In the tenth year of Kaiyuan (722) of the Tang Dynasty, its leaderNi ZhiliTang Dynasty, appointed asBoliAssassin.In the 13th year (725 years), Anton DuhuXue TaiPlease put Blackwater Army in its place.In the next year, the largest tribeHeishui Prefecture Governor's OfficeHe ordered its leader to be the governor, and the leaders of various small groups to be the provincial governor. The Tang sent the "long history" to its local supervisor.the bohai seaAfter the rise, the four tribes of Tieli, Yuexi, Funie and Yuliou were soon merged. When the Bohai Sea was at its peak, other tribes in its south also belonged to the Bohai Sea.
Development lags behindSumomohe。They live by hunting.Since there was no Biography of Mohe in the New Book of the Tang Dynasty, it was written in Biography of Mohe in Heishui, which led many historians to mistakenly call Mohe Heishui after the Yuan Dynasty.At the end of the Tang Dynasty,Khitan nationalityRisingAbao machineBefore and after the demise of the Bohai State, its ministry transferred to Khitan, which Khitan calledJurchenTherefore, Nuzhen's name became known to the world for her family.[6]
There is no research on the location of Wu Er tribe and Hu Dulu tribe.[6-8]
Social customs
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Khitan, Korea, and Shiwei are not braid ethnic groups;Xi nationalityThe hair style of "Li" is unknown because it is not recorded in the literature;Only Mohe's "common hair is braided", but only Heishui Mohe's hairstyle can be tested.
《New Tang Dynasty Book·It is recorded in the Biography of Beidi that "Mohe in Heishui... popularly weaves his hair with wild rags' teeth and the tail of a pheasant as a crown, which is different from other tribes.".However, Nuzhen originated from Mohe in Heishui, and Manchu originated from Nuzhen. It is clear that there are records about Nuzhen's hairstyle in the literature.It is recorded in Volume 39 of the Annals of the Kingdom of Dajin that "the golden braids hang down on the shoulders, and the hair on the back of the skull is tied with colored silk."
The Record of the North Wind Blowing Sand says that "(Nvzhen) people all braid their hair, which is different from the Khitan. The hair on the back of their heads is tied with colored silk, and the rich people use beads and jade as ornaments."
《Compiled by Sanchao Beimeng Association》Volume 3 says, "(Nvzhen) men's braids hang down behind them, and their ears are decorated with gold rings. Their hair on the back of their skulls is decorated with colored silk, while the rich people's hair is decorated with pearls and jade." These records are both called "braids" and emphasize "hair on the back of their skulls." Compared with the hair styles of Manchu men, it can be clear that this is a hair style that is both adjusted and braided, that is, shaved off the front of the forehead, left the back of the skull, and tied with colored silk after braiding down.In the Song and Jin Dynasties, there seemed to be no clear name for this hairstyle, so it was sometimes called "arranging hair", sometimes called "Kun hair", or "cutting hair", or "peeling hair" in the literature. It was not until the Manchu people began to call this hairstyle "shaving".It can be inferred that the hair style of the Heishui Mohe may also be that of the former Kun and the latter braid, which should be different from that of the stone figurines unearthed in Chaoyang.
There is no clear literature record on the style of Sumomohe's braided hair.But one thing can be sure that although all Mohe tribes have the same family name and "common people all braid hair", the style of braid hair may not be the same.Because Mohe was only a racial community at that time, the culture and customs were not completely the same.The New Book of Tang · Biography of Beidi clearly pointed out that "Mohe in Heishui is different from other tribes", that is to say, the style of hair braids of Sumomohe and Mohe in Heishui may be different.Mr. Cheng Shuluo distinguishes the braids in Chinese history into two categories: "one is simple braids, that is, the hair on the forehead grows up to the back of the head, and is braided down; the other is to shave the hair on the forebrain, and braid the hair on the back of the brain."[2]Heishui Mohe, Nuzhen and Manchu belong to the latter category.Since Sumomohe belongs to braided hair and is different from others, it is likely to belong to the former category.
Ethnic relations
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In 722 (the 10th year of the Kaiyuan era), Heishui Mohe had a military conflict with the Tang Dynasty in the last years of the 7th century[3]After 30 years of suspension of communication, the official affiliation to the Tang Dynasty was reaffirmed.In the background of this move, on the one hand, the factor comes from the Turks: the Turks once declined before the Mosiphan was killed in 716, and the accession of the Vijakhan worked hard to make the Turks strong again,[4]This forced Heishui to adjust its policy towards the Tang Dynasty again and to be close to the Tang Dynasty again.Another factor is that Dawu Yi began to implement the policy of moving north at this time. Heishui felt an unprecedented threat and was forced to actively approach Tang for political asylum.[1]
In the second year of Tongguang, Heishui Wuer sent envoys to pay tribute to Qingzhou.Heishui Hu Dulu also sent envoys.Wu Er and Hu Dulu, if they are the two chiefs, will send envoys respectively.However, the history of its clans, generations and deaths is out of order.In the third year of Changxing, Hu Dulu died, and his sons, peaches, plums, and flowers stood up. He tried to ask for China's orders, and then he lost sight of the clouds.[5]
the bohai seaSince the age of great martial arts, it has faced off with Heishui Mohe.After the middle of the eighth century, the Bohai Sea became stronger and stronger, and the Heishui Mohe might once have been subordinate to the Bohai Sea.After the early ninth century, some Mohe tribes once seen in historical records were annexed by the Bohai Sea;The relationship between Heishui Mohe and the Bohai Sea is not clear, which does not rule out that it still has the nature of subordination to the Bohai Sea, but it has never been annexed by the Bohai Sea and became its editor.Since the end of the ninth century, the Bohai Sea has flourished and declined. Heishui Mohe took this opportunity to regain independence.
