Heilongjiang Province, abbreviated as "Hei", isProvincial Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, provincial capitalHarbin City, located in the northeast of ChinaNortheast AsiaCentral area, north, east andRussiaFacing each other across the riverInner Mongolia Autonomous RegionAdjacent, south andJilin ProvinceBordering between 121 ° 11 ′ - 135 ° 05 ′ east longitude and 43 ° 26 ′ - 53 ° 33 ′ north latitude, it has a total area of 473000 square kilometers, ranking sixth in the country, with a border line of 2981.26 kilometers[1]。As of June 2023, Heilongjiang Province has jurisdiction over 12Prefecture level city, 1region[111]。By the end of 2022, the total permanent population of Heilongjiang Province is 30.99 million.[79-80]
The geomorphic feature of Heilongjiang is "five mountains, one water, one grass and three fields".The terrain is generally high in the northwest, north and southeast, and low in the northeast and southwest, consisting of mountains, platforms, plains and water surfaces;Across HeilongjiangWusuli River、Songhua River、Suifenhe RiverThe four major river systems have a temperate monsoon climate.Heilongjiang Province is located in the hinterland of Northeast AsiaAsiaIt is an important channel connecting with the Pacific region to Russia and the European continent by land, and an important window for China to open up along the border.Heilongjiang's historical representative culture is“Northeast Culture”[74]。It is the northernmost and easternmost provincial administrative region in China, an important national commodity grain production base, heavy equipment production and manufacturing base, an important energy and raw material base, a northern ecological security barrier, and a new highland for opening up to the north.[79]
In 2023, Heilongjiang Province will achieve a regional GDP of 1588.39 billion yuan, of which the added value of the primary industry is 351.83 billion yuan, the added value of the secondary industry is 429.13 billion yuan, and the added value of the tertiary industry is 807.43 billion yuan。[110]
As early as the era of Emperor Shun, it was recorded that "the Xi Shen family came to the court to pay tribute to the bow and arrow".
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Pre Qin periodSome ancestors of Sushen, Donghu, Wumo and Han people have settled in Heilongjiang.He began to establish a tributary relationship with the Central Plains Dynasty and gradually became an important part of the Chinese nation.
King Jingshi of Zhou declared that "we should be cautious, and we should be in the north".
From the 4th to the 3rd century before, the Fuyu regime was established, spanning the eastern and southern parts of Heilongjiang Province.
Yan built a real barrier.[87]
Qin
After the Qin Dynasty, Yilou people, Fuyu peopleGoguryeo , Han people, Xianbei people, Wuji people, Mohe people, etc.[2]
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Heilongjiang area is under the jurisdiction of Hebei Road.[87]
In the first year of the Shengli era (698), Da Zuorong, the leader of Sumomohe, established the Bohai Sea State. At its peak, he had jurisdiction over 5 Beijing, 15 prefectures and 62 prefectures, across the eastern and southern parts of today's Heilongjiang Province, and set the capital in Shangjing (today's Ning'an).Established in the Tang DynastyKhan Prefecture、Bohai Sea Governor's Mansion、Heishui Dudu Mansion（Heishui Mohe）、Shuwei Dudu Mansion(Western Heilongjiang Province).
In the second year of the Kaiyuan era (713), the Tang court granted Dazuo the title of Zuo Xiaowei General, the Prince of the Bohai Sea, and the title of Governor of Huhan Prefecture, also known as the Governor of the Bohai Sea. Since then, "Go to Mohe, specifically called the Bohai Sea".
In the first year of Baoying (762), the Tang court conferred the title of Emperor Daqin Mao as the king of the Bohai Sea, and ordered the Bohai Sea to become a state, from the Jimi state capital to a subordinate state.
By the 9th century, the national strength of the Bohai Sea had reached its peak, and it was known as the "prosperous country in the east of the sea". Its jurisdiction was at its peak, "five thousand li". From the south to the northeast of the Korean Peninsula, from the east to the Sea of Japan, from the west to the territory of today's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and from the north to today's Heilongjiang Province.Following the administrative system of prefectures and counties of the Tang Dynasty, the territory has 5 Beijing, 15 prefectures, 62 prefectures and more than 100 counties.It lies in the east and south of Heilongjiang Province.[87]
In the eighth year of Zhenyuan era (792), the Tang Dynasty set up Shuwei Dudu Mansion, which now governs the western part of Heilongjiang Province.
Liao
In the fifth year of Tianzan (926), the Bohai State was destroyed by Khitan (which was renamed Liao in 947) and enjoyed the state for 229 years.The western and eastern parts of Heilongjiang are under the jurisdiction of Shangjing Road and Tokyo Road.[87]
gold
The vast majority of the administrative regions of Heilongjiang Province today are under the jurisdiction of Jin Shangjing Road. The site of Shangjing Huining Mansion, the capital of Jin Li, is located in Baicheng, Acheng, Heilongjiang Province today.Under the rule of the Jin Dynasty in the Heilongjiang River valley, Shangjing Road had three roads under its jurisdiction, namely, Xiepin Road, Huli Gai Road and Puyu Road;Taizhou and Zhaozhou are also set up.[3]
element
Northeast China is under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Xingzhongshu Province, whose jurisdiction generally includes the three northeastern provinces today and the northeast of Hebei Province, as well as the vast areas north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River.Today, Heilongjiang Province is under the jurisdiction of Kaiyuan Road and Shuidada Road respectively.[87]
bright
During the Ming Dynasty, the Northeast region implemented the system of Dusi, Wei and Suo with military garrison characteristics.At the beginning, Heilongjiang was under the jurisdiction of Liaodong Dusi.
After the seventh year of Yongle (1409), it was under the jurisdiction of Nuergandu's commander, and stationed inNuergan City(Now the right bank of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang).[87]
clear
The administrative system of Heilongjiang in the Qing Dynasty was generally followed the Ming system and slightly changed. For a long time, the military government system (also known as the "military and political system") was implemented, with generals, prefects and deputy prefects set up to guard. It was not until the 33rd year of Guangxu's reign (1907) that the provincial system was set up.
In the middle of the 17th century, the Tsarist Russia began to invade China's Heilongjiang River basin.In the ninth year of Shunzhi's reign (1652), the Qing government sent Mele Zhangjing and his troops to garrison Ningguta (now in Hailin County) in order to resist the invasion of the Tsarist Russia into the Heilongjiang Basin, and the next year he was promoted to Angbang Zhangjing.Ningguta, Shengjing and Zhangjing coexist. Northeast China is divided into two military garrison regions, namely two administrative regions.
In the first year of Kangxi (1662), it was renamed as "the local general guarding Ningguta and other places", referred to as Ningguta General for short.Today, Heilongjiang Province is located within the jurisdiction of General Ningguta.The general is both the highest local military and civil administrator.
In December of the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), in order to fight against the Russian invasion, the Qing government set up local generals guarding Heilongjiang and other places in the old city of Aihui on the left bank of Heilongjiang Province (referred to as Heilongjiang generals for short), and divided the northwest area under the jurisdiction of General Ningguta, which was under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang generals, forming Shengjing, Ningguta and Heilongjiang generals, "three parts of the northeast, and Jijiang River side by side".This is the beginning of Heilongjiang becoming a military and administrative region and named after "Heilongjiang".Under the general of Heilongjiang, there are seven deputy capitals of Heilongjiang (Aihui), Melbourne, Qiqihar, Hulunbeier, Hulan, Butha, Tongken, etc., and the deputy capital of Xing'an City.
From the first year of Tongzhi (1862), the Deputy Capital Unification was abolished in the area under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang General, and local administrative structures such as Dao, Fu, Ting, Zhou, and Xian were successively established.Heilongjiang General District borders Bizhan River in the east and Songhua River in the south, and borders Jilin General District;North to the Outer Khingan Mountains and Russia as the boundary;To the west, it connects with the border of Chechen Khan.
In the 1850s, when the Qing Dynasty was in great trouble at home and the national strength of foreign aggression was declining, the Tsarist Russia invaded Heilongjiang with arms and constantly made territorial claims to the Qing government, forcing the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, such as the Aihui Treaty and the Beijing Treaty, first to occupy the north of Heilongjiang and the south of the Outer Khingan Mountains,East of the Wusuli River, the territory of Northeast China is about 1 million square kilometers.
During the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods of the late Qing Dynasty, Heilongjiang gradually lifted the ban, released wasteland and reclaimed land, and the population grew thicker and the civil affairs became more and more popular, so the government, department, state and county systems were added.
In March of the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), the Qing government abolished the generals of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and established three provinces of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang.The administrative region of Heilongjiang Province inherits the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang General. It is adjacent to Jilin Province in the southeast and south, Fengtian Province in the southwest, Mongolia in the west, Heilongjiang Province and Russia in the north and northeast. The provincial capital is located in Qiqihar.Below the provincial level, there are prefectures, departments, prefectures and counties, and there are roads to distinguish between prefectures, departments, prefectures and counties.The hall (state) is divided into Zhili Hall (state) and San Hall (state).
By the end of Xuantong period (1911), the whole province had three roads, seven prefectures, six halls, one prefecture, seven counties, and Guoerluosi Back Banner, Durbert Banner, Zhalaite Banner, and Yikeming'an Banner.[87]
Republic of China
After the founding of the Republic of China, the name and administrative division of Heilongjiang Province remained unchanged.
By the end of the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Heilongjiang Province had jurisdiction over 3 roads, 23 counties, 5 administrative bureaus and 4 banners;There are 2 roads and 18 counties under the jurisdiction of Jilin Province in Heilongjiang Province.
In the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915), China and Russia signed the Hulunbeier Treaty, which designated Hulunbeier as a special zone, directly under the control of the Chinese central government, supervised by the governor of Heilongjiang Province, and re established the deputy capital of Hulunbeier.
Since the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), the Chinese government has gradually recovered its jurisdiction over the "dependencies" of the Middle East railway.
In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the Heilongjiang Provincial Governor's Office decided to change Hulun Hall to Hulun County.
On October 31, the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the Beijing government promulgated the Regulations on the Establishment of the East Province Special District Court, which stipulated that the Middle East Railway affiliated area was changed into the East Province Special District.
On February 5, the 10th year of the Republic of China (1921), Harbin Municipal Administration Bureau of the East Special Region was established to take charge of the municipal administration along the Middle East Railway.
In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), Hulun Road was set up and stationed in Hulun County, with jurisdiction over Hulun, Lubin, Shiwei and Qiqian counties.
In the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926), Harbin Special City and Harbin Municipal Bureau were set up.
From the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915) to the eighteenth year of the Republic of China (1929), with the economic development and population increase, 30 counties and administrative bureaus were successively set up in Heilongjiang.There are 42 counties and 11 administrative bureaus in the province.Jilin Province is divided into 42 counties, and there are 22 counties in Heilongjiang Province today.While abolishing the road districts, Heilongjiang Province changed Hulun and Heihe Road into the municipal preparatory offices of Hulun and Heihe, governing the counties where the original roads belong.
In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931),September 18th IncidentLater, the administrative divisions of the Northeast gradually divided the provinces into smaller ones according to the need of the Japanese invaders for strict rule.
On October 1, the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), the puppet Manchurian government announced the so-called "local administrative reform system" and "provincial bureaucracy".The four northeastern provinces were divided into 10 provinces and 2 special cities (later changed into 14 provinces, 2 special cities and 1 special district).
At the eve of the fall of the puppet Manchukuo, Heilongjiang Province now has six provinces, Binjiang, Longjiang, Sanjiang, Heihe, Bei'an and Dongman, with five cities, 76 counties and three banners under its jurisdiction.
On August 31, the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), the Kuomintang government issued and recovered the Outline of Measures for the Treatment of Northeast Provinces, re divided the administrative divisions of Northeast China, and divided the territory of Heilongjiang Province into Songjiang, Hejiang, Heilongjiang, and Nenjiang.
From October of the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945) to April of the 35th year of the Republic of China (1946), under the leadership of the Northeast Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Heilongjiang has established five provinces, namely Hejiang, Songjiang, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, Suining and Harbin.Each province has jurisdiction over about 10 to 20 counties (cities). In order to facilitate the work, special regions have been set up between provinces and counties.However, in order to meet the needs of the development and change of the situation in the War of Liberation, the provincial (district) organizational system was adjusted and changed frequently. In the later period of the war, it was adjusted and merged into Hejiang, Songjiang, Heilongjiang, Nenjiang and Harbin Special City.The four provinces have jurisdiction over 82 cities, counties and banners.The special regions set up by each province, with the exception of the Heihe Special Region in remote areas, have been abolished, and the province directly administers the county.
On April 21, 1949, the Northeast Administrative Committee issued the Order of Redefining the Northeast Administrative Division, deciding that the four provinces of Hejiang, Songjiang, Heilongjiang, and Nenjiang in Heilongjiang and Harbin would be merged into Songjiang and Heilongjiang.
In the middle of May 1949, Hejiang Province was abolished and merged into Songjiang Province, and Harbin was changed into a city under the jurisdiction of Songjiang Province.[87]
The People's Republic of China
In June 1954, the Central People's Government issued the Decision on Cancelling the Administrative Organizations at the Regional Level and Merging the Organizational Systems of Several Provinces and Cities, canceling the organizational systems of Songjiang Province, merging with Heilongjiang Province into Heilongjiang Province, and changing Harbin into a city under the jurisdiction of a province into Heilongjiang Province.
In August 1954, the two provinces were officially merged, with Harbin as the provincial capital.
In 1985, the boundary line of Heilongjiang Province was also changed due to the final delimitation of the border between China and Russia in the east.
From 1992 to 2005, China and Russia reached a series of agreements, and the final demarcation work was completed in 2007.
On October 14, 2008, China and Russia held the "Sino Russian Boundary Monument Unveiling Ceremony" on Heixiazi Island. Half of the territory of Heixiazi Island, which has attracted much attention, returned to China, and the administrative region of Heilongjiang Province was finally determined.[87]
administrative division
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Division evolution
In August 1954, Songjiang Province and Heilongjiang Province were officially merged, with Harbin as the provincial capital.At the same time, the seven counties of Baicheng, Taonan, Zhenlai, Dalai, Anguang, Kaitong and Zhanyu, which were originally affiliated to Heilongjiang Province, will be under the jurisdiction of Jilin Province.It has jurisdiction over 3 special zones, 5 cities, 64 counties, 2 banners and 1 mining area.
For some time after 1960, the division and consolidation of some special districts, cities and counties were quite repetitive.
By the end of 1966, the province was divided into 6 special zones, 2 special zones and 8 larger cities.The six special regions have jurisdiction over 65 counties and one special zone;Nine cities (special zones) divided into districts have jurisdiction over 54 districts and 4 towns.
In 1967, revolutionary committees were generally set up in the whole province, and all the special regions were changed into regions, from the special regions with dispatched offices to the regions with first level zoning entities, and became first level political power units.
In July 1969, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council decided to put Hulunbeier League (except Tuquan County and Horqin Right Wing Middle Banner) under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province.
In July 1979, according to the decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the former Hulunbeier League and its subordinate cities and banners were all included in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
In 1985, Heilongjiang Province had jurisdiction over 4 regions, 10 prefecture level cities, 6 county-level cities, 63 counties, 64 municipal districts and 4 regional districts.
Since the 1990s, the cities (prefectures) and counties (districts) under the jurisdiction of Longjiang Province have also undergone major adjustments.
As of August 2019, the province has jurisdiction over 12 prefecture level cities and 1 regional administrative office;There are 67 counties (cities), including 21 county-level cities;There are 891 townships, including 345 townships and 546 towns;There are 314 streets.[87]
In 2011, with the approval of the provincial party committee and the provincial government,Suifenhe CityandFuyuan CountyIt is directly managed by Heilongjiang Province.
In 2017, with the approval of the provincial party committee and the provincial government,Suifenhe CityandFuyuan CityIt is no longer directly managed by Heilongjiang Province.[75]
Zoning Details
As of June 2023, Heilongjiang Province has jurisdiction over 12Prefecture level city, 1region[111]；There are 67 counties (cities), including 21 county-level cities;There are 891 townships, including 345 townships and 546 towns;314 streets[64]。The People's Government of Heilongjiang Province is located at No. 202, Zhongshan Road, Nangang District, Harbin City.
Located in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, it was named by the China Mining Federation as the "Capital of Graphite in China" in 2014. It is the first national mining city in Heilongjiang Province, and is also the "Hometown of Chinese Printmaking", "Hometown of Chinese Paper Cutting" and "Hometown of Chinese Photography".With a total area of 22500 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over 6 districts, 2 cities and 1 county:Cockscomb area、Hengshan District、Didao 、Chengzihe District、Lishu 、Mashan District，Mishan 、Hulin City，Jidong County。[12-14]
Located in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province and in the low mountain and hilly area at the northern foot of Wanda Mountain, it is one of the ten super large coal mines in China. Its coal reserves rank first in Heilongjiang Province, and it is known as "Yilou King City, Wetland City, Coal Power Base, and Northern Granary".With a total area of 22483 square kilometers, it governs 4 districts and 4 counties:Jianshan District、Lingdong District、Sifangtai District 、Baoshan District，Jixian County、Baoqing County、Youyi County、Raohe County。[15-16]
Located in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province, Jiayin County in the north faces Russia across the river, with a boundary length of 246 kilometers.Yichun City's medicinal resources account for about 35% in Heilongjiang Province. It is rich in mineral resources, with gold reserves ranking first in the province. There are 25 kinds of non-metallic mineral resources and more than 140 mineral spots.With a total area of 32800 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over four districts, one city and five counties:Yimei District、Wucui District、Friendly zone、Jinlin District，Tieli ，Jiayin County、Tangwang County、Fenglin County、Nancha County、Daqing Mountain County。[17-20]
It is located in the east of Heilongjiang Province, south of Jiamusi and west of Wanda Mountain.Qitaihe coalfield has a total proven reserves of 2.215 billion tons and a reserve of 1.727 billion tons, which is one of the three rare coalfields that are protected by the state.Qitaihe Sports Training Base of National Short Track Speed Skating is the national training base of national winter sports.Tongtian Forest Farm is the largest artificial Korean pine forest in the world, and has won the title of National Garden City.With a total area of 6221 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over three districts and one county:Taoshan District、Emerging areas、Qiezihe District ，Boli County。[21-22]
It is located in the north of Heilongjiang Province, at the east end of the Great Khingan Mountains, and in the north of the Little Khingan Mountains, opposite Amur Prefecture of Russia across Heilongjiang Province in the northeast.It is one of the three key forest areas in Heilongjiang Province. Duobaoshan Copper Mine is the largest copper mine in Northeast China, and Cuihongshan Iron Polymetallic Mine is the second largest iron mine in the province.The total area is 68726 square kilometers.Jurisdiction over 1 district, 3 cities and 2 counties:Aihui District，Beian 、Wudalianchi City、Nenjiang City，Xunke County、Sunwu County。[25-28]
It is located in the south central part of Heilongjiang Province, in the center of the Harbin Daqing Qiqihar gold industry belt and urban agglomeration, and is the nearest prefecture level city to the provincial capital.It is the largest green food production city in China, the demonstration city for the establishment of high-yield agriculture in the whole city (prefecture) reconstruction system, and the core area of the "north vegetable to south" green vegetable production base in China.With a total area of 35000 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over one district, three cities and six counties:North forest area，Zhaodong City、Anda City、Hailun ，Lanxi County、Qing'an County、Suiling County、Wangkui County、Mingshui County、Qinggang County。[29-31]
It is the northernmost and highest latitude border area in China. The upstream waters of Heilongjiang in the north face Russia across the river.It is a key state-owned forest area in China, an important guarantee area for national ecological security, a strategic reserve base of timber resources, and a "hometown of wild blueberries in China".With a total area of 83000 square kilometers, it has jurisdiction over four districts, one city and two counties:Jiagedaqi District、Songling District、Huzhong District、New forest area，Mohe City，Huma County、Tahe 。[32]
geographical environment
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Location context
Heilongjiang Province, located in the northeast of China, is the northernmost province with the highest latitude in China. It starts from 121 ° 11 ′ in the west, ends at 135 ° 05 ′ in the east, starts at 43 ° 26 ′ in the south, and ends at 53 ° 33 ′ in the north. It spans 14 longitudes from east to west, and 10 latitudes from south to north.It covers an area of 473000 square kilometers (including Jiagedaqi District and Songling District).The north and east are facing Russia across the river. The border is 2981.26 kilometers longAsiaAndPacific regionLand accessrussian far east andContinental EuropeThe west and south are respectively connected withInner Mongolia Autonomous RegionandJilin ProvinceAdjacent, near the eastSea of Japan。[1]
Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government
topographic features
The geomorphic feature of Heilongjiang Province is "five mountains, one water, one grass and three fields".The terrain is generally high in the northwest, north and southeast, and low in the northeast and southwest, mainly composed of mountains, platforms, plains and water surfaces.The northwest is the northeast southwest Greater Khingan Mountains, the north is the northwest southeast Lesser Khingan Mountains, and the southeast is the northeast southwestZhang Guangcai Ridge, Laoye Mountain, Wanda Mountain.The piedmont of Xing'an Mountain and Eastern Mountain isplatform, northeastSanjiang plain (including Xingkai Lake Plain)Songnen Plain。The altitude of mountains in Heilongjiang Province is mostly between 300 and 1000 meters, accounting for 58% of the total area of the province;The altitude of the platform is between 200 and 350 meters, accounting for 14% of the total area of the province;The altitude of the plain is 50-200 meters, accounting for 28% of the total area of the province.[76]
Climatic characteristics
Heilongjiang Province has a cold temperate and temperate continental monsoon climate.From south to north, the province can be divided intoMesotemperate zoneAnd cold temperate zone.From east to west, according to the dryness index, it can be divided into humid area, semi humid area and semi-arid area.The main characteristics of the climate of the province are low temperature and drought in spring, warm and rainy in summer, easy waterlogging and early frost in autumn, cold and long winter, short frost free period, and large regional differences in climate.The precipitation in Heilongjiang Province shows obvious monsoon characteristics.Influenced by the southeast monsoon in summer, the precipitation is abundant. Under the control of dry and cold northwest wind in winter, it is dry and rainy.[67]
Water system hydrology
There are many rivers and lakes in Heilongjiang Province, including Heilongjiang, Wusuli River, Songhua River and Suifen River. There are 2881 rivers with a drainage area of 50 square kilometers and above, with a total length of 921000 meters.
There are Xingkai Lake, Jingbo Lake, Wudalianchi Lake, Lianhua Lake, Lianhuan Lake, Taoshan Lake, Xiangyang Lake and many other lakes in Heilongjiang Province.There are 253 lakes with an annual water surface area of 1 square kilometers or more, including 241 freshwater lakes and 12 salt water lakes, with a total water surface area of 3037 square kilometers (excluding the overseas area of cross-border lakes).[33]
There are 1918 rivers with a drainage area of more than 50 square kilometers in Heilongjiang Province, with a multi-year averagesurface water resources The amount is 68.6 billion cubic meters, and the average annual groundwater resource is 29.744 billion cubic meters. After deducting the double calculation amount of 17.314 billion cubic meters, the average annual water resource of the province is 81.03 billion cubic meters, and the per capita water volume is 2160 cubic meters, which is lower than the national average.
The average annual runoff depth of Heilongjiang Province is 132.4 mm, which is equivalent to 60.224 billion cubic meters of water.The amount of groundwater resources in the plain area of the province is 17.159 billion cubic meters, the amount of groundwater resources in the hilly area is 11.951 billion cubic meters, the repeated calculation amount in the hilly area and the plain area is 1.185 billion cubic meters, and the amount of groundwater resources in the province is 27.925 billion cubic meters.The double calculation amount of groundwater resources and surface water resources is 12.569 billion cubic metersTotal water resources72.793 billion cubic meters.The total water consumption of the province is 28.623 billion cubic meters, including 17.182 billion cubic meters of surface water and 11.441 billion cubic meters of groundwater.[1]
land resource
By the end of 2019, the main land types of Heilongjiang Province were as follows:
1、 17.1954 million hectares of cultivated land (257.9314 million mu)
Among them, paddy fields are 4808800 hectares (72131700 mu), accounting for 27.97%;72400 hectares (1086900 mu) of irrigated land, accounting for 0.42%;Dry land is 12.3142 million hectares (184.7128 million mu), accounting for 71.61%.
13.0216 million hectares (195.3240 million mu) of cultivated land with a slope below 2 degrees (including 2 degrees), accounting for 75.73% of the total cultivated land in the province;3.3522 million hectares (50.2835 million mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 2-6 degrees (including 6 degrees), accounting for 19.49%;780000 hectares (11.706 million mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 6-15 degrees (including 15 degrees), accounting for 4.54%;40900 hectares (613100 mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 15-25 degrees (including 25 degrees), accounting for 0.24%;700 hectares (10200 mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of more than 25 degrees, accounting for 0.004%.
2、 The garden area is 62400 hectares (935400 mu)
Among them, orchard covers 27600 hectares (413500 mu), accounting for 44.21%;Other gardens cover 34800 hectares (521900 mu), accounting for 55.79%.
3、 Forest land 21.6232 million hectares (324.3486 million mu)
Among them, 21004400 hectares (315066300 mu) of arbor forest land, accounting for 97.14%;177300 hectares (2.6593 million mu) of shrubbery, accounting for 0.82%;Other forest land covers 441500 hectares (6.623 million mu), accounting for 2.04%.
4、 1.1857 million hectares of grassland (17.7861 million mu)
Among them, 568800 hectares (8.5328 million mu) of natural grassland, accounting for 47.97%;17300 hectares (259000 mu) of artificial pasture land, accounting for 1.46%;Other grasslands cover 599600 hectares (8994300 mu), accounting for 50.57%.
5、 3501000 hectares (52.5148 million mu) of wetland
Wetland is the new first level land category in the "Three Transfers", including seven second level land categories (excluding mangrove forest land and coastal mudflats in Heilongjiang Province).Among them, 1408100 hectares (21121000 mu) of forest swamps, accounting for 40.22%;19.55 million hectares (2.9331 million mu) of scrub swamp, accounting for 5.59%;Swamp grassland covers 1423400 hectares (21351200 mu), accounting for 40.66%;Inland tidal flat is 184900 hectares (2773700 mu), accounting for 5.27%;289100 hectares (4.3358 million mu) of marshland, accounting for 8.26%.
6、 1.1644 million hectares (17.4662 million mu) of land for towns, villages, industries and mines
Among them, urban land is 161700 hectares (2425900 mu), accounting for 13.89%;124600 hectares (1868800 mu) of land for organic towns, accounting for 10.70%;798300 hectares (11975200 mu) of village land, accounting for 68.56%;66000 hectares (989400 mu) of mining land, accounting for 5.67%;Scenic spots and special land covers 13800 hectares (206900 mu), accounting for 1.18%.
7、 544300 hectares (8164100 mu) of land for transportation
Of which, 36600 hectares (549000 mu) of railway land, accounting for 6.72%;53.25 hectares (798.75 mu) of rail transit land, accounting for 0.01%;162800 hectares (2.4418 million mu) of highway land, accounting for 29.91%;341400 hectares (51209 thousand mu) of rural roads, accounting for 62.73%;The airport land is 2770.02 hectares (41550.3 mu), accounting for 0.51%;The port and dock land is 217.16 hectares (3257.40 mu), accounting for 0.04%;The land for pipeline transportation is 447.86 hectares (6717.90 mu), accounting for 0.08%.
8、 Water area and water conservancy facilities land 1686400 hectares (25295600 mu)
Among them, the river surface is 528100 hectares (7921200 mu), accounting for 31.31%;The water surface of the lake is 276300 hectares (4144900 mu), accounting for 16.39%;The water surface of the reservoir is 193700 hectares (2905700 mu), accounting for 11.49%;The pond surface is 263000 hectares (3944300 mu), accounting for 15.59%;381100 hectares (5716400 mu) of ditches, accounting for 22.60%;The land for hydraulic construction is 44200 hectares (663100 mu), accounting for 2.62%.[81]
plant resources
The rolling of Heilongjiang ProvinceGreater Khingan Range、Xiaoxing'an MountainsandZhang Guangcai Ridge、LaoyelingIt forms the natural landscape dominated by mountain forests in the province, and the forest land area of the province accounts for nearly half of the total land area.In addition, there are Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain, where there are more than 2100 species of plants, including more than 1000 species of economic value.
Heilongjiang Province is one of the largest forestry provinces in China, and natural forest resources are mainly distributed inGreat and small Xing'an MountainsAnd Changbai Mountains andWanda Mountain。
The total area of forestry management in Heilongjiang Province is 31.75 million hectares, accounting for 2/3 of the land area of the province.There are 2007 million hectares of forest land and 1.5 billion cubic meters of standing trees,forest coverage43.6%. The forest area, total forest stock and timber output are among the top in the country. It is the most important state-owned forest area and the largest timber production base in the country.There are more than 100 forest species, and more than 30 species have high utilization value.[1]
mineral resources
By the end of 2020, 136 kinds of minerals (including subspecies) have been found in Heilongjiang Province, and 61 kinds have been developed and utilized.There are 88 kinds of proven resources, including oil, natural gasMolybdenum ore、copper mine, graphite, kaolin, marble for cement and other minerals rank among the top ten in China.In 2020, the total industrial output value of the mining industry in Heilongjiang Province will be 145.86 billion yuan (including 71.48 billion yuan for oil and gas exploitation), accounting for 16.1% of the total industrial output value of the province (908.13 billion yuan).[78]
population
Announce
edit
By the end of 2022, the birth rate of Heilongjiang Province will be 3.34 ‰, the mortality rate will be 9.09 ‰, and the natural population growth rate will be -5.75 ‰.At the end of the year, the total resident population was 30.99 million, 260000 fewer than the previous year.Among them, the urban population is 20.52 million, and the rural population is 10.47 million.The urbanization rate of permanent residents was 66.2%, 0.5 percentage points higher than that of the previous year.The population aged 0-14 accounts for 9.3% of the total population of the province, and the population aged 65 and above accounts for 17.8% of the total population of the province.[79-80]
Change of permanent population in Heilongjiang Province (2017~2022)
Reference source:[79][93-97]
Politics
Announce
edit
Current leaders of Heilongjiang (as of December 2023)
In 2022, Heilongjiang Province will achieve a gross regional product (GDP) of 1590.10 billion yuan, an increase of 2.7% over the previous year at constant prices.Among them, the primary industry realized an added value of 360.99 billion yuan, up 2.4%;The added value of the secondary industry was 464.89 billion yuan, up 0.9%;The tertiary industry realized an added value of 764.22 billion yuan, up 3.8%.The tertiary industrial structure is 22.7:29.2:48.1.[79-80]
In 2023, Heilongjiang Province will achieve a regional GDP of 1588.39 billion yuan, an increase of 2.6% over the previous year at constant prices, and the growth rate will be the same as that of the previous year.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 351.83 billion yuan, up 2.6%;The added value of the secondary industry was 429.13 billion yuan, down 2.3%;The added value of the tertiary industry was 807.43 billion yuan, up 5.0%。[110]
Change of regional GDP of Heilongjiang Province (2017~2022)
Reference source:[79][93-97]
Investment in fixed assets
In 2022, the completed investment in fixed assets of Heilongjiang Province will increase by 0.6% over the previous year.From the perspective of the three industries, investment in the primary and secondary industries increased by 13.1% and 10.6% respectively, while that in the tertiary industry decreased by 6.3%.From the perspective of subordination, central investment increased by 9.9% and local investment decreased by 1.1%.From the perspective of economic type, state-owned holding investment increased by 9.3%, private investment decreased by 9.8%, and foreign investment, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan investment decreased by 18.4%.Driven by the "two new and one heavy" projects such as Harbin Taiping International Airport Phase II, Hefei Harbin Expressway, Tieli Yichun Railway, 5G communication project, infrastructure investment increased by 7.1% year on year.Investment in the social sector increased by 5.9%, of which investment in education increased by 30.2%.[79-80]
Finance and tax revenue and expenditure
In 2022, the general public budget revenue of Heilongjiang Province will be 129.06 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.8% in natural caliber, and an increase of 9.3% after excluding the combined tax support policy factors.Among them, the tax revenue was 79.33 billion yuan, down 8.8%.Among the tax revenue, the domestic value-added tax was 26.58 billion yuan, down 13.4%;Corporate income tax was 10.96 billion yuan, up 0.5%;Individual income tax was 3.42 billion yuan, up 4.2%.
In 2022, the general public budget expenditure of Heilongjiang Province will be 545.2 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8%.Among them, general public service expenditure was 38.86 billion yuan, up 20.0%;Education expenditure was 59.44 billion yuan, up 4.1%;Expenditure on science and technology was 4.65 billion yuan, up 6.8%;Expenditure on social security and employment was 142.58 billion yuan, up 7.2%;Health expenditure was 43.63 billion yuan, up 11.2%.[79-80]
In 2023, the GDP of Heilongjiang Province will increase by 2.6% year on year.
People's life
In 2022, the per capita disposable income of permanent residents in Heilongjiang Province will be 28346 yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year.The per capita disposable income of urban permanent residents was 35042 yuan, up 4.1%;The per capita disposable income of rural permanent residents was 18577 yuan, up 3.8%.
In 2022, the per capita living consumption expenditure of permanent residents in Heilongjiang Province will be 20412 yuan, down 1.1%.The per capita living consumption expenditure of urban permanent residents was 24011 yuan, down 1.7%;The per capita living consumption expenditure of rural permanent residents was 15162 yuan, down 0.4%.
In 2022, the Engel coefficient of urban residents and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province will be 30.2% and 33.5% respectively.[79-80]
primary industry
Heilongjiang Province is the largest grain producing province in China, an important high-quality rice production and supply base, and also a japonica rice production protection zone designated by the state. Its grain sown area, total output, commodity volume, transfer volume, green food area, and agricultural mechanization rate all rank first in the country.In 2020, the rice planting area of Heilongjiang Province will be 58.08 million mu, accounting for 12.9% of the country, ranking second in the country, with the output of 57.92 billion jin, accounting for 13.7% of the country, ranking first in the country, and becoming the largest production base of commercial japonica rice in the country.[114][116][119]Heilongjiang Province has a vast territory, rich land resources and a large amount of cultivated land per capita.In 2014, the cultivated land area of the whole province accounted for about one tenth of that of the whole country. The per capita cultivated land was 0.31 hectares, which was three times of that of the whole country and equal to the world average.Heilongjiang has fertile soil, pollution-free water quality, suitable accumulated temperature for activities, sufficient sunlight, large temperature difference between day and night, half year leisure of cultivated land, and few cold pests and diseases in winter. It is located in the core area of northeast black soil area, with large black land area, excellent quality, and high productivity. The typical black soil cultivated land area is 156 million mu, accounting for 56.1% of the typical black soil area in northeast China,Among them, the middle of Songnen Plain is one of the three largest black soil zones in the world, and 67.5% of the cultivated land is black soil, chernozem, meadow soil and other high-quality soil.[113-115]
In 2022, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in Heilongjiang Province will be 671.82 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5% over the previous year.Among them, the agricultural output value was 432.05 billion yuan, up 1.7%;The forestry output value was 21.23 billion yuan, up 5.0%;The output value of animal husbandry was 184.28 billion yuan, up 3.9%;The fishery output value was 14.79 billion yuan, up 3.7%;The output value of professional and auxiliary activities in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 19.47 billion yuan, up 4.7%.The certified green food area (including organic food) was 91.371 million mu, an increase of 3.6% over the previous year.1136 green food enterprises (cooperatives), down 1.9%;3118 green food products, up 2.3%.Green food enterprises (cooperatives) affect 945000 farmers.[79-80]
Agriculture
In 2022, the grain output of Heilongjiang Province will be 77.631 million tons.Among them, rice, corn and soybean were 27.18 million tons, 40.384 million tons and 9.534 million tons respectively.The grain planting area of the province is 14.683 million hectares, of which rice, corn and soybeans are 3.601 million hectares, 5.970 million hectares and 4.932 million hectares respectively.
In 2022, the sown area of economic crops in Heilongjiang Province will be 526000 hectares, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year.Among them, the sown area of vegetables and edible fungi was 163000 hectares, an increase of 3.5%;The oil planting area was 40000 hectares, down 3.1%;The sown area of melons and fruits was 36000 hectares, down 5.7%;The sown area of Chinese herbal medicines was 164000 hectares, up 0.8%.The output of vegetables and edible fungi was 7.598 million tons, up 4.7%;The oil production was 143000 tons, up 5.3%;The output of melons and fruits was 1.411 million tons, up 0.7%.[79-80]
In 2023, the grain production of Heilongjiang Province will achieve "20 consecutive harvests", stabilizing at more than 150 billion jin for six consecutive years.[110]
On December 11, 2023, according to the Announcement of the National Bureau of Statistics on Grain Output Data in 2023, the sown area of Heilongjiang Province in 2023 will be 147431000 hectares, with a total output of 77882000 tons and a unit area output of 5282.6 kg/ha.[104]
Animal Husbandry
In 2022, the number of live pigs on hand and on the market in Heilongjiang Province will be 14391000 and 23173000 respectively, up 1.6% and 4.0% over the previous year;The number of cattle and sheep sold was 3.114 million and 8.959 million respectively, up 3.9% and 1.8% respectively.Pork output was 1.918 million tons, up 3.8%;The beef output was 527000 tons, up 3.9%;The mutton output was 152000 tons, up 1.7%;The output of poultry meat was 518000 tons, up 6.2%.The output of eggs was 1.078 million tons, down 1.8%.The output of raw milk was 5.012 million tons, up 0.2%.[79-80]
Production conditions
By the end of 2022, the total power of agricultural machinery in Heilongjiang Province was 70.908 million kilowatt hours, an increase of 2.9% over the previous year.The comprehensive mechanization rate of agriculture reached 98.0%.[79-80]
the secondary industry
Heilongjiang Province, as an important old industrial base of the country, has been able to produce thousands of industrial products in 40 major categories, 162 medium categories and 364 sub categories through development. It has basically formed an industrial system with a complete range of categories, with large state-owned enterprises directly under the central government as the backbone, equipment, energy, petrochemical, food, medicine, metallurgy, construction materials and other major industries as the main body, becoming an important national energyProduction and manufacturing base of raw materials and heavy equipment.[117]Helicopters, general aircraft, CNC machine tools, ship power, aluminum alloy and other products and technologies contain Heilongjiang wisdom, providing 1/3 of the complete sets of power station equipment and 1/2 of the railway freight cars for the whole country.[119]Since the founding of New China, under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the cadres and masses of Heilongjiang have carried forward the spirit of the Northeast Anti Japanese Association, the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, the spirit of Daqing and the spirit of Iron Man, worked hard to build a world-class oil field, built a number of large state-owned enterprises, and made outstanding contributions to national construction and development.[118]
Industry
In 2022, there will be 4322 industrial enterprises above designated size in Heilongjiang Province, an increase of 10.6% over the previous year.The added value of industries above designated size increased by 0.8%.In terms of key industries, the equipment industry grew by 5.5%, the petrochemical industry dropped by 7.3%, the energy industry grew by 2.2%, and the food industry grew by 2.9%.Among them, the general equipment manufacturing industry grew by 10.5%, the automobile manufacturing industry grew by 2.2%, the coal mining and washing industry grew by 6.5%, and the agricultural and sideline food processing industry grew by 2.1%.In terms of product output, there were 3106 sets of industrial robots, up 16.7 times;2299 metal cutting machines, up 1.2 times;1.382 million tons of feed additives, up 44.0%;120000 tons of metal rolling equipment, up 42.6%;11037 railway freight cars, up 34.1%;10.205 million kilowatts of steam turbines for power stations, up 30.9%;2.837 million electrical instruments and meters, up 20.9%;47.98 million meters of linen, up 20.3%;82627 cars, up 8.6%.
In 2022, the operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size in Heilongjiang Province will be 1241.87 billion yuan, an increase of 8.4% over the previous year;The operating cost was 1012.86 billion yuan, up 6.4%;The total profit was 60.4 billion yuan, up 15.0%;Assets totaled 1918.21 billion yuan, up 5.6%.The cost per 100 yuan of operating income of industrial enterprises above designated size was 81.56 yuan, 1.51 yuan less than that of the previous year.[79-80]
In 2023, the added value of high-tech manufacturing industry in Heilongjiang Province will increase by 12.3% year on year, and the investment in industrial technological transformation will increase by 5.3% year on year.[110]
construction business
In 2022, the added value of the construction industry in Heilongjiang Province will reach 46.03 billion yuan, an increase of 2.2% over the previous year.There were 3162 general contracting and professional contracting construction enterprises with qualification levels, up 3.0% over the previous year, and operating revenue was 143.73 billion yuan, down 2.2%.[79-80]
the service sector; the tertiary industry
Service industry
In 2022, the added value of the service industry (tertiary industry) in Heilongjiang Province will increase by 3.8% year on year, 1.5 percentage points higher than that of the whole country, driving the provincial economic growth by 1.9 percentage points, and contributing 68.6% to economic growth.The added value of information transmission, software and information technology services increased by 10.8% year on year, while the added value of leasing and business services increased by 6.4% year on year, 1.7 and 3.0 percentage points higher than that of the whole country respectively.From January to November, the operating income of service enterprises above designated size in the province increased by 7.8% year on year.[77]
Domestic trade
In 2022, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Heilongjiang Province will be 52.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 6.0% over the previous year.By business location, the retail sales of urban consumer goods reached 456.53 billion yuan, down 5.9%;The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 64.47 billion yuan, down 6.4%.By consumption type, the retail sales of goods were 471.94 billion yuan, down 5.7%;Catering revenue was 49.06 billion yuan, down 8.8%.Among the retail sales of units above the designated size in the province, new energy vehicles increased by 1.1 times, electronic publications and audio-visual products increased by 38.3% compared with the previous year, furniture increased by 17.2%, and cultural and office supplies increased by 10.8%.The online retail sales of physical goods reached 61.8 billion yuan, an increase of 4.9% over the previous year, accounting for 11.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods in the province, an increase of 3.2 percentage points over the previous year.[79-80]
In 2023, the total retail sales of consumer goods in Heilongjiang Province will increase by 8.1% year on year, and the online retail sales will increase by 13.5%.[110]
Foreign economy
In 2022, the total import and export value of goods in Heilongjiang Province will be 265.15 billion yuan, an increase of 33.0% over the previous year.Among them, the export was 54.56 billion yuan, up 22.0%;Imports reached 210.6 billion yuan, up 36.2%.In terms of trade mode, the import and export of general trade was 227.81 billion yuan, up 37.3%;The import and export of border small trade was 23.41 billion yuan, up 11.3%;The import and export of processing trade reached 8.61 billion yuan, up 9.4%.In terms of the nature of enterprises, the import and export of state-owned enterprises reached 165.38 billion yuan, an increase of 41.2%;The import and export of private enterprises reached 89.05 billion yuan, up 26.9%;The import and export of foreign-funded enterprises reached 10.28 billion yuan, down 8.7%.The export of mechanical and electrical products was 19.01 billion yuan, up 8.7% over the previous year;The export of high-tech products reached 5.76 billion yuan, down 19.4%.[79-80]
In 2023, the total value of import and export of goods trade in Heilongjiang Province will be 297.83 billion yuan, hitting a new historical high in scale, 12.3% higher than that of the previous year (the same below), and the growth rate of import and export will rank sixth in the country;The annual import and export maintained double-digit growth for three consecutive years.Among them, the export was 76.06 billion yuan, up 39.4%;Imports reached 221.77 billion yuan, up 5.3%.[109]
attract investment
In 2022, there will be 143 newly established enterprises using foreign capital in Heilongjiang Province, an increase of 14.4% over the previous year;The amount of contractual foreign investment was 1.29 billion US dollars, down 23.2%;The actually utilized foreign capital was 230 million US dollars, down 40.8%.The actual utilization of domestic capital by projects with domestic capital of 10 million yuan or more in the province was 297.55 billion yuan, up 47.9%;1192 new projects with domestic capital of 10 million yuan or more were signed, down 14.4%.[79-80]
estate
In 2022, the investment in real estate development in Heilongjiang Province will be 62.86 billion yuan, down 32.8% over the previous year.Among them, state-owned and state-controlled investment was 16.06 billion yuan, down 24.3%;Private investment was 46.05 billion yuan, down 34.4%;Foreign investment and investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan reached 760 million yuan, down 65.1%.The sales area of commercial housing was 9.255 million square meters, down 31.3%, of which the sales area of residential housing was 8.395 million square meters, down 30.3%.[79-80]
Posts and telecommunications
In 2022, the total telecom business of Heilongjiang Province will be 26.12 billion yuan, an increase of 24.9%.At the end of the year, there were 3.368 million fixed telephone subscribers, up 6.3%;There were 38.286 million mobile phone users, up 1.8%.The penetration rate of mobile phones is 122.5/100 people;11.304 million fixed Internet broadband access users, up 11.5%;There were 31.369 million mobile Internet users, up 1.4%.The express business volume was 726.381 million, up 20.1%;The express business revenue was 8.95 billion yuan, up 7.4%.[79-80]
tourism
In 2023, the number of tourists received and tourism revenue of Heilongjiang Province will increase by 85.1% and 213.8% respectively.[110]
finance
By the end of 2022, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of financial institutions in Heilongjiang Province was 3878.25 billion yuan, an increase of 446.26 billion yuan over the beginning of the year.Among them, household deposits were 2821.48 billion yuan, an increase of 408.25 billion yuan;The deposits of non-financial enterprises reached 477.03 billion yuan, an increase of 10.40 billion yuan.The balance of local and foreign currency loans of financial institutions was 2535.80 billion yuan, an increase of 94.84 billion yuan over the beginning of the year.Among them, household loans amounted to 688.79 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.93 billion yuan;Loans to enterprises (institutions) reached 1804.84 billion yuan, an increase of 100.25 billion yuan.
By the end of 2022, there are 40 domestic listed companies in Heilongjiang Province, including 27 in Shanghai and 13 in Shenzhen.According to the types of enterprises, there are 17 state-owned holding companies, 19 private holding companies, 1 foreign holding company and 3 other holding companies.The total share capital of listed companies is 62.543 billion shares, with a total market value of 321.397 billion yuan.During the year, the accumulated domestic equity financing reached 3.842 billion yuan;Six corporate bond issuers raised 17.66 billion yuan by issuing corporate bonds and asset-backed securities through the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges;There are 58 listed companies in the National Equities Exchange and Quotations System for Small and Medium sized Enterprises, and the listed companies have raised 68 million yuan in total in stock. During the year, the capital market of enterprises in Heilongjiang Province directly raised 21.502 billion yuan.By the end of the year, there were 1 securities company and 182 securities branches in the province;One securities investment consulting agency;There are 2 futures companies and 15 futures branches.[79-80]
Insurance
In 2022, the original insurance premium income of Heilongjiang Province will be 98.24 billion yuan, down 1.3% over the previous year, of which property insurance income will be 21.84 billion yuan, up 10.0%;The income from life insurance was 76.4 billion yuan, down 4.1%.Among life insurance, life insurance revenue was 52.23 billion yuan, down 4.9%;Health insurance revenue was 22.65 billion yuan, down 1.9%;The income from personal accident insurance was 1.53 billion yuan, down 10.9%.The original insurance payout of the province was 32.45 billion yuan, down 4.4% over the previous year, including 13.4 billion yuan for property insurance, down 2.3%;The compensation for life insurance was 19.05 billion yuan, down 5.8%.In life insurance, life insurance paid 9.89 billion yuan, up 18.4%;Health insurance compensation was 8.84 billion yuan, down 23.2%;Compensation for personal accident insurance was 320 million yuan, down 8.8%.[79-80]
Transportation
Announce
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Heilongjiang Province is located in the northernmost and easternmost part of China, facing Russia across the river in the north and east, with numerous border ports and cities. It is an important window for China to open up to the north, an important node of the "Belt and Road", the forefront of economic and trade cooperation with Russia, and the hub of regional cooperation in Northeast Asia.Since the implementation of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy, Heilongjiang Province has basically built a modern three-dimensional transportation pattern with aviation, highway, railway and shipping as the main body, covering the whole province.In addition to Harbin Taiping International Airport, 13 regional airports have been built in the province;168400 kilometers of roads at all levels, including nearly 4700 kilometers of expressways;The 1 - to 2-hour high-speed rail traffic circle centering on Harbin is composed of Harbin University, Harbin Mudu, Mudjia and Harbin Jiading, which greatly improves the accessibility and convenience of local tourism.[120]
traffic
highway
By the end of 2022, the highway mileage in Heilongjiang Province is 169000 kilometers, including 4659 kilometers of expressways.[79-80]
Railway
Heilongjiang RailwayHarbinAs the center, radiate around, andQiqihar、MudanjiangandJiamusiIt is the main hub.Main railways include Beijing Harbin Railway, Binsui Railway, Binzhou Railway, Binbei Beihei Railway, Pingqi Railway, Harbin Jiaxing Railway, Fuxi Railway, Mujia Railway, Boqi Qiqihar Railway, etc.
Railway
Harbin Dalian High speed Railway
Harbin Dalian High speed Railway is a high speed railway with the highest design and construction standards in severe cold regions of China. It starts from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province in the north and ends at Dalian, a coastal city in the south. The line runs through three northeastern provinces and passes through four sub provincial cities, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang and Dalian.With a total length of 921 kilometers, it is a double track electrified railway.There are 81 kilometers in Heilongjiang Province, 270 kilometers in Jilin Province, and 553 kilometers in Liaoning Province, with 23 stations.
Harbin Qiqihar High speed Railway
The first inter provincial passenger dedicated line of Harbin Qiqihar High speed Railway in Heilongjiang Province, fromHarbinCity, wayDaqing City, ends atQiqiharCity.The train is designed to run at a speed of 250 km/h, and 300 km/h operation conditions are reserved. The total length of the line is 282 km, with a total investment of 31.24 billion yuan.
Harbin Jiaxing Express Railway
Harbin Jiaxing Express Railway is from Harbin toJiamusiThe city's electrified double track railway is designed to be 343 kilometers long, with 14 stations along the whole line.The design speed of the train is 200 km/h, and it will start on July 9, 2014.
Ha Mu High Speed Railway
Harbin Mudanjiang High speed Railway Line starts fromHarbin City, endMudanjiangCity, with a design speed of 250 km/h and a total length of 292.995 km, 11 stations are set along the line, and Mudanjiang West Station is reserved.The construction started on December 15, 2014, and the whole line officially started in August 2015.
Mujia High speed Railway
Mujia High speed Railway isShen Jia High speed RailwayIt is also a part of the high-speed railway connecting Mudanjiang to Jiamusi under construction in Heilongjiang Province, involving five prefecture level cities and two counties of Mudanjiang City, Linkou County, Jixi City, Qitaihe City, Huanan County, Shuangyashan City and Jiamusi City.The design speed of the project is 250 km/h, the train type is EMU train, the line length is about 376 km, and 8 stations are set along the line.The project was officially started on November 8, 2016, and is expected to be completed and opened to traffic in November 2021.
Harbin Suiyuan High speed Railway
Harbin Suiyuan High speed Railway is designed to be 136.1 kilometers long, with a speed of 300 kilometers per hour and a total length of 82 kilometers.Line fromHarbin North Station, endSuihua West StationThe designed operation length is 136.1 km, and it is planned to open to trial operation in 2021.
Hayi High speed Railway
Harbin Yichang High speed Railway, also known as Harbin Yichang Passenger Dedicated Line, is composed of Harbin Railway Passenger Dedicated Line and Railway Yichang Passenger Dedicated Line. It is a high-speed railway connecting Harbin City and Yichun City in Heilongjiang Province, China, and a part of the railway network of "one axle, two rings and one side" in Heilongjiang Province.The Hayi high-speed railway is planned to be started in 2020, and the whole line is planned to be officially opened in 2024.
Jiahe High speed Railway
Jiahe High speed Railway is a high-speed railway from Jiamusi City to Hegang City in Heilongjiang Province. The standard of Jiahe High speed Railway is Grade I national railway with a line standard of 200km/h.The total length of the project is 71.6 kilometers, the project investment is estimated to be 3.15 billion yuan, and the construction period is three years.After the completion of the project, the running time from Hegang to Jiamusi will be shortened to 36 minutes.
aviation
aviation
Harbin Taiping International Airport
It is the largest airport in Heilongjiang Province, a national first-class air port open to the outside world, and an international regional aviation hub, 33 kilometers away from the urban area of Harbin.Harbin Taiping International Airport is located in the center of Northeast Asia, which is the stop of the routes from Southeast Asia to North America.
Harbin Pingfang Airport
A general airport located in Pingfang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, which is the base airport of China Feilong General Aviation Company.
Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport
Located in the south of the downtown of Qiqihar, it is only 6 kilometers away from the downtown of Qiqihar. The scale of the airport is 4C. The airport was built in 1972.There are 56 routes, including 40 domestic routes, 15 international routes and 1 special management route.It is navigable to 15 international cities, 1 regional city and 28 domestic cities.
Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport
Located 9 kilometers southwest of Mudanjiang downtown, it is a military civilian international airport.There are 4 stands on the apron, which is a first-class airport open to the outside world. The scale of the airport is 4C.
Jiamusi East Suburb International Airport
It is located at the south side of Tongsan Highway in the eastern suburb of Jiamusi, 10 kilometers away from the urban area of Jiamusi;The airport was founded in the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932). In 2003, the Jiamusi Airport Management Company was established, which can accommodate 3 Class C aircraft and 1 Class B aircraft;It is a first-class air port open to the outside world, and the scale of the airport is 4C.
Daqing Sartu Airport
It is located in the north of Saertu District, Daqing City, 19 kilometers away from Dongcheng District, Daqing City, and 29 kilometers away from Xicheng District, Daqing City.It is 170 kilometers away from Harbin Taiping International Airport.On September 1, 2009, it was completed and officially put into use. The second operation base of China Southern Airlines Heilongjiang Branch was located in Daqing Sartu Airport.
Yichun Lindu Airport
It is located in Yilin Management Office of Wumahe Forestry Bureau, about 9 kilometers away from the central area of Yichun.The construction was commenced in July 2008, and the navigation was opened on August 27, 2009.The airport runway is 2300 meters long and 45 meters wide, and the technical level of the airfield is 4C.
other
A total of 13 civil airports have been opened to traffic, including Gaxian Airport in Jiagedaqi, Aihui Airport in Heihe, Xingkaihu Airport in Jixi, Gulian Airport in Mohe, Fuyuan East Pole Airport, Jiansanjiang Wetland Airport, and Dedu Airport in Wudalianchi. Suifenhe Dongning Airport is expected to be open to traffic by the end of 2021.[34]
List of airports in Heilongjiang Province
city
Airport name
Airport location
Airport type
Harbin
Harbin Taiping International Airport
Daoli District, Harbin
International Civil Aviation Airport
Jiamusi
Fuyuan Dongji Airport
Fuyuan City, Jiamusi City
Jiansanjiang Wetland Airport
Fujin City, Jiamusi City
Domestic civil aviation airport
Jiamusi East Suburb International Airport
Dongfeng District, Jiamusi City
International civil military airport
Qiqihar
Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport
Longsha District, Qiqihar City
Mudanjiang
Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport
Xi'an District, Mudanjiang City
Suifenhe Dongning Airport
Dongning City, Mudanjiang City
Domestic civil aviation airport
Daqing
Daqing Sartu Airport
Saertu District, Daqing City
Yichun
Yichun Lindu Airport
Wucui District, Yichun City
Jixi
Jixi Xingkaihu Airport
Jidong County, Jixi City
Greater Khingan Range
Greater Khingan Mountains Oroqen Airport
Jiagedaqi District, Great Khingan Mountains Region
In 2022, the freight volume of major transportation modes in Heilongjiang Province will be 590 million tons, a decrease of 4.5% over the previous year.Among them, 129.553 million tons of railway, up 3.5%;386.16 million tons of roads, down 8.2%;Water transport was 5.473 million tons, up 5.5%;99000 tons of civil aviation, down 10.9%;73.629 million tons of pipelines, up 2.4%.The freight transportation turnover was 218.5 billion ton kilometers, up 5.3%.Among them, 96.93 billion ton kilometers of railways, up 9.8%;84.61 billion ton km of roads, up 3.7%;Water transport was 3.62 billion ton kilometers, down 21.8%;Civil aviation 230 million ton kilometers, down 9.7%;33.11 billion ton kilometers of pipelines, up 0.7%.The passenger volume of major transportation modes in the province reached 103.756 million person times, down 31.7%.Among them, 30.696 million people traveled by railway, down 36.9%;60.16 million person times on highways, down 29.0%;1.176 million person times of water transport, down 13.1%;The number of civil aviation passengers reached 11.723 million, down 31.2%.The passenger transport turnover was 36.4 billion person kilometers, down 28.4%.Among them, 9.17 billion people and kilometers of railway, down 31.3%;3.44 billion person kilometers of roads, down 39.3%;Water transport reached 14.599 million person kilometers, up 3.2%;Civil aviation reached 23.77 billion person kilometers, down 25.2%.
By the end of 2022, the number of civil cars in Heilongjiang Province had reached 6.28 million, an increase of 6.0% over the previous year, including 5.721 million private cars, an increase of 6.4%.Among the private cars, there were 3.317 million private cars, up 5.4%.[79-80]
Harbin Taiping International Airport
social undertakings
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Science and technology
In 2022, Heilongjiang Province has achieved 319 basic theoretical achievements, 750 applied technological achievements and 31 soft science achievements.36551 authorized patents in the province, down 6.0% over the previous year;Among them, there were 8519 invention patents, up 34.4%.A total of 6622 registered technology contracts were identified, a decrease of 4.9% over the previous year;The contract turnover was 46.35 billion yuan, up 31.4%.At the end of the year, there were 1468 product quality inspection institutions, 23 fewer than the previous year;7 registered certification agencies.80 legal metrology technical institutions.There are 12 manned seismic stations and 151 unattended seismic stations in the province.[79-80]
education
By the end of 2022, there are 30 graduate training units in Heilongjiang Province, enrolling 40000 students, 113000 graduate students in school, and 27000 graduates.There are 78 ordinary colleges and universities, with 275000 new students, 912000 students and 253000 graduates.There are 16 adult colleges and universities, with 73000 students enrolled, 142000 students enrolled and 42000 graduates graduated.There are 190 secondary vocational education schools, with 62000 new students, 178000 students and 55000 graduates.There are 363 ordinary high schools, with 188000 students enrolled, 570000 students enrolled and 189000 graduates graduated.1405 junior middle schools, 231000 students, 800000 students and 265000 graduates.There are 1350 ordinary primary schools, with 166000 new students, 1.103 million students and 233000 graduates.The special education school enrolled 757 students and 10815 students.5441 kindergartens, 463000 children in kindergartens.There are 5000 students in adult secondary vocational schools.[79-80]
List of ordinary colleges and universities in Heilongjiang Province
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand five hundred and sixty
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
undergraduate
Qiqihar Teachers College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million ten thousand two hundred and thirty-eight
Heilongjiang Province
Qiqihar
specialty
Yichun Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million ten thousand eight hundred and seventy-two
Heilongjiang Province
Yichun City
specialty
Mudanjiang University
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million eleven thousand and forty-six
Heilongjiang Province
Mudanjiang City
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million eleven thousand four hundred and forty-nine
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational and Technical College of Architecture
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand and fifty-three
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Art Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand four hundred and ninety
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Daqing Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and eighteen
Heilongjiang Province
Daqing City
specialty
Heilongjiang Forestry Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-four
Heilongjiang Province
Mudanjiang City
specialty
Heilongjiang Agricultural Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-five
Heilongjiang Province
Jiamusi City
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Engineering
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-six
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Nongken Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Judicial Police Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Hegang Teachers College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and five
Heilongjiang Province
Hegang City
specialty
Harbin Electric Power Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and six
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
harbin railway technical college
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and seven
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Great Khingan Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and eight
Heilongjiang Province
Greater Khingan Mountains
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational College of Agricultural Economics
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and ten
Heilongjiang Province
Mudanjiang City
specialty
Harbin Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million twelve thousand nine hundred and eleven
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Harbin Media Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand three hundred and two
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Harbin City
specialty
civilian-run
Heilongjiang Vocational College of Commerce
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand four hundred and forty-eight
Heilongjiang Province
Daqing City
specialty
Heilongjiang Police Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand four hundred and forty-nine
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Harbin City Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand four hundred and fifty-one
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Harbin City
specialty
civilian-run
Heilongjiang Vocational and Technical College of Tourism
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Sanjiang Art Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand seven hundred and thirty
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Jiamusi City
specialty
civilian-run
Heilongjiang Ecological Engineering Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand seven hundred and thirty-one
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Energy Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand seven hundred and thirty-two
Heilongjiang Province
Shuangyashan City
specialty
qitaihe vocational college
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand nine hundred and eighteen
Heilongjiang Province
Qitaihe City
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational College for Nationalities
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million thirteen thousand nine hundred and thirty-five
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Daqing Medical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand and seventeen
Heilongjiang Province
Daqing City
specialty
Heilongjiang Transportation Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand and fifty-three
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Harbin Institute of Applied Technology
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand and fifty-five
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Harbin City
specialty
civilian-run
Heilongjiang Preschool Education College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand and ninety-five
Heilongjiang Province
Mudanjiang City
specialty
Harbin Vocational College of Science and Technology
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand one hundred and eight
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Jiamusi Vocational College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand one hundred and seventy-eight
Heilongjiang Province
Jiamusi City
specialty
Heilongjiang Nursing College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand two hundred and seventy-two
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Qiqihar Polytechnic
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand and four hundred
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Qiqihar
specialty
civilian-run
Harbin Preschool Teachers College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand four hundred and twenty-five
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Heilongjiang Vocational College of Ice and Snow Sports
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand five hundred and forty
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin City
specialty
Harbin North Aviation Vocational and Technical College
four billion one hundred and twenty-three million fourteen thousand six hundred and thirty-three
Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Education
Harbin City
specialty
civilian-run
Source:[99][102]
List of Adult Colleges and Universities in Heilongjiang Province
School name
School identification code
competent department
Heilongjiang Ordnance Industrial Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand two hundred and sixty-four
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin Aviation Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand two hundred and sixty-six
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand two hundred and sixty-nine
Heilongjiang Province
Qiqihar Construction Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and six
Heilongjiang Province
Qiqihar Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and eleven
Heilongjiang Province
Staff University of Hegang Mining Bureau
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and twenty-seven
Heilongjiang Province
Staff University of Daqing Petrochemical Complex
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and thirty
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Management Cadre College
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and thirty-seven
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Economic Management Cadre College
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and thirty-five
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre College of Politics and Law
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and forty-three
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Education College
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and forty-four
Heilongjiang Province
Suihua Education College
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty thousand three hundred and forty-nine
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Open University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty-one thousand two hundred and forty-four
Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Commercial Staff University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty-one thousand seven hundred and forty-four
Heilongjiang Province
Staff University of Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty-one thousand seven hundred and forty-five
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin Open University
four billion two hundred and twenty-three million fifty-one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six
Heilongjiang Province
Source:[99]
Culture and sports
By the end of 2022, Heilongjiang Province has 24 art performance venues directly under the cultural department, 141 cultural museums, 104 public libraries, 10 art museums, and 218 museums of record type.According to preliminary statistics, there are 10 radio stations in the province, and the comprehensive radio population coverage rate is 99.9%.There are 10 television stations in total, and the comprehensive television population coverage rate is 99.9%.There are 5.498 million cable TV users, including 5.447 million cable digital TV users, with a cable digitization degree of 99.1%.There are 397 book and newspaper publishing institutions in the province, with 6698 employees, publishing a total of 120.2 million books, 22.44 million journals and 308.56 million newspapers.[79-80]
In 2022, Heilongjiang athletes won 98 medals in the national competitive events, including 31 gold medals, 27 silver medals and 40 bronze medals;He won 33 medals in the world competition, including 14 gold medals, 8 silver medals and 11 bronze medals.[79-80]
medical and health work
By the end of 2022, there are 20599 health institutions in Heilongjiang Province, including 2185 hospitals and health centers, 28 specialized disease prevention centers (stations), and 116 maternal and child health centers (stations).There are 261000 beds in health institutions, including 247000 beds in hospitals and health centers.There are 253000 health technicians, including 98000 licensed doctors and assistant licensed doctors, and 111000 registered nurses.There are 147 centers for disease prevention and control (epidemic prevention stations) and 5000 health technicians.966 township hospitals with 24000 beds and 18000 health technicians.[79-80]
social security
In 2022, 374000 new urban jobs will be created in Heilongjiang Province, completing 124.6% of the annual plan;317000 unemployed people were re employed, 186.2% of the annual plan;The number of people with difficulties in employment was 100000, 200.6% of the annual plan.By the end of December, there were 202000 registered urban unemployed in the province, a year-on-year decrease of 83000, or 29.1%.
By the end of 2022, 15.073 million people in Heilongjiang Province had participated in the basic endowment insurance for urban employees (including retirees), an increase of 4.2% over the previous year, including 8.511 million insured employees, an increase of 4.8%;There were 6.562 million retirees, up 3.4%.27.678 million people participated in basic medical insurance, down 1.9%, of which 8.902 million people participated in basic medical insurance for urban employees and 18.775 million people participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents.3.322 million people participated in unemployment insurance, up 0.8%;3.901 million people participated in maternity insurance, down 1.5%;4.488 million people participated in industrial injury insurance, up 1.0%.[79-80]
environmental protection
By the end of 2022, there are 131 nature reserves in Heilongjiang Province, including 46 national nature reserves and 85 local nature reserves;The nature reserve covers an area of 5.684 million hectares.There were 4545 days of good urban air, accounting for 95.9%.The annual average concentrations of fine particles, inhalable particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are 24 μ g/m3, 38 μ g/m3, 8 μ g/m3 and 16 μ g/m3 respectively.There are 101 excellent water quality sections among 135 national examination sections of surface water (accounting for 74.8%), and there is no inferior water quality section of Class V.[79-80]
Safe production
In 2022, 412 people will be killed in production safety accidents in Heilongjiang Province, a decrease of 27.5% over the previous year.The death rate of production safety accidents with a GDP of 100 million yuan is 0.026;The death rate of safety accident in coal mine is 0.[79-80]
Historical culture
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cultural relics and historic sites
By 2022, there are 57 national key cultural relics protection units and 348 provincial cultural relics protection units in Heilongjiang Province;The National Archaeological Relics Park of Longquan Mansion in Shangjing, Bohai State was completed and put into operation;Hengdaohezi Town won the 2018 UNESCO Honorary Award for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Asia Pacific Region, Raohe Xiaonanshan Site and Honghe Site were rated as the annual national archaeological discoveries, and Bohai Shangjing City and Jin Shangjing Site were rated as the "One Hundred Archaeological Discoveries in a Century".The number of registered museums in the province has reached 218, including 46 museums above the national third level.Heilongjiang Provincial Museum Collaborative Development Alliance was established, with the theme of "passing on historical memory and exhibiting black soil style", and more than 400 online and offline exhibitions were launched every year.[85]
Intangible Cultural Heritage
By 2022, there are 42 national intangible cultural heritage representative projects in Heilongjiang Province[86]。"Hezhen Imakan Rap" and "Wangkui Shadow Play" have been included in the "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Urgent Need of Protection" and "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO.[85]
Customs and customs
In the past, Heilongjiang people were concerned about the "Three East Monsters": "The window paper was pasted outside, and the big girl was hanging a big cigarette bag to feed the child".[36]
Heilongjiang people often work outdoors without hats in winter. They like to eat ice-cream in winterwinter outdoor swimming。[36]
Heilongjiang is straightforward, enthusiastic, humorous and straightforward.
The Spring Festival is an important festival for Heilongjiang people. From the eighth lunar month to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the whole family gathered aroundKang TableWhile drinking in large bowls and eating meat in large mouthfuls, the children play plough climbing, snowball fights, galaha and snowmen, while the adults dance yangko, walk on stilts and watch the duet.
Dietetic culture
Heilongjiang Province is rich in products and has a complete range of cooking materials.People call it "a granary in the north, a fishing ground in the south, a herd in the west, and an orchard in the east. It has no worries about food all the year round." It is used to eat more cereals, a variety of non-staple food, and likes to eat fish, shrimp and game. Its taste is mainly salty and fresh.The method of eating is to dip and mix more, and like pickled pickles and hot pot. The dishes are large in size and sufficient in weight.
Heilongjiang people like liquor and beer;Beer drinking is often about "tying", "bottle" and "lifting" (6 bottles for one lifting).Influenced by the Russians, friends get together and often eat with sausage, grilled chicken, peanuts, tea eggs and bread. A "drink" often lasts several hours.
LongjiangcaiHe is good at cooking mountain vegetables, game, meat and poultry, fresh water fish and shrimp. He stresses the taste of mellow, fresh, fresh, moist and salty. He is famous for rare, fresh, clean, nutritious and green natural food.
ice sculptureIt is a folk art in northern China. It uses ice as raw material, carves the base into a three-dimensional image with carving tools, and then places it outdoors for people to watch.Ice sculpture art has been developed in Harbin since the early 1960s and has had a wide impact.
In the winter of Harbin, the temperature is very low, and the river ice is more than 1 meter thick. If the ice is cut down, it can be carved into various works of art.[36]
Local drama
Song and dance duetIt has a history of more than 200 years. It is based on the Northeast Yangge and folk songs, and has absorbed and used for referenceLotus Falling、Pingju、a shadow puppetSuch arts have gradually developed and spread in Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces, and formed the characteristics of North Road: exquisite performance, beautiful singing, and winning with singing skills.
Longjiang operaIt is a new type of opera formed on the basis of the Errenzhuan since the founding of the People's Republic of China, with strong local flavor.[37]
famous scenery
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overview
There are 10 in Heilongjiang ProvinceChina Excellent Tourism City227 key cultural relics protection units, including 15 national key cultural relics protection units and 212 provincial key cultural relics protection units.There are 15 national nature reserves and 35 provincial nature reserves, among which Zhalong National Nature Reserve is the first large-scale waterfowl reserve in China.There are 34 famous scenic spots, including 2 national key scenic spots and 32 provincial scenic spots.Heilongjiang Province has 96 forest parks, including 54 national forest parks and 42 provincial forest parks.There are 15 geoparks, including 1 world geopark, 5 national geoparks and 9 provincial geoparks.[38]
Located in Tangyuan County, the intersection of Xiaoxing'an Mountains and Sanjiang Plain in the east of Heilongjiang Province, it is a national forest park with Korean pine virgin forest as the main landscape.The total area is 7175 hectares, and the forest coverage rate is 97%. The zonal vegetation is mainly coniferous, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, belonging to the typical Changbai Mountain Xiaoxing'an Mountains flora.There are more than 490 kinds of plants, 109 kinds of woody plants and 140 kinds of wild animals.The forest park was founded in 1987 and approved as a national forest park by the former Ministry of Forestry in 1992. It is a collection and protection site of the national biodiversity gene bank.The famous tourist town of Daliangzi River is located in the central reception service area of the park.[39]
It is located on the north bank of Songhua River, between the old and new urban areas, with a total area of 88 square kilometers. It is a scenic spot of floodplain wetland grassland type.The waters of Taiyang Island are open, and Zhoudao Wetland has beautiful scenery, rich wetland vegetation and good ecological environment.Due to terrain changes, soil and water conditions are different, forming different natural vegetation communities.There are more than 600 kinds of plants in 25 families in the wild vegetation, and more than 20 kinds of precious trees and shrubs in the north are cultivated at the same time.There are many kinds of animals in the scenic spot, including more than 100 birds, 60 fish and 10 mammals.
It is located in Wuying District, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province, in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province, in the middle of the southern slope of the Little Khingan Ridge. It is the earliest 4A scenic spot in Yichun City.Founded in 1990, it covers a total area of 14141 hectares.In 1993, it was approved as a national forest park by the former Ministry of Forestry. In 2002, it passed the ISO9001 service quality assurance system certification and was promoted to national AAAA level tourist area. In 2005, it was rated as a scenic spot in Heilongjiang Province.It is a forest eco-tourism resort integrating sightseeing, vacation, health preservation, exploration and popular science education.[40]
The national 5A scenic spot is located in Tangwanghe District, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province, with an area of 190 square kilometers.There are nearly one thousand species of animals and plants, and many protected areas.The negative oxygen ions in the air of the scenic spot are up to 50000 per cubic centimeter, and the average temperature in summer is between 18-23 degrees.The Stone Forest Scenic Spot is the most complete, typical and rich Indosinian geological relics found in China. It has been approved as a national 5A tourist scenic spot, a national geological park, a national forest park, a scientific expedition base for Chinese youth, a national water conservancy scenic spot, and one of the first batch of standardized demonstration units in China.[41]
Also known as Fuyuan Delta and Xiongxiazi Island, it is located at the junction of Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River on the border between China and Russia, with an area of more than 300 square kilometers.According to the Supplementary Agreement on the Eastern Section of the Sino Russian Border signed in 2004, Heixiazi Island is divided into two parts, and half of the islands near China in the west are owned by China.In 2008, China and Russia held the "Sino Russian Boundary Monument Unveiling Ceremony" on Heixiazi Island, which also became the final place to determine the 4300 km long boundary line between China and Russia.Heixiazi Island Wetland Park is located in the west of Heixiazi Island and the south of the former site of Russian barracks. The park occupies a total water area of 1.2 square kilometers.[42]
Founded in 1898, it is the longest pedestrian street in Asia and the earliest pedestrian street in China, and a national 4A tourist attraction.In 1997, it was transformed into the first pedestrian street in China, and won the "China Habitat Environment Example Award", the first batch of "Chinese Historical and Cultural Street" and other titles.Central Street is 1450 meters long, 21.34 meters wide, and the rubble road is 10.8 meters wide.A bread shaped road paved with granite square stones. At that time, one granite square stone was worth one silver dollar, and there were 870000 square stones in the whole street, which was called "golden paving".There are 71 European style and imitation European style historic buildings on Central Street, including 25 on Main Street.The architecture gathers the Renaissance, Baroque, Eclecticism, Art Nouveau and other four most influential architectural art schools in the history of western architecture from the 15th to the 19th century in Europe.[43]
National 4A level scenic spot.It is located 11 kilometers west of Jiayin County, Yichun City, on the south bank of Heilongjiang, the boundary river between China and Russia, with a total area of 38.44 square kilometers, belonging to the category of geological relics.According to experts' research, there are hundreds of dinosaur fossils buried here. It is a large dinosaur tomb group, a large comprehensive museum that integrates science popularization, entertainment, sightseeing and leisure, and closely combines natural science and human cultural landscape. It covers an area of 5000 square meters and a building area of 4650 square meters.There are several exhibition areas in the museum, including the cosmological area to spy on the evolution of the earth, the Jiayin exhibition area in the Cretaceous period, the beginning and end of the excavation of "the first dragon in China", and the exhibition of fine fossils, which concentrate the essence of the dinosaur civilization that has ruled the earth for 160 million years. It is a stone carving landscape with the most complete species and a large number of stone carving dinosaurs in the world.[44]
Fuyuan, located at the easternmost end of the land of the motherland, is the first place to welcome the sun into the motherland, known as "the East Pole of China" and "the first county in the East".In August 1984, Hu Yaobang, the former General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, went to Wusu Town to inspect and guide the work, and wrote an inscription for the post of Wusu Town, "The Hero's First Sentry in the East".In 1986, the monument of "Hero's First Eastern Sentry" was built.The stele body is dark green marble, 2.2 meters high, 4.8 meters wide and 0.4 meters thick.The base of the monument is divided into two layers, and the pedestal is composed of bluestone.On the back of the stele is inscribed the inscription of Governor Chen Lei, "Zhenguo Weidong Jiang, and Wusu Zhuang Jia Shi, the sun and moon grow in China".[45]
SSSS ski resort, with three ski tracks of high, medium and junior level and a single U-shaped snowboard track, with a total length of more than 5000 meters, a 1400 meter long chair cableway and two 400 meter long trailers, can accommodate more than 1000 people skiing at the same time, and can undertake international and domestic ski events.[46]
Local specialty
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The total number of geographical indication protection products declared by Heilongjiang Province and reviewed and approved by the AQSIQ has reached 47, of which the geographical indication protection product "Wuchang Rice" has been approved to join the "100+100" mutual recognition project of geographical indication products signed by the country and the EU.[88]
On January 5, 2023, it was selected into the list of provinces (districts, cities) to be encouraged and supported with obvious achievements in vocational education reform in 2022.[69]
Foreign exchanges
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Russia
Heilongjiang Province and Russia have concluded a total of 18 pairs of friendly province state (city) relations, including 3 pairs at the provincial level and 15 pairs at the municipal level.
Heilongjiang Province and Khabarovsk Border Region officially signed the agreement on the relationship between friendly provinces and states on May 19, 1995, Amur Prefecture and Jewish Autonomous Prefecture on May 24, 1995, and the agreement on the relationship between friendly provinces and states on May 24, 2010.[55]
Japan
Heilongjiang Province concluded friendly provincial/county (road) relations with Niigata County (Niigata City on August 5) in 1983, Hokkaido (Sapporo City on June 13) in 1986, and Yamagata County (Yamagata City on August 10) in 1993.[56]
