Tornadoes occur at the bottom of cumuliform clouds andUnderlying surfaceVertical empty pipe or funnel shaped rotating airflow between[31]Is a kind of local scale violenceWeather phenomenon。Tornadoes can be seen intropicandthe temperate zoneRegion, includingAmericaInlandAustraliaWestern ChinaIndian subcontinentNortheast, etc.Tornadoes can occur in spring, summer and autumn[1], but most often in the transitional season of spring and summer or at the turn of summer and autumn (April to October)[28]。
Tornadoes can be divided into multi vortex tornadoesTornado（landspout）、Waterspout(waterspout), etc.The wind speed of tornado is usually 30 to 130 meters per second, the diameter is less than 2 kilometers, the range of activity is 0 to 25 kilometers, the duration is about 10 minutes, and the intensity is increasedFujita scale (Enhanced Fujita scale, EF) can be divided into 5 grades[1]。Dust tornadoandFire Dragon ScrollIt's similar to tornadocyclone(whirlwind), but not a tornado[2]。
The conditions of tornado includewind shear、Vertical movementandUnstable energy。thunderstormIt is an ideal environment that can meet the above conditions, and it is also the main cause of tornadoes[3], whereSupercellThe tornado caused by (supercell) is called supercell tornado, and other cases are called non supercell tornado.Super monomer tornadoes account for 80% of the total number of tornadoes, and their strength and development scale are usually larger than those of non super monomer tornadoes[1][4]。
Tornadoes are a kind ofmeteorological disaster , Modernweather forecastTornadoes can be forewarned through high-frequency observation, but the prediction experience is highly required[3]。In addition, some regions also carry out manual observation and data collection for tornadoes, namely the "storm spotting" project[5]。
Chinese name
tornado
Foreign name
tornado
Type
Small-scale vortex
Place of occurrence
Tropical, temperate
Time of occurrence
All year round, mostly in spring, summer and autumn
Structure diagram of thunderstorm.The funnel cloud and parent cloud of tornado are shown below the rain free area.[6]
Tornado is a rare local, small-scale and sudden severe convective weather. It is a strong and small-scale air vortex caused by air convection movement under strong and unstable weather conditions.[7]
The structure of tornado includes funnel cloud as the main part and convective system to maintain its existence, usually cumulonimbus cloud brought by thunderstorm.
Funnel cloud: A violently rotating funnel shaped cloud tower projecting from a cumulonimbus cloud.Sometimes it extends slightly and then disappears, sometimes it hangs in the air or touches the ground.The axis of tornado funnel cloud is generally perpendicular to the ground. In the later stage of development, when the wind speed difference between the upper and lower layers is large, it can be inclined or curved.The minimum diameter of its lower part is only a few meters, usually hundreds of meters, and the maximum diameter can reach more than kilometers. The upper diameter is generally several kilometers, and the maximum diameter can reach 10 kilometers.The central pressure in the funnel cloud is very low, resulting in a large horizontal pressure gradient and wind speed.The funnel cloud may not directly reach the underlying surface, but if it is close to the ground, it may roll up water, dust and sediment, forming a "dragon mouth"[6][9]。
Parent cloud: The cumulonimbus cloud that generates tornado is called base cloud.The mother cloud determines the speed and direction of the tornado.The mother cloud usually moves at a speed of 40 to 50 kilometers per hour, and the fastest speed can reach 90 to 100 kilometers. The moving path is mostly straight, usually several kilometers, and several tens of kilometers.The occurrence of mother clouds is related to frontal cyclones, tropical cyclones after landing, thunderstorms, etc.The parent cloud of a tornado is usually a convective cloud system, such as part of a thunderstorm tower cumulus, which is represented by a continuous rotating cloud wall[6][8]。
Meteorological parameters
The wind speed of a tornado can reach 100-175 meters per second, several times that of a strong typhoon.The duration of a tornado is short, usually within one hour, and at most several hours[9]。The near ground diameter of a tornado is very small, usually 25-100m, and can reach 1km in very few cases;Tornadoes have a diameter of several kilometers in the air.Most tornadoes rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, with some exceptions[9]。
origin
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Tornadoes are the products of extremely strong convection. They are usually accompanied by convective complexes or supercells. They form extremely fast rotating cyclones under strong convective cumulonimbus clouds.[33]The generation conditions of tornado include wind shear near the ground, significant vertical movement and unstable energy. Thunderstorm is an ideal environment that can meet the above conditions, and it is also the main cause of tornado. The tornado caused by supercell is called supercell tornado, and other situations are called non supercell tornado.The strength and scale of the super monomer tornado is usually larger than that of the non super monomer tornado.[32]
Schematic diagram of tornado generation, (b-e) corresponds to four stages.[10]
Tornadoes are a form of near ground unstable energy released in a small area.It usually occurs in the transitional season of spring and summer or at the turn of summer and autumn (April to October), and the former is the most common.[28]Tornado genesis has no clear conclusion in atmospheric microphysics[10]。However, in terms of dynamics, it is considered to be related to updraft and vertical wind shear, and can be roughly divided into four stages[10-11]：
one
Convective systems bring unstable energy in the atmosphere and cause updraft.
two
The updraft produces vertical vorticity under the action of wind speed and wind direction shear, that is, it starts to rotate in the horizontal direction.
three
The rotating system develops towards the interior of the convective system under the action of the converged airflow, forming a tornado core in the middle troposphere.
four
Under the action of the downdraft in front of the convection system, the vortex developed by the tornado core extends down the underlying surface, the ground pressure drops sharply, and the ground wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado.
classification
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Multi vortex tornado
A multi vortex tornado occurred in Altes, Oklahoma on May 11, 1982.[24]
A multiple vortex tornado is a tornado that contains secondary vortices.The secondary vortex is usually generated after the main vortex contacts the underlying surface, and the number varies from 2 to 5. It rotates around the main vortex and is difficult to identify by observation.The development of multi vortex structure is related to the intensity of tornadoes. Tornadoes above EF4 level are easy to develop into multi vortex tornadoes.The generation and disappearance of secondary vortices are dynamic and usually only last for a few minutes.Multivortex tornadoes can be very destructive.[12][24]
Waterspout
A waterspout or waterspout is a waterspout, usually a non supercell tornado.Waterspouts may appear in oceans and lakes around the world.In the United States, waterspouts usually occur along the southeastern coast of the United States, especially in southern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico.A waterspout is less destructive than a supercell tornado, but it is still dangerous.The waterspout can blow over and destroy the ship, which will cause more damage when it moves to land.When a waterspout is likely to occur or can be seen in coastal waters, the National Weather Service will issue a maritime warning;A tornado warning is issued when a waterspout moves towards land.[12]
Tornado
Landspout; dust tube tornado is a non supercell tornado produced on land.Land tornadoes and waterspouts have some similar characteristics, such as weak intensity, short duration, small leaky clouds formed by condensation, and often do not touch the ground.A tornado is not related to severe weather such as thunderstorms, but it will still bring meteorological disasters such as strong winds and cause damage.[12]
Dust tornado
Dust tornado refers to the rotating dust column formed due to uneven local heating in desert areas.[36]At about 15:00 pm on March 31, 2019, Wanmu Pear Garden in Tianmiao Township, Yucheng County was suddenly hit by dust and wind, resulting in a trampoline being blown away.As of April 1, two children had died, one was seriously injured, and 17 children and two adults were slightly injured.[37]
Other similar weather phenomena
The fire tornado is similar to the tornado, which is the combination of whirlwind and flame[2]。In 2010, Brazil, located in the southern hemisphere, suffered from rare dry and rainy weather, and many parts of the country ignited mountain fires.On August 24, a tornado blew from a fire in Sao Paulo, Brazil, forming a rare flame tornado landscape.Tornado caught fire up to several meters, like a huge fire dragon rotating forward.This "fire dragon wind" was photographed on the 24th.The "fire dragon" flew several meters high on the burning field, blocking a road.In order to extinguish the "fire dragon", local helicopters were dispatched.There has been no rain for three months in the area where "fire dragon wind" occurs.The unusually dry weather and strong winds contributed to the fire here.Brazilian global television reported that the air dryness in Sao Paulo has caught up with the Sahara Desert.[12]
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EF rating
Tornadoes are divided into 0-5 enhancements according to their damage degreeFujita scale , which is simply calledClass EFFrom the University of Chicago in 1971Fujita ZheyaThe doctor proposed:
Class EF0: The wind speed is 65-85 miles per hour, about 105-137 kilometers per hour. Although it is weak, it is still enough to blow off the branches, roll up the lighter fragments and break the glass, and some chimneys will be blown off.(extremely high probability, 29%)
Class EF1: When the wind speed is 86-110 miles per hour, about 138-177 kilometers per hour, they can blow away the roof and overturn the prefabricated houses, and some lighter cars will be blown over or scraped off the road.(High probability, 40%)
Level EF2: The wind speed is 111-135 miles per hour, about 178-217 kilometers per hour. They can blow the heavy licorice bags hundreds of meters away, uproot a big tree, and scrape trucks off the road.(The occurrence rate is medium to low, 24%)
Level EF3: The wind speed is 136-165 miles per hour, about 218-266 kilometers per hour. They can blow over a heavy car, blow trees off the ground, destroy more than half of the houses, and derail the train.(Low occurrence rate, 6%)
Level EF4: The wind speed is 166-200 miles per hour, about 267-322 kilometers per hour. They can blow a car away, raze a solid house to the ground, and blow trees hundreds of meters high.(The probability of occurrence is very low, 2%)
Class EF5: Class EF5wind speedMore than 200 miles per hour, or more than 322 kilometers per hour, houses are completely blown down, cars are completely scraped off, asphalt on the road is also scraped off, and trucks, trains, and trains are all off the ground.(The probability of occurrence is very low, less than 1%)[25]
According to physical and meteorological calculations, tornadoes do not have EF6.Some strong tornadoes in observation records, for example, the tornado in Oklahoma City on May 3, 1999 was not EF6, but EF5.[13]
According to observation experience, the form of tornado may be related to its EF classification:
Chimney tornado: straight outline, relatively thick, medium strength, generally about EF2 - EF4.
Rope tornado: Slim, curved profile, weak strength, generally around EF0-EF2.
Wedge tornado: The length is relatively wide, up to 1.5km, the width exceeds the height, and the strength is strong, generally around EF4-EF5.
Twin tornado: Two tornadoes, some thick and some thin, with varying intensity.[13]
Observation instrument
Doppler weather radar detection
The time from tornado occurrence to dissipation is short, and the area of action is very small, so that the existing detection instruments do not have enough sensitivity to accurately observe tornadoes.Relatively speaking, doppler radar is an effective and commonly used observation instrument.The Doppler radar aims at the microwave beam sent by the tornado, and the microwave signal is reflected by the debris and raindrops in the tornado and then re received by the radar.If the tornado is far away from the radar, the reflected microwave signal frequency will move to the low-frequency direction;On the contrary, if the tornado gets closer and closer to the radar, the reflected signal will move to the high-frequency direction.This phenomenon is called Doppler shift.After receiving the signal, the radar operator can calculate the speed and direction of the tornado by analyzing the frequency shift data.[14]
Dual polarization weather radar detection
The appearance of dual polarization technology has effectively supplemented cyclones and tornadoes in Doppler weather radar detection, and comprehensively improved the level of tornado microphysical characteristics analysis and early warning and prediction. ①Doppler weather radar needs to have good spatial resolution for smaller scale tornado vortex detection, but it does not need too high accuracy for dual polarization detection. ②The dual polarization characteristic signal is different from the Doppler characteristic signal. Because it is "isotropic", it does not depend on the change of observation angle. ③When a tornado occurs at night or is wrapped by a large amount of precipitation, which is difficult to be detected by Doppler radar observation, dual polarization information can more effectively identify it.[14]
Fast scanning radar detection
Wurman designed and developed the first X-band mobile fast scanning radar Rapid DOW, which can complete a 360 ° volume scan every 7 seconds, detect data in 12 beam ranges in 14 seconds, and its distance resolution reaches 11 meters, making it easier to study the three-dimensional structure of the tornado.From the perspective of current tornado detection technology, the rapid scanning radar has unique advantages in observing tornadoes at the space-time scale.The next generation weather radar network planned by the United States is also positioned as a multi-functional phased array radar.So it can be seen that this technology will become the main means to study this kind of weather in the future.[14]
Statistical characteristics
Tornadoes are recorded in all continents except Antarctica. Tornadoes mainly occur in mid latitude regions, with the most frequent occurrence in the United States, which accounts for about 75% of the total number of tornadoes in the world, followed by Canada.Tornadoes also occur frequently in western and central Europe, China, Bangladesh, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and other countries or regions.[15]
Annual scale characteristics There are more than 1000 tornadoes in the United States every year on average, for example, the average value from 1991 to 2010 was 1253 tornadoes per year.In Canada, the annual frequency of tornadoes is about 70/year.Considering the limitations of the detection system, the real tornado frequency may be 150/year.
The average number of tornadoes observed in Europe is about 330/year, including 170 land tornadoes and 160 waterspouts, while the actual number of tornadoes may be 700/year, 300 land tornadoes and 390 waterspouts.Tornadoes in Europe mostly occur in Britain, Germany, France and Spain.From 1981 to 2010, there were about 47.2 ± 10.5 tornadoes in the UK on average every year, including 36.5 ± 10.1 land tornadoes and 12.7 ± 2.8 waterspouts.On average, there are 15-20 tornadoes in France every year.
Asian tornadoes occur in China, Japan, India and Bangladesh, with an average of 73 tornadoes occurring in China every year;On average, 20.5 land tornadoes and 4.5 water tornadoes occur in Japan every year;On average, there are 2 tornadoes in Bangladesh every year.Cyclones in Oceania mainly occur in Australia and New Zealand: there are 29 tornadoes in Australia and 17 tornadoes in New Zealand.Tornadoes in South America mostly occur in the Pampas Grassland in central Argentina: on average, there are about 10 tornadoes recorded every year in Argentina;There are also tornadoes recorded in Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. On average, there are 3 tornadoes recorded in Brazil every year.[15]
Tornadoes in the United States mostly occur in spring, followed by summer and winter.Tornadoes in Europe mainly occur in summer, followed by autumn: tornadoes in Britain mainly occur in autumn (September to November), November is the month with the most tornadoes, followed by summer (June to August).Two thirds of tornadoes in Germany occur from June to August, and the frequency of tornadoes in July is 27%;Tornadoes in France mostly occur in spring and summer, and most often in August;Tornadoes in Spain mostly occur in the warm season and tend to fall obviously.Tornadoes in Australia mostly occur in early spring and summer, followed by early winter.The seasonal variation characteristics of tornadoes in China are obvious, mainly concentrated in spring and summer, especially in July and August, which account for more than 50% of the total number of tornadoes in the whole year.56% of Japan's land tornadoes occur from July to October, with September being the most frequent and March the least;The waterspout mainly occurs from September to October, with the largest number occurring in October.[15]
Florida and the central and southern plains of the United States are high incidence areas of tornadoes, and the central and southern plains are called "tornado corridors", which generally refer to the areas from central Texas to north Iowa, and from central Kansas and eastern Nebraska to western Ohio.Tornadoes in England mainly occur in the east and south of England and around the Channel Islands.Tornadoes in Germany mostly occur in coastal and hilly areas.Tornadoes in France mostly occur in the northwest, south and east.Tornadoes in Spain mostly occur in the Mediterranean region and provinces near the Gulf of Cadiz.Tornadoes in China generally occur in the relatively flat plains in the middle and eastern regions, with plains more than mountains;In terms of regional scale, the Yangtze River Delta, North Jiangsu, Southwest Shandong, East Henan and other plains, lake areas and Leizhou Peninsula are all prone to tornadoes;From the provincial administrative unit scale, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Guangdong Province, Henan Province, Hubei Province are the provinces with frequent tornadoes, and Heilongjiang Province, Hebei Province, Zhejiang Province, Jiangxi Province, Hunan Province and other provinces have a high frequency of tornadoes.From 1961 to 1993, the land tornadoes and water tornadoes in Japan mainly occurred in coastal areas, while a large number of tornadoes in Kanto were far away from coastal areas.Cyclones in Oceania mainly occur in Australia and New Zealand.Tornadoes in Australia mainly occur in the southeast and southwest.Tornadoes in South America mostly occur in the Pampas grassland in central Argentina.Tornadoes in Brazil mostly occur in the south and southeast.[15]
Observation example
On June 17, 2020,ThailandChon Buri The wonder of "dragon absorbing water" appeared on the sea surface."Dragon Absorbs Water" is a tornado on the sea.At that time, heavy rain suddenly fell in the area and tornadoes formed on the sea.The huge tornado caused panic, but did not cause casualties.The upper end of "Dragon Absorbs Water" is connected with thunderstorm clouds, and the lower end extends directly to the water surface.As it rotates and moves, it can suck ships and sea water into the air.[16]
China
Tornadoes are found in most provinces (districts and cities) in China, mainly in the eastern plains of China. From 1991 to 2014, there were an average of 43 tornadoes every year in China, with Jiangsu and Guangdong having the largest number, with 5.5 and 4.8 tornadoes per year respectively.Spring and summer are the frequent seasons for tornadoes, and tornadoes account for 92% of the year from April to August.[7]
Dragon bibulous
At about 2:30 p.m. on June 24, 2020,Inner MongoliaXilinhotThe scene of large-scale cyclone appears.The huge wind column connects the heaven and the earth. The airflow and clouds formed by the violent whirlwind are constantly twisting and changing shapes, which look like magic under the dark thunderstorm clouds.[17]
At about 14:00 on June 12, 2020, a tornado hit Gaoyou City, Jiangsu Province.In the tornadoQinwang Village、Guanhuo Village、Haozhi VillageIn 3 villages, some houses and vehicles were damaged, and 4 villagers were slightly injured.Before the tornado hit, the weather in Jiangsu had a 46 minute lead and released the weather forecast.[18]
In the morning of August 5, 2020,YunnanErhai Lake It was shocked to see the phenomenon of "dragon absorbing water". A huge water column connected the clouds and Erhai Lake.[20]
The waterspout in Erhai Lake, Dali, on August 5, 2020
At about 15:30 on August 9, 2020, Huhe Diansu Gacha, Xilamuren Town, Damao Banner, Inner Mongolia, was hit by a tornado.According to preliminary statistics, the tornado in Inner Mongolia affected 5 herdsmen, and the tourist reception point of Swan Lake was seriously affected.33 people were injured to varying degrees, and more than 100 yurts were dumped or damaged.[21]
On July 10, 2022, the Mudanjiang River in Heilongjiang Province will become a water absorbing wonder.[29]
At about 13:00 on June 1, 2023, a tornado occurred in Fuxin, Liaoning Province.[35]
U.S.A
On December 10, 2021 local time, tornadoes hit many states in the United States.At least 70 people have been killed in hard hit Kentucky, and the death toll may rise to 100.US President Biden said that this may be one of the largest tornadoes in US history.[26]
Xu Wei, spokesman of the Chinese National Agency for International Development and Cooperation, said to reporters on December 13 that we have noticed that several states in the United States have been hit by severe tornadoes recently, causing heavy casualties and property losses, and expressed deep sympathy for this, and would like to provide emergency humanitarian assistance to the affected people according to the needs of the United States.[27]
prediction
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There are three kinds of difficulties in tornado detection and prediction:
Small diameter: The diameter of a tornado is generally less than 100 meters, and a strong tornado can reach several hundred meters to about 1 kilometer.Compared with the "big guys" in the weather systems such as typhoon and subtropical high, tornadoes are definitely "little guys".At present, our weather stations are not dense enough, so that tornadoes often escape the "eyes" of weather monitoring.[7]
Short duration: tornado severe convection weather is often very sudden, and the impact time on a certain area is relatively short. The "life history" is only ten minutes to an hour or so.Therefore, it is very difficult to forecast the severe convective weather in local areas 24 hours or 48 hours in advance.[7]
The formation environment is complex: the generation and development of severe convective weather such as tornadoes need to measure the comprehensive atmospheric conditions, which are often unpredictable and inaccurate. In addition, different terrain factors in different regions further increase the difficulty of accurate monitoring and forecasting.[7]
At present, meteorologists usually forecast tornadoes by analyzing the weather background, instability and radar tracking.The weather radar plays an important role in detecting and tracking tornadoes. The radar can continuously observe the cumulonimbus clouds two or three hundred kilometers away. Once the hook echo of a tornado is found in the radar, an alarm can be issued.However, when some tornadoes appear, the hook echo is not obvious, which is difficult to judge accurately, resulting in forecasting errors.In the past 10 years, some countries have organized mass tornado observation networks, which have achieved good results.Although the public's visual observation of tornadoes has great limitations in terms of timeliness and scope, as long as corresponding communication equipment is equipped to quickly transmit tornado information to meteorological stations, the monitoring capability of meteorological radar can be greatly enhanced.Therefore, it is an effective way to improve the accuracy of tornado forecasting and reduce tornado disasters to properly establish some mass observation networks while vigorously developing meteorological radar.[38]
Risk avoidance and self rescue measures
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one
Tornadoes are associated with strongly developed cumulonimbus clouds, which are commonly referred to as thunderstorm clouds.When tornadoes appear, the sky is often dark (low and deep clouds, poor brightness), lightning, thunder, wind and rain.It is most common from late spring to early autumn, and most common in the day from afternoon to evening and from early morning to morning.When you see similar symptoms in the sky, you should pay attention to them.The crowd should leave the dangerous house, activity place or other simple temporary residence immediately and take refuge in the nearby solid houses.In public places, obey the command and evacuate to the designated place in an orderly manner.The safest place to avoid tornado is the underground space or place (such as basement or semi basement), and all buildings on the ground are not safe places to escape at this time.[22]
two
When encountering a tornado attack in the wild, do not panic, but quickly run in the vertical direction of the tornado moving direction, lie on the low-lying ground, ditches, etc., but stay away from trees, poles, billboards, fences, etc., to avoid being hit, pressed or electric shock accidents.If you are in a car, you should leave in time to take shelter in low-lying areas, because the car itself has no ability to defend against tornadoes. Once the car and people are caught by a tornado at the same time, the damage will be greater.[22]
three
When encountering a tornado at home, stay away from the windows, doors, and peripheral walls of the house in the same direction as the tornado, and try to squat in the corner in the opposite direction of the tornado or in a relatively solid small room to protect your head.Upstairs, especially in rural buildings, you should immediately take shelter under a sturdy table on the first floor or in a toilet or storage room.This is because the air pressure at the center of the tornado is extremely low, which is easy to be sucked out by the tornado, and the house collapses, affecting the safety of indoor personnel.[22]
four
In case of tornado, house collapse and pole breaking, the power supply shall be cut off in time to prevent electric shock and fire accidents.If a chemical production enterprise is attacked by a tornado, the valve of toxic chemicals should be closed in time to control the leakage of chemicals, prevent the pollution source from spreading to the soil and water surface, and organize the nearby city (village) residents to transfer urgently if necessary.[22]
five
Help yourself and help each other after a tornado.Because of the strong wind force of tornado, it has a huge destructive effect. In the area where the tornado passes, buildings such as houses often suffer from varying degrees of damage, even collapse.Therefore, people in the tornado affected areas, especially families and neighbors, can help themselves and each other in the first time after the disaster to minimize casualties.The buried pressure personnel shall keep a clear head and try to get out of the danger as soon as possible. If they can't get out of the danger by themselves, they shall try to create and expand a safe living space to reduce the pressure on the body, especially the pressure on the body parts above the abdomen shall be removed or removed, and the self-protection of the head, mouth, nose and other organs shall be strengthened to wait for rescue.During rescue, pay attention to methods. First, expose the head of the rescued person to keep breathing smooth. If there is suffocation, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately.Secondly, do not drag or use sharp tools to dig the buried to avoid further damage, and send the seriously injured to hospital for rescue.[22]
world record
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Most tornadoes in 24 hours:During the 4-day storm outbreak in the southern United States in 2011, the World Meteorological Organization recorded 207 different tornadoes in 24 hours from April 27 to 28.The tornado caused more than 300 deaths and a total loss of 11 billion dollars.(Guinness World Records)
Most tornadoes caused by hurricanes:The record was 119, which was set by Hurricane Ivan in the Caribbean Sea from September 15 to 17, 2004.(Guinness World Records)
Maximum tornado:The diameter is 4.18 kilometers, which was measured by the National Weather Service using Doppler radar in El Reno, Oklahoma, on May 31, 2013.(Guinness World Records)
The first confirmed flame tornado:According to radar data and video data, on January 18, 2003, a fire tornado occurred near the MacIntyres House in Brinda Bela National Park.Its moving speed is about 30 km/h. When the fire is at its peak, the width of the bottom of the flame tornado is about 0.5 km.This flame tornado is powerful enough to move cars and overturn roofs.(Guinness World Records)[23]
Casualties
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At about 11:40 on July 20, 2022, 569 villagers with damaged houses were affected by local tornadoes in Xiaoyi and other towns and villages in Guanyun County, Lianyungang City.According to preliminary statistics, 21 injured people have all been sent to the hospital for treatment, of which one died after ineffective rescue and one was seriously injured.[30]
On June 15, 2023, a strong tornado hit the town of Perriton in northern Texas, the United States, which has killed three people and injured an estimated hundreds.[34]
