BIOS is the abbreviation of Basic Input Output System, which meansBasic input/output systemIt is a chip used for initialization and detection of various hardware devices during computer startup, with a capacity of 1M or 2M or even 8M.
The BIOS program is stored in aread-only memory, data can be kept without power supply.
CMOSyesBIOSThe results of the settings are stored inNanqiao chipInternally integratedstorageIn order to keep its data from losing, it needs uninterrupted power supply.
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Chip capacity
stayBIOSIn terms of the capacity of ROM chip, the flash commonly used on the motherboardROMThe capacity of is generally 1M or 2M up to 8M.In the 486 era, only 512KBit BIOS ROMs were usedPentiumThe BIOS ROM of 1M Bits is mainly used after Level IIFunctions of BIOSMore and more hardware is supported, so the program code is longer and longer. The capacity of 1M Bits is less used. Currently, most motherboards use 2M or even 8M Bits BIOS ROMs.
The Flash ROM chips can be roughly divided into 28 and 29 series. The 28 series Flash ROM chips are designed with dual voltage, which can be read at 5V, while the writing must provide 12V.The motherboard of this chip needs to open the chassis and change the jumper settings when upgrading.The 29 series Flash ROM chip is relatively simple. Because it uses a single voltage design and 5V voltage for both reading and writing, it can only use software to complete the operation of reading and writing firmware.In the motherboard manual, the motherboard manufacturer also listed the capacity of Flash ROM chips, including models with 1M and 2M capacities.Here, the unit of "M" refers to“Mbit”The actual storage capacity of 1M Flash ROM chip is 1Mbit=128Kbyte (1Byte=8bit), and that of 2M chip is 256K.The above technical parameters can be distinguished by the number on the front of the chip, which is marked in strict accordance with the numbering rules of integrated circuits, such as the FlashROM chip of Taiwan Winbond (Huabang) Company, whose chip number is "29C020".The first two digits "29" indicate that this is a 5V voltage read/write Flash ROM chip, and the latter "020" indicates that the capacity is 2Mbit.For example, the flash ROM chip produced by Intel has a chip number of "28F010". It can be seen that the chip is a flash ROM chip with 5V read and 12V write and a capacity of 1Mbit.In addition, the latest motherboard uses Winbond's W49V002FAP
Chip packaging
Most BIOS chips adoptDIP(Dual in-line) form of packaging.Some adoptPLCCForm of encapsulation.Notebook computerThe BIOS on is mostly SOJ encapsulated.It is convenient to replace BIOS chip.
Manufacturer
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productionROMThere are many chip manufacturers, mainly WinbondIntel、ATMEL、SST、MXICEtc.Since Winbond has produced BIOS ROM chips earlier and is compatible with the original design of the motherboard, it has a large market share.Intel has always occupied a leading position in the Flash ROM market. Its I28F001BX chip in the 586 era and N82802AB chip on the I810 (815) motherboard have left a deep impression on the recovery of BIOS.Not only does the motherboard have BIOS, but other devices such as network card, graphics card, MODEMdigital camera, hard disk, etc. also have so-called BIOS, such as the BIOS on the video card, to complete the communication between the video card and the motherboard;Hard disk startup and use also requireHDDBIOS.these ones hereperipheralThe BIOS on the is the same as the BIOS on the motherboardFLASH ROMAs a BIOSROM chip, it can also be easily upgraded to modify its defects and enhance itscompatibility。
Operation Guide
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Understand the basic language of BIOS
1. CMOS battery failed.
Cause: The power of the CMOS battery is insufficient, please replace it with a new one.
2. CMOS check sum error － Defaults loadedSet value）。
Cause: This usually happens because the battery power is insufficient, so you might as well change the battery first.If the problem still exists, it indicates that there may be a problem with the CMOS RAM. It is better to send it back to the original factory for processing.
3. Display switch is set incorrectly.
Cause: There is a jumper on the older motherboard that can set the display to monochrome or color. This error prompt indicates that the settings on the motherboard are inconsistent with those in the BIOS. Reset it.
4. Press ESC to skip memory test (press ESC to skip memory test).
Cause: If no fast speed is set in BIOSPower on self-testIf you don't want to wait, pressESCKey to skip or go to the BIOS to start Quick Power On Self Test.
5. HARD DISK initializing [Please wait a moment...].
Cause: This problem cannot be seen on newer hard disks.But on older hard disks, the startup is slow, so this problem occurs.
Cause:power cordThe data cable may not be connected properly orHard disk jumperAn error occurs if it is improper (for example, both hard disks on a data cable are set to Master or Slave.)
7. Secondary slave hard fail.
Causes: 1. Incorrectly set CMOS (for example, there is no slave disk but there is a slave disk in CMOS) 2. The power cable and data cable of the hard disk may not be connected properly or the jumper of the hard disk may be improperly set.
eightHard disk(s)diagnosisFail (An error occurred while performing hard disk diagnostics).
Cause: This usually represents a failure of the hard disk itself.You can connect the hard disk to another computer to try it. If the problem is the same, you have to send it for repair.
9. Floppy Disk (s) fail or Floppy Disk (s) fail (80) or Floppy Disk (s) fail (40)floppy disk drive）。
Cause: Is the flat cable of the floppy drive connected incorrectly or loose?Is the power cord properly connected?If these are all right, buy a new one.
10. Keyboard error or no keyboard present
Reason: Is the keyboard cable plugged in properly?Is the connection wire damaged?
11. Memory test fail
Cause: It is usually caused by memory incompatibility or failure.
12. Override enable - Defaults loaded (the current CMOS setting fails to start the system, load the BIOS default value to start the system).
Reason: It may be that your settings in the BIOS are not suitable for your computer (for example, your memory can only run 100MHz, but you let it run 133MHz). At this time, you can enter the BIOS settings to readjust.
Reason: SomeOEMThe manufacturer will replace the boot display screen preset by the BIOS with the display screen designed by itself, and this prompt is to tell the user to press TAB to preset the manufacturer's custom screen and BIOSStartup screenSwitch.
14. Resuming fromdisk, Press TAB to show POST screenPOSTScreen).
Cause: The BIOS of some motherboards provides the function of Suspend to disk. When the user shuts down the computer in Suspend to disk mode, this prompt message will be displayed when the computer is powered on next time.
15.warning!!! The previous performance of overriding is failed (warning!OverfrequencyFailed!)
Cause: It is basically a memory problem.This is not to sayMemory moduleThere must be a failure. The memory module may fail, but most of them are memory modulesGoldfingerAnd memory slotspoor contact。Especially for customers who have used computers for more than half a year, noneOverfrequencyHowever, if the red letter prompt of "Overfrequency Failure" appears during startup, the possibility of poor memory module contact is the greatest.
