manchester core is still a cache of two cores Mutual independence From the perspective of architecture, it is obviously inferior to Yonah The core is Intel's shared cache technology, Smart Cache. Of course, share cache The technology needs to redesign the entire CPU architecture, which is much more difficult than simply coupling the two cores together.

Toledo

This is AMD's new high-end desktop platform in April 2005 Dual core The core type of the processor is very similar to the Manchester core. The difference is L2 Cache Different. Toledo is evolved from the core of San Diego. Basically, it can be seen as two San Diego cores simply coupled together. Toledo core adopts 90nm manufacturing process, integrates dual channel memory controller, supports 1000MHz HyperTransprot bus, and adopts Socket 939 interface. The two cores of the Toledo core have 1MB L2 Cache The same as the Manchester core, its cache data synchronization is also transmitted inside the CPU through SRI. Compared with the Manchester core, the Toledo core is identical except that the L2 cache of each core is increased to 1MB. It can be regarded as the advanced version of the Manchester core.

Windsor

This is the first core type of socket AM2 interface dual core Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX released at the end of May 2006. Its name comes from the British place name Windsor (Windsor)。 Windsor core is positioned at the desktop high-end processor, adopts 90nm manufacturing process, supports virtualization technology AMD VT, and still uses 1000MHz HyperTransport bus, L2 Cache On the other hand, the two cores of the Windsor core still use independent L2 cache. Each core of Athlon 64 X2 is 512KB or 1024KB, and each core of Athlon 64 FX is 1024KB. The biggest highlight of the Windsor core is that it supports dual channel DDR2 800 memory, which is the biggest difference from the socket 939 interface Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX that only supports dual channel DDR 400 memory. Windsor core Athlon 64 FX only FX-62 The TDP power consumption of this product is up to 125W; The Athlon 64 X2 is divided into the standard version with 89W TDP power consumption (about 1.35V core voltage), the low power version with 65W TDP power consumption (about 1.25V core voltage), and the ultra low power version with 35W TDP power consumption (about 1.05V core voltage). The cache data synchronization of the Windsor core is still realized inside the CPU by relying on the SRI (System request interface) transmission built in the CPU. In addition to supporting dual channel DDR2 memory and Virtualization technology In addition, compared with the previous Socket 939 interface Athlon 64 X2 and dual core Athlon 64 FX, there is no architectural change, and its performance is not much outstanding. Its performance is still inferior to Intel's upcoming Conroe Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme 。 And AMD cost reduction In order to improve competitiveness, in addition to Athlon 64 FX, it has decided to stop production with 1024KBx2 L2 Cache Only the Athlon 64 X2 with 512KBx2 L2 cache is reserved.

CPU Introduction

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Notebook computer The dedicated CPU is called Mobile CPU in English. It pursues not only performance, but also low heat and power consumption. The earliest laptops directly use desktop CPU, but also CPU Dominant frequency The narrow space of notebook computers cannot quickly dissipate the heat generated by the CPU, and the batteries of notebook computers cannot afford the huge power consumption of desktop CPUs. Therefore, Mobile CPUs specially designed for notebooks began to appear. Its manufacturing process is often more advanced than that of desktop CPUs of the same era, because Mobile CPUs will integrate what is not available in desktop CPUs Power management Technology, and will first adopt higher micron precision.

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