Broadly speaking, the Huang Huai region includes more than 30 prefecture level cities in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces;narrow senseThe Huang Huai region generally includes central Henan, northern Jiangsu, and northern Anhui. The major cities areXuzhou、Lianyungang、Suqian, Huai'anBozhou、Fuyang、Suzhou、Huainan、Huaibei、Bengbu、Zaozhuang、Shangqiu、Xuchang、Zhoukou、Pingdingshan、Luohe、Zhumadian, Xinyang, etc.It is located across four provinces, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong.[1]
Huanghuai River, or "Henan (south of the Yellow River)", or“Huaibei”, also known as "Huaibei, Henan", the Yuan Dynasty set up "Wanhu Mansion, the Mongolian Army Capital in Huaibei, Henan"Top 3(The History of the Yuan Dynasty, Two Hundred Officials), which governs this area.Broadly speaking, it refers toYellow RiverAll areas to the south and north of Huaihe River.The scope of the Huang Huai region we want to study is slightly smaller than that of the Huang Huai region in a broad sense. It mainly refers to the vast areas in central and southern Henan and northern Anhui, but also includesFuniu MountainDistrictTongbai MountainInside the zone.That is to say, the Huang Huai region we want to study mainly includes central and southern Henan and northern Anhui, that is, the narrow sense of the Huang Huai region.
Division basis
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First, the natural conditions here are basically the same.This area is roughly located between 33 ° and 35.5 ° north latitude. It has a humid climate and abundant sunshine. In addition, it is also located in a plain with convenient irrigation conditions, so it is very suitable for crop growth.From the Neolithic Age to the Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties, it was an important grain producing area and one of the main tax sources of feudal dynasties.
Second, the degree of civilization development here is basically the same.From west to east, and from south to north, most of the Huang Huai regions have left traces of the activities of the ancestors of the Chinese nation.In Shandong in 1981YiyuanA group of ape man fossils, called“Yiyuan people”, about 4.5 million years ago.1954 in JiangsuSihongA new human fossil has been found in Xiacaowan County, which is called "Sihong Man" or "Xiacaowan Man", about 40000 to 50000 years ago.This discovery from the south to the north shows that the Huang Huai region is also one of the cradles of Chinese civilization.After entering the Neolithic Agepeiligang culture , ShandongBeixin culture Dawenkou culture and Longshan cultureQingliangang CultureAll of them are of typical significance, marking that the Huang Huai region is one of the first regions to step into agricultural civilization.During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the residents of the Huaihe River basin were collectively called Huaiyi or Dongyicentral plainsThe people in the region have kept on communicating and eventually merged into the Han nationality, the main body of the Chinese nation.Since then, the Huang Huai region has become a gathering area of Han people, playing an increasingly important role in Chinese history.
Third, the historical destiny here is basically the same.Historically, the economic development of the Huang Huai region can be roughly divided into five stages:
The first stage starts from prehistory and ends atEmperor Wen of Han DynastySixteen years ago (164 BC).In this stage, because the Yellow River did not take the Huaihe River into the sea, the Huaihe River and its main tributaries flowed quietly, the ecological environment of the Huang Huai Plain was not damaged, and agricultural production showed a good trend of sustainable development.
The second stage started in the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (164 BC) of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and ended in the Eastern Han DynastyEmperor MingThe 13th year of Yongping (A.D. 70) lasted more than 230 years.During this period, the Yellow River burst several times to seize the Huaihe River and into the sea, bringing about serious disasters to the people of the Yellow River and Huaihe River.However, because most of them were blocked at different times, although the losses were great, they did not cause much environmental damage. Therefore, the economy of the Huang Huai region was developing in a zigzag way.
The third stage started in the 13th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (70 years) and ended in the 2nd year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1128 years), lasting more than 1000 years.During this period, because of Wang Jing's success in harnessing the river and Bian River, the Yellow River and Bian River went their own ways, and the potential of the Yellow River seizing the Huaihe River was effectively controlled.As a result, the Yellow River and Huaihe River regions have basically lifted the threat of the Yellow River flood and can vigorously develop economic production.Kaifeng, the capital of the Liang, Jin, Han, Zhou and Northern Song dynasties, fully demonstrates that the economic development of the Huang Huai region has made great progress and is in the lead in the country.
The fourth stage started in the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1128) and ended in the Qing DynastyXianfengFive years (1855), lasting more than 700 years.During this period, due to the fact that Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) in the Southern Song Dynasty stayed behindDu ChongIn order to prevent Jin soldiers from going south, they were in Henan todayHuaxian CountyThe opening of the Yellow River has led to the serious consequences of the Yellow River seizing the Huaihe River for more than 700 years, which has caused irreparable damage to the ecological environment of the Huang Huai region.
The fifth stage started in the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1855) and ended in the founding of New China (1949), lasting more than 90 years.At this stage, due toYellow River DiversionThe Yellow River and Huaihe River areas were spared the suffering of the Yellow River and Huaihe River. People began to recuperate, renovate land and improve the environment.However, the good times didn't last long. In 1938, the Kuomintang government ordered the bombing to stop the Japanese army from going southHuayuankouThe Yellow River levee has flooded 44 counties and cities in Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, as well as southern Shandong.This seizure of Huaihe River by the Yellow River lasted for 9 years, not only destroying the achievements of the people of the Yellow River and Huaihe River who had worked hard to transform their homes in the previous decades, but also forming a larger areaYellow River flood area, further worsened the ecological environment here, and made the economic development here even more backward than the surrounding areas.It can be seen that the historical destiny of all parts of the Huang Huai region is roughly the same.
It is precisely because of the above reasons that we broke through the provincial administrative boundaries and studied the Huang Huai region across the four provinces as a whole.It must be pointed out that as early as more than ten years ago, the academic community began to take the Huang Huai region as the research object.Jiangsu Normal University"Huaihai Development Research Institute" was specially established, and the journal of Shangqiu Teachers College was named《Huang Huai Academic Journal》In addition, more than 100 academic papers devoted to the economic development of the Huang Huai region were published, covering agriculture, climate, soil, wheat and cotton, yams, sugar beets, hydrogeology, corn, bee colonies, soybeans, leeks, pomegranates, rock minerals, peppers and regional culture.We should absorb their research results and continue to lead this research in depth.
key city
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The central city of the Huang Huai region is Jiangsu ProvinceXuzhouCity.
Xuzhou City, referred to as Xu for short, was called "Pengcheng" in ancient times, and was also known as "Silicon City" and "Tianfu State".It is the second largest city in Jiangsu Province, the largest city on the East Longhai Line, the largest city in Huaihai Economic Zone, the largest city in northern Jiangsu, the second largest railway hub in China, and the "north gate" of Jiangsu Province.Xuzhou is an important national traffic artery and military strategic place, enjoying a high historical and political status.As a gateway city in East China, it is now an important political, economic, education, science and technology, culture, transportation, tourism, industry, finance and foreign trade center in northern Jiangsu.
Xuzhou is a megacity of the People's Republic of China, which is owned by the State CouncilLocal legislative powerThe city of Xuzhou is the core city of the three major metropolitan areas (Xuzhou Metropolitan Area) planned and constructed by Jiangsu Province, and is also one of the five major central cities in the Chinese section of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge.
Although the administrative level of Xuzhou is a prefecture level city, its economic strength has exceeded that of some provincial capitals.In 2011, the GDP of the whole year was 355.165 billion yuan, continuing to exceed Nanchang, Kunming and other provincial capitals.
climatic conditions
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Huanghuai region (north of Huaihe River) is located inTemperate monsoon climateBand.It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.It's cold in winter and hot in summer,Rain and heat synchronization。Temperate monsoon climate;The temperature in winter is lower than 0 ℃, and the rainfall is the most in summer.Influenced by the northerly wind from the high latitude inland, it prevails here in winterPolar continental air mass, cold and dry.In summerPolar ocean air massOr under the influence of denatured tropical sea air mass, east and southeast wind prevails, warm and rainy, with hot rain in the same season.The annual precipitation is about 1000mm, about two-thirds of which is concentrated in summer (hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter).The four seasons are distinct, and the direction of winter and summer monsoon changes significantly.
Geographical difficulties
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The Huang Huai region is a transitional zone between the north and the south of China, where there were wars and wars in the history, the Yellow River changed its course, today's floods and droughts in the Huaihe Yishusi River system, and coastal areasSaline alkali landThe weak infrastructure and serious brain drain have made Huaihai an underdeveloped area in the east.Huaihai, however, because of its underdevelopment, cannot play its role as a north-south link and radiating to the central and western regions.
The Huaihe River flows through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces, and the popular saying, "If you travel thousands of times, you cannot equal the two sides of the Huaihe River", is the best summary of the ancient rich civilization history of the Huaihe River basin.Due to the sand and silt in the Yellow River, the changes are very frequent, and the diversion from Huaihe River to the sea is frequently disruptedHuaihe River System, especially Chiang Kai shekHuayuankouThe formation of the Yellow River flooded area has led to the situation of "heavy rain, light rain, small disasters, no rain and drought" in the Huaihe River, and the people along the Huaihe River have suffered endless hardships.
Huaihe River has a total length of more than 1000 kilometers, "two ends are up and the middle is down".The low-lying and waterlogging prone areas on the plain cover a large area of about 100000 square kilometers, including about 100 million mu of arable land.Tens of millions of acres of fertile low-lying land, mainly in Anhui Province, is subject to waterlogging every 3-4 years on average, usually lasting 2-3 months.The phenomenon of "closing the door and flooding" in low-lying land has caused great fluctuations in agricultural production in large areas of the Huaihe River basin. In case of small and medium-sized disasters, grain production will be significantly reduced.In New China, thousands of kilometers of river courses have been dug manually in the Huaihe River basin, such as Nu SkinYihe River, North Jiangsu Irrigation Canal, Huai XianNew River。The purpose is to drain water, but the slope is too small, so the effect is not good.
A "Beggar Song": SayFengyangFengyang is a good place. Since the founding of Emperor Zhu, it has been nine years since the founding of Emperor Zhu.In fact,Zhu YuanzhangIt is good for my hometown. I not only give preferential treatment to my hometown by decree.He also built a new capital in Fengyang, his hometown, but Emperor Zhu could not control the Yellow River. The Yellow River blocked the Huaihe River and ran away, leaving oneHongze LakeCombine Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestral tomb withSizhou CityIt's all drowned. Zhu Yuanzhang, the real emperor, has no choice but to take the Huaihe River.
Chairman Mao Zedong issued a great call in 1951 that "Huaihe River must be repaired";Premier Zhou Enlai personally arranged to hold the first Huaihe River harnessing conference;Liu ShaoqiZhu De, Deng Xiaoping and other party and state leaders have also inspected the Huaihe River for many times.In 1991, when the Huaihe River flooded, the party and state leaders Jiang ZeminLi PengZhu Rongji visited the site for many times and gave instructions on disaster relief and control of the Huaihe River. After years of control, the Huaihe River has a certain capacity for flood control and disaster relief, but the overall drainage standard is still low.The waterlogging losses caused by floods in 1991, 2003 and 2007 accounted for more than 2/3 of the national flood losses.
Development significance
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First, the Huang Huai area was an advanced area with an earlier developed civilization in history. Xuzhou Han culture, Xi'an Sui and Tang culture, and Beijing Ming and Qing culture are both representative cultures of the three great heyday periods in ancient China.Central cities in the Huang Huai regionXuzhouThere are extremely rich Han cultural resources around, such as the famous Han Tomb on Xiaogui Mountain, the Tomb of Chu King on Lion Mountain, andTerracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty stone reliefs, among others, are among the best in China.The strong Han Dynasty is the origin of the name of the Han nationality.So far,Xuzhou MandarinIt is still a typical dialect in this area.An in-depth study of the history and culture of the Huang Huai region, especially the Han culture, will undoubtedly enhance the pride and cohesion of the Chinese nation, which is dominated by the Han people.
Second, in history, the Huang Huai area was a large grain producing area with beautiful and rich environment and one of the main tax sources of the imperial court.After the Song DynastyThe Yellow River seizes the Huaihe RiverThe impact of more than 700 years has seriously damaged the ecological and natural environment here, making this area fall behind.Today, environmental degradation still restricts the economic development of the Huang Huai region.Therefore, a summary of the historical changes in the Huang Huai region from prosperity to decline and the reasons for their formation will greatly enhance people's awareness of protecting the environment and protecting nature, and provide historical reference for social planning and development.
Third, at a time when the regionalization and integration of world economic development has become the trend, some cities in the Huang Huai region are trying to strengthenlateral economic ties, in March 1986, it spontaneously established theShijiu PortFor windowHuaihai Economic ZoneAnd set up the Huaihai Economic Zone Economic Development Federation.This is a major measure taken by the people of the Huang Huai region to change their backward outlook and try to catch up with other advanced areas in the east.At this time, a thorough study of the whole process of economic development in the Huang Huai region and a summary of its advanced and backward economic lessons will undoubtedly promote the operation of the Huai Hai Economic Zone and make it play a greater role.
